Abstract This article analyses the incorporation of new technologies for migration and border surveillance in Argentina (1981-2001). In methodological terms, information was taken from official documents (decrees, contracts, and public tenders), as well as from semi-structured interviews with personnel from the Ministry of the Interior and the National Directorate of Migration. The interventions of specialists and parliamentary experts who participated in the Population and Human Resources Commission of the Chamber of Deputies between 2000 and 2002 were also considered. The findings suggest that the incorporation of new technologies for migration and border control reflect the prevalence of long-term standardised measures related to the processes of securitisation of “border immigration” that would be aimed at protecting the “social order” in Argentina.

Resumen Este artículo analiza la incorporación de las nuevas tecnologías para la vigilancia de las migraciones y las fronteras en Argentina durante 1981-2001. En términos metodológicos, se tomó información de documentos oficiales (decretos, contratos y concursos públicos), así como de entrevistas semiestructuradas a personal del Ministerio del Interior y la Dirección Nacional de Migraciones. También se tuvo en cuenta las intervenciones de especialistas y parlamentarios expertos que participaron en la Comisión de Población y Recursos Humanos de la Cámara de Diputados entre 2000 y 2002. Los hallazgos sugieren que la incorporación de nuevas tecnologías para el control migratorio y fronterizo se relacionan, por un lado, con la prevalencia de medidas estandarizadas de legibilidad en el largo plazo, y por otro, con los procesos de securitización de la “inmigración limítrofe” que estarían destinadas a proteger el “orden social” en Argentina.

Resumo: Este manuscrito aborda a atribuição de valores na autoavaliação da pós-graduação, especificamente no Mestrado em Saúde Integral e Movimento Humano (MSIMH) da Universidade Nacional da Costa Rica com base nas diretrizes nacionais de acreditação. Destaca-se a importância de realizar este trabalho de forma sistemática e organizada, com uma fundamentação clara, para se conseguir uma análise objetiva dos aspectos que garantem a qualidade do curso. Diferentes agentes estiveram envolvidos no processo de autoavaliação, incluindo gestores, funcionários administrativos, professores, estudantes e tutores. Os resultados revelaram que as dimensões “Recursos” e “Processo Educativo” são centrais, com especial atenção para os componentes relativos a “Infraestruturas”, “Pesquisa” e “Corpo Docente”. Embora, componentes como a ementa e a metodologia de ensino e aprendizagem sejam relevantes, destaca-se também a importância da gestão académica e financeira para o desenvolvimento e sustentabilidade do curso. Em pesquisas futuras, recomenda-se contrastar os resultados da ponderação com os resultados da autoavaliação do MSIMH para identificar pontos fortes e áreas de melhoria em relação aos valores ponderados estabelecidos. Em síntese, este estudo salienta a importância da atribuição de valores adequados na autoavaliação da pós-graduação e promove a participação de múltiplos atores neste processo. Este documento serve de guia para novos processos de atribuição de valores nesta modalidade de acreditação.

Resumen: Este estudio, realizado en 2022, aborda la asignación de valores en la autoevaluación de posgrados, específicamente, en la Maestría en Salud Integral y Movimiento Humano (MSIMH) de la Universidad Nacional, con base en el Manual Oficial de Acreditación de carreras de Posgrado del Sistema Nacional de Acreditación (SINAES). Se destaca la importancia de realizar esta labor de manera sistemática y organizada, con un fundamento claro, para lograr un análisis objetivo de los aspectos que aseguran la calidad de la carrera. Además, se involucran diferentes agentes en el proceso de autoevaluación, incluyendo responsables, personal administrativo, docentes, estudiantes y tutores. Los resultados revelan que las dimensiones “Recursos” y “Proceso Educativo” son centrales, con una atención especial en los componentes “Infraestructura”, “Investigación” y “Personal académico”. Aunque componentes como el plan de estudio y la metodología de enseñanza y aprendizaje son relevantes, también se resalta la importancia de la gestión académica y financiera para el desarrollo y sostenibilidad de la carrera. En futuras investigaciones, se recomienda contrastar los resultados de la ponderación con los hallazgos de la autoevaluación de la MSIMH para identificar fortalezas y áreas de mejora en relación con los valores ponderados establecidos. En resumen, este estudio destaca la importancia de asignar valores adecuados en la autoevaluación de posgrados y promueve la participación de múltiples actores en este proceso. Por lo tanto, este documento sirve como guía para nuevos procesos de asignación de valores en este tipo de acreditaciones.

Abstract: This manuscript addresses value assignment in the self-evaluation of postgraduate programs, specifically in the Master’s Degree in Integrative Health and Human Movement (MSIMH) of the National University of Costa Rica, based on the national accreditation guidelines. It emphasizes the importance of carrying out this work in a systematic, organized, and clear manner to objectively analyze the aspects that guarantee the quality of the program. Different actors participated in the self-evaluation process, including managers, administrators, teachers, students, and tutors. The results showed that the dimensions “Resources” and “Educational Process” are fundamental, and that special attention should be given to the components “Infrastructure”, “Research” and “Academic Staff”. Although components such as curriculum and teaching and learning methodology are relevant, it also highlights the importance of academic and financial management for the development and sustainability of the program. It is recommended that future research should contrast the results of the weighting with the results of the MSIMH self-evaluation to identify strengths and areas for improvement in relation to the established weighted values. In short, this study highlights the importance of assigning appropriate values in the self-evaluation of postgraduate programs and encourages the participation of multiple stakeholders in this process. This document can be used as a guide for new processes of value assignment for this type of accreditation.

El servicio civil es un sistema que comprende medidas institucionales para organizar y gestionar los recursos humanos a cargo del Estado, consolidando tanto los derechos y mejora del desempeño de los servidores públicos como los intereses de la sociedad. El objeto de la investigación fue realizar un análisis de las políticas públicas del servicio civil peruano y las experiencias de otros países del mundo. Se ha realizado una revisión sistemática utilizando la metodología PRISMA y se han revisado las siguientes bases de datos: Scopus, Scielo y Web of Science. Se han clasificado 24 artículos de los cuales el 45.83% corresponde a gestión, en 41.67% la implementación y 12.50% en regímenes laborales del servicio civil. Se concluye que la implementación de las políticas del servicio civil peruano y otros países del mundo ha tenido avances significativos, sin embargo, es necesario fortalecer la cultura de la meritocracia, impulsar la transparencia, la rendición de cuentas y promover la formación continua de los servidores civiles, para asegurar una administración pública más eficiente y al servicio de los ciudadanos

The civil service is a system that comprises institutional measures to organize and manage human resources in charge of the State, consolidating both the rights and performance improvement of public servants and the interests of society. The purpose of the research was to conduct an analysis of Peruvian civil service public policies and the experiences of other countries in the world. A systematic review was carried out using the PRISMA methodology and the following databases were reviewed: Scopus, Scielo and Web of Science. Twenty-four articles were classified, of which 45.83% corresponded to management, 41.67% to implementation and 12.50% to civil service labor regimes. It is concluded that the implementation of civil service policies in Peru and other countries of the world has had significant progress, however, it is necessary to strengthen the culture of meritocracy, promote transparency, accountability and promote continuous training of civil servants to ensure a more efficient public administration at the service of citizens

Resumen (Introducción): Los espacios litorales constituyen la interfaz entre los ambientes terrestres y marinos, conectados por múltiples procesos naturales y socioecológicos, proporcionando bienes y servicios ecosistémicos para el bienestar humano. (Objetivo): Identificar los usos y actividades tanto terrestres como marinos con implicancias mutuas y los procesos biofísicos en la región norte del Ecosistema Costero Bonaerense (Argentina), con el fin de evaluar el grado de compatibilidad o conflicto entre estas actividades, con énfasis en el sector pesquero. (Metodología): Se aplicó el análisis metodológico tierra-mar-tierra (T-M-T). Se determinaron los usos y actividades (UyA), así como procesos biofísicos de origen marino y terrestre. Se identificaron las interacciones entre UyA marinos y terrestres, y procesos físicos T-M-T, para su posterior categorización y análisis de las interacciones previamente identificadas. (Resultados): Se notaron 121 interacciones de UyA T-M-T vinculadas con la pesca. Predominaron los conflictos medios por competencia de espacio o recursos y se relacionaron con la coexistencia espacial y temporal de UyA (turísticas, pesquera y comunicaciones). Se detectaron 68 interacciones negativas entre los procesos biofísicos y UyA asociados a eventos climáticos e impactos derivados del cambio climático (modificaciones en la temperatura superficial del mar, circulación atmosférica y oceánica, así como variaciones en el transporte de sedimentos y erosión costera). (Conclusiones): El análisis efectuado constituye un avance en el estudio entre UyA T-M-T en zonas litorales costero-marinas de la costa atlántica y de sus interacciones, con énfasis en la actividad pesquera, como aporte a la gestión de aquellos, con un enfoque ecosistémico.

Abstract (Introduction): Coastal areas constitute the interface between land and marine environments, connected through multiple natural and socioecological processes that contribute to human well-being. (Objective): Identify land and marine uses and activities with mutual implications and biophysical processes in the northern region of the Bonaerense Coastal Ecosystem (Argentina), in order to evaluate the degree of compatibility or conflict between these activities, with emphasis on the fishing activity. (Methodology): The land-sea-land (T-M-T) methodological analysis was applied. Uses and activities (U&A) and biophysical processes of marine and land origin were determined. Interactions between marine-land and biophysical processes T-M-T were identified for further categorization and analysis. (Results): A total of 121 U&A sea-land-sea (L-S-L) interactions related to fishing were detected. Medium conflicts were mainly caused by competition for space or resources and were associated with the coexistence of U&A (tourism, fishing, and communication activities), both spatially and temporally. Of the total, 68 negative interactions were observed between biophysical processes and U&A L-S-L, which were linked to climatic events and the effects of climate change (variation in sea surface temperature, atmospheric and oceanic circulation, as well as variations in sediment transport and coastal erosion). (Conclusions): The analysis carried out constitutes an advancement in the study of U&A T-M-T in coastal-marine areas of the Atlantic coast and their interactions, with emphasis on fishing activities, as a contribution to their management with an ecosystemic approach.

ABSTRACT The growth and development of human communities have given rise to the emergence of so-called environmental problems that influence natural resources and human health. In this presentation, it is reflected the reality found in the work with the Life Task from the second cycle of the "Rolando Morales Sanabria" primary school in the Cifuentes municipality, a vital stage in the training of new generations for the conservation of the environment, the maintenance of ethical and moral values of a social project with a humanist foundation. Taking into account these concepts, the objective was to characterize the work with the Life Task from Sports for All as part of Physical Education, in the context described above. This work was carried out with the help of methods and techniques such as document review, observation, survey and interview. The results reveal insufficiencies in this work, from the lack of consultation of official documents, clarifications and regulations, through poor intentionality, to the lack of internalization and carrying out activities in this sense. As conclusions, the foundations for the development of work with the Life Task in the selected context were determined, the current state was characterized, where the casual and irrational use of sports spaces, poor use of the potential of the context, little intention and limited knowledge of the Life Task, as well as the failure to take advantage of the will, desire and disposition of the students to carry out physical-recreational activities related to it stood out.

RESUMEN El crecimiento y desarrollo de las colectividades humanas, han dado lugar a la aparición de los llamados problemas ambientales que influyen sobre los recursos naturales y en la salud del hombre. En este artículo, se reflejó la realidad encontrada en el trabajo con la Tarea Vida desde el segundo ciclo de la escuela primaria "Rolando Morales Sanabria" del municipio Cifuentes, etapa vital en la formación de las nuevas generaciones para la conservación del entorno, el mantenimiento de los valores éticos y morales de un proyecto social con un fundamento humanista. Atendiendo a estas concepciones, se planteó como objetivo caracterizar el trabajo con la Tarea Vida desde el Deporte para Todos como parte de la Educación Física, en el contexto antes descrito. Este trabajo se realizó con la ayuda de métodos y técnicas como la revisión de documentos, la observación, la encuesta y la entrevista. Los resultados revelan insuficiencias en este trabajo, desde la falta de consulta a documentos oficiales, precisiones y normativas, transitando por la pobre intencionalidad, hasta llegar a la falta de interiorización y realización de actividades en este sentido. Como conclusiones se determinaron los fundamentos para el desarrollo del trabajo con la Tarea Vida en el contexto seleccionado, quedó caracterizado el estado actual, donde destacó la utilización casual e irracional de espacios deportivos, mal aprovechamiento de potencialidades del contexto, poco intencionado y limitado conocimiento de la Tarea Vida, así como el no aprovechamiento de la voluntad, deseo y disposición de los alumnos para realizar actividades físico-recreativas relacionadas con esta.

RESUMO O crescimento e o desenvolvimento das comunidades humanas deram origem ao surgimento dos chamados problemas ambientais que influenciam os recursos naturais e a saúde humana. Neste artigo, refletiu-se a realidade encontrada no trabalho com a Tarefa de Vida a partir do segundo ciclo da escola primária "Rolando Morales Sanabria" do município de Cifuentes, etapa vital na formação das novas gerações para a conservação do meio ambiente, a manutenção dos valores éticos e morais de um projeto social de base humanista. Levando em conta esses conceitos, objetivou-se caracterizar o trabalho com a Tarefa de Vida do Esporte para Todos no âmbito da Educação Física, no contexto descrito acima. Este trabalho foi realizado com o auxílio de métodos e técnicas como revisão de documentos, observação, levantamento e entrevista. Os resultados revelam insuficiências neste trabalho, desde a falta de consulta a documentos oficiais, esclarecimentos e regulamentos, passando pela má intencionalidade, até à falta de internalização e realização de atividades nesse sentido. Como conclusões foram determinados os fundamentos para o desenvolvimento do trabalho com a tarefa de vida no contexto selecionado, caracterizou-se o estado atual, onde se destacou o uso casual e irracional dos espaços desportivos, mau aproveitamento das potencialidades do contexto, pouca intenção e conhecimento limitado da Tarefa de Vida, bem como o não aproveitamento da vontade, desejo e disposição dos alunos para a realização de atividades físico-recreativas a ela relacionadas.

RESUMEN En este artículo, se lleva a cabo un análisis de los factores que obstaculizan la efectiva y eficiente administración de los recursos del Estado, y se realiza una propuesta de un nuevo paradigma para la gestión pública. Múltiples obstáculos impiden alcanzar el bienestar de la ciudadanía con atención a su diversidad; eliminarlos; y redefinir la gestión pública con un cambio de prioridades de las políticas públicas que permitirá alcanzar crecimiento con inclusión. El vector de inclusión requiere inversiones importantes en capital humano -educación, salud y tecnología- para elevar el bienestar y la calidad de vida, y en infraestructura física, para alcanzar mayor productividad y absorción del progreso tecnológico. Las prioridades son: empleo registrado (formal) y productivo, reforma del sector salud, educación e inversiones con criterio de integración social. Estas prioridades son comprendidas por siete lecciones de la política macroeconómica que pueden adaptarse a la nueva gestión pública.

ABSTRACT This article conducts an analysis of the factors hindering the effective and efficient administration of state resources and proposes a new paradigm for public management. Multiple obstacles prevent achieving the well-being of the diverse citizenry, necessitating their elimination and a redefinition of public management with a shift in policy priorities to promote inclusive growth. The inclusion vector requires significant investments in human capital, including education, health, and technology, to enhance well-being and quality of life, as well as in physical infrastructure to boost productivity and absorb technological progress. Priorities include formal and productive employment, healthcare sector reform, education, and socially integrated investments. Seven lessons from macroeconomic policy are outlined as applicable to the new public management.

RESUMEN El presente artículo aborda problemáticas vinculadas con la contemporaneidad a partir del estudio de caso de la miniserie británica Black Mirror (Espejo Negro). Se busca responder a si muestra un escenario utópico, y por tanto supone una superación de la realidad, o si, por el contrario, resulta una representación de la sociedad actual. Para ello se reflexiona sobre el impacto y repercusión de las Tecnologías de la Relación, la Información y la Comunicación (TRIC) en la actualidad a nivel individual y colectivo. La metodología aplicada responde a un análisis de la serie donde se pueden examinar los cambios que el ser humano experimenta en consonancia con las nuevas realidades, tanto sociales como culturales, desarrolladas en su entorno. Partiendo de la hipótesis de que la serie describe situaciones reales enfatizadas por medio del empleo de las tecnologías, el principal resultado del estudio es que Black Mirror a través de diferentes recursos pone en valor una actualidad conocida, porque forma parte de nuestro presente; pudiéndonos identificar con algunas de las situaciones, todavía utópicas.

ABSTRACT This article addresses issues related to contemporaneity based on the case study of the British TV series Black Mirror. It seeks to answer whether it shows a utopian scenario that represents a surpassing of reality or reflects the current society. For this, we reflect on the impact and repercussion of present Relationship, Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) at the individual and collective level. The methodology applied responds to an analysis of the series where it is possible to examine the changes that human beings experience under the new social and cultural realities developed in their environment. Based on the hypothesis that the series describes real situations emphasized through the use of technologies, the main result of the study is that Black Mirror, through different resources, puts into value a familiar present because it is part of our present, being able to identify us with some of the still utopian situations.

Abstract Evolution has originated high levels of biodiversity that provide essential actual benefits to humans and future called option values. These resources are extracted and used to meet basic needs, such as traditional medicine, which is the result of human experience and its contact with nature over time. Traditional knowledge used as a guide for bioprospecting and ethnomedicinal research is the first step to protecting it and making it visible. The need to apply phylogenetic approaches and their importance for the development of ethnobotany in Mexico is discussed, as well as their implications for the discovery, use and conservation of medicinal resources for human well-being. This approaches, elucidating the evolutionary history of species, can improve bioprospecting practices since they point out related species which could produce useful chemical compounds, which is relevant to biotechnology and emphasizes the importance of preserving biocultural heritage.

Resumen La evolución ha producido una gran biodiversidad que proporciona al ser humano bienes esenciales actuales y opciones de valor de facturas. Estos recursos son extraídos y empleados para satisfacer necesidades básicas, como la medicina tradicional, resultado de la experiencia y el contacto humano con la naturaleza a través del tiempo. Los saberes tradicionales han sido aprovechados como guía para la bioprospección y los estudios etnobotánicos son el primer paso para visibilizarlos y protegerlos. Se plantea la necesidad de aplicar aproximaciones filogenéticas y su importancia para el desarrollo de la etnobotánica en México, así como su impacto en el descubrimiento, aprovechamiento y conservación de recursos medicinales para el bienestar humano. Estas aproximaciones, que revelan la historia evolutiva de las especies, pueden fortalecer la bioprospección, ya que señalan especies emparentadas que pudieran llegar a producir sustancias químicas útiles, lo que resulta relevante para la biotecnología y resalta la importancia de la conservación del patrimonio biocultural.

ABSTRACT Self-reflection is an important part of the continuous improvement process itself, to understand why and how decisions are made. The sports teacher must take the time to look at himself, and his work offers him the opportunity to recognize strengths and challenges and to improve his skills. The article aimed to socialize self-reflection as a way to establish cognitive relationships that are revealed in the process of professional improvement of sports teachers. It showed a triad between professional improvement, self-reflection and sports professionals, for their professional and personal performance, as it allows them to instruct and educate athletes in pedagogical activity, which is manifested by integrating knowledge and raising it to the level of professional application, mastering the technique to stay updated, investigate, know how to establish links with the social context and management of human and material resources. Scientific methods such as documentary analysis, process observation, survey and methodological triangulation were used, with descriptive mathematics the collected information was tabulated. The main result is the necessary and rapid intervention in the preparation and updating of a new sports professional: reflective, competent, critical, which requires developing alternative thinking through constant improvement in the current issues of his specialty; At the same time, it promotes self-reflection to judge professional activity, determine successes and errors, achieve their involvement to act on the change of their points of view, work styles and modes of action.

RESUMEN La autorreflexión es una parte importante del propio proceso de mejora continua, para comprender por qué y cómo se toman decisiones. El profesor deportivo debe tomarse el tiempo para mirarse a sí mismo, y su trabajo le ofrece la oportunidad de reconocer fortalezas y desafíos y de mejorar sus habilidades. El artículo tuvo como objetivo socializar la autorreflexión como vía para el establecimiento de relaciones cognitivas que se revelan en el proceso de superación profesional de los profesores deportivos. Mostró una tríada entre superación profesional, autorreflexión y profesionales deportivos, para su desempeño profesional y personal, en tanto les permite instruir y educar a los atletas en la actividad pedagógica, que se manifiesta al integrar los conocimientos y elevarlos al nivel de aplicación profesional, dominar la técnica para mantenerse actualizado, investigar, saber establecer vínculos con el contexto social y gerencial recursos humanos y materiales. Se utilizaron métodos científicos como el análisis documental, la observación al proceso, la encuesta y la triangulación metodológica, con la matemática descriptiva se tabuló la información recopilada. Como principal resultado se exhibe la necesaria y rápida intervención en la preparación y actualización de un nuevo profesional del deporte: reflexivo, competente, crítico, que exige desarrollar el pensamiento alternativo a través la superación constante en los temas actuales de su especialidad; a la vez, que promueva la autorreflexión para enjuiciar la actividad profesional, determinar aciertos y errores, lograr su implicación para accionar en el cambio de sus puntos de vistas, estilos de trabajo y modos de actuación.

RESUMO A autorreflexão é uma parte importante do próprio processo de melhoria contínua, para compreender por que e como as decisões são tomadas. O professor de desporto deve dedicar tempo a olhar para si próprio e o seu trabalho oferece-lhe a oportunidade de reconhecer pontos fortes e desafios e de melhorar as suas competências. O artigo teve como objetivo socializar a autorreflexão como forma de estabelecer relações cognitivas que se revelam no processo de aperfeiçoamento profissional de professores de esportes. Evidenciou uma tríade entre aperfeiçoamento profissional, autorreflexão e profissionais do esporte, para seu desempenho profissional e pessoal, pois permite instruir e formar atletas na atividade pedagógica, que se manifesta integrando conhecimentos e elevando-os ao nível de aplicação profissional, dominando a técnica para se manter atualizado, investigar, saber estabelecer vínculos com o contexto social e gestão de recursos humanos e materiais. Foram utilizados métodos científicos como análise documental, observação de processos, levantamento e triangulação metodológica, com matemática descritiva as informações coletadas foram tabuladas. O principal resultado é a necessária e rápida intervenção na preparação e atualização de um novo profissional desportivo: reflexivo, competente, crítico, o que exige desenvolver um pensamento alternativo através da melhoria constante nas questões atuais da sua especialidade; Ao mesmo tempo, promove a autorreflexão para julgar a atividade profissional, determinar acertos e erros, conseguir o seu envolvimento para agir na mudança dos seus pontos de vista, estilos de trabalho e modos de ação.

ABSTRACT Physical activity is a right of every human being, it affects the strengthening of conditions for work; transformation of nature; the struggle and preservation of peace; in the physical-functional development of the individual and the formation of character; ethical, moral and volitional qualities in the individual and social. The research aims to assess the possibilities of physical activity to favor social skills in students with intellectual disabilities, by contributing to the promotion of a healthy generation, physically prepared according to their potentialities, their development needs corrective work and/or compensatory that improves and increases the possibilities of movements, towards the development of social relations in the contexts where it develops; For its development, theoretical, empirical and mathematical statistical methods were used, which made it possible to verify the declared scientific problem from the characterization of the selected sample, from the determination of the dimensions and indicators that allowed arriving at regularities, a great importance is attributed to it. educational value by exploring the environment and developing communicative relationships, as well as, they can build topological, temporal and spatial notions in different situations of movement, it also places the student with intellectual disability in situations of interaction with others, and requires him to seek resources or help to solve the activity, this favors relationships with others and achieve independent action.

RESUMEN La actividad física es un derecho de todo ser humano, repercute en el fortalecimiento de condiciones para el trabajo, en la transformación de la naturaleza, en la la lucha y preservación de la paz, en el desarrollo físico-funcional del individuo y en la formación del carácter; cualidades éticas, morales y volitivas en lo individual y social. La investigación tiene como objetivo valorar las posibilidades de la actividad física para favorecer las habilidades sociales en los educandos con discapacidad intelectual, al contribuir a la promoción de una generación saludable, físicamente preparada según sus potencialidades; su desarrollo necesita de un trabajo correctivo y/o compensatorio que perfeccione y aumente las posibilidades de movimientos hacia el desarrollo de las relaciones sociales en los contextos donde se desarrolla. Para su desarrollo se utilizaron métodos teóricos, empíricos y estadístico-matemáticos, los que posibilitaron la constatación del problema científico declarado a partir de la caracterización de la muestra seleccionada, desde la determinación de las dimensiones e indicadores que permitieron arribar a regularidades. A estos métodos se les atribuye un gran valor educativo al explorar el entorno y desarrollar las relaciones comunicativas, así como que pueden construir nociones topológicas, temporales y espaciales en diferentes situaciones de movimiento; además, sitúa al educando con discapacidad intelectual en situaciones de interacción con los demás, y le exige buscar recursos o ayuda para solucionar la actividad, lo que favorece las relaciones con los demás y logra una actuación con independencia.

RESUMO A atividade física é um direito de todo ser humano, tem impacto no fortalecimento das condições de trabalho, na transformação da natureza, na luta e preservação da paz, no desenvolvimento físico-funcional do indivíduo e na formação. personagem; qualidades éticas, morais e volitivas em nível individual e social. A pesquisa tem como objetivo avaliar as possibilidades da atividade física para promover habilidades sociais em alunos com deficiência intelectual, contribuindo para a promoção de uma geração saudável, preparada fisicamente de acordo com o seu potencial; O seu desenvolvimento requer um trabalho corretivo e/ou compensatório que aperfeiçoe e aumente as possibilidades de movimentos em direção ao desenvolvimento das relações sociais nos contextos onde se desenvolve. Para o seu desenvolvimento foram utilizados métodos teóricos, empíricos e estatístico-matemáticos, que permitiram verificar o problema científico declarado a partir da caracterização da amostra selecionada, a partir da determinação das dimensões e indicadores que permitiram chegar às regularidades. A esses métodos é atribuído grande valor educativo na exploração do ambiente e no desenvolvimento de relações comunicativas, bem como podem construir noções topológicas, temporais e espaciais em diferentes situações de movimento; Além disso, coloca o aluno com deficiência intelectual em situações de interação com outras pessoas e exige que ele busque recursos ou ajuda para resolver a atividade, o que favorece o relacionamento com os outros e alcança a ação independente.

Resumo Introdução: Dada a multiplicidade de definições acerca do conceito de churning de recursos humanos, tomou-se como premissa, os custos associados às substituições de trabalhadores provenientes de saídas voluntárias das organizações. Tratando-se de uma temática ainda pouco explorada em Portugal, pretende-se através deste estudo expandir o quadro teórico, assim como os estudos empíricos; Objetivos; Métodos: Este estudo qualitativo visa identificar os principais precedentes do churning de recursos humanos e as medidas estratégicas aplicadas pelas organizações para o atenuar. De modo a tornar o objetivo exequível, surgiu como questão de investigação: qual a origem do churning nas organizações e quais as medidas de atenuação? Como método de recolha de dados, recorreu-se à realização de 20 entrevistas semiestruturadas a diretores de recursos humanos de vários setores de atividade, procedendo-se à sua análise através da análise de conteúdo, de forma a extrair as principais variáveis, dando enfase à elaboração de um modelo teórico e sua análise; Resultados: de forma a analisar o referido modelo, foram definidas 3 proposições às quais se procedeu à sua fundamentação, com recurso à literatura sobre a temática e à informação obtida através das entrevistas, foi possível analisar a veracidade das proposições definidas. Permitindo predizer que os precedentes de churning de recursos humanos exercem influência negativamente na ocorrência de churning de recursos humanos; as medidas de atenuação exercem influência positiva sobre o churning de recursos humanos e que as medidas de atenuação exercem influência positiva sobre os precedentes de churning de recursos humanos. Conclusões: Quanto maior for o investimento na aplicação e / ou desenvolvimento de políticas e práticas de retenção de recursos humanos, menor será a taxa de churning, logo o custo derivado das substituições de trabalhadores será reduzido.

Abstract Introduction: Given the multiplicity of definitions about the concept of human resource churning, we took as a premise, the costs associated with the replacement of workers from voluntary departures from organisations. As this is a subject that has not yet been widely explored in Portugal, this study aims to expand the theoretical framework, as well as the empirical studies; Goals; Methods: This qualitative study aims to identify the main precedents of human resource churning and the strategic measures applied by organisations to mitigate it. In order to make the objective feasible, the research question was: what is the origin of churning in organisations and what are the mitigation measures? As a data collection method, 20 semi-structured interviews were conducted with human resources directors from various sectors of activity, which were analysed through content analysis in order to extract the main variables, emphasising the development of a theoretical model and its analysis; Results: In order to analyse this model, 3 propositions were defined and proceeded to their substantiation, using the literature on the subject and the information obtained through the interviews, it was possible to analyse the veracity of the defined propositions. It was possible to predict that human resource churning precedents negatively influence the occurrence of human resource churning; that mitigation measures have a positive influence on human resource churning and that mitigation measures have a positive influence on human resource churning precedents; Conclusions: The greater the investment in the application and/or development of policies and practices of human resources retention, the lower the churning rate will be, and therefore the costs derived from the replacement of workers will be reduced.

Education systems are shaped by various internal and external contextual forces (De Beer, 2017). External contextual trends typically include language, demography, geography, technology, politics, and financial and economic trends. Religion represents one of these external contextual trends that can affect an education system (see Van der Walt, Potgieter & Wolhuter, 2010; Wolhuter & Van der Walt, 2018). Making use of established metabletic-comparative methodology, this article seeks to highlight the impact of religion as a formative factor of education in the BRICS countries. Religion is treated significantly differently in the education systems of the BRICS member states. In schools in India and China, no religious activities are allowed in accordance with the respective constitutions, while any religious activities may take place in schools in Brazil, Russia and South Africa, provided that the activities comply with particular guidelines. Broadly considered, any religious activities are conducted in primary schools in Brazil, provided that attendance is voluntary. Religion in Brazilian schools is influenced by the strong position of the Roman Catholic faith in Brazilian society, which could potentially be detrimental to minority groups in Brazil (Senefonte, 2018:440). Learners in Russia, according to Russian law, are free to choose for themselves the religious module in which they wish to receive education. Schools in Russia do not, however, always implement this legislation correctly, since a school's resources actually determine which module the learners should take. The manner in which religion is being dealt with, causes unhappiness among learners and parents as they do not really have freedom of choice regarding the religious module in which they wish to receive instruction (Zöllner, 2016). The legislation in China clearly states that no religious activities may take place in public schools, yet the ruling party of China intends to enshrine tenets of atheism in learners in schools (Vickers, 2022; Wang & Froese, 2020). Compared to the other BRICS member states, China has the most officially, constitutionally recognised ethnic groups. In terms of legislation and policy formulations, the ethnic minority groups obtain various benefits in terms of education. The wide variety of ethnic groupings poses various challenges to the government of China as the views of all these groups in the education system have to be taken into account. Various documents, including the South African Schools Act 76 of 1996, and other education policies provide clear guidelines as to how religion ought to be dealt with in South African schools. In South Africa, learners are taught various major deities worldwide. All learners in South Africa are exposed to the concept of religion through the subject Life Orientation (Grades 7-12). Teachers in South Africaface the challenge of respecting all kinds of religions and not preaching their own views on a religion. This challenge of respecting all religions can result in conflict in schools, as learners may feel that they will be discriminated against if one type of religion is singled out, for example during assembly. This underscores the role and value of South African teachers in inculcating citizenship values (see Wolhuter, Janmaat, Van der Walt & Potgieter, 2020). The Government of India faces opposition from minority groups with regard to religion in schools as the socio-political hegemony religion is especially preferred in terms of the drafting of academic textbooks (Traub, 2018). This preferential treatment of a particular religion is contrary to the Indian constitution, as no single religion may be singled out, nor should any religion be discriminated against (Majumdar, 2018). The preference given to a particular religion in textbooks can result in a negative impact on the education system of India. The analysis and interpretation show that there is still a close relationship between religion and education in the BRICS countries. However, all five BRICS member states face different problems regarding religion and each of the five member states also deals with its problems differently. This conclusion is now unpacked in this summary, and in detail defended in the ensuing full text. In terms of dealing with religion, South Africa appears to be more tolerant than Brazil, Russia, India and China, although this tolerance still causes more problems for the South African government, in the sense of opposition from various adherents of a wide variety of faith groupings who would like schools to play a role in strengthening the religious beliefs of their children. Several court cases have been fought in South Africa as schools struggle to accommodate the wishes of all religious groups in South Africa (see Nthontho, 2020). In contrast to forces in all the BRICS countries trying to separate religion and (public) education, the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights, the proto-charter of Human Rights Charters in the contemporary world, Article 26 states that everyone has the right to education, education should be oriented towards the total development of the child's personality, and that parents have a preferential right to decide on the type of education their children should receive. The BRICS member states can learn from each other how to deal with religion in schools, even though none have yet managed to deal satisfactorily with religion in education. The common factor among all five BRICS countries is that religion is used again and again (consciously or unconsciously) to reinforce political or ideological hegemony. It seems that the shortcoming in all these countries is pointing to a lack of recognition of the place and role of religion in the lives of their citizens and that secular-political objectives, notably the forcing of official ideological hegemony, as well as the achievement of national unity above the full recognition of religious freedom, are also stated in the education system and in citizens 'choice of the kind of religious education of their children. As a result, the role of religion in creating a strong moral fibre for a society therefore never seems to come into its own. Moreover, judging by the United Nations Charter's Human Rights provisions on education, educative education (incl. teaching and learning), in accordance with its full scope of semantic value, does not currently come into its own. The same seems to be the case as regards the human right to parental advocacy with respect to religious education. The experience of the BRICS countries in terms of religion-in-education shows that it is sensible and even necessary, for example, along the path of enlarged parental speech in education and school autonomy, to allow more room for religious freedom in education. The BRICS countries are currently being proposed as the leading grouping of the Global South in a new formative world order. Against this background, current trends regarding religion-in-education in these countries therefore probably represent a bold example. However, it should nonetheless be denounced by the academic community and better examples should subsequently be extracted and presented from other national education systems from future research.

'n Onderwysstelsel word deur verskeie samelewingskontekstuele kragte gevorm. Hierdie kontekstuele faktore sluit taal, demografie, geografie, tegnologie, politiek en finansiële en ekonomiese tendense in. Godsdiens is een van die laasgenoemde tendense wat 'n onderwys-stelsel kan beïnvloed. Die BRICS-organisasie bestaan uit Brasilië, Rusland, Indië, Sjina en Suid-Afrika en is 'n supra-nasionale blok wat baie aandag in die openbare sowel as akademiese diskoers oor internasionale politiek en maatskaplike kwessies trek (De Beer, 2017). Godsdiens word wyd geag as 'n omstrede en sensitiewe faktor in onderwysstelsels (sien Van der Walt, Potgieter & Wolhuter, 2010). In hierdie artikel word godsdiens as vormgewende faktor van die onderwysstelsels in die BRICS-lande ondersoek, om die waarde daarvan as 'n aanskouingsles vir Suid-Afrika en ander lande te bepaal. Die BRICS-lidlande is doelbewus vir hierdie navorsing gekies weens die besondere waarde van hierdie lande as vertoonvenster van onderwysstelsels se antwoord op samelewingstendense van die een-en-twintigste eeu. Dokumentontleding is uitgevoer ten opsigte van beleidsdokumente, wetgewing, artikels en staatspublikasies, ten einde inligting in te samel. In die verwerking en interpretasie van inligting is die metableties-vergelykende metode gebruik ten einde beste praktyke ten opsigte van die hantering van godsdiens in die onderwysstelsels vanuit die BRICS-lidlande te identifiseer. Die ondersoek het ernstige tekortkominge in al die BRICS-lande se hantering van godsdiens in onderwys aan die lig gebring. Nie een van die lande se beleid of praktyk slaag die toets, soos gemeet aan die Verenigde Nasies se Handves van Menseregte nie. Die noodsaak van voortgesette navorsing oor die plek van godsdiens in die onderwysstelsels van die wêreld word ten slotte verduidelik.

Resumo: Introdução: a centralização do ensino superior em Montevidéu implica custos econômicos para as famílias do interior do país, o desenraizamento familiar e a perda de recursos humanos. A formação de especialistas em Pediatria no interior do país começou na década de 1980. Nos últimos anos foi fortalecida acrescentando cenários de aprendizagem, professores, recursos didáticos e avaliações. Objetivo: descrever a experiência de descentralização do ensino de especialistas em Pediatria entre 2007 e 2021 nos departamentos de Maldonado, Paysandú, Rivera e Salto. Metodologia: estudo descritivo, incluindo estudantes de pós-graduação em Pediatria que se formaram em Maldonado, Paysandú, Rivera e Salto, no período 2007-2021. Descrevemos o número de especialistas formados, as características pessoais ou familiares que influenciaram a decisão de fazer o curso no interior do país, o desempenho curricular, o local de prática profissional e recursos humanos docentes disponíveis. Resultados: no período analisado, 88 alunos fizeram a pós-graduação nas cidades avaliadas, 33 deles em regime de residência. Eram nativos/residentes no local, 78. 57 terminaram a pós-graduação, 19 ainda estavam em formação e 4 desistiram. Uma porcentagem variável das disciplinas obrigatórias do curso foi cursada no interior do país. O tempo médio para a realização das atividades obrigatórias foi de 3,3 anos. Sessenta trabalham no lugar de pós-graduação ou en cidades próximas. Paysandú y Salto tem 34 horas docentes/semana, Maldonado 6 horas docentes/semana e docentes honorários. Rivera tem docentes/tutores honorários. Conclusões: a descentralização do ensino de Pediatria é uma grande conquista para as cidades do interior, que formam seus próprios recursos humanos, permitindo que se estabeleçam nessas cidades. É necessário melhorar a oferta de atividades curriculares e a carga horária de ensino.

Resumen: Introducción: centralizar estudios superiores en Montevideo implica para las familias del interior del país gastos económicos, desarraigo familiar y pérdida de recursos humanos. La formación de especialistas en Pediatría en el interior comenzó en la década de 1980. En los últimos años se ha fortalecido, agregando escenarios de aprendizaje, docentes, recursos didácticos y evaluaciones. Objetivo: describir la experiencia en la descentralización de la docencia de especialistas en Pediatría entre 2007 y 2021 en los departamentos de Maldonado, Paysandú, Rivera y Salto. Metodología: estudio descriptivo, incluyendo estudiantes del posgrado de especialistas en Pediatría que realizaron su formación en Maldonado, Paysandú, Rivera y Salto, entre 2007 y 2021. Se describe el número de especialistas formados, las características personales o familiares que incidieron en la decisión de realizar el curso en el interior, desempeño curricular, lugar de ejercicio profesional, recursos humanos docentes disponibles. Resultados: en el período analizado 88 estudiantes cursaron el posgrado en las ciudades evaluadas, 33 en régimen de residencia. Eran oriundos/residentes del lugar, 78. Egresaron 57; 19 se encontraban cursando, 4 abandonaron. Un porcentaje variable de las instancias obligatorias del curso se realizaron en el interior. El tiempo promedio para realizar todas las actividades obligatorias fue de 3,3 años. Ejercen en el lugar de formación o en ciudades cercanas, 60. Paysandú y Salto cuentan con 34 horas docentes/semana. Maldonado con 6 horas docentes/semana y docentes honorarios. Rivera cuenta con docentes/tutores honorarios. Conclusiones: la descentralización de la docencia de Pediatría es un gran logro para las ciudades del interior, que forman sus propios recursos humanos, permitiendo que se radiquen en estas ciudades. Es necesario mejorar la oferta de actividades curriculares y horas docentes.

Abstract: Introduction: Centralizing higher education studies in Montevideo entails economic expenses, family uprooting, and loss of human resources for families living in the interior of Uruguay. The training of pediatric specialists outside the capital city began in the 1980s. In recent years, this innovations has been reinforced by adding learning scenarios, teachers, didactic resources, and evaluations. Objective: to describe the experience of decentralizing the teaching of pediatric specialists between 2007 and 2021 in Maldonado, Paysandú, Rivera, and Salto. Method: Descriptive study, including postgraduate students of pediatris who completed their training in Maldonado, Paysandú, Rivera, and Salto between 2007 and 2021. The study describes the number of specialists trained, personal or family characteristics that influenced the decision to take the course in the interior, academic performance, place of professional practice, and available teaching staff. Results: during the study period, 88 students undertook postgraduate studies in the evaluated cities, 33 of which studied in a residency program. Of these, 78 were native to or residents of the area. Fifty six pediatricians graduated, 18 were still enrolled, and 4 dropped out. A variable percentage of the course’s mandatory components were conducted in the interior. Average time to complete all mandatory activities was 3.3 years. Sixty graduates practice in the place of training or in nearby cities. Paysandú and Salto have 34 hours of teaching per week; Maldonado has 6 hours per week and honorary teachers. Rivera has honorary teachers/tutors. Conclusions: the decentralization of pediatric teaching is a significant achievement for inland cities in the interior of the country, as it allows them to train their own human resources, enabling them to settle in these cities. There is a need to improve the offer of curricular activities and teaching hours.

ABSTRACT Background: Non-invasive conservative treatment of splenic trauma reduces the rate of unnecessary surgical interventions and depends on the type of healthcare center involved. Objective: The aim of this study is to describe the outcomes of non-invasive conservative treatment in patients with blunt abdominal trauma and splenic injury and their correlation with the preoperative variables. Material and methods: We conducted a retrospective and observational study of patients admitted with blunt abdominal trauma and splenic injury between 2012 and 2022. The variables analyzed were kinematics of trauma, lesion severity on computed tomography images, amount of hemoperitoneum, type of unit of hospitalization and results of non-invasive conservative treatment. Results: Among 102 patients, the most common kinematics of trauma was motorcycle-to-car collisions (47.1%); the success rate of non-invasive conservative treatment was 66.6%, and was associated with lesion severity on computed tomography images (p < 0.001), amount of hemoperitoneum (p < 0.001), presence of other injuries (p < 0.001), severe trauma brain injury (p < 0.009), and type of unit of hospitalization (p < 0.002). Conclusion: Despite the absence of recommended human and technological resources, the results of non-invasive conservative treatment in this series were comparable to those obtained in high complexity centers.

RESUMEN Antecedentes: el tratamiento conservador no invasivo del traumatismo esplénico disminuye intervenciones quirúrgicas innecesarias y depende centro asistencial donde es aplicado. Objetivo: describir los resultados del tratamiento conservador no invasivo de pacientes con traumatismo abdominal cerrado con lesión esplénica y correlacionarlos con variables preoperatorias. Material y métodos: trabajo observacional descriptivo de pacientes con traumatismo abdominal cerrado con lesión esplénica ingresados entre 2012-2022. Se analizaron cinemática del traumatismo, lesiones asociadas, grado de lesión tomográfica y de hemoperitoneo, lugar de internación y resultado del tratamiento conservador no invasivo. Resultados: en 102 pacientes la cinemática del traumatismo de mayor frecuencia fue moto/auto (47,1%); el porcentaje de éxito del tratamiento conservador no invasivo fue 66,6%, y se relacionó con el grado de lesión tomográfica (p <0,001), grado de hemoperitoneo (p <0,001), presencia de otras lesiones (p <0,001), traumatismo encéfalo craneano grave (p <0,009), y lugar de internación (p <0,002). Conclusión: a pesar de no contar con todos los recursos humanos y tecnológicos recomendados, el tratamiento conservador no invasivo en esta serie tuvo resultados comparables con centros de mayor complejidad.

Abstract The fragmentation of natural ecosystems has become a serious global problem caused by the construction of conventional infrastructure. While this development has contributed to the economic growth of large cities, its installation and operation have socio-economic impacts on various rural populations, creating conditions and feelings of marginalization and poverty among them. Therefore, an evaluation has been conducted using landscape ecology and specialized software to assess whether the infrastructure built since 1975 in the highlands of the Tacna Department has had ecological effects on its ecosystems and high Andean societies. It has been determined that 267.3 km2 of conventional infrastructure (5.51% of the total surface) has caused a barrier effect on the Suri and an area effect on various wild plant species, reducing their abundance, diversity, and coverage. Additionally, there is evidence of the edge effect, as indicated by changes in relative humidity and soil and ambient temperatures. The interaction of rural people with their natural environment fulfills their human needs, and it has been observed that the partial or total replacement of ecosystems has limited essential development conditions, such as access to resources and exclusion from decision-making about them. This replacements have generated a climate of exclusion and injustice, leading to protests and opposition in past social conflicts that still linger. Therefore, implementing better mechanisms for environmental impact assessment, territorial management, restoration, and rural development based on the conservation of ecosystems and adequate compensation for ecosystem services will ensure the development and social peace in the high Andean societies of the Puna ecoregion.

Resumen La fragmentación de los ecosistemas naturales viene siendo un grave problema mundial, ocasionado por la construcción de infraestructura convencional, que, si bien ha contribuido al desarrollo económico de las grandes ciudades, su instalación y funcionamiento afecta socioeconómicamente a diferentes poblaciones rurales, creando en ellas condiciones y sensaciones de marginalidad y pobreza. Por ello, se ha evaluado mediante la ecología del paisaje y un software especializado, si aquella construida desde el año 1975 en la puna del Departamento de Tacna, ha provocado efectos ecológicos sobre sus ecosistemas y sociedades altoandinas, determinándose que 267,3 km2 de infraestructura convencional (5.51% de la superficie total) ha provocado el efecto barrera sobre el Suri y el efecto área en diversas especies de flora silvestre, reduciendo su abundancia, diversidad y cobertura, pero también del efecto borde, evidenciado por cambios en la humedad relativa y temperaturas del suelo y ambiente encontradas. La interacción del hombre rural con su entorno natural satisface sus necesidades humanas, comprobándose .- que el reemplazo parcial o total de los ecosistemas, ha limitado las condiciones básicas de desarrollo, como el acceso a recursos y la exclusión 110 en las decisiones sobre ellos, generando un clima de injusticia, provocando reclamos y oposiciones durante los conflictos sociales pasados que aún son latentes, por lo que la implementación de mejores mecanismos de evaluación del impacto ambiental, de gestión territorial, de restauración y desarrollo rural, basado en la conservación de sus ecosistemas y las compensaciones o retribuciones efectivas por servicios ecosistémicos, garantizaran el desarrollo y la paz social en las sociedades altoandinas de la ecorregión Puna.