Abstract In the diagnosis of diffuse interstitial lung diseases, the gold standard is multidisciplinary evaluation. This means a clinical, radiological and histopathological consensus. The ideal is to have an experienced team of specialists, mainly in cases that present difficulty in definitive diagnosis, without categorical characteristics of a specific pathology. High-resolution computed tomography is the imaging test of choice that contributes to the definitive diagnosis. The purpose of this article is to analyze the imaging patterns of idiopathic fibrotic diseases: usual interstitial pneumonia, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema, non-specific interstitial pneumonia and pleuroparenchymal fibroelastosis. Initially we will also analyze the interstitial lung abnormality. Finally, we will refer to the growing use of artificial intelligence in the evaluation and progression of diffuse lung diseases, and to the application of a recently developed technique, photon counting computed tomography.

Resumen En el diagnóstico de las enfermedades pulmonares intersticiales difusas, el método de referencia es la evaluación multidisciplinaria. Esto significa un consenso clínico, radiológico e histopatológico. Lo ideal es contar con un equipo experimentado de especialistas, principalmente en casos que presentan dificultad en el diagnóstico definitivo, sin características categóricas de una patología específica. La tomografía computada de alta resolución es la prueba de imagen de elección que contribuye en el diagnóstico definitivo. El propósito de este artículo es analizar los patrones imagenológicos de las enfermedades idiopáticas fibróticas: fibrosis pulmonar usual o idiopática, fibrosis pulmonar y enfisema combinados, fibrosis pulmonar no específica y fibroelastosis pleuroparenquimatosa. Analizaremos además al inicio la anormalidad pulmonar intersticial. Finalmente, haremos referencia al creciente uso de la inteligencia artificial en la evaluación y la progresión de las enfermedades pulmonares difusas, y a la aplicación de una técnica de desarrollo reciente, la tomografía computada con conteo de fotones.

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess obstetric and perinatal outcomes in women with hyperprolactinemia according to the type of treatment indicated, with cabergoline or bromocriptine. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study with 464 women diagnosed with hyperprolactinemia was undertaken at the endocrine gynecology outpatient clinic of a tertiary hospital from May 2002 to February 2022. All women diagnosed with hyperprolactinemia who were being treated with dopamine agonists (cabergoline or bromocriptine) and who became pregnant during the follow-up were included. Women whose medical records did not provide data related to pregnancy and delivery were excluded. The women were divided into two groups according to the type of treatment: bromocriptine or cabergoline. Clinical and laboratory characteristics and obstetric and perinatal outcomes, such as complications during pregnancy, type of delivery, and intrapartum complications, were evaluated in both groups. RESULTS: Of the 464 women evaluated, 72 became pregnant during the follow-up, 66 of them were using dopamine agonists, while 6 were not using medication. The mean age of the women was 28.3±6.8 years. Among the causes of hyperprolactinemia, 48.6% were idiopathic, 45.7% were tumoral, and 3.7% had other causes. Most women with idiopathic hyperprolactinemia used bromocriptine, while those with tumoral hyperprolactinemia used cabergoline (p=0.04). There was no difference in obstetric outcomes according to the type of treatment used. The majority of women did not have any complications during pregnancy (76.3%) or intrapartum (86.8%). CONCLUSION: Regardless of the type of previous drug treatment with dopamine agonists, hyperprolactinemia does not alter obstetric outcomes. OBJECTIVE indicated METHODS 46 200 2022 followup follow up included excluded RESULTS 7 followup, up, medication 28368 28 3 8 28.3±6. years 486 48 48.6 457 45 45.7 37 3.7 p=0.04. p004 p p=0.04 . 0 04 (p=0.04) 76.3% 763 76 (76.3% 86.8%. 868 86.8% 86 (86.8%) CONCLUSION 4 20 202 2836 2 28.3±6 48. 45. 3. p00 p=0.0 (p=0.04 76.3 (76.3 86.8 (86.8% 283 28.3± p0 p=0. (p=0.0 76. (76. 86. (86.8 28.3 p=0 (p=0. (76 (86. 28. p= (p=0 (7 (86 (p= ( (8 (p

Abstract Introduction When cases of idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL) are treated successfully, most clinicians assume the normality and symmetry of the auditory processing. This assumption is based on the recovery of the detection ability on the part of the patients, but the auditory processing involves much more than detection alone. Since certain studies have suggested a possible involvement of the central auditory system during the acute phase of sudden hearing loss, the present study hypothesized that auditory processing would be asymmetric in people who have experienced sudden hearing loss. Objective To assess the physiologic and electrophysiological conditions of the cochlea and central auditory system, as well as behavioral discrimination, of three primary aspects of sound (intensity, frequency, and time) in subjects with normal ears and ears treated successfully for SSNHL. Methods The study included 19 SSNHL patients whose normal and treated ears were assessed for otoacoustic emissions, speech auditory brainstem response, intensity and pitch discrimination, and temporal resolution in a within-subject design. Results The otoacoustic emissions were poorer in the treated ears compared to the normal ears. Ear- and sex-dependent differences were observed regarding otoacoustic emissions and pitch discrimination. Conclusion The asymmetrical processing observed in the present study was not consistent with the hearing threshold values, which might suggest that the central auditory system would be affected regardless of the status of the peripheral hearing. Further experiments with larger samples, different recovery scenarios after treatment, and other assessments are required. (SSNHL alone discrimination intensity, (intensity frequency time 1 response withinsubject within subject design Ear sexdependent sex dependent values samples treatment required

Resumen El síndrome de ataxia cerebelosa, neuropatía y arre flexia vestibular (CANVAS) es un trastorno neurodege nerativo progresivo que se manifiesta en etapas tardías de la vida. Su base genética ha sido recientemente identificada en el gen que codifica la subunidad 1 del factor C de replicación (RFC1). Presentamos el caso de una mujer de 62 años con una historial de desequilibrio y deterioro de la marcha de presentación bifásica, con un inicio rápido de los sínto mas seguido de un deterioro neurológico lento y progre sivo. El proceso diagnóstico fue complejo y se realizaron numerosas pruebas para descartar causas adquiridas y genéticas de la ataxia, arribando al diagnóstico de ataxia cerebelosa de inicio tardío idiopática. Ulteriormente, las pruebas de función vestibular identificaron una grave vestibulopatía bilateral. Esto llevó a considerar el CANVAS entre los diagnósticos, que finalmente fue confirmado mediante pruebas genéticas (expansión bialélica del penta-nucleótido AAGGG en el gen RFC1). Este caso subraya la importancia de esta nueva enfer medad genética y su variante de presentación subaguda y enfatiza la relevancia de las pruebas objetivas de fun ción vestibular en las ataxias consideradas idiopáticas para lograr un diagnóstico adecuado y un eventual asesoramiento genético a la descendencia.

Abstract Cerebellar ataxia, neuropathy, and vestibular areflexia syndrome (CANVAS) is a late onset neurodegenerative disorder. Its genetic basis has recently been identified in the gene encoding a subunit of the Replication Fac tor C (RFC1). We present the case of a 62-year-old woman who expe rienced a history of a biphasic presentation of imbalance and gait disorders, with rapid onset of symptoms followed by slow and progressive neurological deterioration. The diagnostic process was challenging, and numerous tests were conducted to rule out acquired and genetic causes of ataxia, leading to a diagnosis of late-onset idiopathic cer ebellar ataxia. Subsequently, vestibular function tests iden tified severe bilateral vestibulopathy. This led to consider ing CANVAS among the diagnoses, which was ultimately confirmed through genetic testing (biallelic expansion of the pentanucleotide AAGGG in the RFC1 gene). This case highlights the importance of this new de scribed genetic disease and its subacute presentation variant, emphasizing the relevance of objective vestibu lar function tests in idiopathic ataxias to achieve proper diagnosis and eventual genetic counseling for offspring.

Resumen La neumatosis intestinal se define como la presencia de gas en la pared intestinal. Su patogenia no está claramente comprendida, es idiopática en el 15% de los casos y es una manifestación secundaria de enfermedades gastrointestinales y no gastrointestinales en el 85% de los casos. En los casos secundarios, existe gran variedad de etiologías y el tratamiento debe ir dirigido a la enfermedad primaria. Pueden cursar con neumoperitoneo y no necesariamente requieren manejo quirúrgico. Se presenta el caso clínico de un paciente masculino, adulto medio con dolor abdominal, hallazgos endoscópicos e imagenológicos de neumatosis intestinal y lesiones compatibles con linfoma colorrectal. Se realiza, además, una revisión de la literatura sobre esta condición.

Abstract Intestinal pneumatosis is defined as the presence of gas within the intestinal wall. Its pathogenesis is not fully understood; it is idiopathic in 15% of cases and a secondary manifestation of gastrointestinal and non-gastrointestinal diseases in 85% of cases. In secondary cases, there is a wide range of etiologies, and treatment should be directed at the primary disease. Pneumatosis can present with pneumoperitoneum and does not necessarily require surgical management. This report presents the clinical case of a middle-aged male patient with abdominal pain, endoscopic and imaging findings of intestinal pneumatosis, and lesions consistent with colorectal lymphoma. Additionally, a literature review on this condition is provided.

Resumen Introducción: Comprender y tratar deformidades, defectos y fracturas complejas sigue siendo un desafío en el área de la Ortopedia y Traumatología. La aplicación de modelos de impresión 3D incluye el diagnóstico, la planificación quirúrgica, la creación de guías intraoperatorias e implantes y el entrenamiento quirúrgico. Las deformidades y fracturas articulares complejas representan un reto en el tratamiento quirúrgico debido a la complejidad tridimensional. La tecnología de impresión 3D permite simular la anatomía, la reducción de trazos fracturarios, osteotomías, y la dirección y longitud de los tornillos. El objetivo de este artículo es comunicar una serie de casos en los que se implementó la impresión 3D y presentar una revisión narrativa. Se describen dos casos de fractura de acetábulo, dos de escoliosis idiopática, una fractura del pilón tibial compleja y una fractura de astrágalo en los que se crearon modelos de impresión 3D para la planificación quirúrgica que resultaron beneficiosos tanto para el paciente como para el equipo quirúrgico. Conclusiones: Con el auge de la impresión 3D en el área de la Ortopedia y Traumatología, podremos facilitar el entendimiento de fracturas y deformidades complejas y mejorar las planificaciones prequirúrgicas. El tiempo de producción del modelo puede demorarse y ser una limitación para su uso en urgencias. Aún faltan estudios para evaluar los beneficios significativos para el paciente y el equipo médico, como la reducción del tiempo operatorio, la pérdida de sangre intraoperatoria y la exposición a la radiación.

Abstract Introduction: Understanding and treating deformities, defects and complex fractures remains a challenge in the area of orthopedics and traumatology. 3D printing models are used for diagnostics, surgical planning, the manufacturing of intraoperative guides and implants, and surgical training. The objective of our work was to report on a series of cases where 3D printing was implemented in our service and to carry out a narrative review. The case series includes two acetabular fractures, two idiopathic scoliosis, a complex tibial pilon fracture, and a talar fracture. 3D printing models were used for surgery planning, which benefited both the patient and the surgical team. Conclusions: With the rise of 3D printing in orthopedics and traumatology, we are able to better understand fractures and complex deformities, as well as improve preoperative planning. The model’s production timelines may be delayed, limiting its usefulness in an emergency. There are yet insufficient studies that report substantial benefits to the patient and medical team, such as reduced surgical time, intraoperative blood loss, and radiation exposure.

Abstract Objective: To assess the prevalence of chronic neutropenia (CN) and the clinical profile of patients with CN aged up to 18 years, followed in the pediatric hematology, rheumatology, or immunology outpatient clinic of a tertiary medical center from May 1, 2018, to 30 April 2019. Methods: Retrospective observational study carried out by collecting data from the patient’s medical charts. CN was defined as absolute neutrophil count (ANC) below 1.5 × 109/L lasting over three months. Autoimmune neutropenia (AIN) was defined by clinical criteria and an over twofold increase in ANC after glucocorticoid stimulation. AIN was considered secondary when associated with autoimmune or immunoregulatory disorders. Wilcoxon and Fisher’s exact tests were used to compare variables; the significance level was 5 %. Results: A total of 1,039 patients were evaluated; 217 (20 %) presented CN. Twenty-one (2 %) had AIN, classified as primary in 57 % of the cases. The average age at the onset of symptoms was 38.6 months. During follow-up, patients had 4.2 infections on average; frequency was higher among patients with secondary AIN (p = 003). Isolated neutropenia occurred in 43 % of the patients with AIN. Neutropenia resolved in eight (38 %) of the 21 patients with AIN within 19.6 months on average. Eight patients with secondary AIN met the criteria for Inborn Errors of Immunity. Conclusion: AIN prevalence was 2 %. Most cases were first evaluated by a pediatric immunologist or rheumatologist rather than a pediatric hematologist. This study highlights the need for a multidisciplinary approach involving a pediatric immunologist, rheumatologist, and hematologist. Objective (CN 1 years hematology rheumatology 2018 3 2019 Methods patient s charts (ANC 15 1. 109L L 109 (AIN stimulation disorders Fishers Fisher variables Results 1039 039 1,03 20 Twentyone Twenty one ( 386 38 6 38. followup, followup follow up, follow-up 42 4 4. p 003. 003 . 003) (3 196 19 19. Immunity Conclusion hematologist 201 10 103 03 1,0 00 0

Resumo Introdução: O acidente vascular cerebral é a principal causa de morte e incapacidade em Portugal. Os tumores cardíacos primários são raros, a maioria é benigna e o mixoma auricular é o mais comum de todos. Este tipo de tumor é mais frequente em mulheres jovens e tem apresentação clínica variável, dependendo da localização, tamanho e mobilidade da massa, podendo condicionar fenómenos cardioembólicos, como o acidente vascular cerebral. O tratamento é cirúrgico e, se detetado precocemente, o prognóstico pode ser favorável. Descrição do caso: Descreve-se o caso de uma mulher de 37 anos, com antecedentes de acidente vascular cerebral isquémico considerado idiopático aos 22 anos, com quadro de hemi-hipostesia esquerda, alterações da visão, diminuição da força muscular do membro superior esquerdo e alterações na marcha, com evidência de lesão isquémica tálamo-capsular direita na tomografia computorizada e ressonância magnética crânio-encefálica. No ecocardiograma transtorácico identificou-se uma massa auricular esquerda sugestiva de mixoma, que foi confirmada por ecocardiograma transesofágico e submetida à resseção cirúrgica e confirmação histológica. Comentário: Na suspeita de uma causa cardiogénica, o ecocardiograma deve ser prontamente realizado. O tumor cardíaco do tipo mixoma tem uma indicação de tratamento específico que é a resseção cirúrgica, com baixo risco de recorrência de evento cerebrovascular no follow-up. Este caso realça a importância do estudo complementar no acidente vascular cerebral. Por outro lado, o caso também demonstra a importância da articulação que deve existir entre os cuidados de saúde primários e secundários, particularmente com a cardiologia, para a deteção e gestão de patologias como o mixoma auricular e o acidente vascular cerebral isquémico.

Abstract Introduction: Stroke is the main cause of death and disability in Portugal. Primary cardiac tumors are rare, most are benign, and auricular myxoma is the most common of them all. This type of tumor is more common in young women, and it has a variable clinical presentation, depending on the location, size, and mobility of the mass, and can lead to cardioembolic phenomena, such as stroke. Treatment is surgical and, if detected early, the prognosis can be favorable. Case description: We describe the case of a 37-year-old woman, with a history of ischemic stroke considered idiopathic at the age of 22 years old, with left hemi-hypoestesia, vision changes, decreased muscle strength in the left upper limb and changes in gait, with evidence of right thalamocapsular ischemic injury on computed tomography and cranioencephalic magnetic resonance imaging. The transthoracic echocardiogram revealed a left auricular mass suggestive of myxoma, which was confirmed by a transesophageal echocardiogram and subsequently underwent surgical resection and histological confirmation. Comment: If a cardiogenic cause is suspected, an echocardiogram should be performed promptly. Myxoma-type cardiac tumors have a specific treatment indication, which is surgical resection, with a low risk of recurrence of cerebrovascular events during follow-up. This case highlights the importance of complementary studies in stroke. On the other hand, the case also demonstrates the importance of the coordination that must exist between primary and secondary healthcare, particularly cardiology, for the detection and management of pathologies such as auricular myxoma and ischemic stroke.

Abstract Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis is considered the most severe and common spinal deformity, affecting children and adolescents still in the neuropsychomotor development phase before they reach skeletal maturity. This study aimed to evaluate the surgical approach to adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS), considering the results associated with the reduction of pathological curvature, pulmonary function, and repercussions on the quality of life of adolescents undergoing such treatment. Systematic literature review, with a quantitative and qualitative approach to the data collected, structured according to the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA), carried out in the databases linked to the Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE) and Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature (LILACS). The total sample of the studies was 638 adolescents with AIS, with a mean age of 14.93 years ± 1.24. The mean correction of the main pathological curvature in the studies was 55.06% ± 12.24. In all of the selected studies using posterior spinal fusion to correct AIS, there was a significant reduction in pathological curvatures (> 49%), and the recurrence of curvature in none of the studies exceeded a pathological gain of more than 5%. As for lung function, the studies showed significant increases in forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC) in patients with severe AIS, and no pulmonary function losses were reported after surgery to correct AIS. deformity maturity AIS , (AIS) treatment review collected MetaAnalyses Meta Analyses PRISMA, PRISMA (PRISMA) MEDLINE (MEDLINE LILACS. LILACS . (LILACS) 63 1493 14 93 14.9 124 24 1.24 5506 55 06 55.06 1224 12 12.24 > ( 49%, 49 49% 49%) 5 5% FEV1 FEV (FEV1 FVC (FVC (AIS (PRISMA (LILACS 6 149 9 14. 2 1.2 550 0 55.0 122 12.2 4 (FEV 1. 55. 12.

Resumo A escoliose idiopática do adolescente (EIA) é considerada a deformidade vertebral de maior gravidade e ocorrência, que acomete crianças e adolescentes ainda na fase de desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor, antes de atingirem a maturidade esquelética. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a abordagem cirúrgica da EIA, considerando resultados associados à redução de curvatura patológica, função pulmonar e repercussões na qualidade de vida dos adolescentes submetidos a tal tratamento. Revisão Sistemática de literatura, com abordagem quanti-qualitativa dos dados coletados, cuja estruturação se deu conforme as orientações de Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) realizada nas bases de dados vinculadas à Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE) e Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS). A amostra total dos estudos foi de 638 adolescentes com EIA, com uma idade média de 14,93 anos ± 1,24. A correção média da curvatura patológica principal nos estudos foi de 55,06% ± 12,24. Em todos os estudos selecionados com fusão espinhal posterior para correção da EIA verificou-se redução significativa das curvaturas patológicas (> 49%), sendo que a reincidência de curvatura em nenhum dos estudos superou um ganho patológico superior a 5%. Quanto à função pulmonar, os estudos apontaram ganhos significativos de volume expiratório forçado em 1 segundo (VEF1) e capacidade vital forçada (CVF) em pacientes com EIA grave. Além disso, não foram relatados prejuízos de função pulmonar após intervenção cirúrgica para correção da EIA. (EIA ocorrência neuropsicomotor esquelética tratamento literatura quantiqualitativa quanti qualitativa coletados MetaAnalyses Meta Analyses PRISMA (PRISMA MEDLINE (MEDLINE LatinoAmericana Latino Americana LILACS. LILACS . (LILACS) 63 1493 14 93 14,9 124 24 1,24 5506 55 06 55,06 1224 12 12,24 verificouse verificou > ( 49%, 49 49% , 49%) 5 5% VEF1 VEF (VEF1 CVF (CVF grave disso (LILACS 6 149 9 14, 2 1,2 550 0 55,0 122 12,2 4 (VEF 1, 55, 12,

BACKGROUND. Neonatal cholestatic jaundice is a common paediatric condition with a paucity of recent local data and a notable absence of locally influenced diagnostic algorithms. OBJECTIVES. To describe the causes of cholestatic jaundice, investigations conducted and patient outcomes. METHODS. This was a retrospective file review of 96 patients presenting to the Specialist Clinic at Rahima Moosa Mother and Child Hospital in Johannesburg between 1 January 2014 and 31 December 2020. Clinical features, serum biochemistry at presentation, diagnostic investigations (haematological, radiological and histological), diagnosis and outcome were analysed during data collection. RESULTS. Ninety-six patients were included in the study. The median age of jaundice onset was at 2 months, while the median age of presentation was 3.3 months. Causes of jaundice fell into three main categories: 38 had biliary atresia (BA); 24 had another specific diagnosis; and 34 remained without an underlying diagnosis (idiopathic neonatal hepatitis). An overall mortality rate of 26% was noted at a median (interquartile range) age of 13 (5 - 24) months and it was highest in the BA group (n= 14; 56%). CONCLUSION. The evaluation of neonatal jaundice requires a wide differential and expeditious referral to optimise outcomes and avoid complications. Many patients remained undiagnosed, and the overall prognosis was poor. The authors recommend the development of a locally relevant diagnostic protocol to minimise delays in the identification, diagnosis and treatment of neonatal jaundice.

Abstract Objective: The objective of the study is to compare the optic coherence tomography (OCT) parameters of the healthy and affected sides of patients with idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss (ISSNHL) and to investigate the relationships between these and the improvement in hearing levels. Methods: A bilateral eye evaluation of patients diagnosed with ISSNHL was performed with OCT. The ganglion cell complex (GCC) and retina nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness values were recorded and the differences between the two eyes were examined. Results: An evaluation was made of 39 patients with a mean age of 44.82 ± 14.90 years. The RNFL thickness of the eyes was determined to be mean 89.87 ± 3.65 µm on the affected side and 103.87 ± 3.98 µm on the healthy control side (p = 0.0001). The mean GCC was determined to be mean 90.46 ± 3.49 µm on the affected side and 103.77 ± 3.96 µm on the healthy control side (p = 0.0001). Conclusions: A statistically significant difference was observed between the healthy and affected eyes of patients with ISSNHL with respect to mean GCC and mean RNFL thickness. OCT could be a useful technique for measuring this neural degeneration.

Resumen Objetivo: Comparar e investigar los parámetros de la tomografía de coherencia óptica (OCT) de los lados sanos y afectados de pacientes con pérdida auditiva neurosensorial súbita idiopática (PANSI). Método: La evaluación ocular bilateral de los pacientes diagnosticados con PANSI se realizó con OCT. Se registraron los valores de espesor del complejo de células ganglionares (CCG) y de la capa de fibras nerviosas de la retina (CFNR), y se examinaron las diferencias entre los dos ojos. Resultados: Se evaluaron 39 pacientes, con una edad media de 44.82 ± 14.90 años. Se determinó que el grosor de la CFNR de los ojos era una media de 89.87 ± 3.65 µm en el lado afectado y 103.87 ± 3.98 µm en el lado de control sano (p = 0.0001). Se determinó que el CCG medio era 90.46 ± 3.49 µm en el lado afectado y 103.77 ± 3.96 µm en el lado de control sano (p = 0.0001). Conclusiones: Se encontró una diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre los ojos sanos y afectados de pacientes con PANSI con respecto al CCG medio y al espesor medio de la CFNR. La OCT podría ser una técnica útil para medir esta degeneración neuronal.

Resumen Objetivo: Determinar la etiología actual y las características clínicas de la estrechez y estenosis de uretra masculina, en una institución de alta complejidad. Método: Estudio observacional, descriptivo de tipo transversal. Se recolectó información de 344 pacientes con estrechez o estenosis de uretra a los cuales se les realizó uretroplastia entre enero de 2011 y marzo de 2019. Para cada paciente se tuvo en cuenta la edad, la etiología, el sitio uretral comprometido, la longitud de la estrechez, procedimientos previos y la cirugía realizada. Resultados: La edad media fue 59,6 años (rango 14-90 años). La etiología más común fue la iatrogénica (68,1%), seguida de la inflamatoria (13,9%), idiopática (12,2%) y traumática (5,5%). De las causas iatrogénicas, el 39,2% fueron secundarias a instrumentación uretral, el 20,6% a cirugía endoscópica de próstata, el 4,3% poscirugía de hipospadias, un 2,3% otras y un 1,7% cirugía de próstata abierta. Al estratificar por edad, la etiología de la estrechez más común fue iatrogénica en los tres grupos etarios: en el grupo de 0-45 años con un 32,6%, en el grupo de 46-59 años con un 63,3% y en el grupo de mayores de 60 años con un 83,4%. Conclusión: La estrechez de uretra es una patología que cada vez se presenta con más frecuencia en la práctica urológica diaria, no es una enfermedad de los ancianos sino que involucra a todas las edades. Actualmente, la principal causa es la etiología iatrogénica, por lo cual estamos obligados a mejorar las estrategias de prevención.

Abstract Objective: To determine the actual etiology and clinical characteristics of male urethral stricture and stenosis in a highly complexity institution. Method: Observational, descriptive cross-sectional study. Information was collected from 344 patients with urethral stricture or stenosis who underwent urethroplasty between January 2011 and March 2019. Age, etiology, compromised urethral site, length of the stricture, previous procedures and surgery performed were considered for each patient. Results: The median age was 59.6 years (range 14-90 years). The most common etiology was iatrogenic 68.1%, followed by inflammatory 13.9%, idiopathic 12.2% and traumatic 5.5%. Of the iatrogenic causes, 39.2% were secondary to urethral instrumentation, 20.6% endoscopic prostate surgery, 4.3% post-hypospadias surgery, 2.3% other, and 1.7% open prostate surgery. When stratifying by age, the most common etiology of stricture was iatrogenic in all three age groups: in the 0-45 years group (32.6%), in the 46-59 years group (63.3%) and in the group of over 60 years (83.4%). Conclusion: Urethral stricture is a pathology that occurs more and more frequently in daily urological practice, it is not a disease of the elderly but involves all ages. Currently, the main cause is iatrogenic etiology, for which reason we are obliged to improve prevention strategies.

Abstract Introduction: Erythema nodosum is a rare disease whose pathophysiology is based on a type 4 delayed hypersensitivity response and its most common form of presentation is in the form of bilateral and symmetrical nodules and cutaneous plaques, predominantly affecting the pre-tibial region. Although the idiopathic etiology is still quite frequent, close to half of the cases are of secondary etiology, with oral contraceptives being amongst the most associated drugs with this entity, and this causal relationship being described for a greater number of estroprogestative associations. A rare case of erythema nodosum secondary to the association of ethinyl estradiol 0.03 mg + levonorgestrel 0.15 mg is described. Case description: We report a case of a 20-year-old woman who developed painful unilateral nodules in the pre-tibial region, related to the initiation of the combination of ethinyl estradiol 0.03 mg, and levonorgestrel 0.15 mg. The user describes the injuries as being longstanding, although she has never sought medical care in the past. After further investigation of the clinical history and suspicion of the causal relationship between the combined oral contraceptive and the appearance of lesions compatible with erythema nodosum, it was decided to suspend the same and start prednisolone 20 mg/day, with the user having a very favorable evolution. After discussing the existing therapeutic options, the user chose to switch to Implanon®. Conclusion: The literature is increasingly reporting the causal relationship between oral contraceptives, not only the combined type but also the isolated type, and the appearance of erythema nodosum. This is a rare and complex relationship. When a patient starts with painful nodules, a case of erythema nodosum must be considered, being aware of potential triggers - as combined oral contraceptives. In these cases, options must be explained to the user; therapeutic suspension is not the only way.

Resumo Introdução: O eritema nodoso é uma doença rara cuja fisiopatologia assenta numa resposta de hipersensibilidade tardia do tipo 4 e o seu modo de apresentação mais comum é sob a forma de nódulos e placas cutâneas bilaterais e simétricas, afetando predominantemente a região pré-tibial. Apesar da etiologia idiopática ainda ser bastante frequente, perto de metade dos casos são de etiologia secundária, estando os anticoncecionais orais entre os fármacos mais associados a esta entidade e sendo descrita esta relação causal para um número crescente de associações estroprogestativas. Descreve-se um caso raro de eritema nodoso secundário à associação de etinilestradiol 0,03 mg + levonorgestrel 0,15 mg. Descrição do caso: Relata-se o caso de uma mulher de 20 anos, que desenvolveu nódulos dolorosos na região pré-tibial do membro inferior direito, relacionando com o início da toma da associação de etinilestradiol 0,03 mg e levonorgestrel 0,15 mg. A utente descreve as lesões como sendo já crónicas, embora nunca tenha procurado cuidados médicos no passado. Após investigação mais aprofundada da história clínica e suspeição da relação causal entre o fármaco e o aparecimento das lesões compatíveis com um eritema nodoso optou-se por suspender o mesmo e iniciar prednisolona 20 mg/dia, tendo a utente evoluído no sentido da resolução clínica. Após discussão das opções terapêuticas existentes, a utente optou pela colocação de Implanon®. Conclusão: Na literatura é cada vez mais relatada a relação causal entre a toma de contracetivos orais, não só do tipo combinado como também do tipo isolado, e o aparecimento de eritema nodoso. Esta relação é rara e complexa. Perante um quadro de nódulos dolorosos dever-se-á considerar a hipótese de se tratar de um caso de eritema nodoso, estando atentos a potenciais triggers - caso dos contracetivos orais combinados. Nestes casos dever-se-á explicar à utente quais as suas opções, não sendo a suspensão terapêutica o único caminho a seguir.

Abstract: Growth hormone (GH) is effective in improving height in several conditions. Objective: To describe the evolution of a group of children who received GH in a tertiary center between 2012-2022. Patients and Method: Descriptive, retrospective study. We analyzed the impact on height after GH use with Z-score according to etiology, age at onset and bone age. Patients under 15 years old at baseline and receiving GH for at least 12 months, with diagnoses of GH deficiency (GHD), idiopathic short stature (ISS), small for gestational age (SGA), SHOX Haploinsufficiency (SHOX) and Turner syndrome (TS) were included. Height was expressed as Z-score for age and sex, according to NCHS curves. Results: 145 children received GH. Sixty patients were excluded due to irregular administration, incomplete data, less than 12 months of GH, change of hospital, and associated comorbidities. Seventy-three patients were analyzed, 23 GHD, 15 ISS, 20 SGA, 9 SHOX and 6 TS patients. Significant improvement in height (Z-score for age and sex) was observed in SGA (1.4 ± 0.8 gain; p < 0.001), GHD (1.1 ± 1.0; p < 0.001), ISS (1.1 ± 0.8; p < 0.001) and SHOX (0.8 ± 0.7; p = 0.007) patients. In TS, a non-statistically significant improvement was observed (0.7 ± 0.8; p = 0.085). In GHD, onset before 3 years showed a gain of 1.9 ± 1.1, vs 0.7 ± 0.6 (p = 0.083) and in ISS onset with bone age less than 9 years increased it by 1.7 ± 0.5 vs 0.5 ± 0.5 (p < 0.001). Adverse events: 27/73 (37%) headache, 18/73 (24%) lower extremity pain, 1/73 (1.5%) dizziness, 1/73 (1.5%) scoliosis, 1/73 (1.5%) epiphysiolysis and 1/73 (1.5%) craniopharyngioma recurrence. Conclusions: Children with GHD, ISS, SHOX mutation and SGA significantly improved their height, highlighting in GHD and ISS the importance of early treatment. Treatment was well tolerated in the 5 groups analyzed.

Resumen: La hormona de crecimiento (GH) es efectiva para mejorar la estatura en varias condiciones. Objetivo: describir la evolución de un grupo de niños que recibieron GH en un centro terciario entre 2012-2022. Pacientes y Método: estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo. Se analizó el impacto en la talla después del uso de GH con puntaje Z según etiología, edad de inicio y edad ósea. Se incluyeron pacientes menores de 15 años al inicio del tratamiento y que recibieron GH por al menos 12 meses, con diagnósticos de déficit de GH (DHC), talla baja idiopática (TBI), pequeños para edad gestacional (PEG), Haploinsuficiencia SHOX (SHOX) y síndrome Turner (ST). La estatura se expresó como puntaje Z para edad y sexo, según curvas NCHS. Resultados: 145 niños recibieron GH. Se excluyeron 60 pacientes por administración irregular, datos incompletos, menos de 12 meses de GH, cambio de hospital, y comorbilidades asociadas. Se analizaron 73 pacientes, 23 DHC, 15 TBI, 20 PEG, 9 pacientes SHOX y 6 ST. Se observó una mejoría significativa en la estatura (puntaje Z para edad y sexo) en los pacientes PEG (ganancia de 1,4 ± 0,8; p < 0,001), DHC (1,1 ± 1,0; p < 0,001), TBI (1,1 ± 0,8; p < 0,001) y SHOX (0,8 ± 0,7; p = 0,007). En ST se observó una mejoría no estadísticamente significativa (0,7 ± 0,8; p = 0,085). En DHC, el inicio antes de los 3 años mostró una ganancia de 1,9 ± 1,1 vs. 0,7 ± 0,6 (p = 0,083) y en TBI el inicio con edad ósea menor a 9 años la aumentó en 1,7 ± 0,5 vs. 0,5 ± 0,5 (p < 0,001). Eventos adversos: 27/73 (37%) cefalea, 18/73 (24%) dolor en extremidades inferiores, 1/73 (1,5%) mareos, 1/73 (1,5%) escoliosis, 1/73 (1,5%) epifisiolisis y 1/73 (1,5%) recidiva craneofaringioma. Conclusiones: Los niños con DHC, TBI, mutación SHOX y PEG mejoraron significativamente su estatura, destacando en DHC y TBI la importancia del tratamiento precoz. El tratamiento fue bien tolerado en los 5 grupos analizados.

Abstract Musical hallucinosis is a disease with a poorly understood pathophysiology, in which hearing loss and mood disorders can be triggering factors. Although there is no consensual approach, psychoeducation plays a central role. We present the clinical case of an 84-year-old woman with hearing loss and depressive disorder reactive to her husband's role as a caregiver. Four days after the introduction of antidepressant medication she developed auditory musical hallucinosis, where she listened to songs from her childhood continuously throughout the day. These complaints remained despite the interruption of the antidepressant and the prescription of antipsychotics. After screening for organic pathologies, psychoeducation was initiated, focusing on increasing social activity and auditory stimuli and optimizing co-morbid pathologies. The patient had a favorable evolution and almost complete resolution of the complaints.

Resumo A alucinose musical é uma doença com fisiopatologia mal-esclarecida, na qual a hipoacusia e as patologias do humor poderão ser fatores desencadeantes. Apesar de não existir uma abordagem terapêutica consensual, a psicoeducação desempenha um papel fulcral. Apresenta-se o caso de uma mulher de 84 anos de idade com hipoacusia e perturbação depressiva reativa ao papel de cuidadora do marido. Quatro dias após introdução de medicação antidepressiva iniciou quadro de alucinose musical auditiva, onde ouvia músicas da sua infância de forma contínua, ao longo do dia. Estas queixas mantiveram-se apesar da interrupção da terapêutica antidepressiva e mostraram-se refratárias à toma de antipsicóticos. Após despiste de patologias orgânicas foi iniciada psicoeducação, com enfoque no aumento da atividade social e estímulos auditivos e otimização das patologias co-mórbidas, tendo a doente apresentado evolução favorável e resolução quase completa das queixas.