Abstract Since the creation of the National Integrated Health System, the crucial importance of equitable distribution of human health resources has been recognized to ensure quality care throughout the country. Improving the equitable distribution of human health resources remains an ongoing challenge for Uruguay. The decentralization of specialist training in rural areas of the country is a relevant issue to improve the equity and accessibility of the health system. Objective: To analyze the impact of the decentralization plan (2010–2024 period) of the training provided by the Academic Unit of Gynecology and Obstetrics A on the placement of professionals in rural areas of the country. Methodology: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted using a survey in June 2024, developed by the authors using Google Forms to collect data to meet the objective: origin, age, gender, children, place of residency training, year of admission, reasons for the choice of location after completing postgraduate studies, and place of professional practice. Results: A total of 134 responses were obtained from 135 residents who graduated during this period. Of the respondents, 61.2% trained in Montevideo, while 38.8% trained in rural areas. Of the residents who trained in rural areas, 70% settled in those areas. Among the 56 residents trained in rural teaching centers, 90% (51 residents) currently work in rural areas. Meanwhile, 62.8% of the specialists trained in Montevideo work exclusively in the capital, and 24.3% work both in Montevideo and rural areas. Conclusions: The decentralization plan for gynecology training has demonstrated the training capacity of public and private centers in rural areas of the country and has facilitated the placement of specialists, thereby addressing the need for specialized resources in the field.

Resumo Desde a criação do Sistema Nacional Integrado de Saúde, reconhece-se a importância crucial de uma distribuição equitativa dos recursos humanos em saúde para garantir atendimento de qualidade em todo o país. A melhoria na distribuição equitativa dos recursos humanos em saúde continua sendo um desafio constante para o Uruguai. A descentralização da formação de especialistas no interior do país é uma questão relevante para melhorar a equidade e a acessibilidade do sistema de saúde. Objetivo: Analisar o impacto do plano de descentralização (período 2010-2024) da formação da Unidade Acadêmica de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia A na fixação de profissionais no interior do país. Metodologia: Foi realizado um estudo observacional transversal com a aplicação de uma pesquisa em junho de 2024, desenvolvida pelos autores no Google Forms com o objetivo de coletar dados para atender ao objetivo: procedência, idade, gênero, filhos, local de realização da residência, ano de ingresso, motivo da escolha do local de fixação após a conclusão da pós-graduação e local de exercício da especialidade. Resultados: Foram obtidas 134 respostas do total de 135 residentes formados neste período. Do total, 61,2% realizaram a formação em Montevidéu e 38,8% no interior. Entre os residentes formados no interior, 70% fixaram residência nessas áreas. Dos 56 residentes formados em centros de ensino do interior, 90% (51 residentes) trabalham no interior do país. Por outro lado, 62,8% dos especialistas formados em Montevidéu trabalham exclusivamente na capital, enquanto 24,3% trabalham em Montevidéu e no interior. Conclusões: O plano de descentralização da formação em ginecologia demonstrou a capacidade formativa de centros públicos e privados no interior do país e facilitou a fixação de especialistas, atendendo às necessidades de recursos especializados na área.

Resumen Desde la creación del Sistema Nacional Integrado de Salud, se reconoce la importancia crucial de una distribución equitativa de los recursos humanos en salud para garantizar una atención de calidad en todo el país. La mejora en la distribución equitativa de los recursos humanos en salud sigue siendo un desafío continuo para Uruguay. La descentralización de la formación de especialistas en el interior del país es un tema relevante para mejorar la equidad y accesibilidad del sistema de salud. Objetivo: Analizar el impacto del plan de descentralización (periodo 2010-2024 de la formación de la Unidad Académica Ginecotocología A en la radicación de profesionales en el interior del país. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio observacional transversal con la aplicación de una encuesta en el mes de junio de 2024, desarrollada por las/os autoras/es en “Google forms” con el fin de recabar datos para el cumplimiento del objetivo: Procedencia, edad, genero, hijos, lugar de realización de la residencia, año de ingreso, motivo del lugar de radicación una vez culminado el posgrado, lugar de ejercicio de la especialidad. Resultados: Se obtuvieron 134 respuestas del total de 135 residentes egresados en este periodo. El 61,2% se formó en Montevideo y el 38,8% en el interior. El 70% de los residentes que se formaron en el interior se radicaran en el interior. De los 56 residentes formados en centro docentes del interior el 90% (51 residentes) trabaja en el interior del país. El 62,8% de los especialistas formados en Montevideo trabaja exclusivamente en la capital y el 24,3% trabaja en Montevideo e interior. Conclusiones: El Plan de descentralización de la formación en ginecología mostrado la capacidad formativa de centro públicos y privados del interior del país y, ha facilitado la radicación y la consiguiente respuesta a las necesidades de recursos especializados en la materia.

ORIENTATION: South African state-owned enterprises (SOEs) are overburdened by excessive top-level management, straining human capital budgets. Reducing this may increase the span of control, affecting the relationship between leadership style and employee commitment RESEARCH PURPOSE: This study examines the role of span of control in the relationship between the transactional leadership behaviours of Black top managers and employee commitment in South African SOEs. MOTIVATION FOR THE STUDY: Aligning leadership behaviours with employee expectations is crucial for fostering commitment and retaining talent, especially in South African SOEs facing performance issues. RESEARCH DESIGN, APPROACH AND METHOD: A positivist approach and quantitative method were employed. Data were gathered through self-administered questionnaires from a purposive sample of employees of SOEs. The study's constructs were assessed using validated instruments, including the multifactor leadership scale and the three-component employee commitment model. Descriptive and inferential statistical tools were employed for data analysis. MAIN FINDINGS: The study reveals that span of control does not moderate the relationship between contingent reward behaviour or management by exception (Passive) and employee commitment. However, span of control moderates the relationship between management by exception (Active) and affective commitment, but not with normative commitment or continuance commitment PRACTICAL/MANAGERIAL IMPLICATION: The findings highlight specific leadership behaviours that can enhance employee commitment in South African SOEs with increased span of control. Contribution/value-add: This study contributes to leadership theory by identifying how span of control influences the relationship between leadership behaviour and employee commitment in South African SOEs.

A esporotricose transmitida por gatos é atualmente hiperendêmica na Região Metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Apesar do contexto zoonótico, a vigilância é fragmentada, sendo as dimensões humana e animal avaliadas separadamente. Este estudo descreve e compara os padrões espaciais e temporais dos casos de esporotricose em humanos e animais (cães e gatos) notificados ao Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação na Região Metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro, no período de 2013 a 2020. Foi realizado um estudo ecológico, baseado na evolução espacial e temporal da esporotricose na área, comparando-se as séries temporais para casos humanos e animais por mês. Também comparamos as incidências humanas cumulativas e a proporção de casos de animais por habitante por bairros ou subdistritos e exploramos a correlação espacial com Moran global e local. Durante o período, foram notificados 9.552 casos suspeitos de esporotricose humana e 12.532 de animais. Análises exploratórias espaciais e temporais apontaram ações que favoreceram a notificação nesse período, como o estabelecimento da notificação obrigatória e campanhas relacionadas à assistência veterinária pública. Verificou-se também a existência de aglomerados na zona oeste da capital e cidades fronteiriças e a expansão da esporotricose para outras áreas desfavorecidas da capital e da periferia da região metropolitana. Ademais, observamos padrões divergentes entre a distribuição da esporotricose humana e animal no tempo e no espaço. Nossos achados mostram uma expansão espacial da esporotricose para humanos e animais; no entanto, eles também destacam as limitações da vigilância atual, indicando subestimação da magnitude do problema.

La esporotricosis transmitida por gatos es actualmente hiperendémica en la Región Metropolitana de Río de Janeiro, Brasil. A pesar del contexto zoonótico, la vigilancia está fragmentada, y las dimensiones humana y animal se evalúan por separado. Este estudio describe y compara los patrones espaciales y temporales de los casos de esporotricosis en humanos y animales (perros y gatos) notificados al Sistema de Información de Enfermedades de Notificación Obligatoria en la Región Metropolitana de Río de Janeiro, en el período de 2013 a 2020. Se realizó un estudio ecológico, basado en la evolución espacial y temporal de la esporotricosis en la región, comparando las series temporales de casos humanos y animales por mes. También se compararon las incidencias humanas acumuladas y la proporción de casos de animales por habitante por barrios o subdistritos, y se exploró la correlación espacial con Moran global y local. Durante el período, se reportaron 9.552 casos sospechosos de esporotricosis humana y 12.532 casos en animales. Los análisis exploratorios espaciales y temporales indicaron acciones que favorecieron la notificación en este período, como la notificación obligatoria y las campañas relacionadas con la atención veterinaria pública. También hubo agrupaciones en la zona oeste de la capital y las ciudades fronterizas, y la expansión de la esporotricosis hacia otras zonas desfavorecidas de la capital y la periferia de la región metropolitana. Además, se observaron patrones divergentes entre la distribución de la esporotricosis humana y animal en el tiempo y el espacio. Los hallazgos muestran una expansión espacial de la esporotricosis a humanos y animales; sin embargo, también resaltan las limitaciones de la vigilancia continua, lo que indica una subestimación de la magnitud del problema.

Cat-transmitted sporotrichosis is currently hyperendemic in the Rio de Janeiro Metropolitan Area, Brazil. Despite the zoonotic context, surveillance is fragmented, with human and animal contagion being assessed separately. This study aimed to describe and compare spatial and temporal patterns of sporotrichosis cases in humans and animals (cats and dogs) reported to the Brazilian Information System for Notificable Diseases in the Rio de Janeiro metropolitan area, from 2013 to 2020. We conducted an ecological study based on the spatial and temporal evolution of sporotrichosis in the area. We compared the time series of human and animal cases per month. We also compared the cumulative human incidences and the ratio of animal cases per inhabitant by neighborhood or subdistrict and explored spatial correlation with global and local Moran’s I. During the period, 9,552 human and 12,532 animal sporotrichosis suspected cases were reported. Via spatial and temporal exploratory analyses, we verified actions that favored notification during this period, such as establishing mandatory notification and campaigns related to public veterinary care. We also verified the existence of clusters in the west zone of the capital and border cities, and the expansion of sporotrichosis to other disadvantaged areas in the capital and the outskirts of the metropolitan area. Moreover, we observed divergent patterns between human and animal sporotrichosis distribution in time and space. Our findings show a spatial expansion of sporotrichosis in humans and animals; however, they also highlight the limitations of ongoing surveillance, indicating we probably are underestimating magnitude of the problem.

Utilizando dados de um estudo de coorte de nascimento, foi avaliada a associação a longo prazo entre amamentação e fatores de risco cardiovascular metabólicos aos 30 anos de idade. Em 1982, foram examinados 5.914 bebês nascidos vivos em maternidades de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, e suas mães foram entrevistadas. Desde então, esses indivíduos têm sido continuamente acompanhados. Aos 30 anos de idade, os membros da coorte foram entrevistados e foram obtidas informações sobre pressão arterial, espessura da íntima-média da carótida, velocidade da onda de pulso, glicemia aleatória e lipídios sanguíneos. Foi utilizada regressão linear simples e múltipla. Nas análises bruta e ajustada, a duração da amamentação não apresentou nenhuma associação clara com a pressão arterial média, a espessura da íntima-média da carótida e a velocidade da onda de pulso. Da mesma forma, o colesterol total, o colesterol não-HDL e a glicemia não apresentaram relação com a alimentação infantil. Em relação ao colesterol HDL, houve uma associação positiva com a duração da amamentação predominante na análise bruta, mas a associação não persistiu após o controle das variáveis de confusão. Em suma, os nossos achados sugerem que não há associação entre a duração da amamentação e os fatores de risco cardiometabólicos na idade adulta. Apesar disso, a promoção e o apoio à amamentação devem ser reforçados devido aos seus benefícios bem conhecidos, como a redução da mortalidade infantil e o desenvolvimento do capital humano.

Utilizando datos de un estudio de cohorte de nacimiento, se evaluó la asociación a largo plazo entre la lactancia materna y los factores de riesgo cardiovascular metabólicos a los 30 años de edad. En 1982, se examinaron 5.914 bebés nacidos vivos en hospitales de maternidad en Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, y se entrevistó a sus madres. Desde entonces, estos individuos pasaron por un seguimiento continuo. A los 30 años de edad, se entrevistó a los miembros de la cohorte y se obtuvo información sobre la presión arterial, el grosor íntima-media carotídeo, la velocidad de la onda del pulso, la glucosa en sangre aleatoria y los lípidos en sangre. Se utilizó regresión lineal simple y múltiple. En los análisis bruto y ajustado, la duración de la lactancia materna no mostró una asociación clara con la presión arterial media, el grosor íntima-media carotídeo y la velocidad de la onda del pulso. Del mismo modo, el colesterol total, el colesterol no HDL y la glucosa en sangre no estaban relacionados con la nutrición infantil. Con respecto al colesterol HDL, hubo una asociación positiva con la duración de la lactancia materna predominante en el análisis bruto, pero la asociación no persistió tras controladas las variables de confusión. Los hallazgos indican que no existe una asociación entre la duración de la lactancia materna y los factores de riesgo cardiometabólico en la edad adulta. A pesar de esto, la promoción y el apoyo a la lactancia materna deben fortalecerse debido a sus beneficios ya conocidos, como la reducción de la mortalidad infantil y el desarrollo del capital humano.

Using data from a birth cohort study, we evaluated the long-term association between breastfeeding and metabolic cardiovascular risk factors at 30 years old. In 1982, the 5,914 live births in maternity hospitals in Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, were examined and the mothers were interviewed. Since then, these participants have been prospectively followed. The cohort members were interviewed at 30 years old and information on blood pressure, carotid intima-media thickness, pulse wave velocity, random blood glucose, and blood lipids were obtained. Simple and multiple linear regressions were used. In the crude and adjusted analyses, duration of breastfeeding did not show any clear association with mean arterial pressure, carotid intima-media thickness, and pulse wave velocity. Likewise, total and non-HDL cholesterol and blood glucose were not related to infant feeding. Regarding HDL cholesterol, it was positively related to predominant breastfeeding duration in the crude analysis, but the association disappeared after controlling for confounding variables. Concisely, our findings suggest that there is no association between duration of breastfeeding and cardiometabolic risk factors in adulthood. Despite that, promotion and support of breastfeeding must be reinforced due to its well-known benefits, such as reduction of infant and child mortality and human capital development.

RESUMEN El presente artículo versa sobre la Historia de la educación médica superior en Matanzas, un libro escrito por un colectivo de autores de la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Matanzas, para promover el conocimiento de la cultura de la profesión y la identidad como parte esencial de la memoria histórica. Es la primera obra que sintetiza información inédita y valiosa, a partir de manuscritos, mimeografiados, impresos y digitales, que facilitan la periodización y sistematización de los elementos más importantes del devenir histórico de la educación médica en la provincia de Matanzas. Los autores se inspiraron en las personalidades e instituciones más importantes, como parte de su reconocimiento a tan noble labor de formar a quienes cuidan y salvan vidas. El volumen puede ser utilizado en la docencia en los niveles de pregrado y posgrado, ya que incide de manera significativa en la cultura integral del estudiante, contribuyendo a la formación de valores y a la preservación de la memoria histórica. Sería de interés y utilidad para los especialistas y profesionales que intervienen en la formación del capital humano en salud, no solo de Matanzas, sino también para otros del resto del país y foráneos, que desarrollen la docencia/investigación/extensión en el ámbito de la pedagogía y la educación, con énfasis en la educación médica superior, así como para los estudiosos de la historia y el desarrollo local.

ABSTRACT This article is about History of higher medical education in Matanzas, written by a group of authors from the Matanzas University of Medical Sciences, to promote knowledge of the culture of the profession and identity as an essential part of historical memory. It is the first work that synthesizes unpublished and valuable information, from mimeographed, printed and digital manuscripts, which facilitate the periodization and systematization of the most important elements of the historical evolution of medical education in the province of Matanzas. The authors have been inspired by the most prominent personalities and institutions in the field thus recognizing the work of those with such a noble profession who teach people that care and save lives. The work can be used in teaching at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels, since its content significantly affects the comprehensive cultural training of the student, history and local development, contributing to the formation of values and the preservation of historical memory. It would be of interest and usefulness for all specialists and professionals involved in the formation of human capital in Health in the province of Matanzas, as well as other specialists and professionals in Cuba and abroad, who develop Teaching/Research/Extension in the field of Pedagogy and Education, with an emphasis on Higher Medical Education, as well as scholars of local history.

RESUMEN Se revelan controversias respecto a las mejores estrategias de prevención de las enfermedades cardiovasculares en los ancianos, dado el bajo de número de pacientes de este grupo de edad incluidos en la mayor parte de ensayos clínicos de prevención. Con el objetivo de recopilar información sobre el envejecimiento y la prevención de las enfermedades cardiovasculares en el contexto de la atención primaria de salud, se realizó una revisión narrativa sobre este tema. La búsqueda se efectuó consultando las bases de datos Pubmed, Infomed y SciELO, sin restricción de fecha, en los idiomas español e inglés. La contradicción por el desafío que representa el proceso de envejecimiento poblacional para la economía, la sociedad y en particular para la salud pública, infiere la necesidad de la promoción de salud y prevención de los factores de riesgos para el mejoramiento de la salud de estos pacientes y elevar su calidad de vida. A pesar del nivel de desarrollo alcanzado por el sistema de salud y los escenarios políticos, económicos y sociales del país, la calidad y preparación del capital humano creado, que permitan trabajar sobre bases objetivas, es insuficiente la búsqueda de soluciones científicas para el diseño de una herramienta en la atención primaria de salud, dirigida a identificar de forma oportuna a los pacientes adultos mayores con mayor susceptibilidad de sufrir un evento cardiovascular.

ABSTRACT Controversies are revealed regarding the best cardiovascular diseases prevention strategies in the elderly, given the low number of patients in this age group included in most prevention clinical trials. With the objective of collecting information on aging and the prevention of cardiovascular diseases in the context of primary health care, a narrative review on this topic was carried out. The search was carried out by consulting the Pubmed, Infomed and SciELO databases, without date restriction, in Spanish and English. The contradiction due to the challenge that the population aging process represents for the economy, society and in particular for public health, infers the need for health promotion and prevention of risk factors to improve the health of these patients. and raise their quality of life. Despite the level of development reached by the health system and the political, economic and social scenarios of the country, the quality and preparation of the human capital created, which allow working on objective bases, the search for scientific solutions for the design of a tool in primary health care, aimed at timely identification of older adult patients with greater susceptibility to suffering a cardiovascular event.

RESUMO Revelam-se controvérsias quanto às melhores estratégias para a prevenção de doenças cardiovasculares em idosos, dado o baixo número de pacientes nesta faixa etária incluídos na maioria dos ensaios clínicos de prevenção. Com o objetivo de coletar informações sobre o envelhecimento e a prevenção de doenças cardiovasculares no contexto da atenção primária à saúde, foi realizada uma revisão narrativa sobre o tema. A busca foi realizada por meio da consulta às bases de dados Pubmed, Infomed e SciELO, sem restrição de data, nas línguas espanhola e inglesa. A contradição devido ao desafio que o processo de envelhecimento populacional representa para a economia, a sociedade e, em particular, para a saúde pública, infere a necessidade de promoção da saúde e prevenção de fatores de risco para melhorar a saúde desses pacientes e melhorar sua qualidade de vida. Apesar do nível de desenvolvimento alcançado pelo sistema de saúde e dos cenários político, econômico e social do país, a qualidade e o preparo do capital humano criado, que permitem trabalhar em bases objetivas, a busca de soluções científicas para o desenho de uma ferramenta na atenção primária à saúde, visando identificar em tempo hábil pacientes idosos com maior suscetibilidade a sofrer um evento cardiovascular, é insuficiente.

ABSTRACT This paper aims to investigate the effects of technological progress, education, and human capital on employment in the short and long run using an econometric ARDL model for the period 1960-2019 across developed and developing countries. The hypothesis was that technological progress destroys jobs at a faster rate than investments in education and human capital can create. In the short run, the results confirmed the hypothesis that technological progress destroys relatively more jobs. However, in the long run, the results showed that the coefficients for education and human capital in developing countries outweighed those for technological progress, thus rejecting the hypothesis for this group of countries in the long run. For developed countries, coefficients for technological progress and investments in human capital were positive and significant.

RESUMO O trabalho buscou investigar os efeitos do progresso tecnológico, da educação e do capital humano sobre o emprego no curto e no longo prazo através de um modelo econométrico ARDL no período 1960-2019 para países desenvolvidos e em desenvolvimento. A hipótese é de que o progresso tecnológico destrói empregos a uma velocidade maior do que os investimentos em educação e capital humano é capaz de criar. No curto prazo, os resultados confirmaram a hipótese de que o progresso tecnológico destrói relativamente mais empregos. Entretanto, no longo prazo, os resultados demonstraram que os coeficientes da educação e do capital humano dos países em desenvolvimento superam os coeficientes do progresso tecnológico, invalidando a hipótese no longo prazo para este grupo de países. No caso dos países desenvolvidos, os coeficientes do progresso tecnológicos e dos investimentos em capital humano foram positivos e significativos para os países desenvolvidos.

This study reviews the governance of Kampala's food system and refugee protection approach in order to propose strategies to recognize and protect the food security needs of Kampala's refugee population more effectively. Uganda is Africa's largest refugee host, with a policy approach that has been widely lauded for its flexible settlement provisions and commitment to durable solutions. However, growing refugee populations and underfunding have led to serious pressures, severely exacerbated during the COVID-19 pandemic. One unique aspect of Uganda's refugee governance approach is the allowance of refugee populations to self-settle outside of designated camps in the capital city, Kampala. This research uses a governance lens to explore what is being done to support the food security of this group, by whom, and how this could be improved. The researcher conducted interviews with asylum seekers and refugees living in two of Kampala's large informal settlements (Kisenyi II and Namuwongo) and with a range of policy stakeholders during May 2023. Multiple levels of government and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) offer overlapping formal and informal services and programs accessible to different populations living in settlements. This paper points to gaps and limitations linked to resources, as well as difficulties identifying vulnerable populations, locating political responsibility, coordination, and weak policy implementation, and suggests governance strategies to respond better to refugee and asylum seekers' food security needs. Key recommended responses are to overhaul the refugee registration system, recognize and protect urban food security, and improve policy actor coordination through collaborative strategies that move beyond awareness of the crisis to setting specific targets and timelines to address it.

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ABSTRACT Introduction: Bovine cattle raising is the most important line of the economy of Caquetá department and El Doncello municipality, according to the figures given by the Departmental Committee of Cattlemen there is a herd of2,175,065 cattle heads in the region, many of the rural families depend on said economic activity to generate their income; To do this, the life analysis methodology examines the assets that communities have which are called community capital, and the approach they use to meet their fundamental human needs. Objective: To assess sustainable means and the application of community capital in cattle rancher families in the municipality of El Doncello, Caquetá (Colombia). Materials and methods: For the collection of information the producer families of the municipality of El Doncello were assessed; based on the sources of the Departmental Committee of Cattlemen, for this purposefamilies were surveyed and participatory workshops were carried out using the livelihood methodology framing the community capitals (human, natural, financial, physical and social) using 36 variables for the assessment of them, and the fundamental human needs (basic of the person, the environment and of action) that grouped 15 analysis variables; Subsequently, the interpretation and analysis of the data was made through aprincipal component analysis-PCA relating the typologies and each of the variables assessed in this study; all the data were run in the InfoStat Program. Results: It was found that 939 families base their economy on livestock production in the municipality of El Doncello, the human capital of these families was distributed in 72 men representing 15.55 %, 81 women (17.49 %), 143 boys (30.89 %)and 167 girls (36.07%), finding three types of families: Typology 1: families with <50 bovines on theirfarms; Typology 2: between 51 and 100 bovines, and Typology 3: >101 bovines, where financial capital is the one that represents the greatest contribution given its characteristics of income generation and well-beingfor families. The principal component analysis-ACP carried out for social capital divided according to the first principal component-PC1 with a contribution of 62.3 % to Family Typology 1 (families with <50 head of cattle) to the positive end of said component strongly associated with the variables greater participation in projects and organizations to which they belong, with the particularity of having a greater number of members at home; from Typology 3 to the negative end of said component associated with the variables greater number of shared spaces in which they participate and greater level of family participation. In the same way, for natural capital, a separation was observed between Family Typology 1, associated with the variables greater number of water sources, mainly due to the fact that a large part of these producers were in the mountain range zone, greater area in stubble, greater number of spaces used and more activities for consumption, such as plantations of plantain, cocoa, cassava and other subsistence crops and Family Typology 2 strongly associated with the variables greater number of trees in pastures and greater percentage of natural products. One of the most important capitals within the producers is the financial one, for which the following was observed: the first principal component-PC1, with a contribution of 43.7%, separates Typology 1 from the positive end of said component associated with the variable income from daily wages and income from subsidies, these families are the ones that generate the least amount of assets and through which they diversify their income that are not only dependent on livestockproduction as such, but also on other types of economic activities, of the Typology 2 to the negative extreme associated with the variables income from transfers, credits, income from formal employment and income from the sale ofprocessed products, such as cheese. The second main component-PC2, with a contribution of 24.4 %, groups Family Typology 3 strongly associated with the highest income from the sale of space-use products, These families, by owning a greater number of cattle heads, base a large part of their economy in said activity, but they diversify it with other types of income such as rubber crops, cocoa, pineapple, plantain, cassava, among others. Finally, the fundamental human needs-FHN can be defined as very similar for the three types of families studied, with slight adjustments in the basic needs for Typology 1, where food, health, shelter and security are classified as bad and regular. Although the situation does not vary much for Typology 2, but it does look better for Typology 3 in which satisfaction is good, except for security, everyone has the same perception, this is mainly due to the presence of certain illegal armed groups in the region. Regarding the needs of the person, the environment and action, there are no variations between the different types. Conclusions: Finally, it was possible to observe a high cultural tie that cattle ranchers have for this economic activity that is evidenced in human capital, where we see the number of people who directly depend on livestock and its derivatives. Also, in terms of financial capital, it can be observed that there is a great diversification of the income of families that not only depend on livestock, but also on income from formal employment, daily wages, loans and sales of other crops such as plantain, cassava, rubber and cocoa; In terms of social and natural capital, a good sustainable appropriation of environmental care and the participation of rural communities are observed. Finally, a low contribution to the fundamental human needs of the producing communities is denoted, this mainly due to the social and economic conditions of the region; In this sense, this study has repercussions as a first diagnosis in the management of the livelihoods of rural cattle-raising communities in the department of Caquetá.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Las audiencias locales que se sitúan fuera de las capitales y de las grandes urbes deben conformarse con la información y contenidos televisivos nacionales, perdiendo la conexión con sus territorios debido al marcado centralismo de los medios capitalinos. Este artículo caracteriza las tensiones de las audiencias locales del norte de Chile en relación con su televisión local, también denominada de proximidad. Materiales y métodos: La metodología es cualitativa, realizándose grupos focales con las audiencias de seis comunas de la región de Coquimbo que tuviesen televisoras locales operativas y que declarasen ver periódicamente medios locales. Resultados: Entre los hallazgos se destaca el interés y el requerimiento de la ciudadanía por las noticias locales en un claro sentido de proximidad y cercanía con su territorio, detectando además otras demandas sociales, políticas, culturales y educativas de las audiencias que podrían ser canalizadas por las televisoras locales. Se evidencia un distanciamiento y crítica hacia contenidos sensacionalistas de la televisión nacional, siendo el centralismo informativo una de las razones para la poca empatía hacia estos medios de comunicación. A juicio de los participantes, las tensiones entre lo local y lo capitalino no solo se aprecian a nivel país, sino también entre capitales regionales, provincias y comunas, siguiendo la división político-administrativa de Chile. Conclusiones: Se concluye que existe una marcada preferencia por el contenido de proximidad, lo que se explica en parte por el alejamiento y crítica que se declara hacia los medios de cobertura nacional. Se plantean como tensiones la falta de espacios de comunicación y promoción del diálogo social que les permita a las audiencias ser escuchadas por sus actores políticos locales y regionales, desaprovechando el interés de la televidencia local por contenidos de proximidad que les permitan crecer, desarrollarse y lograr una mayor participación ciudadana en el ecosistema medial chileno.

ABSTRACT Objective: Media centralism and the lack of attention to the preferences and demands of local audiences is an obvious reality that must be faced by those who live outside large cities and capitals, understanding that there are audiences that demand local content, but that must settle for aprogrammingproduced from and for the capital, even more so when it comes to the Chilean television system. This article characterizes the tensions of local audiences in northern Chile in relation to their local television, also called proximity. Materials and methods: The study carried out a qualitative methodology, since it seeks to understand human behavior in a given territory and historical moment. The data collection was carried out using the technique of focus groups in order to explain and deepen the situations of people as local audiences and their feelings and thoughts on various problems. The focus groups discussed their local television and their link with national television considering the informational centralism and political centralism within the Coquimbo Region. The sample corresponds to the audience of cities belonging to urban and rural communes of the Coquimbo Region, in Chile, where there are local television media and that have declared their intention to migrate to digital television. The cities that are part of the study are: Andacollo, La Serena, Los Vilos, Illapel and Salamanca. For recruitment, the snowball method was used, with a total of 52 participants. All the participants were over 18 years of age with a residence of more than 10years in the city. There was gender balance. Six focus groups were held in neighborhood offices in each city. The sessions were recorded and later transcribed, being systematized using the Atlas.tisoftware, version 9. Resulted: The results are described through three categories of analysis, regarding the opinions of the audiences: 1) Local information 2) National television: positive and negative aspects and 3) Information centralism and media demands. 1 ) Local information as a center of interest: Audiences place local news among their preferences. In each focus group, the informative genre of these media was highly valued and required. It represents a fundamental demand when evaluating local television positively. 2) Link with national television coverage: Along with the preference for local news, there is also an unfavorable opinion towards national news and towards the journalistic routines of the capital television stations whose coverage privileges the events that occurred in the Metropolitan Region in the information guidelines, often falling into sensationalism, especially when it comes to police court facts. 3) Information centralism and media demands: in the opinion of the participants, the tensions between the local and the capital are not only appreciated at the country level, but also between regional capitals, provinces and communes, following the political-administrative division of Chile. Conclusions: Regarding the characteristics of local television consumption, a first conclusion was the confirmation of the interest and consumption of local audiences in content that addresses issues related to their environment, an issue that is in line with previous studies on communication and local television. Similar to national television consumption, local news represented the preferred content. If there is a fire or a traffic accident in the city, audiences want to see it on their local television and, hopefully, live or as instantly as possible. This is informative content that does not compete in any case with national television, as it deals with local news events. Unless something out of the ordinary happens, whose connotation is national and in this case -the fewest times- the city, province or region makes news and appears nationally. A very important link was detected between local audiences with their own territories. The link was verified through two factors: a) the expectations of seeing local content not only on themes about their cities, but also from geographically broader places, such as communes, provinces or the Coquimbo Region itself; b) a large part of the social demands that underlie the opinions of the audiences surroundfeelings of belonging, desire for decentralization and local development. The need for representation of local audiences is verified, that is, seeing their territories on the screen, feeling reflected on national TV through their cultural, territorial, geographical, touristic, or other particularities is the cause that is associated Local (non-capital) audiences arepart of a marginalized sector from a political and economic point of view. In this sense, there is a glimpse of a disconnection between the political/public world that promotes actions that should benefit the community, but that fail to reach potential users in a good way. In the same line of discussion, social demands for access to public information that benefits them and brings them closer to local political actors are detected. Know and understand the territorial public policies that result in a better quality of life. These social/political demands are intermingled with the media needs that could be channeled into more spaces to debate, talk and express their opinions to participate in the local public debate.

Resumen En este artículo, se analiza de forma empírica la relación entre la inversión extranjera directa (IED) y el crecimiento económico (CE) en los países de la Alianza del Pacífico. Se utilizaron datos trimestrales para cada variable y se aplicaron pruebas de raíz unitaria, cointegración y causalidad. Además, se estimó un modelo multivariante de corrección de errores y funciones de impulso respuesta. Las principales hipótesis fueron que la IED fomenta el CE de los países receptores y que el CE contribuye a atraer mayores flujos de IED. Los resultados mostraron que, en algunos países, la inversión extranjera promueve el CE y, a su vez, el CE contribuye a atraer mayores flujos de inversión. Sin embargo, en otros casos, esta relación no se mantiene. Estos resultados sugieren que factores como la infraestructura, el desarrollo del mercado financiero, la estabilidad macroeconómica, la calidad institucional y el capital humano son determinantes para maximizar los beneficios de la IED.

Abstract This article empirically analyzes the relationship between foreign direct investment (FDI) and economic growth (EG) in the Pacific Alliance countries. Quarterly data was used for each variable, performing unit root, cointegration, and causality tests. Additionally, a mul-tivariate error correction model and impulse response functions were estimated. The main hypotheses were that FDI promotes the recipient countries' EG and contributes to attracting higher FDI flows. The results showed that in some countries, foreign investment promoted EG and, in turn, EG contributed to attracting higher investment flows. However, in other cases, this relationship did not hold. These results suggest that factors such as infrastructure, financial market development, macroeconomic stability, institutional quality, and human capital are determinants of maximizing FDI benefits. JEL classification: F21, F43, F15.

RESUMEN Este documento analiza la cartografa social en el sector pesquero de Oaxaca, México. El objetivo principal es representar el sistema pesquero a través de la identificación de los actores clave, sus relaciones y el territorio. La metodología incluyó tres fases: 1) documental, para establecer el marco teórico; 2) de campo, con la aplicación de 110 encuestas a pescadores utilizando la técnica de bola de nieve; y 3) de resultados, con el análisis y presentación de los datos. Los principales resultados muestran que el sector agroalimentario, al cual pertenece el sector pesquero, enfrenta retos como potencializar las capacidades de producción, abastecimiento, transformación, comercialización y distribución. Se identificaron los principales actores gubernamentales, empresariales y de educación superior involucrados. En cuanto al sistema pesquero en Oaxaca, se mapearon los contextos político-legislativo, geográfico, de sustentabilidad y sanidad, financiero y comercial, de capital humano, productivo e infraestructural, así como el contexto regional de las zonas Costa e Istmo. Se destaca la importancia de reconocer las relaciones históricas que han marcado la pesca en México, especialmente en Oaxaca, uno de los estados con mayores índices de pobreza y rezago. CLASIFICACIÓN JEL: P42, J01, J54, Y90

ABSTRACT This document analyzes social cartography in the fishing sector of Oaxaca, Mexico. The main objective is to represent the fishing system through the identification of the key actors, their relationships and the territory The methodology included three phases: 1) documentary to establish the theoretical framework; 2) field, with the application of 110 surveys to fishermen using the snowball technique; and 3) results, with the analysis and presentation of the data. The main results show that the agri-food sector; to which the fishing sector belongs, faces challenges such as enhancing production, supply, transformation, marketing and distribution capacities. The main government, business and higher education actors involved were identified. Regarding the fishing system in Oaxaca, the political-legislative, geographical, sustainability and health, financial and commercial, human capital, productive and infrastructural contexts were mapped, as well as the regional context of the Coast and Isthmus areas. The importance of recognizing the historical relationships that have marked fishing in Mexico is highlighted, especially in Oaxaca, one of the states with the highest rates of poverty and backwardness. JEL CLASSIFICATION: P42, J01, J54, Y90

RESUMO Este artigo analisa o mapeamento social no setor de pesca em Oaxaca, México. O principal objetivo é representar o sistema de pesca por meio da identificação dos principais atores, suas relações e o território. A metodologia incluiu três fases: l) documental, para estabelecer a estrutura teórica; 2) campo, com a aplicação de 110 pesquisas a pescadores usando a técnica de bola de neve; e 3) resultados, com a análise e apresentação dos dados. Os principais resultados mostram que o setor agroalimentar, ao qual pertence o setor pesqueiro, enfrenta desafios como o fortalecimento das capacidades de produção, fornecimento, processamento, comercialização e distribuição. Foram identificados os principais atores governamentais, empresariais e de ensino superior envolvidos. Com relação ao sistema de pesca em Oaxaca, foram mapeados os contextos político-legislativo, geográfico, de sustentabilidade e saúde, financeiro e comercial, de capital humano, produtivo e de infraestrutura, bem como o contexto regional das zonas da Costa e do Istmo. O estudo destaca a importância de reconhecer as relações históricas que marcaram a pesca no México, especialmente em Oaxaca, um dos estados com os mais altos índices de pobreza e atraso. CLASSIFICAÇÃO JEL: P42, J01, J54, Y90

Resumen Objetivo. La presente revisión sistemática de textos que presentan revisiones buscó identificar los determinantes psicosociales del abandono, el ajuste y el desempeño en estudiantado universitario de primer año y con ello dar un aporte actualizado y con mayor alcance a la identificación de aquellos determinantes asociados al retiro y posibles de intervenir por las universidades. Método. Se realizó una búsqueda de meta-análisis y revisiones sistemáticas utilizando términos claves y metodología PICOS en las bases de datos Dimensions, ApaPsycnet, ERIC, EBSCO, ScienceDirect y ProQuest. Se seleccionaron 16 artículos según la consistencia temática y la calidad evaluada con el instrumento R-Amstar, los cuales fueron codificados con base en la población, los determinantes psicosociales, la metodología y tamaño del efecto. Conclusiones. Los resultados indican que el desempeño académico presenta mayor relación con las habilidades y hábitos de estudio, rasgos de personalidad asociados a conciencia y apertura, factores motivacionales de autoeficacia y sociales relacionados con el ajuste académico. La permanencia/deserción muestra asociación con factores de autorregulación (habilidades académicas), de motivación (autoeficacia, metas académicas) y social (apego institucional y compromiso institucional). Respecto al ajuste, se observan factores afectivos relativos a la presencia de depresión; de autorregulación del aprendizaje relacionados con la búsqueda de soporte; de personalidad asociados a rasgos de conciencia y amabilidad; motivacionales relativos a la autoestima, optimismo y autoconcepto y sociales asociados con la percepción de soporte social. Los hallazgos identificados pueden contribuir al diseño de acciones para el estudiantado que lo requiera, con el fin de que tengan mayor permanencia, un mejor ajuste y desempeño académico.

Resumo Objetivo. A presente exploração sistemática de revisões identificou os determinantes psicossociais de evasão, ajustamento e desempenho em estudantes universitários do primeiro ano com isso, contribuir para uma identificação atual e abrangente de fatores associados à evasão universitária nas quais as instituições de ensino superior poderiam tratar. Método. Foi realizada uma busca por metanálises e revisões sistemáticas utilizando termos-chave e metodologia PICOS nas bases de dados, tais como Dimensions, ApaPsycnet, ERIC, EBSCO, ScienceDirect and ProQuest; bem como em revistas, organizações e autores. De um total de 35 estudos, 16 foram selecionados com base na consistência temática e qualidade avaliada com o instrumento R-Amstar. Os estudos foram codificados com base na população, determinantes psicossociais, metodologia e tamanho do efeito. Conclusão. Para o desempenho acadêmico, observou-se maior relação entre habilidades e hábitos de estudo, traços de personalidade associados à consciência e abertura, fatores motivacionais de autoeficácia e fatores sociais relacionados ao ajustamento acadêmico. A permanência/saída mostrou associações com autorregulamentação (habilidades acadêmicas), motivação (autoeficácia, objetivos acadêmicos) e fatores sociais (vínculo institucional e compromisso institucional). Por fim, em relação ao ajustamento, foram observados fatores afetivos associados à presença de depressão; autorregulação da aprendizagem relacionada à busca de apoio; de personalidade associada a traços de consciência e bondade; motivacional relacionado à autoestima, otimismo e autoconceito. Adicionalmente, social associado à percepção de suporte social. Os resultados identificados podem contribuir para a concepção de ações para estudantes necessitados, a fim de ter permanência, um melhor ajuste e desempenho acadêmico.

Abstract Objective. The current systematic review of reviews looked to identify psychosocial factors of dropout, adjustment and academic performance in first year university students and with thereby contribute to a current and comprehensive identification of factors associated with university dropout in higher education institutions which could be treated. Method. A search for meta-analysis and systematic reviews with keywords and PICOS methodology was carried out in the databases Dimensions, ApaPsycnet, ERIC, EBSCO, ScienceDirect, and ProQuest. 16 of 35 studies were chosen in the base of topic consistency and R-Amstar quality test. Studies were coded according to population, psychosocial factors, design, and effect size characteristics. Conclusions. Study habits and skills; personality traits of conscientiousness and openness; motivational factors of self-efficacy, and social variables related to adjustment had the strongest relationship with academic performance. Persistence/dropout showed associations with self-regulatory (academic skills), motivational (self-efficacy, academic goals) and social (institutional attachment and institutional commitment) factors. Finally, affective factors as depression; self-regulated strategies such as support seeking; personality traits of conscientiousness and agreeableness; motivational variables of optimism and self-concept and social factors oriented to perceive social support perceived were related with college adjustment. The identified findings can contribute to the design of actions for students in need to have persistence, better adjustment and academic performance.

Resumo: O objetivo deste artigo é analisar a gestão do capital intelectual e o seu impacto no crescimento das empresas do sector funerário da cidade de Cúcuta - Norte de Santander. Tudo porque se trata de um modelo de trabalho significativo para as organizações optimizarem as práticas de gestão definidas pelos contributos deste importante ativo, propondo diretamente novas disposições de desenvolvimento sobre resultados favoráveis em termos operacionais do fator humano. O método de investigação é quantitativo, onde as inferências analíticas são retiradas dos dados obtidos e cruzadas com os contributos da literatura para validar a pertinência concetual destas posições. A amostra para a aplicação do instrumento de recolha de informação (inquérito de opinião) corresponde a 226 trabalhadores pertencentes a este tipo de organização. Os resultados destacam a importância operacional de promover o desenvolvimento do conhecimento através dos diferentes modelos teóricos apresentados, especialmente nas concessões levantadas na formação contínua e na disseminação do conhecimento como experiências que vitalizam completamente a dinâmica de trabalho atualmente aplicada na região.

Abstract: The purpose of this article is to analyze the management of intellectual capital and its impact on the growth of companies in the funeral sector in the city of Cúcuta - Norte de Santander. All for being a significant working model for organizations to optimize management practices defined by the contributions of this important asset, directly raising new development provisions on favorable results in operational terms of the human factor. The research method is quantitative, which stipulates analytical inferences from the data obtained that are crossed with the contributions of the literature to validate the conceptual relevance of these positions. The sample for the implementation of the information gathering instrument (opinion survey) corresponds to 226 workers belonging to this type of organizations. Among the results, the operational importance of promoting the development of knowledge through the different theoretical models exposed is highlighted, especially in the concessions raised in continuous training and the dissemination of knowledge as experiences that completely vitalize the work dynamics currently applied in the region.

Resumen: El presente artículo tiene la función de analizar la gestión del capital intelectual y su incidencia en el crecimiento de las empresas del sector funerario en la ciudad de Cúcuta - Norte de Santander. Todo por ser un modelo de trabajo significativo para las organizaciones para optimizar prácticas de gestión definidas por los aportes de este importante activo, planteando directamente nuevas disposiciones de desarrollo sobre resultados favorables en términos operativos del factor humano. El método de investigación es de tipo cuantitativo, donde se estipula inferencias analíticas de los datos obtenidos que son cruzados con los aportes de la literatura para validar la pertinencia conceptual de estas posturas. La muestra para la implementación del instrumento recolector de información (encuesta de opinión) corresponde a 226 trabajadores pertenecientes a este tipo de organizaciones. Entre los resultados se destaca la importancia operativa de impulsar el desarrollo del conocimiento a través de los diferentes modelos teóricos expuestos, sobre todo en las concesiones planteadas en la capacitación continua y la divulgación del conocimiento conforme experiencias que vitalizan por completo las dinámicas de trabajo aplicadas actualmente en la región.

Resumen El artículo tiene como objetivo indagar los significados que le asigna el gobierno de la La Libertad Avanza a la asistencia estatal. Para ello, se analizan los discursos enunciados por sus referentes en diferentes medios de comunicación y se realiza una reconstrucción bibliográfica de otras experiencias de derechas en el gobierno. Esta doble acción permite sostener y concluir que estos actores del campo político encuentran continuidades significativas, aunque utilizan categorías que se adecuan a los contextos discursivos en el que se encuentran. En particular, la concepción del actual gobierno articula las nociones de capital humano y la gestión de la incertidumbre. La primera se centra en el individuo y la capitalización de sus aptitudes personales para que sean remuneradas por el mercado. La segunda se edifica en el proceso de contención del impacto del plan económico que se encuentra en marcha.

Abstract The article aims to indicate the meanings that the La Libertad Avanza government assigns to state assistance. To do this, the speeches of its references expressed in different media are analyzed and a bibliographic reconstruction of other right-wing experiences in government is carried out. This double action allows us to maintain and conclude that these actors in the political field find significant continuities, although they use categories that adapt to the discursive contexts. In particular, the current government's conception articulates the notions of human capital and the management of uncertainty. The first, focused on the individual and the capitalization of their personal skills so that they are remunerated by the market. The second is built on the process of containing the impact of the economic plan that is advancing.