RESUMEN La presencia de agrupaciones del crimen organizado transnacional junto a otros aspectos en el contexto penitenciario y las condiciones de infraestructura y de dotación de los centros de rehabilitación social que se conjugan con la sobrepoblación que ocasiona el hacinamiento, se ubican como las principales causas de la crisis del sector penitenciario que ha traído como consecuencia situaciones de extrema violencia. La investigación realizada se enmarca en el estudio de la crisis carcelaria como un problema global, y tiene como objetivo realizar un análisis de la crisis penitenciaria en el Ecuador y la intervención de la cooperación internacional como un mecanismo para coadyuvar en asuntos de seguridad interna, especialmente mediante el apoyo a la lucha contra el crimen transnacional organizado, el cual se ha infiltrado en los centros de privación de la libertad. Mediante el empleo del método de análisis documental, se ha procurado el estudio de la situación carcelaria, la incidencia del crimen organizado y la necesidad de plantear soluciones en la esfera de la cooperación internacional; particularmente se describen los aspectos más relevantes del Programa de Asistencia contra el Crimen Transnacional Organizado Europa Latinoamérica (EL PAcCTO) procurando mostrar las posibles soluciones a la crisis descrita. Como conclusión, se muestra la relación existente entre distintos flagelos como la corrupción y la vulneración de los derechos humanos como aspectos que deberán ser atendidos.

ABSTRACT The presence of transnational organized crime groups, along with other aspects in the prison context, and the conditions of infrastructure and equipment of social rehabilitation centers, which combine with overcrowding, causing overcrowding, are the main causes of the crisis in the prison sector, which has resulted in situations of extreme violence. The research carried out is framed in the study of the prison crisis as a global problem, with the objective of carrying out an analysis of the prison crisis in Ecuador and the intervention of international cooperation as a mechanism to contribute to matters of internal security, especially by supporting the fight against transnational organized crime, which has infiltrated the centres of deprivation of liberty. Using the documentary analysis method, the study of the prison situation and the incidence of organized crime and the need to propose solutions in the field of international cooperation have been attempted, particularly the most relevant aspects of the Assistance Program against Transnational Organized Crime Europe Latin America (EL PAcCTO) are described, trying to show the possible solutions to the crisis described. In conclusion, the relationship between different scourges such as corruption and the violation of human rights is shown as aspects that must be addressed.

Abstract Introduction: various human groups have been trapped by the networks of narcopolitics. Many ethnic communities, products of marginalization and systematic discrimination from colonial times to the present, have been co-opted by drug traffickers for their benefit. Objective: analyze the role that indigenous communities have played in the interdependencies between drug traffickers and politicians, in the territories of the Tsotsiles and the Tseltales of the Altos de Chiapas - Mexico. Methodology: carries out a qualitative investigative and exploratory type, which includes technical observation of the participants, unstructured interviews with inhabitants of the area and review of secondary sources. The analysis considers elements of the discourse and is present in historical sequence. The study was based on the theory of resource dependence, recognizing different strategies for resistance. Conclusions: the communities studied have managed to remain distant from the power of drug traffickers. On the one hand, through the strategy of stealthy transfer to municipalities adjacent to where the cartels have begun to have a presence. And second, social cohesion was achieved due to a strong system of political positions, which prevents members of organizations that compete for scarce resources from reaching high levels of the administrative hierarchy of the communities.

Resumo Introdução: vários grupos humanos foram encurralados pelas redes da narcopolítica. Muitas comunidades étnicas, produtos da marginalização e da discriminação sistemática desde os tempos coloniais até ao presente, foram cooptadas pelos traficantes de droga para seu benefício. Objetivo: analisar o papel que as comunidades indígenas têm desempenhado nas interdependências entre traficantes de drogas e políticos, nos territórios dos Tsotsiles e dos Tseltales dos Altos de Chiapas - México. Metodologia: realiza um tipo qualitativo investigativo e exploratório, que inclui observação técnica dos participantes, entrevistas não estruturadas com moradores da área e revisão de fontes secundárias. A análise considera elementos do discurso e está presente na sequência histórica. O estudo baseou-se na teoria da dependência de recursos, reconhecendo diferentes estratégias de resistência. Conclusões: as comunidades estudadas conseguiram manter-se distantes do poder dos traficantes de drogas. Por um lado, através da estratégia de transferência furtiva para municípios adjacentes onde os cartéis começaram a ter presença. E em segundo lugar, a coesão social foi alcançada devido a um forte sistema de posições políticas, que impede os membros de organizações que competem por recursos escassos de alcançar altos níveis da hierarquia administrativa das comunidades.

Resumen Introducción: diversos grupos humanos han sido atrapados por las redes de la narcopolítica. Muchas comunidades étnicas, producto de la marginación y la discriminación sistemática desde tiempos coloniales hasta la actualidad, han sido cooptadas por los narcos para su beneficio. Objetivo: analizar el papel que han jugado las comunidades indígenas frente a las interdependencias entre narcos y políticos, en territorios de los Tsotsiles y los Tseltales de los Altos de Chiapas, México. Metodología: se realizó una investigación exploratoria de tipo cualitativo, que incluyó las técnicas de observación participante, entrevistas desestructuradas con habitantes de la zona y revisión de fuentes secundarias. El análisis considera elementos del discurso, presentados siguiendo una secuencia histórica. El estudio se apoyó en la teoría de dependencia de recursos, que reconoce diferentes estrategias para su resistencia. Conclusiones: las comunidades estudiadas han logrado permanecer distantes al poder de los narcos. Por un lado, mediante la estrategia de traslado sigiloso hacia municipios adyacentes a donde han empezado tener presencia los carteles. Y segundo, la cohesión social se logró debido a un fuerte sistema de cargos políticos, que impide a integrantes de organizaciones que compiten por recursos escasos, alcanzar altos niveles de la jerarquía administrativa de las comunidades.

Abstract Populism has been identified as an influential discourse in reshaping the division between the elites and the people in Latin America. However, the rise of populist expressions has also meant the emulation of these practices in drug trafficking organizations (narco-populism) that take advantage of their presence in territories mediated by violence, inequality, and state corruption. The article aims to identify the narrative programs of narco-populism to establish itself as an elitarian reference and compete with populists. The research method is built on the semiotics of political discourse and the construction of four narrative programs based on a corpus of 116 populist and 113 narco-populist speeches. The results show that populists and narco-populists have discursive repertoires to face scenarios of confrontation of their objectives but with an inclination for implicit cooperation agreements in which the interests of the contradictor are not attacked since it involves an expenditure of economic, human, and logistical resources that jeopardize the legitimacy of narrative programs in the population sectors where they have influence. The discussion suggests that populists and narco-populists become emerging elites that struggle to represent social distrust of the economic and political system, hence the need to reformulate categories for analyzing elites in Latin America.

Resumen El populismo ha sido identificado como un discurso influyente en la reconfiguración de la división élites vs. pueblo en América Latina. No obstante, el ascenso de expresiones populistas también ha significado la emulación de dichas prácticas en organizaciones narcotraficantes (narcopopulismo) que aprovechan su presencia en territorios mediados por violencia, inequidad y corrupción estatal. El objetivo del artículo es identificar los programas narrativos del narcopopulismo para afianzarse como un referente elitario para competir con populistas. El método de investigación se trabaja desde la semiótica del discurso político y la construcción de cuatro programas narrativos que se sustentan en un corpus de 116 discursos populistas y 113 narcopopulistas. Los resultados muestran que populistas y narcopopulistas disponen de repertorios discursivos para enfrentar escenarios de confrontación de sus objetivos, con inclinación hacia acuerdos implícitos y de cooperación en los que no se atacan intereses del contradictor, pues supone un gasto de recursos económicos, humanos y logísticos que ponen en riesgo la legitimidad de los programas narrativos en los sectores poblacionales donde tienen influencia. La discusión sugiere que populistas y narcopopulistas terminan convertidos en élites emergentes que luchan por representar la desconfianza social frente al sistema económico y político, y de ahí que se derive la necesidad de reformular categorías para el análisis de élites en América Latina.

Resumen El tráfico y el consumo de drogas es un desafío global que afecta a todas las sociedades en diferentes formas y dimensiones; su carácter multidimensional tiene un alto impacto en la salud de las poblaciones y en la economía de los países. Tan solo en 2021, se estimó que 296 millones de personas q q q consumieron drogas. Durante años, la política mundial de salud en materia de drogas estuvo centrada en la prohibición; sin embargo, en la actualidad se sabe que un enfoque de reducción de riesgos y daños, lejos de rechazar la abstinencia, reduce los efectos negativos del consumo de sustancias legales e ilegales, incluidas las muertes por sobredosis, lo cual trae grandes beneficios a la salud y al funcionamiento social de quienes las consumen. Este artículo brinda una comprensión integral del consumo de opioides, específicamente fentanilo, y recalca la necesidad de abordarlo a través de un enfoque integral que combine estrategias basadas en la evidencia, bajo el reconocimiento de que la salud es un derecho humano fundamental y una condición indispensable para el desarrollo.

Abstract Drug trafficking and use is a global challenge that affects all societies in different forms and dimensions. Its multidimensional nature has a high impact on the health of populations and the economies of countries. In 2021, it was estimated that 296 million people used drugs. For years, global health policy on drugs was focused on prohibition, however, we now know that a harm reduction approach, far from rejecting abstinence, reduces the negative effects of legal and illegal substance use, including overdose-related deaths. Harm reduction brings great health benefits and improves social functioning of those engaged in substance use. This article provides a comprehensive understanding of opioid use, specifically fentanyl, and emphasizes the need to address it through a comprehensive approach that combines evidence-based strategies, recognizing that health is a fundamental human right and an essential condition for development.

Resumen En nuestra experiencia de investigación con expedientes judiciales por el delito de trata de personas con fines de explotación sexual, hemos identificado un mecanismo recurrente mediante el cual personas que participan del mercado sexual, apropiándose de los dispositivos antitrata, realizan denuncias en sede policial o judicial para procesar conflictos interpersonales o disputas por las condiciones de trabajo y el incumplimiento del arreglo laboral. Algunas de estas denuncias evidencian situaciones de abuso de poder, violencias, conflictos y rivalidades en el marco de arreglos laborales y relaciones que funcionan en un marco de ilegalismos, y que no disponen —ya sea por los modos de vida de los/las involucrados/as o del asunto controvertido— de un mecanismo institucionalizado para su resolución. Otras dan cuenta de intencionalidades más precisas por parte de actores que buscan venganza frente a hechos que consideran agraviantes o injustos. En este trabajo analizamos tres causas judiciales por trata de personas que tramitaron en distintas jurisdicciones del país, las cuales nos permiten explorar desde una perspectiva antropológica, por un lado, la lógica que subyace a estos conflictos y venganzas desde el punto de vista de los/as actores, y por el otro, los efectos de su traducción en términos de la lengua legal. Así una «escucha» antropológica de los expedientes permite una lectura contextualizada de los relatos de las muchas veces consideradas «víctimas» por el dispositivo judicial, brindando una alternativa a la dicotomía «víctima» o «trabajadora» como identidades esencializadas.

Abstract In our research experience with judicial files for crimes of trafficking in persons for the purposes of sexual exploitation, we have identified a recurring mechanism by which people who participate in the sexual commerce , appropriating anti-trafficking policies, make complaints to the police or judicial headquarters. to process interpersonal conflicts or disputes over the conditions of the employment arrangement. Some of these complaints show situations of abuse of power, violence, conflicts and rivalries within the framework of work arrangements and relationships that operate within a framework of illegality, and that do not have —either due to the lifestyles of those involved or the controversial issue— of an institutionalized mechanism for its resolution. Others report more precise intentions on the part of actors who seek revenge against events that they consider offensive or unfair. In this work we analyze three judicial cases for human trafficking that were processed in different jurisdictions of the country, which allow us to explore from an anthropological perspective, on the one hand, the logic that underlies these conflicts and revenge from the point of view of the the actors, and on the other, the effects of their translation in terms of the legal language. Thus, an anthropological «listening» of the files allows a contextualized reading of the narratives of those often considered «victims» by the judicial system, providing an alternative to the dichotomy «victim» or «worker» as essentialized identities.

Abstract The objective of this study is to understand human trafficking in its various forms and its relationship with the preventive function of crime in Ayacucho, Peru, during the year 2023. The methodology employed was descriptive and interpretive qualitative research, based on information collection through interviews conducted with 10 lawyers specialized in the subject. The results obtained indicate that, in Ayacucho, human trafficking occurs without distinction of gender or age. Victims can be both women and men, from different age groups. It is observed that adolescent girls are mainly subjected to sexual exploitation, while adult women and men are victims of labor exploitation, and children are forced into begging. In this context, it has been found that the effective implementation of the preventive function established in the Penal Code regarding the crime of human trafficking in Ayacucho is mostly limited to the theoretical-normative realm, lacking concrete pragmatic actions.

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio es comprender la trata de personas en sus distintas modalidades y su relación con la función preventiva del delito en Ayacucho, Perú, durante el año 2023. La metodología empleada fue la investigación cualitativa de tipo descriptivo e interpretativo, basada en la recolección de información a través de entrevistas realizadas a 10 abogados especializados en el tema. Los resultados obtenidos indican que, en Ayacucho, la trata de personas ocurre sin distinción de género o edad. Las víctimas pueden ser tanto mujeres como hombres, de diferentes grupos etarios. Se observa que las mujeres adolescentes son sometidas principalmente a la explotación sexual, mientras que mujeres adultas y hombres son víctimas de la explotación laboral, y los niños son forzados a la mendicidad. En este contexto, se ha constatado que la aplicación efectiva de la función preventiva establecida en el Código Penal respecto al delito de trata de personas en Ayacucho se limita mayormente al ámbito teórico-normativo, careciendo de acciones pragmáticas concretas.

Abstract In Spain, part of the anti-trafficking system relies on programs for the detection and protection of victims of sex trafficking in prostitution contexts. In this research paper, we seek to critically analyse the practices and obstacles faced by professionals from social organizations that develop these social interventions aimed at human trafficking victims in Madrid, Spain. We explore their relations with some of the main approaches underlying the human trafficking protection system, such as the crime prosecution approach and the focus on sex trafficking. The analysis of 25 interviews with social intervention workers indicates that they consider essential to establish horizontal relationships and individualized treatment to attend the demands of women, mainly linked to their migration status. However, the efforts on the prosecution of crime, focus on sex trafficking and broader prostitution interpretations within the anti-trafficking system seem to enable experiences of greater vulnerability for those women who access the system and to promote discrimination for those women who do not adjust to the established protection processes. Our research points to the need to decouple the criminal process from the contexts of social intervention and calls for a critical interpretation of human trafficking within public policies that goes beyond the current approach.

Resumen En España, parte del sistema contra la trata consiste en programas de detección y protección de víctimas de trata sexual en contextos de prostitución. En esta investigación buscamos analizar críticamente las prácticas y obstáculos que enfrentan los profesionales de organizaciones sociales que desarrollan estas intervenciones sociales con víctimas de trata en Madrid, España. Exploramos sus relaciones con algunos de los principales enfoques que subyacen al sistema de protección contra la trata, como el foco en la persecución del delito y en la trata sexual. El análisis de 25 entrevistas a trabajadoras de la intervención social indica que consideran fundamental establecer relaciones horizontales e individualizadas para atender las demandas de las mujeres, principalmente vinculadas a su condición migratoria. Sin embargo, los esfuerzos en la persecución del delito, el enfoque en la trata sexual e interpretaciones más amplias sobre la prostitución en el sistema antitrata parecen permitir experiencias de mayor vulnerabilidad para aquellas mujeres que acceden al sistema y discriminación para aquellas que no se ajustan a los procesos de protección establecidos. Nuestra investigación apunta a la necesidad de desvincular el proceso penal de los contextos de intervención social y reclama una interpretación crítica de la trata en las políticas públicas que vaya más allá del enfoque actual.

Integrating appreciative inquiry (AI) and pastoral care may help address the complex issues of commercial sexual exploitation and sex trafficking. This article explores the benefits of incorporating AI principles into pastoral care for survivors of commercial sexual exploitation and sex trafficking. Commercial sexual exploitation and trafficking involve exploitation, degradation, and violence, making them complex issues. By understanding the sex trade, we can recognise that prostitution is an act of exploitation. Some scholars believe that prostitution and human trafficking are interconnected, with a focus on exploiting the poor, especially women and children. Commercial sexual exploitation can cause mental, emotional, and spiritual distress. Survivors require comprehensive aftercare to address their spiritual, self-esteem, and dignity needs. Organisational development-based AI is constructive and strength-based. Appreciative inquiry promotes positive development, community and individual strength, and resilience by re-contextualizing narratives and envisioning brighter futures. The use of AI could improve pastoral care and holistic rehabilitation. Pastoral caregivers using AI can promote reconciliation, development, and rehabilitation. Using strengths-based strategies, pastoral care practitioners can help survivors regain agency and purpose. Survivors receive spiritual support through the Appreciative Way, which combines contemplative spirituality and inquiry. Narrative exploration can help trauma survivors envision a bright future based on love and resilience. This study suggests that AI principles may benefit pastoral care recipients who have experienced commercial sexual exploitation and sex trafficking. Pastoral caregivers can help survivors regain dignity, calling, and well-being by implementing an appreciative healing approach. CONTRIBUTION: The article sheds light on the dehumanising consequences of sex trafficking on vulnerable populations in South Africa, particularly women and children. This article aims to explain how AI concepts can be applied to Practical Theology. Specifically, this article will demonstrate how the Appreciative Way can be utilised in pastoral care for healing from sex trafficking trauma.

RESUMO O tráfico humano, assunto fortemente midiatizado na virada dos anos 2000 e 2010, voltou a ter repercussão pública em âmbito nacional durante a campanha política para a presidência da República em 2022, na fala de Damares Alves, correligionária do então candidato à reeleição Jair Bolsonaro. Neste artigo, analisamos a potência sedutora da temática e mostramos o efeito desastroso de entendimentos moralizantes a respeito do deslocamento de mulheres para a inserção no mercado sexual. Nossa perspectiva encontra estudos antropológicos como, por exemplo, os de Jo Doezema, Adriana Piscitelli e Marcia Sprandel. Analisamos inquéritos policiais e processos criminais datados de entre 1995 e 2012 - período em que o tráfico de pessoas para exploração sexual se tornou uma questão no Brasil -, motivados pela seguinte provocação: se todos somos contra a exploração sexual, o que temos em comum com Damares Alves? humano 200 2010 2022 Alves Bolsonaro artigo como exemplo Doezema Sprandel 199 201 , provocação 20 202 19 2 1

ABSTRACT Human trafficking, a subject that was heavily mediatized at the turn of the 2000s and 2010s, once again had public repercussions at the national level during the political campaign for the presidency of the Republic in 2022, in the speech by Damares Alves, a co-religionist of then candidate for re-election Jair Bolsonaro. In this article, we analyse the seductive power of the topic and show the disastrous effect of moralizing understandings about the displacement of women to enter the sex market. Our perspective is based on anthropological studies such as those by Jo Doezema, Adriana Piscitelli and Marcia Sprandel. We analyzed police inquiries and criminal cases dating from 1995 to 2012 - the period in which human trafficking for sexual exploitation became an issue in Brazil - motivated by the following provocation: if we are all against sexual exploitation, what do we have in common with Damares Alves? s 2010s 2022 Alves coreligionist co religionist reelection re election Bolsonaro article market Doezema Sprandel 199 201 provocation 202 19 20 1 2

This article gives an overview of the jurisdiction of the proposed African Court of Justice and Human Rights (African Court) over the transnational crime of trafficking in hazardous wastes as provided for in Article 28 L of the Malabo Protocol. It asserts that Article 28 L ought to be considered as emancipatory in view of the factors which motivated its inclusion in the Protocol; and that it is a significant innovation not only for the African Union but for the field of international criminal justice as a whole. The article concludes that the criminalisation of trafficking in hazardous waste through the Malabo Protocol is necessary as Article 28 L will help to fill the gap created by the ineffectiveness of the domestic implementation of the Bamako Convention, and the potential ineffectiveness of the Basel Ban Amendment, which entered into force in December 2019.

ABSTRACT Human trafficking, a modern form of slavery, affects millions around the world, violating fundamental rights. This research focused on analyzing the fight for human rights and justice in the protection of human vulnerability to human trafficking. A review approach and content analysis were used, 101 studies were retrieved, of which 25 were selected that directly addressed trafficking from a socio-legal perspective. Emerging categories included “Human Trafficking and Exploitation: Human Vulnerability,” “Migration and Borders: The Complexity and Human Impact of Migration,” and “Human Rights and Crime: Justice and Redress in the Fight against Trafficking and the exploitation of people". The results suggest that addressing human trafficking requires a multidisciplinary and collaborative approach, highlighting the need for protection measures, prevention, and cooperative strategies between governments, organizations, companies and the international community. It is concluded that the fight against this practice requires constant and coordinated efforts to prevent and effectively combat human trafficking.

RESUMEN La trata de personas, una forma moderna de esclavitud, afecta a millones en todo el mundo, violando derechos fundamentales. Esta investigación se centró en analizar la lucha por los derechos humanos y la justicia en la protección de la vulnerabilidad humana frente a la trata de personas. Se utilizó un enfoque de revisión y el análisis de contenido, se recuperaron 101 estudios, de los cuales se seleccionaron 25 que abordaban directamente la trata desde una perspectiva socio-jurídica. Las categorías emergentes incluyeron "Trata de personas y explotación: La vulnerabilidad humana", "Migración y fronteras: La complejidad e impacto humano de la migración", y "Derechos humanos y delitos: La justicia y la reparación en la lucha contra la trata y la explotación de personas". Los resultados sugieren que abordar la trata de personas requiere un enfoque multidisciplinario y colaborativo, destacando la necesidad de medidas de protección, prevención, y estrategias de cooperación entre gobiernos, organizaciones, empresas y la comunidad internacional. Se concluye que la lucha contra esta práctica demanda esfuerzos constantes y coordinados para prevenir y combatir eficazmente la trata de personas.

Resumo O artigo explora a (des)mobilização da identidade de “vítima de tráfico” pelas trabalhadoras do sexo brasileiras e os benefícios que o aparelho de combate ao tráfico oferece às mulheres migrantes brasileiras exploradas no mercado do sexo. Ao fazê-lo, considera a sua experiência tanto no seu país de origem, o Brasil, como em Portugal. Com base nos resultados da investigação etnográfica, o artigo destaca a mobilização ocasional e instável do rótulo de “vítima” como forma de defesa contra o aparelho de combate ao tráfico e não como instrumento de reconhecimento de direitos que poderia beneficiar substancialmente as mulheres migrantes brasileiras no mercado do sexo. desmobilização des vítima fazêlo, fazêlo fazê lo, lo fazê-lo origem Brasil Portugal etnográfica

Abstract The article explores the (de)mobilization of the “trafficking victim” identity among Brazilian sex workers and the benefits that the counter-trafficking apparatus offers to Brazilian migrant women exploited in the sex market. In doing so, it considers their experience as much in their country of origin, Brazil, as in Portugal. Drawing on findings from ethnographic research, the article highlights the occasional and unstable mobilization of the “victim” label as a form of defense against the counter-trafficking apparatus, rather than as an instrument of recognition of rights that can substantially benefit Brazilian migrant women in the sex market. demobilization de trafficking victim countertrafficking counter market so origin Brazil Portugal research “victim

Resumo: A violência contra a mulher é estrutural, discriminatória, viola os direitos humanos e constitui um problema público. A fim de examinar as políticas sobre o tema em Cuba, apresenta-se um contexto normativo em nível internacional e regional. Avalia-se a relevância da categoria de interseccionalidade, bem como a instituição de políticas abrangentes para abordar a complexidade e a multicausalidade do fenômeno. Com base nestes precedentes, a participação de Cuba no cenário internacional e regional é analisada, e revistos os principais antecedentes e regulamentos para lidar com a violência baseada no género no país. A prevenção, proteção, reparação e punição de duas de suas formas extremas, o tráfico e o femicídio, também são analisados. As considerações finais oferecem reflexões sobre os avanços e desafios no contexto cubano. Resumo estrutural discriminatória público apresentase apresenta se Avaliase Avalia interseccionalidade fenômeno precedentes analisada país prevenção proteção extremas femicídio analisados cubano

Abstract: Violence against women is structural, discriminatory, violates human rights, and constitutes a public problem. To examine the policies on this issue in Cuba, the normative background at the international and regional levels is presented. The relevance of the intersectionality category is assessed, and comprehensive policies are established to address the complexity and multicausality of the phenomenon. Based on these precedents, Cuba's participation in the international and regional scenario is analyzed, and the main antecedents and regulations for addressing gender-based violence in the country are reviewed. The prevention, protection, reparation, and punishment of two of its extreme forms, trafficking and femicide, are also analyzed. The final considerations offer reflections on advances and challenges in the Cuban context. Abstract structural discriminatory rights problem Cuba presented assessed phenomenon precedents Cubas s analyzed genderbased gender based reviewed prevention protection reparation forms femicide context

Resumen: La violencia contra las mujeres tiene un carácter estructural, discriminatorio, vulnera derechos humanos y constituye un problema público. Con el propósito de examinar las políticas en torno al tema en Cuba, se exponen antecedentes normativos en el ámbito internacional y regional. Se valora la pertinencia de la categoría interseccionalidad, así como de la institución de políticas integrales para el abordaje de la complejidad y multicausalidad del fenómeno. Sobre la base de estos precedentes, se analiza la participación de Cuba en el escenario internacional y regional. Se revisan principales antecedentes y normativas para el abordaje de la violencia basada en género en el país. También es objeto de análisis la prevención, protección, reparación y sanción contra dos de sus formas extremas: la trata y el femicidio. Las consideraciones finales ofrecen reflexiones sobre avances y desafíos en el contexto cubano. Resumen estructural discriminatorio público regional interseccionalidad fenómeno precedentes país prevención protección extremas femicidio cubano

RESUMEN El presente artículo evidencia, a través de un estudio de caso, los desafíos jurídicos y sociopolíticos que tienen los Estados para garantizar los derechos humanos de la población en situación de migración irregular, particularmente los derechos humanos de las mujeres, adultas, adolescentes y niñas (MAAN) para evitar la reproducción de las desigualdades sociales, la feminización de la pobreza y la ampliación de las brechas de género. El análisis se enfoca en un contexto globalizado que no deja de ser patriarcal y en el cual, las mujeres migrantes que se encuentran en el "desenmarque normativo" suelen ser potenciales víctimas de diferentes tipos de violencias sexuales basadas en el género (VSG). Además, demuestra cómo la priorización de un tratamiento punitivo de fenómenos sociales como la migración irregular, tiene como consecuencia inmediata la marginación social y económica de las víctimas del tráfico ilegal, precariedad que empuja particularmente a las mujeres a otros riesgos como el ser víctimas de trata de personas con fines de explotación sexual, prostitución forzada o explotación laboral. La base empírica de este artículo es el resultado de la sistematización de información obtenida en diferentes proyectos de capacitación y acompañamiento jurídico dirigidos a población venezolana en situación de migración irregular en el municipio de Ipiales y desarrollado por la Corporación Guasimí.*

ABSTRACT This article evidences through a case study, the legal and sociopolitical challenges that States have to guarantee the human rights of irregular migrants, particularly the human rights of women, adults, adolescents and girls to avoid the reproduction of social inequalities, the feminization of poverty and the widening of gender gaps. The analysis focuses on a globalized context that is still patriarchal and in which female migrants who are in the "regulatory gap" use to be potential victims of different types of gender-based and sexual violence (GBSV). In addition, it demonstrates how prioritizing a punitive treatment of social phenomena such as irregular migration, has as an immediate consequence the social and economic marginalization of the victims of illegal trafficking, a precariousness that particularly pushes women to other risks such as being victims of trafficking of people with fines for sexual exploitation, forced prostitution or labor exploitation. The empirical basis of this article is the result of the systematization of information obtained in different training and legal support projects aimed at the Venezuelan population in an irregular migration situation in the municipality of Ipiales and developed by the Guasimí Corporation.