Abstract Using the multilevel and multi-stakeholder governance approach, this article investigates the effective promotion of sustainable development in the Northeast of Uruguay in the departments of Tacuarembó, Rivera and Cerro Largo. This development is approached from the perspective of integrated water resources management (IWRM) and waste management (WRM), through a case study that includes participant observation and interviews with key actors within the territory. Although the three departments share a territorial and human development backlog, what really differentiates them are the weaknesses and tensions to generate agreements and resolutions, as well as the different levels of multi-stakeholder articulation with regulations, plans, public policies and the respective instances. The conclusions warn that these internal dynamics affect the response capacity and decision making of the three departments with a view to IWRM and WRM.

Resumen Empleando el enfoque de la gobernanza multinivel y multiactoral, este artículo indaga por la efectiva promoción del desarrollo sostenible en el Noreste de Uruguay, específicamente en los departamentos de Tacuarembó, Rivera y Cerro Largo. Este desarrollo se aborda desde la gestión integrada de recursos hídricos (GIRH) y de residuos (GIR), mediante un estudio de caso que incluye observación participante y entrevistas a actores clave. Aunque los tres departamentos comparten un rezago territorial y de desarrollo humano, lo que realmente los diferencia son las debilidades y tensiones para generar acuerdos y resoluciones, así como los diferentes niveles de articulación multiactoral con la normativa, los planes, las políticas públicas y las instancias respectivas. Las conclusiones advierten que estas dinámicas internas afectan la capacidad de respuesta y la toma de decisiones de los tres departamentos en relación con la GIRH y la GIR.

Abstract The evolution evidenced worldwide has generated a new way of acting on the part of human beings, to the point that all strategic sectors of society need to assimilate and implement new methodologies and strategies that allow them to optimally leverage resources and human talent. Education is a fundamental pillar that has benefited from these updates; a clear example is the application of didactic strategies to foster critical thinking and the development of communication skills. The implementation of innovative strategies allows students to improve their reasoning, analysis, synthesis, and other skills that contribute to their academic, personal, and professional growth. Different social contexts require individuals to adequately articulate the various concepts and ideas that arise from the assimilation of information. In this sense, the present study conducts a systematic literature review on didactic strategies to promote critical thinking in the development of communication competencies; the SALSA method is used to develop the proposed work, which consists of four important stages to identify the current situation of the topic.

Resumen La evolución que se evidencia a nivel mundial ha generado una nueva forma de actuar por parte del ser humano, a tal punto que todos los sectores estratégicos de la sociedad necesitan asimilar e insertar nuevas metodologías y estrategias que les permitan aprovechar de manera óptima los recursos y el talento humano. La educación es un pilar fundamental que se ha beneficiado con estas actualizaciones, muestra de ello es la aplicación de estrategias didácticas para fomentar el pensamiento crítico y el desarrollo de las competencias comunicacionales. La implementación de novedosas estrategias permite a los estudiantes mejorar su razonamiento, análisis, síntesis y otras habilidades que les ayudan a su crecimiento académico, personal y profesional. Los distintos contextos sociales exigen que las personas necesiten exteriorizar de manera adecuada los distintos conceptos e ideas que surgen a partir de la asimilación de la información. En tal sentido, el presente estudio realizó una revisión sistemática de literatura sobre las estrategias didácticas para fomentar el pensamiento crítico en el desarrollo de competencias comunicacionales; se utilizó el método SALSA para desarrollar el trabajo propuesto, el mismo que constó de cuatro etapas importantes para identificar la situación actual del tema.

ABSTRACT Cacti are plants native to the Americas, characterized for their numerous nutritional and functional values, their multiple uses, and their unique morphology and physiology, which allow them to grow and thrive under dry environments with extreme temperatures and in poor soils. Climate Change is imposing great challenges on research and development in agriculture to maintain productivity using sustainable production systems to cope with human population increases. Several strategies are currently being developed to cope with this problem, being domesticating of new species one strategy, particularly if one uses native cacti species. Chile is particularly rich in endemic cacti species. After studying fruit and ethnobotanical characteristics six species were selected for further studies: Corryocactus brevistylus vernacular named “rumba”; Leucostele atacamensis “pasacana”; Airampoa ayrampo “ayrampo”; Browningia candelaris “sabaya”; Eulychnia iquiquensis, “copao de Iquique”; and Haageocereus chilensis “tunilla” which are native cactus species distributed mainly, but not exclusively, in Northern Chile. Their fruits are edible with functional properties or can be used as natural food colorants, characteristics that makes them suitable for domestication. Fruits of C. brevistylus, H. chilensis and L. atacamensis can be consumed fresh, with L. atacamensis having a very high antioxidant capacity. Airampoa ayrampo, on the other hand, has potential as a natural red-purple food colorant. This work shows specific analytical data related to the proportion of pulp in the fruit of these species, and the presence of functional compounds with antioxidant capacity, such as vitamin C and phenolics compounds.

ABSTRACT Medicinal plants (MP) are used in various forms (teas, tinctures, creams, food supplements, etc.), with a single purpose, that of improving the quality of human life from birth to senescence. The choice of the species Cassia angustifolia Vahl, to be introduced into culture and for the development of mechanized cultivation technology is argued by the high demand for ecological raw material, correlated with climate changes. Establishing the optimal planting distance is very important in crop management to improve plant growth and yield. In this study, the effects of planting density on the growth and yield of C. angustifolia plants were evaluated in the edaphoclimatic conditions of Brasov, Romania. The experiment included three factors: Factor A - experimental year: 5 April 2016 (A1), 11 April 2017 (A2), 4 April 2018 (A3). Factor B - Distance row by row (RR): 25 (B1), 50 (B2), and 70 cm (B3). Factor C - Distance plant by plant (PP): Continuous row (C1), 15 cm (C2), and 25 cm (C3). Three years’ data indicated that plant density of 25 (RR) × continuous row (PP) resulted in obtaining the highest yield of fresh (48.33 t ha-1) and dry (7.93 t ha-1) biomass. Increasing planting density increased individual plant development (height, number of branches and weight), but reduced yield of biomass.

ABSTRACT Intersectoral collaboration for health educational practices in the school environment is strengthened by the School Health Program. The objective of this study is to understand the development of educational practices on STI/HIV/AIDS carried out in schools from the perspective of the multidis-ciplinary health team, in light of complex thinking. This is a qualitative study that used constructivist grounded theory as an analysis method. Intensive interviews were carried out with 35 health professionals in two sample groups, audio-recorded, transcribed and analyzed, in three stages of coding: initial, focused and theoretical. The central category ‘Revealing the development of educational practices in STI/HIV/AIDS within the school’ emerges from nine subcategories that develop a dialogue with the work ‘The seven necessary knowledge for future education’. The STI/HIV/AIDS theme is considered a priority and pertinent knowledge for educational practices, which requires considering the complexity of the human being to understand profound issues inherent to the human condition, and which breaks the paradigm of fragmentation of knowledge. Educational practices need to go beyond lecture models, be diverse and face challenges and uncertainties, avoiding blindness in knowledge, teaching, understanding and human ethics, and bringing together young people, teachers and professionals.

RESUMO A colaboração intersetorial para as práticas educativas em saúde no ambiente escolar é fortalecida pelo Programa Saúde na Escola. O objetivo deste estudo é compreender o desenvolvimento das práticas educativas sobre IST/HIV/aids realizadas nas escolas na perspectiva da equipe multiprofissional de saúde, à luz do pensamento complexo. Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo que utilizou a teoria fundamentada nos dados construtivista como método de análise. Foram realizadas entrevistas intensivas com 35 profissionais de saúde em dois grupos amostrais, audiogravadas, transcritas e analisadas, em três etapas de codificação: inicial, focalizada e teórica. A categoria central ‘Revelando o desenvolvimento das práticas educativas em IST/HIV/aids no âmbito da escola’ emerge de nove subcategorias que desenvolvem um diálogo com a obra ‘Os sete saberes necessários à educação do futuro’. O tema IST/HIV/aids é considerado prioritário e um conhecimento pertinente para as práticas educativas, que requer considerar a complexidade do ser humano para compreender questões profundas, inerentes à condição humana, e que rompa com o paradigma da fragmentação dos saberes. As práticas educativas precisam superar os modelos de palestras, ser diversificadas e enfrentar os desafios e incertezas, evitando as cegueiras do conhecimento, ensinando compreensão e ética humanas, e aproximando jovens, professores e profissionais.

RESUMO Estudos contemporâneos explicitam como a sexualidade é uma dimensão contextual e relacional da vida humana. Essa leitura de sexualidade tem colocado, paulatinamente, novos desafios às noções relativas à saúde, mas também, por extensão, tensionado o campo da garantia de direitos humanos fundamentais. Não por acaso, entidades internacionais e nacionais têm apontado a necessidade de intervenções psicossociais em contexto educativo, como espaço estratégico de garantia de direitos na interface com a sexualidade. Diante da necessidade, verificada na literatura internacional, de intervenções longitudinais, contextuais e não restritivas a uma leitura fisicalista de sexualidade, o presente estudo se propõe a apresentar a adaptação para o Brasil do protocolo de intervenção South Africa and Tanzania (SATZ). Tendo em vista adequações realizadas na presente adaptação, contemplando uma maior abertura para dissidências de gênero e sexualidade, maior ênfase em aspectos dialógicos e participação da comunidade escolar, a SATZ-BR se mostra em consonância com os direitos humanos, com a Agenda 2030 para o Desenvolvimento Sustentável e com as diretrizes do plano nacional curricular brasileiro.

ABSTRACT Contemporary studies explain how sexuality is a contextual and relational dimension of human life. This reading of sexuality has gradually posed new challenges to notions relating to health but has also, by extension, put tension in the field of the guarantee of fundamental human rights. It is no coincidence that international and national entities have highlighted the need for psychosocial interventions in an educational context, as a strategic space for guaranteeing rights at the interface with sexuality. Given the need, verified in international literature, for longitudinal, contextual interventions that are not restrictive to a physicalist reading of sexuality, the present study aims to present the adaptation of the intervention protocol South Africa and Tanzania (SATZ) for Brazil. In view of the adjustments made in this adaptation, including greater openness to gender and sexuality dissent, greater emphasis on dialogic aspects, and participation of the school community, SATZ-BR is in line with human rights, with the 2030 Agenda for Development Sustainable and with the guidelines of the Brazilian national curricular plan.

RESUMO A colaboração intersetorial para as práticas educativas em saúde no ambiente escolar é fortalecida pelo Programa Saúde na Escola. O objetivo deste estudo é compreender o desenvolvimento das práticas educativas sobre IST/HIV/aids realizadas nas escolas na perspectiva da equipe multiprofissional de saúde, à luz do pensamento complexo. Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo que utilizou a teoria fundamentada nos dados construtivista como método de análise. Foram realizadas entrevistas intensivas com 35 profissionais de saúde em dois grupos amostrais, audiogravadas, transcritas e analisadas, em três etapas de codificação: inicial, focalizada e teórica. A categoria central ‘Revelando o desenvolvimento das práticas educativas em IST/HIV/aids no âmbito da escola’ emerge de nove subcategorias que desenvolvem um diálogo com a obra ‘Os sete saberes necessários à educação do futuro’. O tema IST/HIV/aids é considerado prioritário e um conhecimento pertinente para as práticas educativas, que requer considerar a complexidade do ser humano para compreender questões profundas, inerentes à condição humana, e que rompa com o paradigma da fragmentação dos saberes. As práticas educativas precisam superar os modelos de palestras, ser diversificadas e enfrentar os desafios e incertezas, evitando as cegueiras do conhecimento, ensinando compreensão e ética humanas, e aproximando jovens, professores e profissionais.

ABSTRACT Intersectoral collaboration for health educational practices in the school environment is strengthened by the School Health Program. The objective of this study is to understand the development of educational practices on STI/HIV/AIDS carried out in schools from the perspective of the multidis-ciplinary health team, in light of complex thinking. This is a qualitative study that used constructivist grounded theory as an analysis method. Intensive interviews were carried out with 35 health professionals in two sample groups, audio-recorded, transcribed and analyzed, in three stages of coding: initial, focused and theoretical. The central category ‘Revealing the development of educational practices in STI/HIV/AIDS within the school’ emerges from nine subcategories that develop a dialogue with the work ‘The seven necessary knowledge for future education’. The STI/HIV/AIDS theme is considered a priority and pertinent knowledge for educational practices, which requires considering the complexity of the human being to understand profound issues inherent to the human condition, and which breaks the paradigm of fragmentation of knowledge. Educational practices need to go beyond lecture models, be diverse and face challenges and uncertainties, avoiding blindness in knowledge, teaching, understanding and human ethics, and bringing together young people, teachers and professionals.

BACKGROUND. South Africa (SA), like the rest of the global village, is faced with the need to address health worker shortages, improve the performance of health workers and ensure an equitable distribution of health workers in all settings. This requires leadership, governance and stewardship acumen to put in place policies, practices and resources that are essential to recruit and retain human resources for health. OBJECTIVE. To determine whether SA possesses a strong and competent policy and strategic framework that would guide the development of a sufficient, fairly distributed and well-performing health workforce. METHODS. A cross-sectional descriptive quantitative study was undertaken using pretested anonymous questionnaires to solicit responses about the ability, strategies and policies needed to address health workforce challenges. The study was undertaken in SA with decision-makers and/or those who contribute to health sector reforms in SA in the realisation of the National Health Insurance (NHI). They were individuals and stakeholders who interact with and/or are in the employment of statutory health councils, regulatory bodies, medical aid administrators, medical schemes, voluntary bodies/organisations and healthcare workers who are registered with the SA Pharmacy Council, Health Professions Council of SA and SA Nursing Council. RESULTS. The findings indicate that the current policies and frameworks to address health worker shortage, their performance improvement and the rural-urban disparities in the distribution of health workers are not sufficient to address the current challenges. The study found that specific efforts to address policy shortcomings need to be embarked upon. CONCLUSION. The current policies and strategies are not sufficient to address health workforce challenges to improve performance, maintain appropriate skills, improve working conditions and ensure an equitable distribution of health workers to address the healthcare needs of SA. Commitment to the NHI should be matched with the capacity to deliver health services, which is highly dependent on the availability of a qualified and motivated workforce. The capacity to deliver services aligned to the objectives of the NHI will require that policy-makers consider interventions aimed at addressing challenges related to recruitment and limitation of career opportunities. Performance and productivity challenges may best be addressed by meaningful engagements and collaboration with the private for-profit, voluntary and independent sectors.

ABSTRACT Water is a vital resource for human survival, being the center of sustainable development. On the other hand, the livestock sector emerges as a major water consumer, producing a substantial volume of nutrient-rich wastewater. Consequently, the feasibility of reusing wastewater and recovering its nutrients becomes necessary to promote the sustainability of water sources. The aim of this study was to generate knowledge about tertiary treatment of wastewater from livestock and poultry industry, the reutilization of water and recovery of its nutrients, and potential applications. A systematic literature review by searching ScienceDirect and Web of Science platforms provides an exploration of technologies that facilitate the reuse of water and recovery of nutrients from livestock and poultry wastewater, including membrane filtration. As a result, the concentrated waste stream from membrane filtration can be utilized by an additional treatment of microalgae, bacteria or synergic consortia of microalgae and bacteria, in particular lactic acid bacteria that are innocuous to humans. Finally, the integration of these technologies presents a promising way to produce valuable biotechnological products with versatile applications in the pharmaceutical and food industries. However, the implementation of these technologies on an industrial scale requires more research.

RESUMEN En este trabajo presentamos una investigación basada en diseño desarrollada con una cohorte de un profesorado de biología en la asignatura Biología Humana. Diseñamos una propuesta que integró al videojuego ‘Plague Inc: Evolved’ para abordar la pandemia COVID 19 como una cuestión sociocientífica. A partir de ello nos propusimos estudiar el desarrollo de prácticas científicas en relación con la dinámica de la transmisión de infecciones virales y las ideas del estudiantado (profesorado en formación) sobre la integración de las Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación (TIC) en la enseñanza de las ciencias, específicamente sobre su potencial para el desarrollo de espacios argumentativos y dialógicos. Se resaltan los cambios y avances durante la implementación de la propuesta didáctica implementada. A través de un análisis cualitativo presentamos discusiones y reflexiones teóricas al respecto del desarrollo de las prácticas científicas en la formación docente.

RESUMO Neste artigo apresentamos uma investigação baseada em design desenvolvida com uma coorte de professores de biologia da disciplina Biologia Humana. Concebemos uma proposta que integrou o videojogo ‘Plague Inc: Evolved’ para trabalhar a pandemia COVID 19 como uma questão sociocientífica, a partir da qual nos propusemos estudar o desenvolvimento de práticas científicas relacionadas com as dinâmicas de transmissão de infecções virais e o pensamento dos alunos (professores em formação inicial) acerca da integração das Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação (TIC) no ensino das ciências, especificamente sobre o seu potencial para o desenvolvimento de espaços argumentativos e dialógicos. Recorrendo a uma análise qualitativa, apresentamos discussões e reflexões teóricas sobre o desenvolvimento de práticas científicas na formação de professores, destacando as mudanças e avanços ocorridos durante a implementação de uma proposta didática.

ABSTRACT In this paper, we present a design-based research developed with a cohort of preservice biology teachers in the subject of Human Biology. We designed a proposal that integrated the video game ‘Plague Inc: Evolved’ to address the COVID-19 pandemic as a socio-scientific issue. In this context, we studied the development of scientific practices concerning the dynamics of the transmission of viral infections and the ideas of students (preservice teachers) about the integration of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in science teaching, specifically on its potential for the development of argumentative and dialogical environments. The changes and progress made during the implementation of the didactic proposal are highlighted. Through a qualitative analysis, we present discussions and theoretical reflections on the development of scientific practices in teacher training.

In this article, we discuss South African heritage management, and how it has shaped the role institutions play in protecting heritage 100 years ago versus today. Museums and universities are in a difficult position as they address past unethical archaeology and palaeoanthropology practices while implementing transformation and decolonisation approaches to protect and share heritage inclusively. We outline some of the complexities that museums, universities, and heritage bodies face in navigating human evolution research, site and material access, potential returns, repatriations or reburials, curation and the development of accessible educational content in a contemporary context. SIGNIFICANCE: Museums, heritage agencies and universities have been the custodians of archaeological and palaeoanthropological heritage for a long time. In the past, conserving heritage was more about advocating race-based scientific study and advancing the colonial agenda. One hundred years later, this landscape has changed, but is not perfect. The complexities of heritage management, museum curation and collection, repatriation, and how we teach and share human evolution are many. Those navigating these complexities strive for a transformed and inclusive custodianship in an often difficult socio-political landscape, while simultaneously protecting and sharing our heritage.

South Africa is host to the single richest early hominin fossil record worldwide, including many examples of the endemic species Australopithecus africanus fossils. This species was first described by Raymond Dart in 1925 from the deposits near the town of Taung. Later, many more fossils, of different species and genera, were found in the caves of the Sterkfontein and Makapan Valleys. To understand this rich and diverse fossil record, we must understand how the landscape formed (cave formation processes) and changed (mining), when this happened (geochronology), and how the fossils were accumulated and modified (taphonomy). Here we provide a review of these themes to mark the centenary of the Taung Child discovery. We mark this moment in our field by critically reflecting on the role of extractive practices, especially centred around past mining of the Caves and the exclusion of many members of research teams. The South African Fossil Hominid sites provide a unique opportunity to expand our understanding of the intersection between human evolution and changing environmental conditions, as the karstic landscape and remnant cave systems preserve both fossils and sedimentary archives of past environmental change. We offer a perspective on future research areas: more standardised excavation practices and techniques to raise the quality of data collected from the caves and new techniques to date and extract palaeoclimate data from cave deposits themselves, to provide novel insights into the world of the early australopiths. SIGNIFICANCE: This review introduces the reader to the important fossil remains and palaeoclimate archives preserved within South Africa, highlighting the key species Australopithecus africanus and marking the centenary of its first description from the site of Taung. We review the geological and exploration history of the South African hominin fossil sites and discuss how they are intrinsically linked. We explore the impact of past extractive practices on the fossil and palaeoclimatic archives for past, current and future research. We go on to emphasise members of research teams who have been crucial to the discovery and recovery of fossils but have often been excluded and remained unnamed.

RESUMO: A mineração humana contribui para aumentar a liberação de cromo (Cr) no ambiente. Para a fitorremediação de solo com alto teor de Cr, o girassol é a escolha certa porque o Cr em suas sementes pode ser removido durante a produção de óleo de semente de girassol. No entanto, o alto teor de Cr no solo inibirá o crescimento do girassol, então os agentes de remediação do solo comumente usados com o plantio de girassol são ácido etilenodiaminotetracético (EDTA) e ácido cítrico (AC). Este estudo conduziu uma meta-análise sobre os efeitos do EDTA e AC no desenvolvimento do girassol sob estresse de Cr. Ele fornecerá uma referência para o girassol para melhorar o solo contaminado com Cr ou uma referência para produzir safras em áreas cultivadas poluídas com Cr. Um total de 97 artigos foram encontrados, e sete estudos foram usados nesta meta-análise de janeiro de 1990 a janeiro de 2022. Os resultados mostraram que o tratamento com EDTA não teve efeito no peso das folhas, peso da parte aérea e peso da raiz. O tratamento com AC teve um efeito positivo no peso das folhas, peso da parte aérea e peso da raiz. EDTA e CA aumentaram a concentração de Cr na raiz, folha e broto. Este estudo recomenda a adição de qualquer agente quelante ou ativador, mas o conteúdo de metais tóxicos no solo deve primeiro ser medido cuidadosamente. Infelizmente, neste estudo, não obtivemos uma dose de referência, e pesquisas futuras devem se concentrar neste problema.

ABSTRACT: Human mining contributes to increasing the release of chromium (Cr) into the environment. For the phytoremediation of soil with high Cr content, sunflower is the right choice because the Cr in its seeds can be removed during the production of sunflower seed oil. However, the high content of Cr in the soil will inhibit the growth of sunflower, so the soil remediation agents commonly used with sunflower planting are ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) and citric acid (CA). This study conducted a meta-analysis on the effects of EDTA and CA on the development of sunflower under Cr stress. It will provide a reference for sunflower to improve Cr-contaminated soil or a reference to produce crops in Cr-polluted cultivated areas. A total of 97 articles were found, and 7 studies were used in this meta-analysis from January 1990 to January 2022. The results showed that EDTA treatment had no effect on the leaf weight, shoot weight and root weight. CA treatment had a positive effect on the leaf weight, shoot weight and root weight. EDTA and CA increased the Cr concentration in the root, leaf and shoot. This study recommends the addition of any chelating agent or activator, but the content of toxic metals in the soil must first be measured carefully. Unfortunately, in this study, we did not obtain a reference dose, and future research should focus on this problem.

The compound verboccidentafuran (1) was identified from the essential oil of the leaves of Baccharis punctulata DC. (Asteraceae) specimens for the first time in Brazil. The variation of this compound found in male and female specimens may be associated to the existence of more than one type of chemotype, influenced by geographic variation, climatic conditions, stage of the vegetative cycle, genetic and ecological factors. The furanocadinan-type sesquiterpenes verboccidentafuran (1) and curzerene (2) have molecular descriptors with high similarities. Compound 2, found in Eugenia uniflora L. (Myrtaceae) and species of the genus Smyrnium L. (Apiaceae), is active to control seizures induced by pentylenetetrazole, what suggests a possible binding to the benzodiazepine-site of the GABAA (gamma-aminobutyric acid type A) receptor. Considering the occurrence and availability of 1 in the species B. punctulata and its structural similarity to compound 2, docking calculations were performed for the interaction of both compounds with the human a1-ß2-y2 GABAA receptor. The results suggest that both compounds 1 and 2 must have affinity for the cavity at a1-y2 interface and support the development of pharmacological research on the compound verboccidentafuran 1 as a drug candidate for modulating the GABA/benzodiazepine complex in the central nervous system.

Abstract Viral hepatitis is a public health problem, about 1 million people die due to complications of this viral disease, the etiological agents responsible for inducing cirrhosis and cellular hepatocarcinoma are HBV and HCV, both hepatotropic viruses that cause asymptomatic infection in most cases. The regulation of the microbiota performs many physiological functions, which can induce normal intestinal function and produce essential nutrients for the human body. Metabolites derived from gut microbiota or direct regulation of host immunity and metabolism have been reported to profoundly affect tumorigenesis in liver disease. If the microbiota is unbalanced, both exogenous and symbiotic microorganisms can affect a pathological process. It is well understood that the microbiota plays a role in viral diseases and infections, specifically the hepatic portal pathway has been linked to the gut-liver axis. In HBV and HCV infections, the altered bacterial representatives undergo a state of dysbiosis, with subsequent establishment of the pathobiome with overexpression of taxons such as Bacteroides, Clostridium, Lactobacillus, Enterobacter, and Enterococcus. This dysregulated microbiome induces a microenvironment conducive to the development of hepatic complications in patients with acute and chronic HBV and HCV infection, with subsequent dysregulation of cytokines IFN-α/β, TNF-α, IL-1β, TGF-β, IL-6 and IL-10, which alter the dysfunction and damage of the hepatic portal system. In view of the above, this review aimed to correlate the pathophysiological mechanisms in HBV and HCV infection, the dysregulation of the microbiome in patients infected with HBV and HCV, the most altered cytokines in the microbiome, and the most altered bacterial representatives in the pathobiome of infection.