Resumen: La interacción humano-animal en los sistemas de producción implica cualquier contacto entre humanos y animales. Estas interacciones involucran la percepción de estímulos táctiles, visuales, olfativos y auditivos, y pueden clasificarse según su naturaleza como positivas, negativas o neutras. Algunas prácticas de manejo rutinarias en granja suelen ser aversivas y si a esto se le suman malos manejos, el resultado global será negativo, ya que los animales experimentan miedo y se tornan más difíciles de manejar. Por otra parte, manejos adecuados, habituación y refuerzos positivos pueden facilitar el manejo de los animales, disminuir el estrés y reducir los riesgos para todos. En este proceso es importante tener en cuenta las actitudes de las personas que manejan los animales, así como la forma como desarrollan el trabajo, lo cual dependerá de la capacidad (habilidades, salud y conocimiento), la oportunidad (condiciones de trabajo, equipo y herramientas disponibles, acciones de los compañeros de trabajo y políticas y reglas organizacionales) y la disposición (motivación, satisfacción y actitud hacia el trabajo y los animales). Para mejorar el comportamiento de las personas hacia los animales no es sólo necesario adquirir conocimientos y habilidades, sino también modificar hábitos fundados por medio del cambio de las actitudes y creencias establecidas en la persona. Así, los programas de formación de las personas encargadas del manejo de los animales, especialmente dirigidos a cambiar actitudes y comportamientos, mejoran sus habilidades de manejo, actitudes y comportamientos y, en consecuencia, disminuyen el miedo de los animales hacia los humanos. Mejorar el manejo de los animales genera beneficios, tanto para ellos como para los manejadores, y optimiza el bienestar y la productividad de ambos.

Abstract: Human-animal interaction in production systems involves any contact between humans and animals. These interactions include tactile, visual, olfactory, and auditory stimuli perception and can be classified according to their nature as positive, negative, or neutral. Some routine management practices on the farm are usually aversive. If poor handling is added, the overall result will be negative, generating animal fear and avoidance. Conversely, proper handling, habituation, and positive reinforcement can facilitate animal handling, reducing stress and risks for everyone. It is important to consider stockpeople attitudes, additionally, how they perform their work, which depends on their capacity (skills, health and knowledge), opportunity (working conditions, equipment and available tools, co-workers’ actions, and organizational policies and rules), and disposition (motivation, satisfaction, and attitude toward work and animals). To improve stockpeople behaviour towards animals, it is not only necessary to acquire knowledge and skills but also to modify the person founded habits by changing established attitudes and beliefs. Thus, training programs for stockpeople, mainly aimed at changing attitudes and behaviours, improve their handling skills, attitudes and behaviours and, consequently, reduce animals’ fear of humans. Improving animal handling benefits both animals and handlers, improving productivity and welfare for both.

Resumo: A interação humano-animal em sistemas de produção envolve qualquer contato entre humanos e animais. Essas interações envolvem a percepção de estímulos táteis, visuais, olfativos e auditivos, e podem ser classificadas de acordo com sua natureza como positivas, negativas ou neutras. Algumas práticas de manejo de rotina na fazenda geralmente são aversivas, e se a isso se soma manejos agressivos, o resultado global será negativo, gerando medo e evitação nos animais. Por outro lado, o manejo adequado, a habituação e o reforço positivo podem facilitar o manejo dos animais, reduzindo o estresse e os riscos para todos. Neste processo é importante considerar as atitudes dos vaqueiros, além disso, como eles realizam seu trabalho, que vai depender da capacidade (habilidades, saúde e conhecimento), oportunidade (condições de trabalho, equipamentos e ferramentas disponíveis, ações dos colegas de trabalho e organização políticas e regras) e disposição (motivação, satisfação e atitude em relação ao trabalho e aos animais). Para melhorar o comportamento das pessoas em relação aos animais não só é necessário adquirir conhecimentos e habilidades, mas também mudar hábitos fundamentados na pessoa a traves da mudança das atitudes e crenças estabelecidas na pessoa. Assim, programas de treinamento para as pessoas que trabalham diretamente com os animais, principalmente voltados para a mudança de atitudes e comportamentos, melhoram suas habilidades de manejo, atitudes e comportamentos e, consequentemente, reduzem o medo dos animais em relação aos humanos. Melhorar o manejo dos animais beneficia tanto os animais quanto os manejadores, melhorando a produtividade o bem-estar de ambos.

ABSTRACT The quality of life of animals can have a direct impact on the health of the community where they live, therefore, knowledge of the number of animals and the conditions in which they are found is fundamental to the development of actions focused on Unique Health. Aiming to carry out a population estimate of dogs and cats, domiciled and semi-domiciled, in the urban area of Barra-BA and to analyze the population's knowledge about the themes "responsible guarding" and "animal welfare", it was carried out, in the period of August to November 2019, the application of a questionnaire in 365 residences. The results showed that for each inhabitant there were about 0.152 dogs and 0.108 cats, thus, it is estimated about 6,341 domesticated and semi-domesticated animals, being 3,707 dogs and 2,634 cats. The analysis of notions of animal welfare and responsible guarding showed that most tutors do not satisfactorily practice responsible guarding, especially for cats that, when compared to dogs, had lower rates of deworming and vaccination, as well as average age below that of the canine population. The number of animals with free access to the street was higher for felines. In terms of reproductive control, between the two species, only 3.6% were spayed. At the end of the work, it can be concluded that the cat: inhabitant proportion in the studied region is consistent with the national proportion. In contrast, the dog: inhabitant relationship was shown to be inferior when compared to national values. Furthermore, there was a need for educational actions within the scope of responsible custody. live therefore Health semidomiciled, semidomiciled semi domiciled, semi-domiciled BarraBA Barra BA populations s welfare, , welfare" 2019 36 residences 0152 0 152 0.15 0108 108 0.10 thus 6341 6 341 6,34 semidomesticated 3707 3 707 3,70 2634 2 634 2,63 vaccination felines control species 3.6 spayed work cat contrast dog values Furthermore custody 201 015 15 0.1 010 10 34 6,3 370 70 3,7 263 63 2,6 3. 20 01 1 0. 6, 37 7 3, 26 2,

RESUMO A qualidade de vida dos animais pode ter impacto direto na saúde da comunidade onde vivem. Portanto, o conhecimento do número de animais e das condições em que se encontram é fundamental para o desenvolvimento de ações voltadas para a abordagem Saúde Única. Com o objetivo de realizar uma estimativa populacional de cães e gatos domiciliados e semidomiciliados na área urbana de Barra-BA, e analisar o conhecimento da população local sobre os temas “guarda responsável” e “bem-estar animal” foi realizado um questionário em 365 residências no período de agosto a novembro de 2019. Os resultados mostraram que para cada habitante havia cerca de 0,152 cães e 0,108 gatos. Assim, estima-se que existam cerca de 6.341 animais domesticados e semi-domesticados, sendo 3.707 cães e 2.634 gatos. A análise do conhecimento sobre bem-estar animal e guarda responsável mostrou que a maioria dos tutores não pratica a guarda responsável de forma satisfatória, principalmente para gatos. Quando comparados aos cães, os gatos apresentaram menores índices de vermifugação e vacinação e apresentaram idade média abaixo da população canina. O número de animais com livre acesso à rua foi maior para os felinos. Em termos de controle reprodutivo, entre as duas espécies, apenas 3,6% foram esterilizadas. Ao final do trabalho, pode-se concluir que a proporção gato por habitante na região estudada é condizente com a proporção nacional. Em contrapartida, a relação cão por habitante mostrou-se inferior aos valores nacionais. vivem Portanto Única BarraBA, BarraBA Barra BA, BA Barra-BA bemestar bem estar 36 2019 0152 0 152 0,15 0108 108 0,10 Assim estimase estima 6341 6 341 6.34 semidomesticados, semidomesticados semi domesticados, semi-domesticados 3707 3 707 3.70 2634 2 634 2.63 satisfatória canina felinos reprodutivo espécies 3,6 esterilizadas trabalho podese nacional contrapartida mostrouse nacionais 201 015 15 0,1 010 10 34 6.3 370 70 3.7 263 63 2.6 3, 20 01 1 0, 6. 37 7 3. 26 2.

Abstract: In this paper, 191 ceramic zoomorphic motifs from the lowlands of the Paraná River (northeastern Argentina) are taxonomically identified. Subsequently, this iconographic record is compared with the available zooarchaeological record to contrast the animals depicted in pre-Hispanic art with those actually consumed. The sample analyzed, obtained from museum collections and author excavations, was recovered from complex hunter-gatherer sites dating from between 1056 ± 47 and 488 ± 24 years 14 C BP. The data show discordance between the animals routinely hunted for food (fish, small rodents, and deer) and those frequently portrayed in the pre-Hispanic ceramic (birds, felines, capybaras, and ophidians). This analysis attempts to further our understanding of human-animal interaction and to delve into the symbolic roles that some faunal species played in the small-scale societies that inhabited the area during the Late Holocene.

Resumen: En este trabajo se identifican taxonómicamente 191 motivos zoomorfos de cerámica provenientes de las tierras bajas del Río Paraná (nordeste de Argentina), para luego comparar este registro iconográfico con el registro zooarqueológico disponible, a fin de cotejar los animales representados en el arte prehispánico con aquellos efectivamente consumidos. La muestra analizada procede de colecciones de museo y excavaciones propias, y fue recuperada en sitios ocupados por cazadores-recolectores complejos cuyo rango cronológico oscila entre los 1056 ± 47 y 488 ± 24 años 14C AP. Los resultados indican una discordancia entre la fauna habitualmente explotada como recurso alimenticio (peces, pequeños roedores y cérvidos) y aquella frecuentemente representada en la iconografía (aves, felinos, carpinchos y ofidios). Este estudio intenta aportar al conocimiento de la interacción humano-animal y profundizar acerca de los roles simbólicos de algunas especies faunísticas entre las sociedades de pequeña escala que habitaron el área durante el Holoceno Tardío.

Resumo O que os animal studies teriam a nos ensinar sobre as catástrofes sanitárias de nossa geração? Este ensaio propõe que análises da pandemia provocada pela Covid-19 podem ser estimuladas pelas reflexões que a antropologia tem realizado ao longo das últimas décadas a respeito dos efeitos plurais do convívio entre animais humanos e não humanos. Relações tão íntimas e, por vezes, tão imprevisíveis com conjuntos de seres cuja agência e modos de existência nem sempre conseguimos identificar com precisão. A provocação é a de que a animalidade, enquanto um marcador relacional, não expressa somente o contraponto definido por alteridades interespecíficas que estabelecemos com certos animais diferentes de nós, mas configura-se como uma “categoria-metáfora” que nos habilita a perceber os múltiplos e complexos modos pelos quais compomos nossas vidas em relação à “natureza” de tudo aquilo que nos cerca.

Abstract What does animal studies have to teach us about the health catastrophes of our generation? This essay proposes that analyzes of the pandemic caused by COVID-19 can be stimulated by the reflections that anthropology has carried out over the last decades regarding the plural effects of the interaction between human and non-human animals. Relationships so intimate and, at times, so unpredictable with sets of entities whose agency and modes of existence are not always able to identify precisely. The provocation is that animality, as a relational marker, not only expresses the counterpoint defined by interspecific alterities that we establish with certain animals different from us, but is configured as a “category-metaphor” that enables us to perceive the multiple and complex ways in which we compose our lives in relation to the “nature” of everything around us.

Resumen Este artículo explora cómo la proximidad sociolingüística, i.e. diferentes variedades de relaciones socialmente cercanas representadas a través de la interacción hablada, se forma con animales en Ibagué, Colombia. Es común escuchar que las personas hablan con los animales como si fueran bebés o amigos. Sin embargo, existe una gama de registros disponibles para construir las diferentes relaciones sociales con el habla. La información acerca del habla con las mascotas y los animales domesticados no-mascotas de 500 encuestas realizadas en la ciudad Ibagué fue analizada usando una escala experimental de proximidad sociolingüística. Los resultados muestran que una variedad de relaciones sociales es creada en el habla con ambos, mascotas y no-mascotas, y que estas relaciones oscilan de socialmente cercanas a distantes. Factores tales como el género, el nivel de educación y ser dueño de una mascota afectan la proximidad sociolingüística forjada a través de la interacción con los animales, con el género del humano siendo la más influyente de las variables.

Abstract This article explores how sociolinguistic proximity i.e. different varieties of socially close relationships enacted through speech interaction, is formed with animals in Ibagué, Colombia. It is common to hear that people speak with pets using ‘baby-talk’ or as friends. However, there are a range of registers/stances available to construct different social relationships through speech. Data regarding talk with pets and non-pet domestic animals from a self-report survey with a sample of 500 in the regional Colombian city of Ibagué was analysed using an experimental scale of sociolinguistic proximity devised by the authors. The results show that a variety of different relationships are created in speech with both pets and non-pets and that these relationships range from socially close to distant. Factors such as gender, education and owning a pet all affect the sociolinguistic proximity enacted through linguistic interaction with animals, with gender being the most influential of the variables.

Résumé Cet article explore comment la proximité sociolinguistique, à savoir les différentes variétés de relations sociales proches à travers l´interaction orale, prend forme avec des animaux à Ibagué, en Colombie. C´est normal d'entendre les gens s´adresser à leurs animaux de compagnie comme s'ils étaient des bébés ou des amis. Cependant, il existe toute une gamme de registres disponibles permettant de créer de différentes relations sociales avec la parole. Les informations sur la conversation avec des animaux de compagnies et de non compagnie provenant de 500 enquêtes menées à Ibagué ont été analysées à l'aide d'une échelle expérimentale de proximité sociolinguistique. Les résultats montrent qu'une variété de relations sociales est créée dans les conversations avec des animaux de compagnie et de non compagnie et que ces relations peuvent être socialement proches à lointaines. Des facteurs tels que le sexe, le niveau d'éducation et la propriété d'un animal affectent la proximité sociolinguistique forgée par l'interaction avec les animaux, le genre humain étant la plus influente des variables.

Resumen 14. El perro domestico es capaz de adaptarse a nuevos ambientes modificando su comportamiento según el contexto. El sistema nervioso autónomo y el eje hipotálamopituitario-adrenal interpretan la información sensorial y la transforman en actividad muscular. El objetivo del trabajo fue evaluar la influencia del ambiente (consultorio) sobre la interacción del perro con una persona desconocida. Se utilizaron 8 perros adultos, de ambos sexos y diferentes razas. La mitad de ellos conocía el ambiente (población A) y la otra mitad lo desconocía (población B). Una persona desconocida les impuso a todos un test de comunicación en una habitación de 9 m2. Con una videocámara se filmaron 4 minutos desde una ventana. En cada animal se registraron las siguientes variables: contacto visual (frecuencia), latencia en aproximación y permanencia cerca del desconocido (en segundos). Estadísticamente se aplicó la prueba T para comprobar la distribución de las medias de las dos poblaciones (A y B), la cual no mostró diferencias significativas (p>0,05) en las respuestas conductuales entre ambos grupos (ambiente conocido versus desconocido). No obstante, la tendencia de contacto visual con la persona fue mayor en los perros que ignoraban el ambiente versus aquéllos que lo conocían, probablemente intentando una más rápida comunicación con las personas. En el caso particular de los perros, el primer adulto regulador de la homeostasia conductual es la madre, pero en los perros que conviven en comunidades urbanas es el ser humano. Cuando los perros asisten a la consulta clínica como pacientes por primera vez, el ambiente del consultorio es totalmente desconocido: olores, imágenes, otros perros y personas. En ese ambiente desconocido, es con el ser humano con quien entabla contacto visual y táctil para mantener su homeostasis sensorial y de esa manera alcanzar nuevamente un equilibrio en su homeostasis conductual.

Abstract 18. The domestic dog is able to adapt to new environments by changing their behavior depending on the context. In this process, activation of the autonomic nervous system and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis under the control of consciousness involved. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of the external environment (clinical practice) on the interaction of dog with an unknown man. This work was performed in a private clinical practice, for it were randomized 8 adults dogs, of both genders and different races who attended the clinic. Of these, only half knew the environment (population A), the other half unknown (population B). All were applied a communication test against an unknown person. They were shot 4 minutes with camcorder from an adjacent room of 9 m2 window. Then focal and continuous observation of each animal was performed, recording the following variables: eye contact (frequency), latency approach and stay near the unknown (in seconds). For statistical analysis t-test was applied to check the distribution of the means of the two populations (A and B). This test showed no significant difference (p > 0.05) behavioral responses between the two groups (known versus unknown environment). However, there was a trend of more frequent eye contact with the person who did not know the environment (mean = 6.00), compared with those who did know him (mean = 1.75) (p = 0.09), probably trying to start inter-specific communication faster with the human in a novel environment. When dogs attend the clinic as patients Consulting for the first time, the office environment is totally unknown: smells, sights, other dogs and people. In this unfamiliar environment, it is with human beings with whom he develops eye contact and touch to keep your sensory homeostasis, and thus achieve a balance back into behavioral homeostasis.

Resumen La interacción con los animales de compañía ha resultado efectiva en la reducción de síntomas estrés postraumático, e depresión y ansiedad, consecuentes a la vivencia de un evento traumático; aunque las investigaciones sobre aspectos positivos diferenciales entre personas con y sin animales de compañía han mostrado resultados heterogéneos. Es así que el objetivo del estudio fue comparar los niveles de felicidad subjetiva entre personas con y sin animales de compañía, quienes habían enfrentado un suceso traumático en algún momento de los últimos tres años. Participaron 98 personas residentes en México, 49 tenían perro o gato cuando sucedió el evento y 49 no tenían. Su edad promedio fue 31.4 años (D.E. = 9.3), 65.3 % mujeres y 34.7 % hombres. El principal resultado indica que quienes tenían animales de compañía al momento del evento se consideran actualmente más felices que quienes no tenían. Asimismo, se encontró una correlación positiva y significativa entre felicidad y la percepción de la gente sobre la relación con el animal de compañía. Se concluye que los animales de compañía pueden ayudar a la gente a lograr un crecimiento personal posterior a un evento traumático o estresante.

Abstract The interaction with companion animals has been effective in reducing symptoms of depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder resulting from the experience of a traumatic event; although research about differences in positive aspects between pet owners and non-pet owners have shown heterogeneous results. Thus, the objective of the study was to compare subjective happiness perceived between pet owners and non-owners, who had lived a traumatic event at some point in the last three years. Ninety-eight people residing in Mexico, recruited through a non-probabilistic sampling, participated. Half of them had dogs or cats when the event happened and 49 did not have it. Age mean was 31.4 years (SD = 9.3), 65.3 % women and 34.7 % men. The main result indicates that those who had companion animals at the time of the event are currently considered themselves happier than those who did not. Likewise, a positive and significant correlation was found between happiness and people's perception of the relationship with the companion animal. It is concluded that companion animals could help people achieve personal growth after a traumatic or stressful event.

Resumo Neste artigo proponho algumas reflexões sob a perspectiva das relações humano-animal acerca de dois temas de pesquisa relevantes no campo do direito em sua interação com a filosofia política. O primeiro deles está centrado sobre a noção de agência racional e àquelas que estão diretamente à ela relacionadas: agência moral e autonomia; o que o farei a partir do trabalho de Claire Rasmussen sobre o papel dos animais na construção do “sujeito autônomo”. Já o segundo envolve a reflexão sobre os limites e os problemas intrínsecos de uma política normativa, e um caminho possível para pensarmos para além desta forma de sociabilidade fundada na normatividade e na autonomia individual. Quanto a esse ponto, recorro às reflexões de Brian Massumi que busca na brincadeira animal um caminho para pensar uma ética não normativa.

Abstract In this paper I propose some reflections from the perspective of human-animal relations about two relevant research themes in the field of law in their interaction with political philosophy. The first of these is centered on the notion of rational agency and those that are directly related to it: moral agency and autonomy; which I will do from the work of Claire Rasmussen on the role of animals in the construction of the "autonomous subject." The second involves reflection on the limits and intrinsic problems of a normative policy, and a possible way to think beyond this form of sociability based on normativity and individual autonomy. On this point, I turn to the reflections of Brian Massumi who seeks in animal play a way to think of a non-normative ethic.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence and diversity of gastrointestinal parasites in fecal samples from wild birds and mammals from the State of Paraná. In total, 220 stool samples were sent to Parasitic Diseases Laboratory of the Federal University of Paraná during 13 months (Jan/2013-Jan/2014). A total of 52.7% (116/220) of the animals were positive for cysts, oocysts, eggs and/or trophozoites. In birds, the positivity rate was 37.9% (25/66) and mammals was 59.1% (91/154). Strongyloidea superfamily eggs were observed in 37.3% (82/220) of the samples, Eimeria spp. in 10% (22/220), and Trichuris spp. in 4.5% (10/220). The most frequent mammal species were llamas (Lama glama), and dromedaries (Camelus bactrianus) with infection rate of 70.1% (54/77) and 60.8% (14/23), respectively. In other hand, cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus) and ring necks (Psittacula krameri), were the most researched birds, with infection rate of 20% (40/50) and 100% (6/6), respectively. A high prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites was observed in most of wildlife animals. Further investigations should be conducted focusing on parasite control strategies and the conservation measurements for harmonizing the human-animal interaction on the long-term, reducing associated health risks.

In this paper I explore the human-dog interaction in Oswald Pirow's Ashambeni (1955). I focus on the position of the dog in Pirow's depiction of a world where the lives of animals and humans, and the natural and supernatural world, are entangled. In the novel, there are references to real historical figures and particulars of Portuguese East Africa and the South African Lowveld around 1850. The historical context sketched in the novel is from Pirow's far-right, racist perspective. While most critics place Pirow's work in the folkloric tradition, Ashambeni is more than a folkloric tale since it promotes Pirow's offensive views. In Ashambeni the role of the dog ranges from valuable possession to loving companion to hunting and fighting tool. It shows that a dog history cannot be separated from a human history, and that dogs are part of the social and cultural life of humans. The depiction of human-dog interaction in Ashambeni points to a historical anthropocentric entanglement rather than the boundary-crossing entanglement between human and animal proposed by contemporary human-animal studies. The human characters control the dog characters' status in the human society. Even more problematic, the description of the dogs is tied up with Pirow's racist ideology and subjective account of history.

The objective of the study was to evaluate the human-animal interaction (HAI) and the handling practices at a livestock market in Medellin, Colombia. Data was collected at four livestockauctions in June 2014.Atotalof 720 bovines were distributed into241 and 28 groups during the weighing and driving to the corral respectively. Findings during the veterinary inspection, as well as tactile, auditory and visual interactions of cattle handlers and behavioral responses of cattle were evaluated. In the veterinary inspection, 19.5% of the groups were observed, especially due to open wounds (38.3%). In the weighing area, there were 824 interactions, predominantly visual (44.1%) and then tactile (30.1%) and auditory (25.8%); however, 73.0, 66.4 and 88.4% of the animals had no behavioral response to visual, tactile and auditory interactions, respectively. Twenty-four interactions were recorded during driving to corrals, with tactile predominance (42.5%) over auditory (30.8%) and visual (26.6%); however, most of the groups presented only behavioral response to tactile interactions (68%). Positive handling interactions such as whistling, waving the instrument, and raising hands generated few behavioral responses and quieter animal handling. On the other hand, hitting, punching, and screaming provoked greater reactivity and agonistic behaviors in the animals

El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar las interacciones humano-animal (IHA) y las prácticas de manejo en subastas de Medellín, Colombia. Se recopilaron datos de cuatro subastas ganaderas realizadas en junio de 2014. Se evaluaron 720 bovinos, los cuales, durante el pesaje y la conducción se subdividieron en 241 lotes y 28 grupos de lotes, respectivamente. Se caracterizaron los hallazgos en inspección veterinaria, así como las interacciones táctiles, auditivas y visuales de los manejadores y las respuestas conductuales en los bovinos. En la inspección veterinaria, en el 19.5% de los lotes se hicieron observaciones, con predominio de heridas abiertas (38.3%). En el área de pesaje se evidenciaron 824 interacciones, predominando las visuales (44.1%) sobre las táctiles (30.1%) yauditivas (25.8%); sin embargo, el 73.0, 66.4 y 88.4% de los animales no presentaron respuesta conductual a las interacciones visuales, táctiles y auditivas, respectivamente. En la conducción a corrales se registraron 214 interacciones, con predominio de las táctiles (42.5%) sobre las auditivas (30.8%) y visuales (26.6%); sin embargo, la mayoría de lotes solo presentó respuesta conductual a las interacciones táctiles (68%). Las interacciones positivas de manejo como el uso de silbidos, ondear el instrumento y alzar las manos generaron pocas respuestas conductuales y manejos más tranquilos de los animales. Por otro lado, golpear, punzar y gritar provocó mayor reactividad y comportamientos agonísticos en los animales.

Dog (Canis familiaris) has been the first species to be domesticated by humans. This was the result of an interactive process that took place throughout thousands of years and led to competence, cooperation and coevolution relationships. Through a convergent evolution process, dogs have been able to acquire social abilities, similar to those of humans, which enabled particular communication ways between the two species. Dogs' remarkable ability to understand human social and communicative behaviors (even better than genetically related species, such as primates) favored their relationship with humans. Although some debate arose about the accuracy of the concept attachment, evidence of the most recent investigations on behavioral and endocrine responses in human-dog interactions have supported the idea that this relationship represents an expression of attachment. The oxytocin role has stood out in the formation of attachment bonds and in prosocial behavior that encourages intraspecies relationships. It achieves this by inducing maternal behaviors in a persistent fashion, influencing on pairing and increasing interpersonal trust through eye contact, empathy, etc. Moreover, the participation of oxytocin in the social bond processes is complex, as it has shown to play multiple roles. Oxytocin influences on the stress by reducing the cortisol levels, modulates the amygdala activity linked to fear, and increases the pain threshold, among other actions. Research in the human-animal interaction field, or Anthrozoology, has highlighted the companion animals' contribution to people wellbeing and particularly the buffering effect on daily life stress. The idea that living with an animal can have a positive influence on human health has been called pet effect and has been studied understanding physiological, psychosocial and therapeutic aspects. We carried out a systematic bibliographic review of the empiric studies about human-dog interactions in which oxytocin levels were assessed or oxytocin was administered, in dogs and / or humans. We present the employed procedures and the main results, and analyze the limitations and relevance of the investigations' findings, as well as their consistencies and contradictions. The results are discussed in function of the findings related to oxytocin and its intraspecies effects, and also in function of the development in Anthrozoology in general. The possible role of the oxytocin in the different aspects of the human-dog relationship is analyzed. Among these aspects we highlight: the pet effect, and the reported benefits of the relationship human-companion dog, mainly related to a decrease in stress symptoms; anthropomorphism and the mental states attribution necessary so that pet keeping makes sense; and the cute response, which implies an instinctive reaction to give parental care as a response to the infantile scheme, thought to be involved in the origin of pet keeping. The oxytocin role as an underlying neuroendocrine substrate that explains the benefits of the positive social experience that implies the human-dog bond and promotes the strengthening of this reciprocate and shared bond is emphasized. Finally, new lines of investigation are considered, such as the empiric study of the relationship of this neurohormone with the anthropomorphism and the response to the infantile scheme. We lay stress on the importance of developing studies with samples that include humans and dogs of different ages, with the object of assessing the influence of age on the response to oxytocin. We also make a point of the relevance of carrying out comparisons in relation to the human and dog gender, which has been usually controlled rather that investigated. Furthermore, we discuss the validity of the techniques employed to measure and administer the oxytocin. We make recommendations about these techniques and their use for considering the investigations goals. We highlight the least invasive methods such as the urine oxytocin measure, which are related to a more spontaneous behaviors and are more in agreement with animal welfare.

El perro (Canis familiaris) ha sido la primera especie domesticada por el hombre como resultado de un proceso interactivo de miles de años, el cual produjo relaciones de competencia, cooperación y coevolución. Durante este proceso, los perros han adquirido habilidades comunicativas que favorecieron su relación con los humanos, la cual representa una expresión de apego. El rol de la oxitocina ha sido destacado en la formación de los vínculos de apego y en los comportamientos prosociales que facilitan las relaciones intraespecies. Se realizó una revisión sistemática de las investigaciones focalizadas en los efectos de la oxitocina sobre las interacciones entre humanos y perros. Se discuten los resultados en función de hallazgos de investigaciones referidas a la oxitocina y sus efectos intraespecies, así como en función de desarrollos en Antrozoología en general. Se destaca el posible rol de la oxitocina en distintos aspectos del vínculo humano-perro, como el efecto mascota, la cercanía emocional, el antropomorfismo y las respuestas a las características neoténicas. Finalmente, se describen posibles campos de investigación.

En la mayor parte de los países occidentales el número de hogares que cuentan con mascotas, principalmente perros y gatos, ha crecido firmemente en las últimas décadas. No obstante, la utilización del término mascota ha recibido diversos cuestionamientos en tanto no respetaría la integridad del animal. En su lugar muchos autores han optado por la utilización de la expresión animal de compañía, la cual connotaría una relación más igualitaria. Sin embargo, esta expresión también ha recibido cuestionamientos y no necesariamente resulta intercambiable con el término mascota. Mascota versus animal de compañía parece reflejar la manera dual en la que estos animales son considerados y tratados. Se exponen desarrollos sobre el origen de la tenencia de mascotas y su evolución histórica, y se discuten a partir de los más recientes cambios culturales. Finalmente, como conclusión, se destaca el potencial de estos animales para confrontar a las personas respecto de su posicionamiento antropocéntrico dentro del mundo, fomentando un acercamiento más igualitario hacia los animales y el mundo natural.

Na maior parte dos países ocidentais, o número de lares que tem bichos de estimação, principalmente cachorros e gatos, tem crescido nas últimas décadas. Contudo, a utilização do termo bicho de estimação tem recebido diversos questionamentos pois não levaria em conta a integridade do animal. Por causa disso, muitos autores escolheram o termo animal de companhia, pois ele reflete um relacionamento mais igualitário. Porém, o último termo citado tem sido também questionado e não é necessariamente intercambiável com o termo bicho de estimação. Bicho de estimação contra animal de companhia parece refletir a maneira dual na que estes animais são considerados e tratados. São aqui expostos os desenvolvimentos vinculados `a origem da posse de bichos de estimação e sua evolução histórica, discutidos `a partir das mais recentes mudanças culturais. Finalmente, e a modo de conclusão, destaca-se o potencial destes animais para questionar nas pessoas o seu posicionamento antropocêntrico no mundo, fomentando um tipo de tratamento mais igualitário com os animais e o mundo natural.

In most parts of the western countries the number households that have pets, mainly cats and dogs, has steadily increased during the last decades. However, the usage of the word pet has been questioned, as it would not respect the animal’s integrity; many authors have chosen to use the expression companion animal instead, which imply a more egalitarian relationship. Nonetheless, this expression has also come into question and is not necessarily interchangeable with the term pet. "Pet vs companion animal" seems to reflect the dual way in which these animals are considered and treated. Investigations about the origin of pet keeping and its historical evolution are set out and discussed according to the most recent cultural changes. Finally, as a conclusion, these animals’ potential to confront people regarding their anthropocentric positioning in the world is highlighted, as well as a more egalitarian treatment towards animals and the natural world is encouraged.

In this paper I investigate the function of the references to insects in Willem Anker's debut novel Siegfried (2007) from a cultural entomological perspective. My focus is on the character Wilhelm (Willem) Smit. Smit, a failed writer, gains his entomological knowledge from the books on insects that were left behind by the previous tenant of the house he rents on the farm of Jan Landman and his mentally disabled son Siegfried Landman. His engagement with insects goes beyond a scientific interest: he compares people and human society to insects and has a habit of eating insects. It therefore falls in the realm of cultural entomology. Since cultural entomology deals with the relationship between humans and insects, I furthermore tie my discussion to the field of Human-Animal Studies (HAS) in which the intertwinement of human and non-human animals is explored. I analyse the following three aspects in Siegfried: Smit's entomophagy (the eating of insects), Smit's general musings on the connection between humans and insects, and the comparison of the homeless people of Cape Town to insects in the novel. I investigate whether the portrayal of insect and human interaction is indicative of a posthuman interweavement or not. My conclusion is that Smit's consumption of insects is an act of desperation rather than a liberating intertwinement of human and animal. The comparison of humans to insects mainly relates to the negative perception of insects in Western culture and does not point to a posthuman transformation of human and animal.

Este artículo analiza en forma interdisciplinaria las relaciones humano-animal de un grupo de pescadores artesanales de Argentina, cuyo oficio los lleva a capturar incidentalmente mamíferos y reptiles marinos amenazados. Abordaremos la interacción entre esta comunidad y un grupo de biólogos que busca la conservación de esas especies. Nuestra hipótesis es que las relaciones humano-animal comprendidas en la práctica de pesca artesanal de esta comunidad pueden ser explicadas a partir de una yuxtaposición de los tres paradigmas definidos por Pálsson (2001): el orientalista, el paternalista y el comunalista. Si bien los pescadores clasifican a las especies animales en torno a su posibilidad de ser explotadas como recurso, eventualmente negocian con los biólogos la protección de alguna de estas, reinventándose como conservacionistas estratégicos. La convivencia de los primeros dos paradigmas no opaca además el tácito comunalismo que impregna el mundo del trabajo y de la vida de los pescadores.

This article analyzes, from an interdisciplinary perspective, the complexity of human-animal relations of fishers from Argentina. In their daily activities, they incidentally capture threatened marine reptiles and mammals. Our purpose is also to address the interaction between this fishing community and a group of biologists that seek to protect these species. Our hypothesis is that the human-animal relations in the practice of artisanal fishing may be explained from an alternation or juxtaposition of the three paradigms defined by Pálsson (2001): orientalism, paternalism and communalism. While fishers classify the species around their possibility of being exploited or not as resources, they negotiate with the biologists the protection of any of them. In this sense, they reinvent themselves as strategic conservationists. Finally, the coexistence of the first two paradigms does not preclude the tacit communalism that permeates the world of work and life of this fishing community.