Abstract Fires affect more natural surfaces than any other disturbance factor on the planet. They result from the interaction of fuel, dry environmental conditions, and an ignition source. In the state of Michoacán conditions are conducive for the annual occurrence of numerous fires. Remote sensing offers global, consistent and objective information on fires, with the generation of series of burned areas, such as the 500m MCD64A1 generated from MODIS data. The objective of this work was to analyze this series to know the fires that occurred in the entity between 2015 and 2022, considering vegetation covers affected (INEGI Series VII) precipitation and temperature. An average of 3 340.87 pixels with fires were recorded annually; 2021, during confinement due to the Covid-19 pandemic, was the year with the most fires (5 269 pixels) and 2022 with the fewest (2 398). The fires are concentrated in the driest and hottest months, mainly May (1551.00 pixels on average) and April (958.38 pixels); the highest number was recorded in April 2021 (2 347 pixels), and the second month with the most detections was May 2020 (2 094 pixels). Most events are associated with agricultural burning (48.41%), mainly in irrigated land, in spring and winter. Forest fires significantly affect temperate forests and associated secondary vegetation (32.85%); in tropical deciduous forest areas (17.14%), fires occur mostly in secondary vegetation. In years with an early onset of rains (2015 and 2018), fewer fires accumulated.

Resumen Los incendios afectan a más superficies naturales que cualquier otro factor de disturbio en el Planeta. Resultan de la coincidencia de combustible, condiciones ambientales secas y una fuente de ignición. En el estado de Michoacán existen las condiciones propicias para la ocurrencia anual de numerosas conflagraciones. La teledetección ofrece información global, consistente y objetiva sobre los incendios, con la generación de series de áreas quemadas, como MCD64A1 de 500m, generada con datos MODIS. El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar esta serie para conocer los incendios ocurridos en la entidad entre 2015 y 2022, considerando las coberturas afectadas (Serie VII de INEGI), la precipitación y la temperatura. Se contabilizaron al año, en promedio 3 340.87 pixeles con incendios; 2021, durante la pandemia de Covid-19, fue el año con el mayor número de registros (5 269 pixeles) y 2022 con menos (2 398). Los incendios se concentraron en mayo (1551.00 pixeles en promedio) y abril (958.38 pixeles); el máximo número de incendios se detectó en abril de 2021 (2 347 pixeles), seguido de mayo de 2020 (2 094 pixeles). La mayoría de los eventos se asocian a quemas agrícolas (48.41%) en terrenos de riego, en primavera e invierno; los incendios forestales afectan sobre todo a bosques templados y a la vegetación secundaria asociada (32.85%); en zonas de bosque tropical caducifolio (17.14%), los incendios ocurren, en su mayoría, en vegetación secundaria. En los años con un inicio temprano de la temporada de lluvias (2015 y 2018) se acumularon menos incendios.

Abstract In recent years the environment has been affected by pollution produced by vehicles. The objective of this research project was to determine the incidence of air conditioning (A/C) in the vehicular fuel consumption index in the Shushufindi canton, through real traffic tests, Efficient driving mode and the use of Extra and Super gasoline, for the selection of the best alternative. The study was carried out on a route with a greater flow of vehicles, especially during normal (9:00 am) and beak (5:00 pm) hours, which comprises 16.17 km; for which used gasoline Extra (85 octane) and Super (92 octane). Data collection was carried out using an OBD2 ELM 327 system. The results obtained in the characterization of the representative mixed cycle at 9:00 am, a maximum speed of 81 km/h and an average speed of 39 km/h were obtained in a time of 1446 s route; while the mixed cycle at 5:00 pm the maximum speed is 70 km/h and an average speed of 37 km/h with a travel time of 1632 s. The lowest fuel consumption index was evidenced in normal hours, without A/C and Extra fuel (T3) with values between 0.0584 - 0.060 (L/km), and in normal hours, without A/C and super fuel (T7) that are between 0.0561-0.0585 (L/km).

Resumen En los últimos años, el ambiente se ha visto afectado a causa de la contaminación producida por los vehículos. El presente proyecto de investigación tuvo como objetivo determinar la incidencia del aire acondicionado (A/C) en el índice de consumo de combustible vehicular en el cantón Shushufindi, por medio de pruebas reales de tráfico, modo de conducción eficiente y empleo de gasolina extra y súper, para la selección de la mejor alternativa. El estudio se realizó en una ruta de mayor flujo de vehículos, especialmente en la hora normal (9 a. m.) y pico (5 p. m.) que comprende 16.17 km, para ello se utilizó el combustible Extra (85 octanos) y Súper (92 octanos). La toma de datos se ejecutó mediante un sistema OBD2 ELM 327. Los resultados obtenidos en la caracterización del ciclo mixto representativo de 9 a. m. se obtuvo una velocidad máxima de 81 km/h y una velocidad media de 39 km/h en un tiempo de recorrido de 1446 s; mientras que el ciclo mixto de 5 p. m. la velocidad máxima es de 70 km/h y una velocidad media de 37 km/h con un tiempo de recorrido de 1632 s. El menor índice de consumo de combustible se evidenció en el horario normal, sin A/C y combustible extra (T3) siendo sus valores entre 0.0584 - 0.060 (L/km), y en el horario normal, sin A/C y combustible súper (T7) que se encuentran entre 0.0561-0.0585 (L/km).

Abstract The present article analyzes the relationship between Explosive Detonation Velocity (VOD), vibration, and noise generated in 16 drilling and blasting tests in two arched horizontal galleries located at different altitudes with respect to the city of Zaruma, which is situated at an altitude of 1,194 meters above sea level. Nine tests were conducted in the working face called "Apófisis," located at an altitude of 1,155 meters above sea level and 1,650 meters horizontally from the center of Zaruma. The following seven tests were carried out in the "Matamoros" face, located at an altitude of 1,116 meters above sea level and 1,389 meters horizontally from the center of Zaruma. In the "Apófisis" face, two explosive initiation systems were used: the conventional system with detonators and slow fuse, and the assembled system with quick ignition fuse, connectors, slow fuse, and detonators. The same two explosive initiation systems were also used in the "Matamoros" face. The drilled holes had a diameter of 38 mm and depths of 1.10 m and 1.50 m, aiming to maintain the horizontal shape of the gallery and parallelism between each hole (with some cases having angles of deviation ranging from 23 to 26 degrees). Both ANFO and Agricultural Ammonium Nitrate explosives were used, placed under compressed air pressure using a "gun" type pneumatic loader. The recorded data includes a minimum VOD of 3,950 m/s, a maximum VOD of 5,310 m/s, a minimum resultant vibration of 2.17 mm/s, a maximum resultant vibration of 11.5 mm/s, and minimum noise levels of 164 dB up to a maximum of 195 dB. These vibration and noise levels were compared with the current national regulations in Ecuador and international regulations in the United States. The analysis indicates that the influence of the blast in terms of VOD, vibration, and noise is within a range of 60 m to 80 m around the explosion, which does not affect the nearest infrastructure related to mining operations (offices and camps) and does not propagate to the city of Zaruma. It is important to highlight that tests using ANFO as a bottom and column charge showed lower vibrations, lower detonation velocity (VOD), and lower noise compared to the use of emulsions and agricultural ammonium nitrate.

Resumen El presente artículo analiza la relación entre la Velocidad de Detonación del Explosivo (VOD), la vibración y el ruido generados en 16 ensayos de perforación y voladura en dos galerías horizontales abovedadas ubicadas a diferentes altitudes con respecto a la ciudad de Zaruma, que se encuentra a una altitud de 1.194 m.s.n.m. Se realizaron 9 ensayos en el Frente de trabajo denominado "Apófisis", ubicado a una altitud de 1.155 m.s.n.m. y a una distancia horizontal de 1.650 m. del centro de la ciudad de Zaruma. Los siguientes 7 ensayos se llevaron a cabo en el Frente "Matamoros", ubicado a una altitud de 1.116 m.s.n.m. y a una distancia horizontal de 1.389 m. del centro de la ciudad de Zaruma. En el Frente "Apófisis", se utilizaron dos sistemas de iniciación de explosivos: el convencional, con fulminante y mecha lenta, y el ensamblado, con mecha rápida de ignición, conectores, mecha lenta y fulminantes. En el Frente "Matamoros", también se utilizaron estos dos sistemas de iniciación de explosivos. Los barrenos perforados tenían un diámetro de 38 mm y profundidades de 1.10 m. y 1.50 m. Se utilizaron tanto ANFO como Nitrato de Amonio Agrícola como explosivos, colocados bajo presión de aire comprimido utilizando un cargador neumático tipo "pistola". Los datos registrados incluyen una VOD mínima de 3.950 m/s hasta una VOD máxima de 5.310 m/s, una vibración resultante mínima de 2,17 mm/s y una vibración resultante máxima de 11,5 mm/s, y niveles de ruido mínimos de 164 dB hasta un máximo de 195 dB. Estos niveles de vibración y ruido se compararon con la normativa nacional vigente en Ecuador y la normativa internacional de Estados Unidos. El análisis indica que la influencia de la explosión de las voladuras en términos de VOD, vibración y ruido se encuentra en un rango de 60 m. a 80 m. alrededor de la explosión, lo que no afecta a la infraestructura más cercana propia de la labor minera y no se propaga hasta llegar a la ciudad de Zaruma. Es importante destacar que los ensayos con ANFO como carga de fondo y de columna presentaron menores vibraciones, menor velocidad de detonación (VOD) y menor ruido en comparación con el uso de Emulsiones y Nitrato de Amonio Agrícola.

ABSTRACT In analytical chemistry laboratories, the basic principles of the study of the chemical composition of a material or sample are verified experimentally, through different methods of analysis, for which reason chemical and biological agents are handled daily, to which workers are exposed; hence the need to assess the risk of exposure. The objective of this work was to evaluate the risks in an analytical chemical laboratory using the semi-quantitative method of William Fine, for which a multidisciplinary commission was created made up of specialists and experts with experience in the subject. It was determined that there is a direct relationship between the chemical, fire and explosion risks, the emanation of vapors of volatile substances, due to very high temperatures, or close to sources of ignition that can cause a fire, and generate a chain of events that, when reacting with other substances, can lead to explosions. The chemical and fire risks were evaluated as critical risks, which require immediate stoppage of the activity, and the mechanical, environmental, explosion, and biological risks were evaluated as notable risks, which require an urgent necessary correction.

RESUMEN En los laboratorios de química analítica se verifican de forma experimental, los principios básicos del estudio de la composición química de un material o muestra, mediante diferentes métodos de análisis, por lo que se manipulan diariamente agentes químicos y biológicos, a los están expuestos los trabajadores; de ahí la necesidad de evaluar el riesgo de exposición. Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo evaluar los riesgos en un laboratorio químico analítico mediante el método semicuantitativo de William Fine, para lo cual se creó una comisión multidisciplinaria constituida por especialistas y expertos con experiencia en el tema. Se determinó que xiste una relación directa entre el riesgo químico, el de incendio y el de explosión la emanación de vapores de sustancias volatiles, debido a temperaturas muy altas, o próximas a fuentes de ignición que puedan provocar un incendio, y generar una cadena de acontacimientos que al reaccionar con otras sustancias pueden dar lugar a explosiones. Los riesgos químico y de incendios fueron evaluados como riesgos criticos los cuales requieren de detención inmediata de la actividad y los riesgos mecánico, ambiental, de explosión y biológico fueron evaluados como riesgos notables por lo que requieren una correción necesaria urgente.

Abstract A continuous increase in levels of atmospheric pollution and emission restrictions has forced scientists and engineers to adopt new strategies to improve and develop internal combustion engines. One strategy is based on the development of new simulation methodologies using computational fluid dynamic (CFD) techniques, proposed in the present article. In this study,the dynamic loop methodology with ANSYS Fluent code is proposed to perform the numerical simulation ofa four-stroke spark ignition engine. The complexity of the real case was first simplified with three-dimensional CAD geometry, which was then discretized in ANSYS Meshing, whereby a hybrid mesh was created using prismatic and tetrahedral elements. Simulations for in-cylinder analyses were performed in cold flow and employing common flow parameters, such as swirl and tumble. The mesh quality results were classified as good or excellent, being higher than 0.79 for orthogonal quality criteria and lower than 0.36 for skewness criteria. Turbulent effects were introduced concerning the opening and closing of the valves. It was found that the turbulence increases during the intake stroke up to 90°, and during the power stroke, wherein the of the piston bowl, had a great contributionthat can be seen from the swirl and tumble profile for the engine cycle. In the case of the turbulence intensity, a sharp increase was registered during the admission step up to 90°, at which point the turbulence intensity was 4.0. It canbe concluded that this is an innovative approach, capable of simulating the engine motion profile in cold flow. engines CFD (CFD techniques article studythe study fourstroke four threedimensional three dimensional geometry Meshing elements incylinder cylinder parameters excellent 079 0 79 0.7 036 36 0.3 valves 90 90° bowl cycle 40 4 4.0 approach 07 7 0. 03 3 9 4.

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Insufficient research exists on the stapling technique in and duration of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG). OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to assess the clinical outcomes using a 30-second precompression and post-firing waiting time without extra support for the stapling line. DESIGN AND SETTINGS: Randomized controlled prospective study at a university hospital. METHODS: This study included 120 patients treated between January 2022 and February 2023. The patients were divided into the non-waiting group (T0) and waiting group (T1), each with 60 patients. Perioperative complications were analyzed using statistical tests. RESULTS: The waiting group (T1) showed a significant reduction in the number of intraoperative bleeding points requiring intervention compared with the non-waiting group (T0) (81 versus 134, P < 0.05). In T0, postoperative C-reactive protein (CRP) levels increased (P < 0.05) and hemoglobin levels decreased significantly (P <0.05). The study recorded 22 postoperative complications, accounting for 18.3% of all cases during the 30-day postoperative period. CONCLUSIONS: The study concluded that the 30 sec + 30 sec stapling technique reduces perioperative bleeding, length of stay, and serious complication rates and is practical and effective for LSG. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov with registration code NCT05703035; link: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05703035. BACKGROUND LSG . (LSG) OBJECTIVES 30second second postfiring post firing line SETTINGS hospital METHODS 12 202 2023 nonwaiting non T0 T (T0 T1, T1 , 6 tests RESULTS (T1 81 (8 134 0.05. 005 0.05 0 05 Creactive C reactive CRP (CRP <0.05. <0.05 <0.05) 2 183 18 3 18.3 30day day period CONCLUSIONS stay REGISTRATION ClinicalTrialsgov ClinicalTrials gov NCT05703035 NCT link https//clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05703035. httpsclinicaltrialsgovct2showNCT05703035 httpsclinicaltrialsgovctshowNCT https //clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05703035. clinicaltrials ct2 show ct https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05703035 (LSG 1 20 (T 8 ( 13 00 0.0 <0.0 18. NCT0570303 https//clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05703035 httpsclinicaltrialsgovct showNCT httpsclinicaltrialsgovct2showNCT0570303 clinicaltrialsgovct2showNCT05703035 clinicaltrialsgovctshowNCT //clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05703035 https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT0570303 0. <0. NCT057030 https//clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT0570303 httpsclinicaltrialsgovct2showNCT057030 clinicaltrialsgovct clinicaltrialsgovct2showNCT0570303 //clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT0570303 https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT057030 <0 NCT05703 https//clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT057030 httpsclinicaltrialsgovct2showNCT05703 clinicaltrialsgovct2showNCT057030 //clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT057030 https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05703 NCT0570 https//clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05703 httpsclinicaltrialsgovct2showNCT0570 clinicaltrialsgovct2showNCT05703 //clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05703 https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT0570 NCT057 https//clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT0570 httpsclinicaltrialsgovct2showNCT057 clinicaltrialsgovct2showNCT0570 //clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT0570 https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT057 NCT05 https//clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT057 httpsclinicaltrialsgovct2showNCT05 clinicaltrialsgovct2showNCT057 //clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT057 https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05 NCT0 https//clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05 httpsclinicaltrialsgovct2showNCT0 clinicaltrialsgovct2showNCT05 //clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05 https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT0 https//clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT0 httpsclinicaltrialsgovct2showNCT clinicaltrialsgovct2showNCT0 //clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT0 https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT https//clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT clinicaltrialsgovct2showNCT //clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT

The reversibility of the Carnot Cycle makes it the most efficient thermodynamic cycle to convert energy as heat into work operating between two thermal reservoirs at different temperatures. The Otto cycle represents an idealization of the processes in the spark-ignition 4-stroke internal combustion engine operation. Some aspects of these two crucial thermodynamic cycles will be presented here in a comparative manner. This highlights why the Carnot Cycle does not offer advantages over the Otto Cycle in the operation of real thermal engines when we consider the efficiency and work done per cycle dependent on the compression ratio of the cycles. temperatures sparkignition spark ignition 4stroke stroke 4 manner

A reversibilidade do Ciclo de Carnot faz dele o ciclo termodinâmico de máxima eficiência na trasformação de calor em trabalho a partir de dois reservatórios térmicos a temperaturas distintas. O ciclo Otto representa uma idealização dos processos que ocorrem no funcionamento dos motores de combustão interna de 4 tempos por ignição elétrica. Serão apresentados aqui alguns aspectos dessses dois importantes ciclos termodinâmicos de maneira comparativa. Com isso, evidencia-se os motivos pelos quais o Ciclo de Carnot não apresenta vantagens em relação ao Ciclo Otto quando considera-se a dependência da eficiência e do trabalho líquido por ciclo com a taxa de compressão dos ciclos. distintas elétrica comparativa isso evidenciase evidencia se considerase considera

Abstract The detonation of conventional munitions due to accidents or hostile actions causes urban destruction and loss of life, underscoring the need for improved safety measures. This study addresses the scarcity of research in munitions safety by investigating the threat of small and medium munitions. Experimental setups using 50mm shaped charges were developed and simulated with ANSYS AUTODYN, featuring JH-2 explosive and oxygen free high conductivity copper liner. Aluminum buffer plates were added to align jet energy levels with small and medium munitions' requirements. Safety assessments of JH-2 explosive against standard charges utilized φ45x40mm JH-2 targets covered with steel. Numerical simulations employed the Lee-Tarver ignition and growth model, comparing JH-2 explosive response with insensitive explosives like LX-17 and TATB. Results showed JH-2's failure in experimental tests, corroborated by simulations, while TATB and LX-17 remained stable. This study advocates for the adoption of cost-effective, insensitive explosives in next generation weaponry to mitigate unintentional detonations. life measures mm AUTODYN JH2 JH 2 JH- liner requirements φxmm φ x steel LeeTarver Lee Tarver model LX17 LX 17 LX-1 JH2s JHs s tests stable costeffective, costeffective cost effective, effective cost-effective detonations LX1 1 LX-

Resumo Objetivo da investigação: Na atualidade, os incêndios rurais são provocados maioritariamente por ações humanas, sendo resultado de complexas inter-relações entre a sociedade, economia e ambiente. O conhecimento das causas dos incêndios rurais é de extrema importância para a criação de políticas de prevenção eficazes, que conduzam a uma redução da incidência de incêndios. O objetivo desta investigação é compreender as tendências das causas dos incêndios rurais no município de Lousada, um dos vinte municípios portugueses com maior número de ocorrências. Metodologia: Os dados utilizados foram analisados com recurso à estatística descritiva, densidade de Kernel e à regressão exploratória. Resultados: No município de Lousada, os reacendimentos e as causas negligentes explicam a maior parte dos incêndios com causa conhecida. Os reacendimentos estão associados ao declive, às florestas e aos territórios artificializados. As causas negligentes surgem correlacionadas positivamente com áreas florestais e espaços descobertos. Embora tenham sido feitos progressos no apuramento das causas, para um elevado número de ocorrências continua a não ser possível identificar a causa de ignição. Originalidade/valor: É fundamental melhorar o conhecimento das principais causas de incêndio, o que permitirá definir medidas de prevenção adaptadas à realidade do município, com efeito positivo na redução do elevado número de ocorrências.

Abstract Research Purpose: Nowadays, rural fires are mostly caused by human actions, being the result of the complex interrelationships between society, the economy, and the environment. The knowledge of the ignition causes of rural fires is extremely important for the design of effective prevention policies that lead to a reduction in wildfires occurrence. The purpose of this research is to understand the trends of the causes of rural fires in Lousada, one of the twenty Portuguese municipalities with the highest number of occurrences. Methodology: The data used were analyzed through descriptive statistics, Kernel density, and exploratory regression. Findings: In the municipality of Lousada, rekindle and negligent causes explain most of the fires with a known cause. Rekindle appears associated with slope, forests, and artificial areas. Negligent ignitions are positively correlated with forest areas and open spaces. Although progresses have been made in determining the causes of fire outbreaks, for many occurrences it was impossible to determine the source of ignition. Originality/Value: It is essential to improve the knowledge of the main causes of rural fire, since this knowledge will support the definition of prevention measures adapted to the context of the municipality, with a positive effect on reducing the high number of occurrences.

Resumen: Con el fin de aportar en la reducción de los impactos negativos que generan los incendios forestales en asentamientos específicos, como lo son los campamentos; el presente estudio aborda la situación de aquellos asentamientos precarios ubicados en el anfiteatro de la comuna de Valparaíso y la evaluación y clasificación de la amenaza por incendio forestal con respecto a estos. Se propone una adaptación metodológica a partir de variados estudios similares, pero esta vez enfocado sólo en la amenaza y contemplando variables en base a tres categorías como lo es la ocurrencia histórica, la ignición y la propagación. Para tal metodología se hace uso del análisis multicriterio y el método AHP con el fin de estimar distintos pesos para cada variable en la ponderación y obtener mapas que muestren la clasificación en distintos niveles de amenaza. Los resultados de este estudio dan cuenta de ciertos grupos de campamentos o campamentos por sí solos que tienden a ser más propensos a que ocurran incendios forestales en sus alrededores o dentro de estos, sobre todo en áreas de interfaz urbano rural y en las partes altas del anfiteatro de Valparaíso.

Abstract: In order to contribute to the reduction of the negative impacts generated by forest fires in specific settlements, such as the campamentos (informal settlements); the present study addresses the situation of those precarious settlements located in the amphitheater of the commune of Valparaíso and the evaluation and classification of the threat by forest fire with respect to these settlements. A methodological adaptation is proposed from various similar studies, but this work is focused only on the threat and contemplates variables based on three categories such as historical occurrence, ignition and propagation. For this methodology, multicriteria analysis and the AHP method are used to estimate different weights for each variable in the weighting and obtain maps that show the classification at different levels of threat. The results of this study show that certain groups of campamentos or informal settlements on its own tend to be more prone to wildfires occurring in or around their surroundings, especially in rural-urban interface areas and in the upper parts of the Valparaíso amphitheater.

Resumen: La gasolina está compuesta por hidrocarburos líquidos volátiles e inflamables que se obtienen en el proceso de refinación del petróleo. Cada país determina la calidad apropiada se sus combustibles, lo que depende de las variaciones del clima entre otras consideraciones. El tiempo y la temperatura de almacenamiento afectan negativamente la calidad de la gasolina. Con este estudio se establecieron las condiciones de almacenamiento óptimas para contramuestras y determinar el tiempo máximo que la gasolina puede permanecer en un automotor sin ser utilizada o en un tanque de almacenamiento de una gasolinera con baja rotación del producto, sin que esto genere problemas en el funcionamiento de los motores de encendido por chispa. Se estudió la influencia de las condiciones de almacenamiento en la Presión de Vapor Reid (PVR), formación de gomas y el Número de Octano Research (RON) en la gasolina por un período de 160 días con análisis cada 40 días en muestras de gasolina de 92 y 85 RON. Además, se analizó la concentración de compuestos olefínicos, aromáticos y saturados en todas las condiciones de experimentación. Estas muestras fueron sometidas a cuatro condiciones de almacenamiento: muestras destapadas a 18 y -14 °C y muestras tapadas a 18 y -14 °C. Los parámetros físicos-químicos de la gasolina se conservan dentro de los valores establecidos por la norma ecuatoriana, cuando el almacenamiento de las muestras es en recipientes cerrados a - 14 °C por un periodo de tiempo menor a 80 días.

Abstract: Gasoline is composed of volatile and flammable liquid hydrocarbons obtained in oil refining process. Each country determines the appropriate quality of its fuels, which depends on climate variations, among other considerations. Storage time and temperature have a negative effect on the quality of gasoline. This study seeks the best storage conditions for counter samples and to determine the maximum time that gasoline can remain in a car without being used or in a storage tank of a gas station with low turnover of the product, for gasoline quality requirements in the operation of spark ignition engines. The influence of storage conditions on the Reid Vapor Pressure (RVP), formation of gums and the Research Octane Number (RON) in gasoline was studied for a period of 160 days with analysis every 40 day in gasoline samples of 92 and 85 RON. In addition, the concentration of olefinic, aromatic and saturated compounds were analyzed in all the experimental conditions. These samples were treated in four storage conditions: uncapped samples at 18 and -14 °C and capped samples at 18 and -14 °C. When the samples were stored in closed containers at -14 °C for a period of less than 80 days, the physical-chemical parameters of gasoline were within the acceptable ranges by the Ecuadorian standard.

ABSTRACT The use of fire in a controlled way in vegetation can provide positive results, however, it can spread in an uncontrolled way in the area, causing damage in the most diverse aspects. The objective of this research was to evaluate the burning characteristics of species found in the immediate geographical region of Patos when submitted to the action of fire. 10 treatments were evaluated with 3 repetitions, consisting of combustible material from the Caatinga. These materials were collected in 60 kg nylon bags and air-dried for subsequent burning. Flame height and temperature, ignition time and frequency, propagation speed, burning duration, fire intensity and the ash content were evaluated. In the speed of propagation of the flames, we identified statistical superiority of Aristida adscensionis with 0.0335 m s-1, and also in the intensity of the fire, in which 402.43 kcal m-1s-1 were responsible for the classification in very high severity. The maximum burning duration was found in the Anadenanthera colubrina plots, with an average of 24 min. The Mimosa tenuiflora obtained the lowest wood ash content, which is favorable for its energy potential. Cnidoscolus quercifolius is a species of low flammability, in view of the difficulty in igniting and maintaining combustion. Places with the abundant presence of Aristida adscensionis should be monitored frequently for the risk of occurrence of fires, especially in times conditions such as high air temperature and low humidity favorable to the occurrence of fire. results however area aspects 1 repetitions Caatinga 6 airdried dried frequency flames 00335 0 0335 0.033 s1, s1 s 1, s-1 40243 402 43 402.4 m1s1 ms 1s m-1s- severity plots 2 min potential flammability combustion fires 0033 033 0.03 s- 4024 40 4 402. m1s m-1s 003 03 0.0 00 0.

RESUMO O uso do fogo de forma controlada pode fornecer resultados positivos, no entanto, o fogo pode se propagar de forma descontrolada na área, provocando danos nos mais diversos aspectos. O objetivo da pesquisa consistiu em avaliar as características de queima de espécies encontradas na região geográfica imediata de Patos/PB quando submetidas à ação do fogo. Foram avaliadas dez espécies em três repetições, que consistiam no material combustível de espécies encontradas na Caatinga. Esses materiais foram coletados em sacos de náilon de 60 kg e secos ao ar para posterior queima. Avaliaram -se a altura e temperatura das chamas; tempo e frequência de ignição; velocidade de propagação; duração da queima; intensidade do fogo e teor de cinzas. Na velocidade de propagação das chamas identificou-se superioridade da Aristida adscensionis com 0,0335 m s-1, assim como na intensidade do fogo, em que seus 402,43 kcal m-1 s-1 foram responsáveis pela classificação em muito alta severidade. A máxima duração da queima foi encontrada na Anadenanthera colubrina, com 24 min. A Mimosa tenuiflora obteve o menor teor de cinzas, o que é favorável para seu potencial energético. A Cnidoscolus quercifolius é uma espécie de baixa inflamabilidade, tendo em vista a dificuldade de entrar em ignição. Locais com presença abundante de Aristida adscensionis devem ser monitorados frequentemente para o risco de ocorrência de incêndios, principalmente em épocas que condições como a elevada temperatura do ar e baixa umidade favorecem à ocorrência do fogo. positivos entanto área aspectos PatosPB Patos PB repetições Caatinga 6 ignição cinzas identificouse identificou 00335 0 0335 0,033 s1, s1 s 1, 1 40243 402 43 402,4 m1 m- s- severidade colubrina 2 min energético inflamabilidade incêndios 0033 033 0,03 4024 40 4 402, 003 03 0,0 00 0,

Resumen El riesgo de desastres por incendios de interfase en la Comarca Andina del Paralelo 42° se sitúa como un problema ambiental central para los municipios, instituciones provinciales, nacionales y la población en general. Incendios cada vez más frecuentes generan ingentes pérdidas y muestran grandes dificultades a la hora de su gestión y prevención. En este marco, las responsabilidades sobre los incendios son puestas en debate cada vez que se genera un escenario de emergencia o desastre. En este trabajo, se parte de la teoría social del riesgo para comprender que los desastres ambientales son parte de un proceso que involucra dos elementos solo separados teóricamente: la percepción sobre una situación riesgosa, y la creación y re-creación material de condiciones de peligro y vulnerabilidad. Utilizando el incendio del 9 de marzo de 2021 como ejemplo, se muestra que fueron principalmente las condiciones de vulnerabilidad de la población las que determinaron los daños desigualmente sufridos. Articulado a esto, se analizan tres campañas de prevención diseñadas por instituciones estatales -cuya función es el manejo de incendios en la Comarca- y se observa de qué modo interpretan este riesgo al diseñar sus estrategias de gestión. El objetivo es desentrañar el mensaje, narrativa, y sujetos sociales a los que se dirigen tales campañas. Se busca comprender los modos en que es orientada la prevención y construidos los sentidos de responsabilidad en torno a este riesgo. Fueron analizados para este trabajo folletos, infografías, historietas, manuales de campañas que circulan en redes, cartelería, normativas, notas periodísticas, también se realizaron entrevistas en profundidad a funcionarios y afectados directos e indirectos por los incendios. Del análisis se desprende que las campañas de prevención estatal se orientan principalmente a sujetos individuales, sean estos visitantes, pobladores rurales o nuevos habitantes de la interfase. De este modo, acotan el riesgo a su causa de ignición y condiciones de peligro. Por último, a modo de cierre, expongo algunas reflexiones y posibles líneas de abordaje frente a esta problemática, que implicaría intervenciones a escalas de paisaje, planificación de las formas de urbanizar, garantía de derechos y servicios básicos para poblaciones vulnerables.

Abstract The hazard of wildland urban interface fires in the Comarca Andina del Paralelo 42° rerpresents a significant environmental issue for local municipalities, provincial and national institutions, and the general population. These increasingly frequent fires result in substantial losses and present significant challenges in terms of management and prevention. Within this framework, the responsibilities on the fires are set upon debate each time an emergency or disaster scenery arises. This study adopts a social risk theory framework to examine the complex relationship between human perception of risk and the creation and re-creation of hazardous and vulnerable conditions in environmental disasters. Analyzing the case of the March 9th, 2021 fire, the study highlights how population vulnerability significantly influenced the extent of damage incurred. Furthermore, three prevention campaigns conducted by state institutions responsible for fire management in the region are evaluated to understand how they interpret and address the associated risks in their strategies. The analysis reveals that these campaigns predominantly target individual subjects, including visitors, rural residents, and new interface inhabitants, limiting their focus to the causes of ignition and dangerous conditions. Brochures, infographics, cartoons, networking campaign manuals, signs, regulations and interviews were analyzed, together with in-depth interviews with officials, and direct and indirect fire victims. In conclusion, the study offers reflections and proposes potential approaches to address this complex issue, emphasizing landscape-scale interventions, urban planning considerations, and the provision of rights and essential services for vulnerable populations. This research contributes to the scientific understanding of responsibilities and preventive measures necessary for mitigating wildland interface fire risk in the Comarca Andina del Paralelo 42°, in Patagonia Argentina.

Resumen (Introducción): el método más común para determinar el contenido de materia orgánica del suelo es el WalkleyBlack, pero este presenta desventajas medioambientales por el uso del tóxico dicromato de potasio; como alternativa, surge el método de pérdidas por ignición. Ambos métodos presentan resultados significativamente diferentes debido a que el método de ignición puede reportar datos mayores por la presencia de arcillas y por considerar todo el contenido orgánico de la muestra, a diferencia de Walkley-Black, que considera únicamente, los compuestos de cadenas más largas. (Objetivo): Se determinó la relación que existe entre el contenido de materia orgánica por Walkley-Black y perdidas por ignición considerando el contenido de arcilla. (Metodología): Se estudiaron 60 muestras de suelo del nororiente y centro de Honduras. El contenido de arcilla fue determinado a través del método de Bouyoucos. La materia orgánica se determinó por el método de Walkley-Black y por el método de ignición siguiendo lo establecido por los estándares internacionales de AASHTO T 194-97 (2018) y AASHTO T 267-86 (2013), respectivamente. (Resultados): Se encontró una relación lineal válida entre el contenido de materia orgánica determinado por Walkley-Black y por perdidas por ignición independiente del contenido de arcilla. Fue posible establecer un rango de interpretación del contenido de materia orgánica para el método de pérdidas por ignición a partir de los rangos de interpretación típicos reportados para el contenido de materia orgánica de WalkleyBlack. (Conclusiones): Los resultados de este estudio demostraron que es posible usar el método por ignición como alternativa al método Walkley-Black.

Abstract (Introduction): The most common method to determine the organic matter content of soil is the “Walkley-Black” method, but this method has environmental disadvantages due to the use of the toxic potassium dichromate. As an alternative, the loss on ignition method arises. Both present significantly different results because the ignition method can report higher data due to the presence of clays and because it considers all the organic content of the sample, unlike Walkley-Black method, which considers only the compounds with longer chains. (Objective): The relationship between the organic matter content determined by Walkley-Black and loss on ignition was determined considering the clay content. (Methodology): 60 soil samples from northeastern and central Honduras were studied. The clay content was determined through the Bouyoucos method. The organic matter content was determined by the Walkley-Black method and by the ignition method following the guidelines by the international standards AASHTO T 194-97 (2018) and AASHTO T 267-86 (2013), respectively. (Results): A valid linear relationship was found between the organic matter content determined by Walkley-Black and the loss on ignition regardless of the clay content. It was possible to establish an interpretation range for organic matter content for the loss on ignition method from the typical interpretation ranges reported for Walkley-Black organic matter content. (Conclusions): The results of this study showed that it is possible to use the ignition method as an alternative to Walkley-Black.

Abstract: Pollutant residential emissions from wood stoves have significant impacts both on the environment and people's health. The above makes it essential to know the types of volatile organic compounds emitted during combustion and explore their relationship with particulate matter and greenhouse gas emissions. This paper studies and analyzes these emissions using Eucalyptus globulus as fuel varying its moisture levels. Emissions were determined using an adapted commercial stove. The concentration levels of volatile organic compounds and particulate matter increase with the moisture of wood. When analyzing volatile organic compounds, particulate matter, and O2 with the combustion stages of wood, it is found that their concentrations were higher in the ignition and the reload stage. The concentrations of CO2 and NOx were higher in the reload stage. Other chemical compounds, such as toluene, xylene, and benzene, were also found within the volatile organic compounds listing, which increased their concentration in the ignition and stable reload stages. However, in the quenching stage, they are not present. Finally, the dispersion of these molecules in the environment is evaluated, obtaining that if the atmospheric conditions are adverse, these molecules remain in the environment in direct contact with the people living in those places.