Abstract The Cananéia-Iguape Estuarine-Lagoon Complex (CIELC) is an area of low anthropogenic impact; however, it is not completely isolated from human pressure, particularly in the northern sector. Considering this scenario, this study aims to identify the health of two catfish species Cathorops spixii and Genidens Genidens taking into account the hepatic pathological analysis and the accumulation of iron in the form of hemosiderin considering a temporal approach. Biometric measurements were taken, and the condition factor was obtained. The main liver alterations found in the two catfish species were necrosis, inflammation, hemorrhage, cytoplasmatic vacuolization, and pyknosis nuclei. Necrosis (2014: 57%; 2017: 71 %; and 2018: 20%) and pyknosis nuclei (2014: 86%; 2017: 43%; and 2018: 40%) was the most frequent alteration. However, cytoplasmatic vacuolization was the only change that was statistically significant over time. Regarding hemosiderin, catfish livers mostly presented a minimum degree of accumulation, which represents healthy results. Finally, histopathological observations in C. spixii and G. genidens catfish tissues are confirmed to be an efficient tool to evaluate the health of these fish and the changes induced by environmental conditions over the years. However, the absence of significant differences on the histopathological changes over time can suggest a physiological equilibrium of these fish in the CIELC. CananéiaIguape Cananéia Iguape EstuarineLagoon Estuarine Lagoon CIELC (CIELC impact however pressure sector scenario approach taken obtained necrosis inflammation hemorrhage 2014 (2014 57% 57 2017 7 % 2018 20% 20 86% 86 43% 43 40% 40 alteration However results Finally C G years 201 (201 5 2 8 4 (20 (2 (

Abstract Hepatic fibrosis is characterized by excessive deposition of collagen in the hepatic parenchyma, which disturbs the normal architecture and function. We have shown that human amniotic membrane (AM) can be used as a patch on the whole liver surface, resulting in an extremely significant reduction in collagen deposition. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of AM on the matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) and matrix metalloproteinase 12 (MMP12) genes and proteins expression by real time quantitative PCR and immunohistochemistry, respectively, as well as image analysis on biliary fibrosis induced in rats by the bile duct ligation (BDL).Two weeks after the BDL, an AM fragment was applied onto the liver, and four weeks later, the liver samples were collected. MMP9 and MMP12 genes were significantly over expressed in group treated with AM. The immunoexpression of MMP9 and MMP12 was observed in all groups. However, the quantitative image analysis demonstrated an increase of the area occupied only by MMP12 in the livers of AM-treated rats with respect to BDL rats. These findings suggest that the AM exerts its beneficial effects on biliary fibrosis by increasing the MMP12, which in turn reduces the excessive collagen deposition on liver tissue. parenchyma function (AM surface MMP (MMP9 1 (MMP12 immunohistochemistry respectively BDL.Two BDLTwo .Two Two later collected MMP1 groups However AMtreated tissue (MMP (MMP1

RESUMO Contexto A hepatite C é um relevante problema de saúde pública. A doença pode permanecer clinicamente silenciosa tanto na forma aguda como na crônica e as infecções crônicas podem progredir para doenças avançadas, tais como cirrose e carcinoma hepatocelular (CHC), requerendo tratamentos dispendiosos, comprometendo a qualidade de vida do paciente e até mesmo levando à morte. Por esta razão, é uma das indicações mais frequentes para o transplante hepático. Apesar da introdução do tratamento com antivirais de ação directa (AAD) representar um progresso notável, muitos pacientes não receberam o tratamento e continuam infectados, e mesmo aqueles que eliminaram a infecção viral devem ser seguidos devido às lesões hepáticas anteriores, especialmente no que diz respeito às alterações da arquitetura lobular e dos vasos sanguíneos e linfáticos. Objetivo Avaliar os aspectos imuno-histoquímicos dos brotos linfáticos e dos vasos linfáticos “maduros” com variáveis histológicas de lesão hepática atribuíveis ao vírus da hepatite C (VHC) e à doença gordurosa. Métodos O presente estudo incluiu 72 biópsias hepáticas em pacientes com hepatite C crônica. Foram analisadas alterações estruturais relativas a “estadiamento” e “atividade”. Reações imuno-histoquímicas foram realizadas com anticorpo D2-40 anti-podoplanina. As principais variáveis histológicas também foram semiquantificadas, de modo a permitir a procura de possíveis associações entre os critérios histológicos e imunohistoquímicos, bem como com os genótipos 1 e 3 do VHC. Resultados Os achados histológicos mostraram que os diferentes graus de alterações estrutural estavam bem representados nesta casuística. A atividade necro-inflamatória lobular/parenquimatosa foi predominantemente leve à moderada. A maioria dos casos não apresentava grandes evidências de doença gordurosa, que foi encontrada significativamente mais elevada nos casos infectados com o genótipo 3 do VHC. A quantidade de brotos linfáticos portais aumentou com a progressão de alterações estruturais, sendo máxima na cirrose. Os brotos linfáticos portais, bem como os vasos linfáticos “maduros” portais também mostraram um aumento paralelo ao aumento do grau de infiltrado inflamatório portal/septal. No presente estudo, não foi encontrada qualquer associação significativa entre a proporção de brotos linfáticos portais ou vasos linfáticos maduros portais e o grau de atividade periportal/periseptal. Não foram detectadas relações significativas entre os brotos linfáticos/vasos maduros e a atividade inflamatória periportal ou atividade inflamatória parenquimatosa, nem com infecções devido ao genótipo 1 ou 3 do VHC. Conclusão A reação imunohistoquímica com anticorpo monoclonal D2-40 possibilitou a visualização e a semiquantitação de brotos e vasos linfáticos “maduros” nas amostras obtidas por biópsia hepática. A quantidade de linfáticos aumentou ao longo do processo fibrogênico, significativamente relacionada com a progressão da doença hepática e máxima na cirrose. Não foram detectadas relações significativas com a atividade necro-inflamatória periportal ou parenquimatosa.

ABSTRACT Background Viral hepatitis C is a significant public health challenge. The disease may remain clinically silent in both acute and chronic forms, and chronic infections may progress to advanced disease such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, requiring costly treatment, compromising the patient’s quality of life and even leading to death. For this reason, it is one of the most frequent indications for liver transplantation. Although treatment with direct-acting antivirals represents remarkable progress, many patients are still infected and even those who cleared the viral infection must be followed due to their previous hepatic lesions, especially regarding the disturbances of lobular architecture and the sanguineal and lymphatic vessels. Objective To assess immunohistochemical aspects of lymphatic sprouts and mature lymphatic vascularity with histological variables of liver injury attributable to hepatitis C virus (HCV) and fatty disease. Methods The present study included 72 liver biopsies of cases with chronic hepatitis C. Morphologic changes reflecting “staging” and “activity” were analyzed. Immunohistochemical reactions were performed with monoclonal antibody D2-40 anti-podoplanin. Major histological variables were also semiquantified so as to enable the search for possible associations among histological and Immunohistochemical criteria, as well as with genotypes 1 and 3 of HCV. Results Histological findings showed that the different degrees of strutural changes were well represented in this casuistic. Intralobular/parenchymal necro-inflammatory activity was predominantly mild to moderate. Most cases did not show major evidences of fatty disease, which was found significantly higher in cases infected with HCV genotype 3. The amount of portal lymphatic sprouts increased along with the progression of structural changes, maximal at cirrhosis. Portal lymphatic sprouts as well as portal mature lymphatic vessels also showed an increase parallel to the increase in the degree of portal/septal inflammatory infiltrate. In the present study, no significant association was found between the proportion of portal lymphatic sprouts or portal mature lymphatic vessels and the degree of periportal/periseptal activity. No significant relations were detected between lymphatic sprouts/mature vessels and periportal or parenchymal inflammatory activity, nor with infections due to HCV genotype 1 or 3. Conclusion Visualization and semiquantitation of sprouts and mature lymphatic vessels were clearly yielded by Immunohistochemical staining with monoclonal antibody D2-40. The amount of lymphatics was increased along fibrogenic process, significantly related to progression of liver disease and maximal at cirrhosis. No significant relations were detected with necro-inflammatory activity at interface or in the parenchyma.

SUMMARY: Adverse events (AE) contribute significantly to postoperative morbidities and comorbidities. Many AEs occur due to a lack of anatomical knowledge and its variants. Latrogenic bile duct injuries, for instance, represent a serious surgical complication of laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Anatomical knowledge for the identification and adequate drainage of all ducts is relevant and fundamental in order to avoid future errors. The objective of the study was to morphometrically analyze the bile ducts in adult human corpses. 13 livers were extracted from adult human corpses to obtain the ducts: choledochal, common hepatic and cystic. After morphological analysis, duct measurements (length and diameter) were continued using a digital caliper. The data obtained were tabulated in SPSS 21 program, performing descriptive analysis with mean and standard deviation. The averages of bile ducts were 61.05 (± 16.43) mm in length and 3.86 (± 0.72) mm in diameter. The cystic duct length and diameter averages were 33.59 (± 12.29) mm and 3.40 (± 0.79) mm, respectively. The common hepatic ducts had an average of 30.02 (± 7.19) mm in length and 3.74 (± 1.18) mm in diameter. The analyzed samples presented different values ?? from those already described in the literature, where the length of the cystic ducts was greater, while the length of the common hepatic ducts was numerically smaller. This work is very significant, as the morphometric variability of the bile ducts allows for varying morphological situations that can compromise the hepatobiliar physiology.

RESUMEN: Los eventos adversos (EA) contribuyen significativamente a las morbilidades y comorbilidades postoperatorias. Muchos EA se deben a la falta de conocimiento de la anatomía y sus variaciones. Por ejemplo, las lesiones iatrogénicas de las vías biliares representan una complicación quirúrgica grave de la colecistectomía laparoscópica. El conocimiento anatómico para la identificación y drenaje adecuado de todos los conductos es relevante y fundamental para evitar futuros errores. El objetivo del estudio fue analizar morfométricamente las vías biliares en cadáveres humanos adultos. Se extrajeron 13 hígados de cadáveres humanos adultos y se retiraron los conductos: colédoco, hepático común y cístico. Después del análisis morfológico, se continuó con las mediciones de los conductos (longitud y diámetro) utilizando un calibrador digital. Los datos fueron tabulados en el programa SPSS 21, mediante análisis descriptivos con media y desviación estándar. Los promedios de las vías biliares fueron de 61,05 (± 16,43) mm de longitud y 3,86 (± 0,72) mm de diámetro. Los promedios de longitud y diámetro del conducto cístico fueron 33,59 (± 12,29) mm y 3,40 (± 0,79) mm, respectivamente. Los conductos hepáticos comunes tenían un promedio de 30,02 (± 7,19) mm de longitud y 3,74 (± 1,18) mm de diámetro. Las muestras analizadas presentaron valores diferentes a los ya descritos en la literatura, donde la longitud de los conductos císticos era mayor, mientras que la longitud de los conductos hepáticos comunes fue numéricamente menor. Este trabajo es significativo, debido a que la variabilidad morfométrica de las vías biliares y permite identificar situaciones morfológicas que pueden comprometer la fisiología hapatobiliar.

RESUMO: A hepatite E é uma enfermidade emergente de caráter zoonótico causada pelo Vírus da Hepatite E (HEV). A imuno-histoquímica (IHQ) pode ser utilizada para verificar a presença viral em fígados de humanos e suínos. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar comparativamente a imunomarcação da proteína ORF2 (pORF2) versus proteína ORF3 (pORF3) de HEV em fígados de suínos de criatórios de subsistência no estado de Mato Grosso, Brasil. Este trabalho incluiu 25 amostras de fígados de suínos fixados em formol e embebidos em parafina provenientes de um estudo publicado de detecção molecular e imuno-histoquímica (IHQ), que utilizou pORF3 de HEV, demonstrando 4% (1/25) de imunomarcação positiva e 96% (24/25) negativa, em contraste com o exame molecular que apresentou 24% (6/25) das amostras de fígado positivas e 76% (19/25) negativas. Com o objetivo de aumentar a sensibilidade da técnica de IHQ, essas amostras foram analisadas utilizando o anticorpo para detecção da pORF2 de HEV, apresentando 24% (6/25) de imunomarcação positiva e 76% (19/25) negativa, equivalente ao resultado da análise molecular em amostras correspondentes. Desta forma, o uso do anticorpo para pORF2 ampliou o número de casos de HEV detectáveis na IHQ em 600%. A IHQ somada a técnica molecular pode ser utilizada como ferramenta de monitoramento da presença viral em fígados de suínos, constituindo uma metodologia diagnóstica sensível quando há disponibilidade de amostras de fígado fixadas em formol e embebidas em parafina.

ABSTRACT: Hepatitis E is an emerging zoonotic disease caused by hepatitis E virus (HEV). Immunohistochemistry (IHC) can be used to verify viral presence in human and swine livers. The aim of this study was to comparatively analyze the immunolabeling of the ORF2 protein (pORF2) versus the ORF3 protein (pORF3) of HEV in swine livers from subsistence farms in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil. This study included 25 liver samples formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissue block from a published molecular detection and immunohistochemistry (IHC) study, which used the HEV pORF3 protein, demonstrating 4% (1/25) of positive immunolabeling and 96% (24/25) negative, in contrast to the molecular exam that showed 24% (6/25) of liver samples positive and 76% (19/25) negative. In order to increase the sensitivity of the IHC technique, these samples were analyzed using the antibody for the detection of HEV pORF2, showing 24% (6/25) immunolabeling positive and 76% (19/25) negative, equivalent to the result of molecular analysis on corresponding samples. Thus, the use of antibody to pORF2 increased the number of HEV cases detectable in the IHC by 600%. The IHC added to molecular techniques can be used as a tool for monitoring viral presence in swine livers, constituting a sensitive diagnostic methodology when liver samples fixed in formalin and embedded in paraffin are available.

ABSTRACT The objective of the study was to determine the presence of ivermectin residues in liver tissue of alpacas in an abattoir in the province of Caylloma, department of Arequipa, Peru. In total, 50 liver samples were collected and evaluated by competitive ELISA technique with a commercial kit. In addition, information was collected on the origin of the alpacas (Challhuanca, Tocra); age (less than 2 years, between 2-3 years, more than 3-4 years, and more than 4 years); sex (male or female) and breed (Huacaya or Suri). Results showed that 10% of livers were found to be positive for ivermectin residues with values that were above the Maximum Residue Limit established by the Codex Alimentarius for alpaca liver tissue (15 µg/kg). Positive samples contained levels between 17.28 to 79.10 µg/kg of ivermectin residues. Positive results were found for liver samples from different origin, age group, sex and breed, without finding a significant association with the presence of ivermectin residues. The results found suggest the need to implement residue control strategies at the slaughterhouse level to improve the safety conditions of food for human consumption.

RESUMEN El objetivo del estudio fue determinar la presencia de residuos de ivermectina en tejido hepático de alpacas sacrificadas en un matadero de la provincia de Caylloma, departamento de Arequipa Perú. Se recolectaron 50 muestras de hígados que fueron evaluadas mediante la técnica de ELISA competitiva con un kit comercial. Además, se recopiló información sobre la procedencia de las alpacas (Challhuanca, Tocra); edad (menos de 2 años, entre 2-3 años, más de 3-4 años y mayor de 4 años); sexo (macho o hembra) y raza (Huacaya o Suri). Se encontró 10% de hígados positivo para residuos de ivermectina con valores que estuvieron por encima del Límite Máximo de Residuos establecido por el Codex Alimentarius para tejido hepático de alpacas (15 µg/kg). Las muestras positivas contenían niveles entre 17.28 a 79.10 µg/kg de residuos de ivermectina. Se encontró resultados positivos para muestras de hígado de diferentes procedencias, grupo etario, sexo y raza, sin encontrar asociación significativa con la presencia de residuos de ivermectinas. Los resultados encontrados sugieren la necesidad de implementar estrategias de control de residuos a nivel de los mataderos en busca de mejorar las condiciones de inocuidad de los alimentos destinados a consumo humano.

RESUMO Objetivo A deficiência de ferro e de vitamina A são duas das principais deficiências de micronutrientes, sendo que ambos são essenciais para a vida humana e o desenvolvimento das crianças. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar o efeito da deficiência de vitamina A na expressão de ferritina e o receptor de transferrina e sua relação com a deficiência de ferro. Métodos Cinco dietas com diferentes proporções de vitamina A para ferro foram administradas a 35 ratos Wistar machos de 21 dias de vida (sete animais por grupo). Os animais receberam a dieta por seis semanas antes de serem eutanasiados. Os níveis séricos de ferro e retinol foram medidos como parâmetros bioquímicos. Duodeno, baço e fígado foram analisados quanto à expressão de ferritina e o receptor de transferrina por Western Blotting. Resultados Em relação aos parâmetros bioquímicos, os resultados mostram que quando a vitamina A e o ferro são insuficientes, o teor de ferro sérico (74.74µg/dL) é significativamente menor do que no grupo controle (255.86µg/dL). Os resultados também mostram que a deficiência de vitamina A não influencia a expressão do receptor da transferrina, mas da ferritina. Conclusão A deficiência de vitamina A regula a expressão de ferritina em ratos Wistar machos jovens.

ABSTRACT Objective Iron deficiency and vitamin A deficiency are two of the main micronutrient deficiencies. Both micronutrients are essential for human life and children's development. This study aimed to investigate the effects of vitamin A deficiency on ferritin and transferrin receptors' expression and its relationship with iron deficiency. Methods Five diets with different vitamin A-to-iron ratios were given to thirty five 21-day-old male Wistar rats (separated in groups of seven animals each). The animals received the diet for six weeks before being euthanized. Serum iron and retinol levels were measured as biochemical parameters. Their duodenums, spleens, and livers were analyzed for the expression of ferritin and transferrin receptors by Western Blotting. Results Regarding biochemical parameters, the results show that when both vitamin A and iron are insufficient, the serum iron content (74.74µg/dL) is significantly lower than the control group (255.86µg/dL). The results also show that vitamin A deficiency does not influence the expression of the transferrin receptor, but only of the ferritin one. Conclusion Vitamin A deficiency regulates the expression of ferritin in young male Wistar rats.

Endogenous and environmental factors can influence the lipid contents of fishes among which, in the Amazon River, seasonal dynamics influences stand out. Herein, nine most consumed Amazonian fish species had their lipid composition evaluated in terms of effects of tissue, season and eating habits. Higher amounts of lipids were obtained from fish livers than dorsal muscles. Statistical analysis has shown that Amazonian fishes presented different lipid profiles according to their eating habits, which mainly comprised saturated fatty acids to distinguish detritivorous livers, and linolenic acid, cholesterol, polar lipids for carnivorous and piscivorous fish muscles. Furthermore, in Amazonian fish, some very important lipids for human nutrition were found, such as w-3 and w-6 fatty acids whose availability depended on the tissue metabolism and fishes’ eating habit along with the seasonal periods. For example, our findings indicated that the piscivorous fish C. monoculus presented higher levels of linoleic acid for livers than linolenic acid and the opposite occurred for muscles. The w-6 and w-3 fatty acids ratio was influenced by the season dynamic of the Amazon River and availability of food according to each specific eating habit, pointing mainly to the piscivorous fishes as the healthiest fish for human consumption.

SUMMARY: This study aims at understanding the vascularization of the human liver to determine the correct way to divide it into "divisions" (sectors) and segments, for which we dissected 250 livers using the acrylic resin injection method. The results showed the role of the “Porta hepatis” in the hepatic vascular distribution, the existence of seven vascular pedicles for seven portal segments, and the role of portal fissures in the parenchymal division of the liver. Our research provides the definition of a portal segment and demonstrates the role of the hepatic portal vein in originating any liver parenchymal division.

RESUMEN: Quisimos estudiar la vascularización del hígado humano para determinar la forma correcta de dividirlo en “divisiones” y segmentos, para lo cual disecamos 250 hígados usando técnicas de inyección acrílica. Los resultados mostraron la función de la Porta hepatis en la distribución vascular del hígado, la existencia de siete pedículos vasculares para siete segmentos portales, y el rol de las fisuras portales en la división parenquimal del hígado. Ofrecemos la definición de lo que es un segmento portal y demostramos el rol de la vena porta hepática en originar cualquier división parenquimal del hígado.

RESUMO: Este estudo objetivou avaliar o efeito hepatoprotetor do extrato etanólico da própolis vermelha da abelha Apis mellifera, obtido em quatro municípios do semiárido do Rio Grande do Norte, mediante avaliação in vitro do potencial antineoplásico em linhagens de células de carcinoma hepático humano (HepG2) e em linhagens de células normais (L929), além do ensaio cometa em linhagens de células hepáticas (hepatócitos ZF-L) para avaliar o potencial genoprotetor do extrato. O efeito hepatoprotetor também foi avaliado in vivo através da indução de lesões hepática experimental crônica em roedores da espécie Rattus norvegicus (Berkenhout, 1769), linhagem Wistar, pela administração intraperitoneal de tioacetamida (TAA) na dose de 0,2g/kg. Os animais foram distribuídos nos seguintes grupos experimentais: G1 (controle), G2 (tratados com 500mg/kg de extrato etanólico da própolis), G3 (tratados com 500mg/kg de extrato etanólico e TAA) e G4 (tratados com TAA). Todos os ratos foram submetidos aos exames bioquímico sérico, anatomopatológico macroscópico, histológico e esteriológico do fígado. Foi constatado o efeito genoprotetor da própolis vermelha uma vez que as médias dos danos promovidos ao DNA em células testadas com o extrato foram significativamente inferiores à média dos danos do controle positivo (peróxido de hidrogênio). O extrato da própolis vermelha não apresentou atividade citotóxica para células tumorais de câncer de fígado humano, bem como para normais. A ausência de citotoxicidade em células normais, tal como constatado, pode indicar segurança no uso do extrato da própolis. Os resultados da avaliação bioquímica sérica demonstraram que os níveis séricos das enzimas aminotransferase (AST) não diferiram significativamente entre G1, G2 e G3, quando comparadas entre si. No G4 houve aumento significativo dos níveis em relação aos demais grupos, indicando que a administração do extrato não causou toxicidade hepática, bem como exerceu efeito hepatoprotetor frente ao dano hepático induzido pela TAA. Os animais dos G3 e G4 desenvolveram cirrose, porém no G3 os fígados caracterizaram-se pela presença de pequenos nódulos regenerativos e nivelados com a superfície do órgão, enquanto que no G4 os fígados apresentaram grandes nódulos regenerativos. Os fígados dos animais G1 e G2 apresentaram aspecto histológico normal, enquanto que os fígados dos animais do G3 apresentaram nódulos regenerativos circundados por finos septos de tecido conjuntivo, e nos do G4 os nódulos regenerativos foram circundados por espessos septos de tecido conjuntivo fibroso. A análise dos tecidos hepáticos por meio de estereologia mostrou que não houve diferença estatística entre o percentual de hepatócitos, sinusoides e colágenos nos G1 e G2. No G3 o percentual de hepatócitos, sinusoides e colágeno não diferiu significativamente dos demais grupos. Concluiu-se que o extrato etanólico da própolis vermelha exerceu efeito genoprotetor, por promover in vitro redução do dano ao DNA de células hepáticas, atividade antineoplásica em linhagem celular de carcinoma hepatocelular humano (HepG2) e não exerceu efeito citotóxico em células normais ou efeito hepatoprotetor in vivo com diminuição da gravidade da cirrose induzida por TAA.

ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to evaluate the hepatoprotective effect of the honey bee Apis mellifera ethanolic extract of the red propolis, obtained in four municipalities of the Rio Grande do Norte semi-arid region, through an in vitro evaluation of the antineoplastic potential in human hepatic carcinoma (HepG2) and normal cell lines (L929), and from the comet assay in hepatic cell lines (ZF-L hepatocytes) to evaluate the genoprotective potential of the extract. The hepatoprotective effect was also evaluated in vivo by the induction of chronic experimental hepatic lesions in rodents (Rattus norvegicus Berkenhout, 1769), Wistar line, by intraperitoneal administration of thioacetamide (TAA) at the dose of 0.2g/kg. The animals were distributed in the following experimental groups: G1 (control), G2 (treated with 500mg/kg ethanolic extract of propolis), G3 (treated with 500mg/kg of ethanolic extract and TAA) and G4 (treated with TAA). All rats were submitted to serum biochemical, macroscopic, histological and stereological biochemical exams of the liver. It was verified the genoprotective effect of red propolis since the mean damages promoted to DNA in cells tested with the extract were significantly lower than the mean of the positive control damage (hydrogen peroxide). The red propolis extract did not present cytotoxic activity to the tumor cells of human liver cancer, as well as to normal ones. The absence of cytotoxicity in normal cells may indicate safety in the use of the propolis extract. The results of the serum biochemical evaluation showed that the serum levels of the aminotransferase enzymes (AST) did not differ significantly between G1, G2 and G3 when compared to each other. G4 showed significant increase in levels compared to the other groups, indicating that the administration of the extract did not cause liver toxicity, as well as exerted hepatoprotective effect against the hepatic damage induced by TAA. The G3 and G4 animals developed cirrhosis, but in G3 the livers were characterized by the presence of small regenerative nodules and level with the surface of the organ, whereas in G4 the livers showed large regenerative nodules. The livers of the G1 and G2 animals presented normal histological appearance, whereas the livers of the G3 animals showed regenerative nodules surrounded by thin septa of connective tissue, and in G4 the regenerative nodules were surrounded by thick septa fibrous connective tissue. The analysis of the hepatic tissues by means of stereology showed that there was no statistical difference between the percentage of hepatocytes, sinusoids, and collagens in G1 and G2. In G3 the percentage of hepatocytes, sinusoids, and collagen did not differ significantly from the other groups. It was concluded that the ethanolic extract of the red propolis exerted a hepatoprotective effect, because it promoted in vitro reduction of the damage to the DNA of liver cells, antineoplastic activity in human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (HepG2) and did not exert cytotoxic effect in normal cells or was able to reduce liver enzyme activity and the severity of cirrhosis induced by TAA in vivo.

RESUMO: A infecção por Fasciola hepatica é uma importante causa de prejuízos econômicos para o setor pecuário no Brasil e em outros países. Em frigoríficos, as perdas estão relacionadas principalmente a condenação dos fígados, porém acredita-se que esses prejuízos possam se estender a perdas no rendimento de carcaça e durante a vida produtiva do animal. Durante o período de julho de 2016 a novembro de 2017 foram realizados acompanhamentos periódicos mensais em três frigoríficos, os quais, possuem uma rotina diária de aproximadamente 15-20 abates. Após a coleta de dados, pesagem e avaliação dos fígados foram realizados estudos estatísticos para determinação da prevalência e mensuração dos prejuízos econômicos causados por fasciolose pela condenação do órgão de eleição do parasito. Dos 210 fígados avaliados, 79 (37,6%) foram condenados devido a presença de F. hepatica, 87 (41,4%) foram considerados próprios para consumo humano e 44 (20,9%) impróprios por alguma outra alteração macroscópica. O objetivo deste estudo foi estimar a prevalência da fasciolose, e associar os aspectos epidemiológicos e clinico patológicos, além de estimar os prejuízos econômicos causados pela doença. Estima-se que as perdas na mesorregião Sudeste Rio-grandense possam chegar à R$ 36.943.532,60 (37,6%; IC.95% = 30.753.525,80-43.526.55,65) ou US$ 11.437.626,20 (37,6%; IC.95% = 9.521.215,40-13.475.713,80) somente devido a condenação de fígados.

ABSTRACT: Infection by Fasciola hepatica is an important cause of economic loss in cattle raised in Brazil and others countries. In slaughterhouses, the losses are mainly associated with condemnation of livers; however, it is believed that these losses can extend to diminished carcass yield and productivity throughout the life of the animals. Three slaughterhouses with a daily routine of approximately 15-20 cattle slaughters were monitored from July 2016 to November 2017. After sample collection, weighing, and liver assessment, statistical studies were conducted to determine disease prevalence and measurement of economic losses caused by fasciolosis through condemnation of the organ of choice of the parasite. Of the 210 livers assessed, 79 (37.6%) were condemned because of presence of F. hepatica, 87 (41.4%) were considered appropriate for human consumption, and 44 (20.9%) were considered inappropriate because of some other macroscopic lesions. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of fasciolosis, correlate epidemiological and clinical-pathological aspects, and estimate the economic losses caused by the disease. It is estimated that the losses in southwestern Rio Grande do Sul state could reach R$ 36,943,532.60 (37.6%; 95% CI = 30,753,525.80 - 43,526,55.65) or US$ 11,437,626.20 (37.6%; 95% CI = 9,521,215.40 - 13,475,713.80) only because of condemnation of livers.

SUMMARY: We present definitions and proposals in relation to the anatomy of the liver based on our investigation using dissection, acrylic injection, tomographic and radiological studies of 286 human livers of sexes, different races and ages ranging from fetuses to octogenarians. We define: 1) Portal segment, 2) Portal pedicle, segmental pedicle, 3) Portal fissures, 4) Porta Hepatis or Lower hepatic hilum, 5) Groups of hepatic return veins, 6) Left hepatic vein pathway and 7) Aberrant bile duct. We propose: 1) Segment V only formant of the right medial division, 2) Seven terminal segmental portal branches, 3) Segmental arterial irrigation, 4) Formation of bile ducts, 5) Change the denomination of main portal fissure by intermediate portal fissure , 6) Include within the concept "umbilical fissure" the fissure of the round ligament and fissure of the venous ligament, 7) Horizontal portal fissures, 8) Veins that drain in the inferior vena Cava, 9) Do not call the posterior portion of the liver (A05.8.01.043) to the caudate lobe.

RESUMEN: Presentamos definiciones y propuestas en relación a la anatomía del hígado basados en los resultados de estudiar 286 hígados humanos de ambos sexos, diferentes razas y edades que van desde fetos hasta octogenarios, mediante disección, inyección acrílica, radiología y reconstrucciones tomográficas tridimensionales. Definimos: 1) Segmento portal, 2) Pedículo portal, pedículo segmentario, 3) Fisuras portales, 4) Porta hepática o hilio hepático inferior, 5) Grupos de las venas hepáticas de retorno, 6) Trayecto de la vena hepática izquierda y 7) Conductos biliares aberrantes. Proponemos: 1) Segmento V único formante de la división medial derecha, 2) Siete ramas portales segmentarias terminales para siete segmentos, 3) Irrigación arterial segmentaria, 4) Formación de los conductos biliares, 5) Cambiar la denominación de fisura portal principal por fisura portal intermedia, 6) Incluir dentro del concepto “Fisura umbilical” a la fisura del ligamento redondo y la fisura del ligamento venoso, 7) Fisuras portales horizontales, 8) Venas que drenan en la Cava inferior, 9) No denominar Porción posterior del hígado (A05.8.01.043) al lóbulo caudado.

SUMMARY: Accurate anatomical knowledge is necessary for liver surgery. Much of the knowledge about the left portion of the liver in the anatomy, surgery and internet texts must be improved and enriched; we propose to do this with this work. We studied 286 human livers that allowed us to determine further knowledge, along with the following information: 1) The left liver portion was larger than the right liver in 21 % of cases. 2) The left portion of the liver was formed by the first four portal segments (79 %) or by the first five (21 %). 3) The umbilical fissure tilted 50 degrees to the left relative to the sagittal plane of the liver and did not contain the left hepatic vein in 100 % of cases. 4) The left hepatic vein had an intrasegmental path and presented three drainage modalities. 5) Arterial irrigation of the left segments I and IV were born from the right branch in 16 % and from both branches in 24 %. 6) Bile drainage of right segments VI-VII reached the left hepatic canal in 21 % of cases. These results were different from the knowledge contained in the human anatomy texts used in medical schools at the general level.

RESUMEN: El conocimiento anatómico es necesario para la cirugía hepática. Los conocimientos acerca de la porción izquierda del hígado que aparecen en los textos de anatomía, cirugía y en la Internet deben ser mejorados y enriquecidos, proponemos hacerlo con este trabajo. Se estudiaron 286 hígados humanos que nos permitieron determinar entre otros conocimientos los siguientes: La porción izquierda del hígado fue más grande que la derecha en 21 % de casos. 2) La porción izquierda del hígado estuvo formada por los cuatro primeros segmentos portales (79 %) o por los cinco primeros (21 %). 3) La fisura umbilical se inclinó 50 grados hacia la izquierda en relación al plano sagital del hígado y no contuvo a la vena hepática izquierda en 100 % de casos. 4) La vena hepática izquierda tuvo un trayecto intrasegmentario y presentó tres modalidades de drenaje. 5) La irrigación arterial de los segmentos izquierdos I y IV nació de la rama derecha en 16 % y de ambas ramas en 24 %. 6) El drenaje biliar de los segmentos derechos VI-VII llegó al conducto hepático izquierdo en 21 % de casos. Estos resultados fueron diferentes de los conocimientos que figuran en los textos de anatomía humana usados en las Escuelas de Medicina a nivel general.

RESUMO: Foram verificados a sensibilidade antimicrobiana e o índice de patogenicidade de 90 amostras de Escherichia coli isoladas do fígado e do intestino de pintainhas de postura comercial com diarreia. Para avaliar a sensibilidade antimicrobiana, todas as amostras foram submetidas ao teste de susceptibilidade antimicrobiana por meio de 11 drogas comerciais. Os resultados demonstraram que nenhuma das estirpes foi sensível a todos os antimicrobianos testados. Todas as amostras apontaram resistência a duas ou mais drogas. De acordo com o índice de mortalidade das aves, o teste de patogenicidade in vivo classificou as estirpes em quatro classes: alta, intermediária, baixa e não patogênica. O teste revelou que 23 (25,5%) das amostras foram de alta patogenicidade, 21 (23,3%) de patogenicidade intermediária, 23 (25,5%) de baixa patogenicidade e 23 (25,5%) não patogênicas. Quando os resultados das classes de patogenicidade dos isolados foram associados à sensibilidade antimicrobiana, estirpes não patogênicas apresentaram menor sensibilidade ao antimicrobiano ampicilina e maior sensibilidade ao antimicrobiano estreptomicina, quando comparadas com as estirpes das demais classes de patogenicidade. Estirpes não patogênicas exibiram resistência a vários antimicrobianos, representando um alerta para a avicultura, uma vez que essas bactérias podem adquirir genes de virulência e, assim, infectar aves, outros animais e até mesmo o seres humanos.

ABSTRACT: Antimicrobial sensitivity and pathogenicity level of 90 strains of Escherichia coli isolated from livers and intestines from commercial layer hens presenting diarrhea were analyzed. To evaluate the antimicrobial susceptibility, all samples were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing using 11 commercial drugs. The results have showed none of the strains was susceptible to all antibiotics tested. All samples showed resistance to two or more drugs. According to the mortality rate of the birds, the in-vivo pathogenicity test classifies the strains into four classes: high, intermediate, low and nonpathogenic. The test has showed 23 (25.5%) of the samples were highly pathogenic, 21 (23.3%) of intermediate pathogenicity, 23 (25.5%) low pathogenic, and 23 (25.5%) non-pathogenic. When the results of the classes of pathogenicity from isolates have been associated with antimicrobial susceptibility, nonpathogenic strains were less sensitive to the antibiotic ampicillin and increased sensitive to streptomycin antimicrobial compared to the others classes of pathogenic. Nonpathogenic strains showed resistance to many antimicrobials, an alert for poultry, since these bacteria might acquire the virulence genes and infect birds, others animals and even human beings.

Abstract INTRODUCTION Immunogenicity of Schistosoma mansoni egg surface was examined to determine whether intact eggshells have lower antigenicity than ruptured eggs. METHODS: Swiss Webster mice were inoculated with intact or ultrasonicated S. mansoni eggs isolated from infected human feces. Mice were separated into four groups of six animals each and immunizations were performed approximately every 20 days during a 60-day period. Groups 1-4 were administered with saline solution, sonicated eggs with Freund’s adjuvant, sonicated eggs without Freund’s adjuvant, and intact eggs, respectively. IgG humoral immune response was assessed by ELISA using Soluble Egg Antigen produced from eggs isolated from the livers of infected mice. RESULTS Sonicated eggs co-administered with adjuvant induced the highest humoral response at 58 days, which was 11.9-fold (95% CI 6.2-17.5) greater than the response induced by saline solution. Sonicated eggs without adjuvant induced a 4.3-fold stronger response (95% CI 2.4-6.2) than normal saline. Intact eggs induced humoral response that was nominally twice stronger (95% CI 0.8-3.2) than that induced by normal saline but the effect did not reach statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS Soluble antigens are not abundant on the surface of S. mansoni eggs and/or are not secreted in sufficient quantities to induce a significant immune response to intact eggs. Assuming that isolation procedures had not damaged the eggs used for inoculation, our observations suggest that intact eggs either do not induce a significant immune response or, if they do, the mechanism involves insoluble antigens from the egg surface.