RESUMO Neste artigo, refletimos, desde uma perspectiva discursiva, sobre o processo formal de elegibilidade de solicitantes de refúgio no Brasil. O objetivo central é sublinhar a dimensão performativa da produção do refugiado, aqui compreendido como um rótulo que depende de práticas discursivas - em especial narrativas -, de que participam os/as solicitantes, oficiais e demais atores sociais que compõem o sistema jurídico e burocrático do refúgio. Nessas práticas, o que parece estar em jogo são as competências narrativas do/a solicitante e entrevistadores/as em conformar a experiência de migração em uma matriz de inteligibilidades sobre o deslocamento humano e sobre o funcionamento da linguagem. A partir da análise de elementos de pelo menos duas importantes pontas do processo - textos de documentos normativos e entrevistas com voluntários que preparam solicitantes para suas entrevistas de elegibilidade -, mostramos como ideologias linguísticas, especialmente crenças sobre a natureza da construção narrativa, operam como protagonistas de tal processo institucional. artigo refletimos discursiva Brasil refugiado , osas os doa entrevistadoresas entrevistadores linguagem linguísticas narrativa institucional

ABSTRACT In this article, we reflect on the formal process of asylum eligibility in Brazil from a discursive perspective. We aim to underline the performative dimension of the refugee’s production. This label is understood here as dependent on discursive practices - especially narratives -, in which the applicants, officials, and other social actors participate. In these practices, what seems to be at stake are the narrative competencies of the asylum seeker and interviewers in shaping the migration experience into a matrix of intelligibility about human displacement and language functioning. We analyze at least two important aspects of the process: the texts of normative documents and interviews with volunteers who prepare applicants for their eligibility interviews. We then show how linguistic ideologies, especially beliefs about the nature of narrative construction, operate as protagonists of such an institutional process. article perspective refugees refugee s production , officials participate functioning ideologies construction

Resumen El trabajo consiste en una reconstrucción histórico-geografía por medio de la memoria de las personas residentes de la selva, utilizando la expresión popular avizinhar en la consolidación del concepto de Extractivismo en la amazonia acreana. La metodología se basa en análisis bibliográficos, documentos, trabajo de campo, entrevistas e imágenes de dominio público. El extractivismo se desarrolló a lo largo de la historia en todo el mundo, con diferentes sesgos: como actividad que tiene su acción ligada a una extracción sin precedentes de elementos de la naturaleza, extracción sin la debida preocupación por los daños colaterales o la ausencia de tales elementos en la composición del ecosistema. Sin embargo, el presente trabajo procura presentar y conceptualizar el extractivismo a partir de la experiencia de la Amazonía, en particular el estado brasileño de Acre que, a pesar de cumplir con la etimología de la palabra, “retirada, recolección de materiales de la naturaleza”, trasciende la extracción depredadora, y se revierte en luchas por la conservación de la naturaleza y de las vidas humanas que habitan las selvas. Estas acciones fueron lidereadas por Chico Mendes a mediados de la década de 1980 a través de la organización sindical de los trabajadores forestales iniciada en la década de 1970.

Abstract The work consists of a historical-geographical reconstruction, using the popular orkers avizinhar in the consolidation of the orkers Extractivism in the Acrean Amazon. The methodology is based on bibliographic analysis, documents, fieldwork, interviews, public domain images. Extractivism developed throughout history throughout the world, with orkers biases: as na activity that has its action linked to na unprecedented extraction of elements of nature, extraction without due concern for orkers damage or the absence of such elements in the composition of the ecosystem. However, the orkers work seeks to orkers and conceptualize extractivism from the experience of the Amazon, in particular the Brazilian state of Acre that, despite complying with the etymology of the word, “withdrawal, collection of materials from nature”, transcends predatory extraction, and reverts into struggles for the conservation of nature and human lives that inhabit the forests. These actions were led by Chico Mendes in the mid-1980s through the union organization of forestry orkers initiated in the 1970s.

Resumo O trabalho consiste em uma reconstrução histórico-geográfica, utilizando a expressão popular avizinhar na consolidação do conceito de Extrativismo na Amazônia acreana. A metodologia baseia-se em análise bibliográfica, documentos, trabalho de campo, entrevistas e imagens de domínio público. O extrativismo desenvolveu-se ao longo da história em todo o mundo, com diferentes vieses: como uma atividade que tem sua ação ligada a uma extração sem precedentes de elementos da natureza, extração sem a devida preocupação com danos colaterais ou a ausência de tais elementos na composição do ecossistema. No entanto, o presente trabalho busca apresentar e conceituar o extrativismo a partir da experiência da Amazônia, em particular do estado brasileiro do Acre que, apesar de obedecer à etimologia da palavra, “retirada, coleta de materiais da natureza”, transcende o extrativismo predatório, e se reverte em lutas pela conservação da natureza e das vidas humanas que habitam as florestas. Essas ações foram lideradas por Chico Mendes em meados da década de 1980 por meio da organização sindical dos trabalhadores florestais iniciada na década de 1970.

Abstract The city of Puebla has established itself as a place prone to conservative groups, either from civil society or from the public administration. In recent years, one of the problems for these conservatives’ groups has been the regulation or eradication of sex work specifically from the streets of the historic center of the city. Thus, proposals have emerged to arbitrarily and violently exclude people who perform sex work through the creation of “tolerance zones”, which, beyond offering a safe space for sex workers, emerge as manifestations of social and sexual segregation that start from the obligatory nature of the heteronomy up to the biopolitical exercise of managing to a segment of the population with precarious economics situations.

Resumen La ciudad de Puebla se ha consagrado como un lugar proclive a grupos conservadores, ya sea desde la sociedad civil o desde la administración pública. En los últimos años, una de las problemáticas para dichos grupos ha sido la regulación o erradicación del trabajo sexual, específicamente de las calles del centro histórico de la angelópolis. Así, han surgido propuestas para excluir de forma arbitraria y violenta a las personas que ejercen el trabajo sexual a través de la creación de “zonas de tolerancia”, las cuales más allá de ofrecer un espacio seguro para las trabajadoras sexuales, emergen como manifestaciones de segregación social y sexual que parten de la obligatoriedad de la heteronormatividad hasta el ejercicio biopolítico de administrar a un segmento de la población a través de situaciones económicas precarias.

SIGNIFICANCE: Given the extractive nature of many Western-led scientific activities in Africa, it is important to design research programmes that have long-term investments for (and on) the continent. These programmes must engage communities from local to regional levels to be sustainable, especially if they aim to achieve the sustainability of life systems continentally. In this regard, I propose and illustrate the value of using systemic approaches that focus primarily on the historicity and evolutionary nature of human-to-land relationships, which stem from shared identities, values, etc., to conduct engaged socio-economic-land studies as a subset of social-ecological systems.

Resumo Discussões críticas sobre a tese do Antropoceno apontam para a necessidade de uma reconfiguração radical da política e do direito. Propomos que possíveis caminhos para essa reconfiguração estão presentes nas práticas de defesa do território e modo de vida do povo Munduruku, especialmente no processo de autodemarcação do território Daje Kapap Eypi, no médio curso do rio Tapajós, iniciado em resposta à paralisação da demarcação da terra pelo governo brasileiro e ao avanço do licenciamento da Usina Hidrelétrica São Luiz do Tapajós. A partir de uma análise dos conflitos em torno deste território, investigamos o embate entre duas lógicas jurídicas antagônicas: de um lado, um direito do Antropoceno, que reforça a separação entre natureza e sociedade, rejeita modos existência que fogem a essa dualidade, e aprofunda o extrativismo predatório; e, de outro, um direito cosmopolítico dos Munduruku, no qual direitos e obrigações são constituídos por redes de entidades humanas e mais-que-humanas, por práticas autônomas de tomada de decisão e pela experiência situada e viva do território. Argumentamos que o direito cosmopolítico dos Munduruku tem constituído territórios capazes de frear o avanço do extrativismo e da destruição ecológica, e deve ser entendido como uma prática jurídica que sustenta e repara as condições de vida num planeta ferido. Eypi Tapajós antagônicas lado sociedade dualidade predatório outro maisquehumanas, maisquehumanas mais humanas, mais-que-humanas ecológica ferido

Abstract Critical discussions about the Anthropocene point to the necessity of a radical recasting of politics and law. We propose that potential paths for this recasting can be found in the practices through which the Munduruku defend their territory and way of life, particularly in the self-demarcation of the Daje Kapap Eypi territory, initiated in 2014 in response to the Brazilian government's halt on the land demarcation process and the advancement of the São Luiz do Tapajós Hydroelectric Dam licensing. Through an analysis of conflicts surrounding this territory, we investigate the clash between two antagonistic legal logics: on one side, a law of the Anthropocene, which reinforces the separation between nature and society, rejects modes of existence that transcend this duality, and deepens predatory extractivism; and on the other, a cosmopolitical law of the Munduruku, in which rights and obligations are constituted by networks of human and more-than-human entities, autonomous decision-making practices, and the situated experience of territory. We argue that the cosmopolitical legal practice of the Munduruku has established territories capable of halting the advance of extractivism and ecological destruction and should be understood as a legal practice that sustains and repairs the conditions of life on a damaged planet. selfdemarcation self 201 governments government s licensing logics side society duality other morethanhuman more than entities decisionmaking decision making planet 20 2

Heelwat navorsing is al gedoen in 'n poging om 'n greep op aspekte van goeie en slegte plaaslike regering te kry. 'n Kernvraag wat steeds onbeantwoord bly is die volgende: Wat is "plaaslike regering", en hoe kan die werklikheid waarna die begrip verwys, verstaan en herken word? 'n Begripsraamwerk van "plaaslike regering" is onlangs ontwikkel bestaande uit die herkenbare eienskappe van die begrip om dit te identifiseer. Gepaardgaande daarmee is 'n sosiale ontologie van sorg vir "plaaslike regering" ontwikkel. Die veronderstelling is dat plaaslike regerings in Suid-Afrika en ander lande aan die hand van daardie eienskappe herken sal word. Binne die Suid-Afrikaanse konteks is daar egter 'n moontlike nietipiese voorbeeld van plaaslike regering, naamlik Orania, 'n bestaande dorp binne die geografiese gebied van die Thembelihle Plaaslike Munisipaliteit in die Noord-Kaapprovinsie. Orania is nie 'n muni-sipaliteit ingevolge die Suid-Afrikaanse grondwet en wetlike raamwerk nie. Die vraag is gevolglik of Orania wel as 'n "plaaslike regering" beskou kan word. In antwoord op die vraag gee hierdie artikel 'n ontiese¹ beskrywing van Orania aan die hand van die gekose begripsraamwerk en sosiale ontologie van sorg. Dit blyk uit die beskrywing en ontleding daarvan dat Orania wel aan die institusionele, funksionele en territoriale eienskappe van die begrip "plaaslike regering" voldoen en op 'n outentieke wyse as plaaslike regering funksioneer. Die gevallestudie wys dat 'n outentieke plaaslike regering een is wat 'n integrerende deel uitmaak van sy plaaslike gemeenskap en omsluitende wêrelde, wat voortdurende ongemak met die hede beleef en met sorg, besorgdheid en sorgsaamheid daarop reageer.

Much research has been conducted to grasp aspects of good and bad local governance. A central question that remains unanswered is: What constitutes "local government" and how can the reality to which this concept refers be understood and recognised? Recently, a conceptual framework was developed by identifying recognisable characteristics of this concept's reference. The assumption is that local governments in South Africa and other countries will be recognised based on these characteristics. Alongside this, a social ontology of care for "local government" was established. However, within the South African context, a potentially atypical example of local government is found, namely Orania, an existing town situated within the geographical area of the Thembelihle Local Municipality in the Northern Cape province. Orania is not a municipality in terms of the South African constitution and legal framework. The question thus arises whether Orania can indeed be considered a "local government". In response to this query, this article provides a description of Orania using the chosen conceptual framework and social ontology of care as part of a case study design. The analysis and ontological description ofOrania, by means of the conceptual framework, reveal that the phenomenon of Orania does indeed possess a territorial jurisdictional sphere (the Orania Overlay Zone), a democratically elected representative council (the OVR), and a Town Council and its administration that performs a range of local functions and responsibilities. While the territory of a municipality is generally determined by authorising measures or decisions by other jurisdictions (such as province, state, and national government), the territorial area known as the Orania Overlay Zone results from the purchase and cultivation of land by members of a homogeneous cultural community. Therefore, the territory is not only a demarcation of jurisdiction, but the place to which this community is connected. The institutional aspect of local government is likely a universal feature. The nature and scope of the institutional structure of local governments are often also the result of standardised external authorising measures or decisions by other jurisdictions. Consequently, the structures may not necessarily resonate with the needs and resources of the sometimes diverse society that constitutes the inhabitants of such an area. In the case of Orania, the institutional structure of local government (the OVR and the Town Council) is directly determined by the community, as represented by various land entities, based on the community's specific needs and available resources. The performance of a limited range of local functions can also be considered a universal feature of local government. In this particular case, the functions of the relevant local government are determined by its decision-making bodies, such as the Town Council, in consultation with the community as represented by the various land entities. Consequently, typical local government functions are performed according to the community's needs and available resources. Non-typical local government functions, such as residence rights, are performed within the general scope of the 1996 Constitution of the Republic of South Africa and other national legislation. The analysis confirmed that Orania meets the characteristics consistent with the concept of "local government" as outlined in the conceptual framework. Additionally, viewing Orania through the theoretical lens of social ontology of care highlights that it is a human construct, making objective observation and description challenging. Orania is a network of interconnected individuals and social institutions situated within overlapping human, spiritual, natural, territorial, and political worlds. The authenticity of this existence lies in its concern for the affairs of the world in which it is situated and the conscientiousness with which it carries out its functions in conjunction with others. The case study shows that an authentic local government is one that forms an integral part of its local community and surrounding worlds, continually experiencing discomfort (anxiety) with the present, and responding to that anxiety with care, concern, and nurturing for society and its things.

Abstract This article seeks to discuss how human senses are capable of providing understanding and identification of realities, often neglected due to the exacerbated use of technologies to the detriment of human contact and face-to-face viewing. This is not an opposition to the use of technologies as auxiliary mechanisms in the research process, especially in data organization and analysis processes, since technology is necessary, inevitable and has become an important ally in the construction of scientific knowledge. However, the objective of this article is to discuss the dialogicity of qualitative research with the human senses - hearing, smell, taste, vision and touch and answer the research question: Can the senses be understood as fundamental categories in methodologies applied to qualitative research in a way that empirical? The methodological design was developed from a qualitative perspective of a bibliographic nature, with examples of cases in which the meanings are already explored by organizations, in addition to resuming studies initiated by Tuzzo et al. (2023) who discussed the dialogicity of qualitative research in relation to quantitative research, seeking to reflect on epistemological questions such as: How important is qualitative analysis in the context of research, especially empirical, and how can and should it assume a dialogic character with quantitative research actions? And what is qualitative about quantitative research? As a result, it was noticed that in qualitative research there is quantifiable information, without altering the research, so that quantitative research is also carried out in the light of qualitative processes. With regard to human senses and qualitative research, the results also point to dialogicity allowing new perspectives for investigation. We conclude that the senses are capable of interfering in research results, with a view to altering the perspective and perception of the researched and the researcher himself.

Resumo Esse artigo busca discutir como os sentidos humanos são capazes de proporcionar a compreensão e a identificação de realidades, muitas vezes negligenciadas em função do uso exacerbado das tecnologias em detrimento do contato humano e do olhar presencial. Não se trata de oposição ao uso das tecnologias como mecanismos auxiliares no processo de pesquisa, sobretudo, nos processos de organização e análises de dados, posto que a tecnologia é necessária, inevitável e tem se tornado aliada importante na construção do conhecimento científico. Contudo, o objetivo deste artigo é discutir a dialogicidade da pesquisa qualitativa com os sentidos humanos - audição, olfato, paladar, visão e tato e responder à questão de investigação: Podem os sentidos serem compreendidos como categorias fundamentais em metodologias aplicadas às pesquisas qualitativas de modo empírico? O desenho metodológico foi elaborado a partir da perspectiva qualitativa de caráter bibliográfico, com exemplos de casos em que os sentidos já são explorados pelas organizações, além de retomar estudos iniciados por Tuzzo et al. (2023) que discutiram a dialogicidade da pesquisa qualitativa em relação à pesquisa quantitativa, buscando refletir sobre questões epistemológicas como: Qual a importância da análise qualitativa no âmbito das pesquisas, sobretudo empíricas, e de que forma podem e devem assumir um caráter dialógico com as ações de pesquisa quantitativa? E ainda o que há de qualitativo na pesquisa quantitativa? Como resultados, percebeu-se que nas pesquisas qualitativas há informações quantificáveis, sem alteração da pesquisa, de modo que, também a pesquisa quantitativa se realiza à luz de processos qualitativos. No que diz respeito aos sentidos humanos e à pesquisa qualitativa, também os resultados apontam para uma dialogicidade permitindo novos prismas para a investigação. Concluímos que os sentidos são capazes de interferir nos resultados das pesquisas, tendo em vista alterar o olhar e a percepção do pesquisado e do próprio pesquisador.

Abstract: Preservationism and environmentalism appeared in Argentine cinema over forty years ago with the oeuvres of the filmmaker and politician Juan Schröder. The objective of this article is to analyze Inti Anti, Camino al Sol (Schröder, 1982) using contemporary theoretical concepts (such as Anthropocene, Capitalocene and anthropocentrism, among others). To describe and reflect on the place of human beings and their relationship with nature, with the production of works of art as a driving factor in raising awareness.

Resumen: El preservacionismo y ecologismo tuvo su aparición en el cine argentino hace poco más de cuarenta años con las obras del cineasta y político Juan Schröder. El objetivo de este artículo es analizar Inti Anti, camino al sol (Schröder, 1982) haciendo uso de conceptos teóricos contemporáneos como Antropoceno, Capitaloceno y antropocentrismo para describir y reflexionar sobre el lugar de los seres humanos y su relación con la naturaleza, con la producción de obras de arte como factor propulsor de sensibilización.

Abstract: The notion of natura took on a transcendental meaning in medieval times. Essentially, human beings did not belong to a natural order, but rather a supernatural one. Hence, the important thing was not the search for an orientation toward nature above all, but the subsequent adaptation to the supernatural. Mortals experienced freedom in the realm of nature, but natura did not guarantee them the measure of morality. Human nature thus received its ultimate identification beyond its natural being; that is, on the transcendental plane. Judeo-Christianity assigned the main role of creation to humanity and the more it participated in the divine likeness, the less it differed from the Creator, thus taking the path to redemption. This article will address the relationship between medieval conceptions of nature and the belief that human beings were the only species created “in the image and likeness of God.” Having discussed this link, it will examine from a philosophical perspective how this belief has resulted in what I have called “theo-narcissism” before indicating possible ways to overcome this problem.

Resumen: En la Época Medieval la noción de natura adquirió un sentido trascendente. El ser humano, en esencia, no pertenecía a un orden natural, sino a uno sobrenatural; de ahí que lo relevante no fuese ante todo la búsqueda de la orientación hacia la naturaleza, sino la adecuación ulterior a lo sobrenatural. En el ámbito de la naturaleza los mortales experimentaban libertad, pero la natura no les garantizaba la medida de la moralidad. La naturaleza humana recibió así su identificación última fuera de su ser natural, es decir, en el plano trascendente. El judeocristianismo le atribuyó al ser humano el rol principal de la creación y mientras más partícipe era de la semejanza divina menos se diferenciaba del Creador, encaminándose de esta manera a la redención. En este artículo se abordará la relación entre las concepciones medievales de la naturaleza y la creencia de que el ser humano fue la única especie creada ‘a imagen y semejanza de Dios’. Develado este vínculo, se sondeará, desde una perspectiva filosófica, cómo ha redundado esta creencia en lo que he denominado “teonarcisismo” con el objetivo de señalar, finalmente, posibles formas de superación de esta problemática.

Summary: This article initially set out to explore the composite notion of “sacred nature” from the assumption that its advocates can be found within an emerging environmental awareness. However, the term itself introduces the paradox of merging two orders of reality divided by Western thought. In this sense, the article offers an epistemological and ethical reflection. The epistemological reflection was enriched by an exploration of sanctity: here, nature appears as a hierophany where divine, human, and cosmic spheres converge, transcending the dichotomy between nature and the sacred. In the ethical reflection, three interconnected ideas were reviewed: the perception of nature’s sanctity based on a unitary and organic vision of reality; the reverential attitude toward nature implied in the latter perception; and the cosmic responsibility of humans to preserve the universe’s equilibrium. We conclude that a new cosmology and anthropology are emerging, but only in the form of myth, their logos still obscure. Therefore, examining the idea of sacred nature can unlock an experience and discourse able to turn the world into a home of reverential care.

Resumen El artículo se propuso indagar el término compuesto de naturaleza sagrada partiendo del supuesto que la naciente conciencia ecológica posee voces que abogan por ella. Sin embargo, la composición del término trae la paradoja de unir dos órdenes de realidad que occidente ha escindido. De esta manera, se expone una reflexión epistemológica y ética. La reflexión epistemológica se enriqueció con la pesquisa sobre lo sagrado. En ella se descubre a la naturaleza como una hierofanía donde convergen lo divino, lo humano y lo cósmico, por lo que se trasciende la dicotomía entre naturaleza y lo sagrado. En la reflexión ética se revisaron tres ideas interconectadas: la percepción de la sacralidad de la naturaleza se basa en una visión unitaria y orgánica de la realidad, esta percepción conlleva una actitud reverencial hacia la naturaleza que va acompañada de la responsabilidad cósmica del ser humano de mantener los equilibrios del universo. Se concluye que una nueva cosmología y antropología está emergiendo, pero están en el orden del mito, sus logos están todavía en la penumbra, de ahí que la indagación a la naturaleza sagrada puede abrir una experiencia y un discurso que permita hacer del mundo un hogar de cuidado reverencial.

Resumen El tráfico y el consumo de drogas es un desafío global que afecta a todas las sociedades en diferentes formas y dimensiones; su carácter multidimensional tiene un alto impacto en la salud de las poblaciones y en la economía de los países. Tan solo en 2021, se estimó que 296 millones de personas q q q consumieron drogas. Durante años, la política mundial de salud en materia de drogas estuvo centrada en la prohibición; sin embargo, en la actualidad se sabe que un enfoque de reducción de riesgos y daños, lejos de rechazar la abstinencia, reduce los efectos negativos del consumo de sustancias legales e ilegales, incluidas las muertes por sobredosis, lo cual trae grandes beneficios a la salud y al funcionamiento social de quienes las consumen. Este artículo brinda una comprensión integral del consumo de opioides, específicamente fentanilo, y recalca la necesidad de abordarlo a través de un enfoque integral que combine estrategias basadas en la evidencia, bajo el reconocimiento de que la salud es un derecho humano fundamental y una condición indispensable para el desarrollo.

Abstract Drug trafficking and use is a global challenge that affects all societies in different forms and dimensions. Its multidimensional nature has a high impact on the health of populations and the economies of countries. In 2021, it was estimated that 296 million people used drugs. For years, global health policy on drugs was focused on prohibition, however, we now know that a harm reduction approach, far from rejecting abstinence, reduces the negative effects of legal and illegal substance use, including overdose-related deaths. Harm reduction brings great health benefits and improves social functioning of those engaged in substance use. This article provides a comprehensive understanding of opioid use, specifically fentanyl, and emphasizes the need to address it through a comprehensive approach that combines evidence-based strategies, recognizing that health is a fundamental human right and an essential condition for development.

This paper considers the implications of migration to Europe for West African governments in relation to other forms of politically relevant mobilities. This helps to understand what governments in West Africa prioritize when it comes to migration policy. No doubt, there is an increasing European influence on the migration agenda. However, despite this influence, there are still other West African interests when it comes to migration governance. These are diverse, covering development and humanitarian concerns, and include pro-active diaspora policies, restrictive immigration regimes due to economic protectionism and security concerns, as well as protecting migrants and displaced people. Thus, different countries in the region have varying sets of political priorities, though underlined by a broader unpolitical nature of migration of the everyday. The paper is based on over 130 interviews with policymakers, politicians, civil society activists, and academic experts in Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, and the Gambia in 2019. It adds to the literature on the agency of migration states in the Global South.

Abstract In fundamental works such as On the Origin of Species (1859), The Descent of Man (1871) and The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals (1872), as well as in minor writings, Charles Darwin established a clear anti-anthropocentric position based on the evolutionary continuity between animals and humans, and between all organisms, including the human species. Nevertheless, several theorists of the modern evolutionary synthesis reinstated anthropocentrism within the theory of evolution, even at the expense of foundational Darwinian ideas. I will analyze the case to try to understand how what has been called the “second narcissistic wound” inflicted by Darwin on humanity operates in this attempt to make biology and anthropocentrism coincide in the twentieth century, against the thought of the father of biology. To understand contemporary anthropocentrism, we will follow some clues to know how, in our culture, there is an antinomy between two ideas produced at different moments of intellectual history: either that man is the center of nature or the exact opposite idea, escaping in certain aspects to his biology through exceptionality. Precisely, the thesis of biological continuity presented by Darwin is one of the most important marks of the epistemological revolution that bears his name, and yet the heirs of his revolution betray this thesis.

Resumen En obras fundamentales como On the Origin of Species (1859), The Descent of Man (1871) y The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals (1872), Charles Darwin establece un claro posicionamiento anti-antropocéntrico basado en la continuidad evolutiva entre animales-humanos, y entre todos los organismos incluyendo a la especie humana. No obstante, diversos teóricos de la síntesis evolutiva moderna, los neodarwinistas, entre ellos George Gaylord Simpson y Bernhard Rensch, vuelven a instaurar el antropocentrismo en el corazón de la teoría de la evolución, aun a expensas de ideas darwinianas fundacionales, restauradas por Stephen Jay Gould. Analizaré el caso para intentar comprender cómo lo que se ha llamado la “segunda herida narcisista” infringida por Darwin a la humanidad opera en este intento que busca hacer coincidir biología y antropocentrismo en el siglo XX, a costa del propio pensamiento del padre de la biología. Para dar sentido a esta reformulación del antropocentrismo contemporáneo, seguiremos algunas pistas para comprender cómo en la cultura occidental se produce una antinomia entre dos ideas producidas en diferentes momentos de su historia intelectual: que el hombre es el centro de la naturaleza y que no lo es, escapando en ciertos aspectos a su biología mediante la excepcionalidad. La tesis de la continuidad biológica presentada por Darwin es una de las marcas más importantes de la revolución epistemológica que lleva su nombre, y aun así los herederos de su revolución la traicionan.

Abstract The concept and design of urban spaces following the standard of hegemonic individuals is criticized by alternative lines of thought which conceive cities on the basis of human diversity. Such objections, however, disregard the fact that those individuals, as a primary distinctive feature, belong to the homo sapiens species, which has implications since the conception of territory and urban space is centered around those individuals. At the outset, this last aspect appears to be dilemmatic as we live among individuals forming part of different biological groups. Due to this fact, the aim of this essay is to analyse the concept of critical urban planning that takes a more intersectional and non-anthropocentric approach. I accordingly support the theories on disability which raise objections to the traditional urban planning framework based on city dwellers. I shall therefore critically consider the capacity-model reference, stating the anthropocentric reasons to reject the traditional way of thinking. I shall base my arguments on the reasons underlying the traditional framework, being speciesist in nature from the point of view of animal ethics, which actively interact with the notion of ableism based on a crip animal approach. Finally, I shall consider the political changes supporting the latest reflections related to animal rights, with a view to depicting their implications in the context of urban planning.

Resumen Los espacios urbanos responden a un modelo de sujeto hegemónico que es criticado por distintas corrientes que abogan por ciudades pensadas desde la diversidad humana. Sin embargo, esas objeciones suelen llevarse a cabo sin cuestionar que el primer rasgo de aquel sujeto es su pertenencia a la especie homo sapiens y que, en consecuencia, la cuestión tanto territorial como de la urbe se centra en él. Esto es problemático, ya que convivimos con individuos de diferentes grupos biológicos. A raíz de ello, mi objetivo es plantear la necesidad de un urbanismo crítico, interseccional y no antropocéntrico. Con ese fin, selecciono los cuestionamientos que recibe el modelo tradicional de habitante urbano por parte de las teorías de la discapacidad. Me detendré en el carácter capacitista del prototipo de referencia y las razones antropocéntricas que se emplean para su rechazo. Luego, argumentaré que esos motivos son especistas desde la perspectiva de la ética animal e interactúan con el capacitismo a la luz del enfoque animalista crip. Por último, daré paso al giro político para los derechos de los animales con la intención de exhibir sus implicancias en materia de urbanismo.

ABSTRACT In the Ecuadorian context, it has been confirmed that there are insufficiencies in the training process of Rhythmic Gymnastics coaches, since the actions undertaken regularly have an empirical nature, they are based on knowledge acquired over the years in development of said activity and do not always respond to the demand and needs of these coaches. Therefore, the objective is to model a set of scientific-methodological workshops for the professional training of Rhythmic Gymnastics coaches in Ecuador that influences the improvement of their performance. The result is expressed in the organization of training for coaches, from the formation of scientific-methodological workshops in which the interrelation of theoretical and practical knowledge is established, based on the characteristics of the teaching-learning process of Rhythmic Gymnastics with an innovative vision of these human resources that influence the improvement of sports results.

RESUMO No contexto equatoriano, constatou-se que existem insuficiências no processo de formação de treinadores de Ginástica Rítmica, uma vez que as ações realizadas regularmente têm caráter empírico, baseiam-se em conhecimentos adquiridos ao longo dos anos no desenvolvimento da referida atividade e nem sempre responder à procura e às necessidades destes treinadores. Portanto, o objetivo é modelar um conjunto de oficinas científico-metodológicas para a formação profissional de treinadores de Ginástica Rítmica no Equador que influenciem na melhoria de seu desempenho. O resultado se expressa na organização da formação de treinadores, a partir da formação de oficinas científico-metodológicas nas quais se estabelece a inter-relação de conhecimentos teóricos e práticos, a partir das características do processo de ensino-aprendizagem da Ginástica Rítmica com uma visão inovadora de estes recursos humanos que influenciam a melhoria dos resultados desportivos.

RESUMEN En el contexto ecuatoriano, se pudieron constatar insuficiencias en el proceso de capacitación de las entrenadoras de gimnasia rítmica, pues regularmente las acciones acometidas tuvieron carácter empírico, estuvieron sustentadas en conocimientos adquiridos a lo largo de los años en el desarrollo de dicha actividad, y no siempre respondieron a la demanda de necesidades de las entrenadoras. Por ello, se planteó como objetivo modelar un conjunto de talleres científico-metodológicos para la capacitación profesional de entrenadoras de gimnasia rítmica de Ecuador, que incida en el mejoramiento de su desempeño. El resultado se expresó en la organización de la capacitación para las entrenadoras, desde la conformación de talleres científico-metodológicos, en los que se estableció la interrelación de los conocimientos teóricos y prácticos, a partir de las características del proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje de la gimnasia rítmica y con una visión innovadora de estos recursos humanos, lo que incidió en el mejoramiento de los resultados deportivos.