Abstract Background: Invasive parasitic species have barely been studied despite their impact on the communities they invade. Questions: What is the host range used by the invasive parasite Cassytha filiformis in the coastal scrubland of northern Yucatan? Does C. filiformis show host preference? Does the physiological performance of C. fliformis (water deficit and chlorophyll content) vary among hosts on which it establishes and reproduces? Study species: Cassytha filiformis, an invasive hemiparasitic vine of coastal communities. Study sites and dates: Telchac, Yucatán, México. The study lasted from October 2022 to June 2023. Methods: The incidence of C. filiformis parasitism was recorded. Histological analysis confirmed parasitism, and the water potential and chlorophyll concentration of C. filiformis in its main hosts were determined. Results: C. filiformis parasitized 10 species, showing a preference for shrubs. Its main hosts were Scaevola plumieri, Phitecellobium keyense and Croton punctatus. Differences between hosts were observed in water potential variation and total chlorophyll concentration. Differences between stem types (young and mature) in chlorophyll concentration were also observed. Conclusions: C. filiformis prefers shrub species to establish. The physiological performance of C. filiformis varied depending on host identity. Differences in chlorophyll concentration between stem types of C. filiformis suggest functional physiological differences between them.

Resumen Antecedentes: Las especies parásitas invasoras han sido pobremente estudiadas a pesar del impacto que pueden tener en las comunidades que invaden. Preguntas: ¿Cuál es el rango de hospederos que utiliza la parásita invasora Cassytha filiformis? ¿C. filiformis presenta preferencia por hospederos? ¿el desempeño fisiológico (déficit hídrico y contenido de clorofilas) de C. filiformis varía entre los hospederos donde se establece y reproduce? Especie de estudio: Cassytha filiformis, liana hemiparásita invasora de comunidades costeras. Sitio y años de estudio: Telchac, Yucatán México. El estudio abarcó de octubre del 2022 a junio 2023. Métodos: Se registró la incidencia de parasitismo de C. filiformis. Se confirmó el parasitismo mediante análisis histológico y se determinó el potencial hídrico y la concentración de clorofila de C. filiformis en sus principales hospederos. Resultados: C. filiformis parasitó 10 especies mostrando preferencia por especies arbustivas. Sus principales hospederos fueron Scaevola plumieri, Phitecellobium keyense y Croton punctatus. Se observaron diferencias entre hospederos en el cambio del potencial hídrico y la concentración total de clorofila. Adicionalmente, se observaron diferencias entre tipos de tallos (jóvenes y maduros) en la concentración de clorofila. Conclusiones: C. filiformis se establece en especies arbustivas. Su desempeño fisiológico varía dependiendo de la identidad del hospedero. Se observaron diferencias en la concentración de clorofila entre tipos de tallo de C. filiformis sugiriendo diferencias fisiológicas funcionales entre ellos.

Abstract: Within the context of agricultural ecosystems, understanding the nutritional physiology of insects and their host plant preferences is essential for optimizing pest management strategies and improving crop production. In this study, we conducted an in-depth examination of the nutritional physiology of the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in the context of different host plants, specifically wheat varieties, in comparison to maize. Our investigation focused on key parameters, including the Relative Consumption Rate (RCR), Relative Growth Rate (RGR), and Efficiency of Conversion of Ingested food (ECI) of S. frugiperda fed on different wheat varieties including: Dilkash-20, Fakhar-E-Bhakkar-17, Subhani-21, Faisalabad-08, and Akbar-19 in comparison to maize (NK-6654). The results revealed that S. frugiperda displayed a significantly (P < 0.05) higher RCR (8.08 g/g/day), RGR (1.50 g/g/day), and ECI (25.1 %) when feeding on maize, followed by Fakhar-E-Bhakkar-17 (RCR =7.00 g/g/day, RGR =1.24 g/g/day and ECI =21.4 %) and Akbar-19 (RCR = 6.06 g/g/day, RGR = 1.04 g/g/day and ECI =19.7 %) wheat varieties after 1 week of feeding. The lowest values of all these nutritional parameters were recorded on the Dilkash-20 variety (RCR = 2.98 g/g/day, RGR = 0.38 g/g/day, and ECI = 7.94 %). These findings offer valuable insights into the nutritional interactions between S. frugiperda and the host plants, shedding light on potential implications for pest management strategies and crop patterns.

Resumen: En el contexto de los ecosistemas agrícolas, comprender la fisiología nutricional de los insectos y sus preferencias de plantas hospedantes es fundamental para optimizar las estrategias de manejo de plagas y mejorar la producción de cultivos. En este estudio, llevamos a cabo un examen en profundidad de la fisiología nutricional del gusano cogollero, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) en el contexto de diferentes plantas hospedantes, específicamente variedades de trigo, en comparación con el maíz. Nuestra investigación se centró en parámetros clave, incluida la Tasa de consumo relativo (RCR), la Tasa de crecimiento relativo (RGR) y la Eficiencia de conversión de los alimentos ingeridos (ECI) de S. frugiperda alimentada con diferentes variedades de trigo, incluidas: Dilkash-20, Fakhar-E-Bhakkar-17, Subhani-21, Faisalabad-08 y Akbar-19 en comparación con el maíz (NK-6654). Los resultados revelaron que S. frugiperda mostró un RCR (8.08 g/g/día), un RGR (1.50 g/g/día) y un ECI (25.1 %) significativamente mayores (P < 0.05) cuando se alimentaba de maíz, seguido por Fakhar-E-Bhakkar-17 (RCR = 7.00 g/g/día, RGR = 1.24 g/g/día y ECI = 21.4 %) y Akbar-19 (RCR = 6.06 g/g/día, RGR = 1.04 g/g/día y ECI = 19.7 %) variedades de trigo después de 1 semana de alimentación. Los valores más bajos de todos estos parámetros nutricionales se registraron en la variedad Dilkash-20 (RCR = 2.98 g/g/día, RGR = 0.38 g/g/día y ECI = 7.94 %). Estos hallazgos ofrecen información valiosa sobre las interacciones nutricionales entre S. frugiperda y las plantas hospedantes, arrojando luz sobre las posibles implicaciones para las estrategias de manejo de plagas y los patrones de cultivo.

Abstract There are numerous examples of endophytic fungal parasites of plants that can prevent them from flowering or producing seeds. Among these are Ustilaginales fungi that can cause smut on host plants. This contribution addresses the interaction between Digitaria sanguinalis (Ds), an important weed, and Ustilago syntherismae. Since 2004, both populations have been monitored on a plot with an agricultural past at Torre Marimon (Caldes de Montbui, Barcelona). We present data relating to the 2009-2017 period on the density of Ds individuals present at the end of the annual cycle (autumn), obtained through regular sampling using quadrats of 0.25 m2. Three phenotypes were differentiated according to the following morphological characteristics: a) apparently normal plants with spikelets in their inflorescences; b) completely smutted plants with sori in their apical part; and c) plants (partially smutted, PS) that presented both spikelets and sori in different mainstem/tillers. For the period 2011-2014, data on the reproductive potential and interannual variability (number of inflorescences with spikelets/number of sori per individual) of the three aforementioned groups are presented and compared. Although both the average annual density of PS individuals (4.7 i m-2) and their average annual contribution to the number of spikelets/sori are low (31/168 structures m-2 respectively), we briefly discuss, within the scenario of the possible use of the fungus as a biological control agent, the relevance that these individuals may have for analysing, from a genetic perspective, the type of resistance they present.

Resumen Son numerosos los ejemplos de parásitos fúngicos endófitos de plantas que pueden impedir que éstas florezcan o produzcan semillas. Entre ellos se encuentran los hongos ustilaginales que pueden generar carbón en las plantas hospedantes. En esta contribución se aborda la interacción entre Digitaria sanguinalis (Ds), una mala hierba importante, y Ustilago syntherismae. Desde 2004 se han seguido ambas poblaciones en una parcela con historial agrícola de Torre Marimon (Caldes de Montbui, Barcelona). En esta aportación se presentan datos del período 2009-2017 de la densidad de individuos de Ds presentes al final del ciclo anual (otoño), obtenida mediante un muestreo regular utilizando cuadrados de 0.25 m2. Se diferenciaron tres fenotipos de acuerdo con las siguientes características morfológicas: a) plantas aparentemente normales con espiguillas en sus inflorescencias; b) plantas completamente castradas con soros (carbón) en su parte apical; y c) plantas (parcialmente castradas, PPC) que presentaban tanto espiguillas como soros en distintos ápices de los hijuelos. Para el período 2011-2014 se presentan datos del potencial reproductivo y la variabilidad interanual (número de inflorescencias con espiguillas/número de soros por individuo) de los tres grupos señalados y se comparan entre ellos. Aunque tanto la densidad media anual de individuos PPC (4.7 i m-2), como su aportación media anual en el número de espiguillas/soros son bajas (31/168 estructuras m-2 respectivamente), se discute brevemente, en el marco del posible uso del hongo como agente de control biológico, la relevancia que pueden tener estos individuos para analizar, desde una perspectiva genética, el tipo de resistencia que presentan.

Abstract The cotton or solenopsis mealybug, Phenacoccus solenopsis (Tinsley, 1898) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), infests various host plants in Egypt. A study was conducted to observe the incidence of mealybugs and the possible influences of meteorological variables and plant age on the insect population of maize (single-hybrid 168 yellow maize cultivar) plants in Esna district, Luxor governorate, Egypt, in two consecutive seasons (2021 and 2022). P. solenopsis infested maize plants from the 3rd week of June to harvest, and had three peaks of seasonal incidence/season namely; in the 1st week of June in the 3rd/4th week of July, and the 2nd week of August. Similarly, there were three peaks in the percent of infestations per season. In the first season, the average population density of P. solenopsis per sample was 174.04 ± 16.93 individuals, and in the second season, 156.72 ± 14.28 individuals. The most favorable climate for P. solenopsis population increase and infestation occurred in August in the first season and in September in the second season, while June was less suitable in both growing seasons (as estimated by weekly surveys). The combined effects of weather conditions and plant age are significantly related to the estimates of P. solenopsis populations, with an explained variance (E.V.) of 93.18 and 93.86%, respectively, in the two seasons. In addition, their influences explained differences in infestation percentages of 93.30 and 95.54%, respectively, in the two seasons. Maize plant age was the most effective factor in determining changes in P. solenopsis population densities in each season. The mean daily minimum temperature in the first season and mean daily dew point in the second season were the most important factors affecting the percent changes in infestation. However, in both seasons, the mean daily maximum temperature was the least effective variable in population and infestation variation. This study paves the way for monitoring and early detection of mealybugs in maize; as well as the optimal climatic conditions for its development. mealybug Tinsley, Tinsley (Tinsley 1898 Hemiptera (Hemiptera Pseudococcidae, Pseudococcidae , Pseudococcidae) Egypt singlehybrid single hybrid 16 cultivar district governorate 2021 (202 2022. 2022 . 2022) P rd harvest incidenceseason namely st 3rd4th rdth 4th th July nd Similarly 17404 174 04 174.0 1693 93 16.9 individuals 15672 156 72 156.7 1428 14 28 14.2 surveys. surveys surveys) populations E.V. EV E V (E.V. 9318 18 93.1 9386 86 93.86% respectively addition 9330 30 93.3 9554 95 54 95.54% However variation development 189 1 202 (20 1740 17 0 174. 169 9 16. 1567 15 7 156. 142 2 14. E.V (E.V 931 93. 938 8 93.86 933 3 955 5 95.54 20 (2 93.8 95.5 ( 95.

Resumo A cochonilha do algodão ou solenopsis, Phenacoccus solenopsis (Tinsley, 1898) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), infesta várias plantas hospedeiras no Egito. Um estudo foi conduzido para observar a incidência de cochonilhas e as possíveis influências de variáveis meteorológicas e da idade da planta na população de insetos de plantas de milho (cultivar de milho amarelo 168 híbrido único) no distrito de Esna, província de Luxor, Egito, em duas temporadas consecutivas (2021 e 2022). P. solenopsis infestou plantas de milho desde a terceira semana de junho até a colheita, e teve três picos de incidência/estação sazonal, a saber: na primeira semana de junho, nas terceira e quarta semanas de julho e na segunda semana de agosto. Da mesma forma, ocorreram três picos na percentagem de infestações por estação. Na primeira temporada, a densidade populacional média de P. solenopsis por amostra foi de 174,04 ± 16,93 indivíduos, e na segunda temporada, 156,72 ± 14,28 indivíduos. O clima mais favorável ao aumento populacional e à infestação de P. solenopsis ocorreu em agosto na primeira época e em setembro na segunda época, enquanto junho foi menos adequado em ambas as épocas de cultivo (conforme estimado por inquéritos semanais). Os efeitos combinados das condições climáticas e da idade das plantas estão significativamente relacionados com as estimativas das populações de P. solenopsis, com variância explicada (E.V.) de 93,18 e 93,86%, respectivamente, nas duas estações. Além disso, suas influências explicaram diferenças nos percentuais de infestação de 93,30 e 95,54%, respectivamente, nas duas épocas. A idade da planta de milho foi o fator mais eficaz na determinação das mudanças nas densidades populacionais de P. solenopsis em cada estação. A temperatura mínima diária média na primeira época e o ponto de orvalho médio diário na segunda época foram os fatores mais importantes que afetaram as alterações percentuais na infestação. Porém, em ambas as estações, a temperatura máxima média diária foi a variável menos eficaz na variação populacional e de infestação. Este estudo abre caminho para o monitoramento e a detecção precoce de cochonilhas no milho, bem como as condições climáticas ideais para o seu desenvolvimento. Tinsley, Tinsley (Tinsley 1898 Hemiptera (Hemiptera Pseudococcidae, Pseudococcidae , Pseudococcidae) Egito cultivar 16 único Esna Luxor 2021 (202 2022. 2022 . 2022) P colheita incidênciaestação estação sazonal saber forma temporada 17404 174 04 174,0 1693 93 16,9 indivíduos 15672 156 72 156,7 1428 14 28 14,2 conforme semanais. semanais semanais) E.V. EV E V (E.V. 9318 18 93,1 9386 86 93,86% respectivamente estações disso 9330 30 93,3 9554 95 54 95,54% Porém desenvolvimento 189 1 202 (20 1740 17 0 174, 169 9 16, 1567 15 7 156, 142 2 14, E.V (E.V 931 93, 938 8 93,86 933 3 955 5 95,54 20 (2 93,8 95,5 ( 95,

Resumo Este trabalho apresenta o isolamento de fungos endofíticos de folhas de Campomanesia adamantium(Cambess.) O. Berg (Myrtaceae), espécie nativa encontrada no Brasil, com distribuição abundante no Cerrado brasileiro, popularmente conhecida como “guabiroba-do-campo. Têm sido utilizadas popularmente por suas atividades anti-reumáticas anti-inflamatórias, antidiarreicas, redutoras de colesterol no sangue, antisséptica urinária e depurativas. Fungos endofíticos são microrganismos que vivem no interior de plantas superiores, ao menos por um período de seu ciclo de vida, ocupando os espaços intercelulares dos tecidos vegetais, como folhas e caules. Esses fungos, além de serem inofensivos à planta hospedeira, produzem benefícios a partir de metabólitos secundários que promovem proteção, regulam o crescimento, combatem bactérias, vírus e fungos e promovem resistência a estresse abiótico, além de efeitos inseticidas. Os fungos endófitos associados às folhas de C. adamantiumforam isolados utilizando-se a técnica de isolamento em meio de cultura. Logo após o crescimento, os fungos foram divididos em grupos baseados em morfotipos. O DNA genômico fúngico foi extraído A reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) foi conduzida para amplificação da região ITS-1-5.8S-ITS2 de rRNA e as sequências de nucleotídeos obtidas foram comparados com aqueles disponíveis na base de dados GenBank para a identificação molecular dos isolados. A construção da filogenia da árvore foi realizada utilizando o software MEGA 11. Os resultados apresentaram representantes do filo Ascomycota e em nível de gênero foi possível identificar 18 fungos dos gêneros Colletotrichum, Diaporthe, Epicoccum e Neofusicoccum. adamantiumCambess. adamantiumCambess adamantium Cambess. Cambess adamantium(Cambess. Myrtaceae, Myrtaceae , (Myrtaceae) Brasil brasileiro guabirobadocampo. guabirobadocampo guabiroba campo. campo “guabiroba-do-campo antireumáticas anti reumáticas antiinflamatórias, antiinflamatórias inflamatórias, inflamatórias anti-inflamatórias antidiarreicas sangue depurativas superiores vida vegetais caules hospedeira proteção crescimento bactérias abiótico inseticidas C utilizandose se cultura morfotipos PCR (PCR ITS15.8SITS2 ITS158SITS2 ITSSITS ITS 1 5.8S ITS2 5 8S S ITS-1-5.8S-ITS 11 Colletotrichum Diaporthe Neofusicoccum adamantium(Cambess (Myrtaceae ITS15 8SITS2 SITS ITS15.8SITS ITS158SITS 58S ITS1 8SITS

Abstract This work presents the isolation of endophytic fungi from the leaves of Campomanesia adamantium (Cambess.) O. Berg (Myrtaceae), a native species found in Brazil and popularly known as “guabiroba-do-campo”, with abundant distribution in the Brazilian Cerrado. It has been popularly used for its anti-rheumatic, anti-inflammatory, antidiarrheal, blood cholesterol-reducing, urinary antiseptic, and depurative properties. Theese fungi are microorganisms that live inside higher plants, at least for a period of their life cycle, occupying the intercellular spaces of plant tissues such as leaves and stems. These fungi are harmless to the host plant, and their secondary metabolites promote protection, regulate growth, combat bacteria, viruses, and fungi, and promote resistance to abiotic stress, as well as insecticidal effects. Endophytic fungi associated with the leaves of C. adamantium were isolated using the culture medium isolation technique. After growth, the fungi were divided into groups based on morphotypes. Fungal genomic DNA was extracted, and a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was conducted to amplify the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 regions of rRNA, and the nucleotide sequences obtained were compared with those available in the GenBank database for molecular identification of the isolates. The phylogenetic tree was constructed using MEGA 11 software. The results showed representatives of the Ascomycota phylum, and it was possible to identify at the genus level 18 fungi of the genera Colletotrichum, Diaporthe, Epicoccum, and Neofusicoccum. Cambess. Cambess (Cambess. O Myrtaceae, Myrtaceae , (Myrtaceae) guabirobadocampo, guabirobadocampo guabiroba do campo “guabiroba-do-campo” Cerrado antirheumatic, antirheumatic anti rheumatic, rheumatic anti-rheumatic antiinflammatory, antiinflammatory inflammatory, inflammatory anti-inflammatory antidiarrheal cholesterolreducing, cholesterolreducing cholesterol reducing, reducing cholesterol-reducing antiseptic properties plants cycle stems protection growth bacteria viruses stress effects C technique morphotypes extracted PCR (PCR ITS15.8SITS2 ITS158SITS2 ITSSITS ITS1 5.8S ITS2 5 8S ITS S ITS1-5.8S-ITS rRNA isolates 1 software phylum Colletotrichum Diaporthe Epicoccum Neofusicoccum (Cambess (Myrtaceae “guabiroba-do-campo ITS15 8SITS2 SITS ITS15.8SITS ITS158SITS 58S 8SITS

Resumo O estudo de pesquisa de campo foi realizado na temporada (2017). A soja e as ervas daninhas foram amostradas semanalmente de forma aleatória. Tripes adultos foram identificados e contados. A detecção do vírus isolado e a incidência natural foram determinadas usando transmissão mecânica, gama de hospedeiros, DAS-ELISA, RT-PCR. A incidência natural de tripes em indivíduos foi detectada dependendo da % de SVNV em tripes e hospedeiros infestantes. Dez espécies de tripes foram associadas a plantas de soja no campo. A espécie mais abundante foi T. tabaci, com média de 256,5 número médio de indivíduos, seguida por F. occidentalis (142,5) e N. variabilis (86,6 / número médio de indivíduos). Catorze espécies de tripes ocorreram em 5 culturas de leguminosas e 41 espécies de plantas daninhas dentro de campos de soja. O maior número médio de 40,6 indivíduos foi registrado em Ammi majus. Enquanto o mais baixo, 3,3 número médio de indivíduos, foi no Urtica urens. Apenas 21 espécies de plantas diagnosticadas foram suscetíveis à infecção com SVNV. G. max e Vigna radiate foram os maiores percentuais de infecção, 80%, seguidos por V. unguilata e N. benthamiana, 75%. O isolado egípcio neste estudo mostrou um alto grau de similaridade e está intimamente relacionado ao TSWV do Egito (DQ479968) e ao TCSV dos EUA (KY820965), com identidade de sequência de nucleotídeos de 78%. Quatro espécies de tripes transmitiram SVNV (F. fusca 4,0%, F. schultzei 4,3%, F. tritici 3,3% e N. variabilis 68,0% de transmissão). Tanto C. phaseoli quanto M. sjostedti podem adquirir o vírus, mas não podem transmiti-lo. As seguintes espécies, T. tabaci, F. occidentalis, S. dorsallis e T. palmi não podem adquirir ou transmitir SVNV. A incidência de SVNV no campo, iniciada no final de julho, aumentou gradativamente de 12,7 para 71,3% no final da temporada. Em conclusão, poucos indivíduos de tripes invadiram a cultura da soja e são suficientes para transmitir alta taxa de SVNV dentro da cultura. Além disso, várias espécies de vetores também abundam em ervas daninhas, que são as principais fontes dos vírus da soja transmitidos às lavouras. Essas informações podem ser importantes para controlar e reduzir a incidência de infecção por SVNV.

Abstract Field survey study was conducted season (2017). Soybeans and weeds were weekly sampled randomly. Thrips adults were identified and counted. Detection of the virus isolate and the natural incidence was determined using; Mechanical transmission, host range, DAS-ELISA, RT-PCR. The natural incidence thrips individuals was detected depending on the SVNV% in thrips individuals and weeds hosts. Ten thrips species were associated with soybean plants in the field. The most abundant species was T. tabaci, average 256.5 average no.of individuals, followed by F. occidentalis (142.5 average no. of individuals), then N. variabilis (86.6/ average no. of individuals). Fourteen thrips species occurred on 5 legumes field crops and 41 weed plant species within soybean field. The highest average number 40.6.of individuals were recorded on Ammi majus. While the lowest one 3.3 average no. of individuals were on Urtica urens. Only 21diagnostic plant species were susceptible to infection with SVNV. G. max and Vigna radiate, were the highest percentage of infection 80% followed by V. unguilata & N. benthamiana, 75%. Egyptian isolate of Soybean vein necrosis virus (SVNV) in this study showed a high degree of similarity and it is closely related to TSWV from Egypt (DQ479968) and TCSV from USA (KY820965) with nucleotide sequence identity of 78%. Four thrips species transmitted SVNV (F. fusca 4.0%, F. schultzei 4.3%, F. tritici 3.3% and N. variabilis 68.0% transmission). Both C. phaseoli and M. sjostedti can acquire the virus but unable to transmit it. The following species; T. tabaci, F. occidentalis, S. dorsallis and T. palmi cannot acquire or transmit SVNV. The incidence of SVNV in the field started by the end of July then increased gradualy from 12.7 to 71.3% by the end of the season. In conclusion, few thrips individuals invaded soybean crops are enough to transmit high rate of SVNV within the crop. Furthermore, several vector species are also abundant on weeds, which are the major sources of soybean viruses transmitted to the crops. This information might be important for control and reduce the incidence of SVNV infection.

ABSTRACT The sharpshooter genus Balacha Melichar, 1926 includes nine species and is distributed in southeastern and southern Brazil, Uruguay, Paraguay, and Argentina. All species of Balacha use only members of the genus Eryngium (Apiaceae) as host plants, except for a recently described species that is associated with Actinocephalus polyanthus (Eriocaulaceae). Here we describe and illustrate an additional species, B. caledonia sp. nov., from an alpine field in Nova Friburgo, state of Rio de Janeiro, southeastern Brazil, which is also associated with Eryngium. Among the known species of the genus, the new taxon is morphologically most similar to B. caparao Takiya & Mejdalani, 2004, but can be easily distinguished by the shaft of the aedeagus, which has a dorsal lobe on the basal half and no ventroapical lobe, and the female sternite VII with the borders of the posterior emargination sinuous. Our studies indicate that the type locality of the new species and its surrounding Atlantic Forest area in Nova Friburgo harbor an interesting and diverse but still poorly known sharpshooter fauna, including the recently discovered Paratubana auromarginata Côrte et al., 2021 (also from Eryngium) and Cavichiana caelivittata Mejdalani et al., 2023 (from bromeliads). Melichar 192 Brazil Uruguay Paraguay Argentina Apiaceae (Apiaceae plants Eriocaulaceae. Eriocaulaceae . (Eriocaulaceae) B sp nov nov. Janeiro 2004 aedeagus sinuous fauna al al. 202 bromeliads. bromeliads bromeliads) 19 (Eriocaulaceae 200 20 1 2

ABSTRACT The rice stink bug, Tibraca limbativentris Stål (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), is a significant pest of rice cultivation in Brazil and attacks plants during both vegetative and reproductive phases. Natural enemy surveys conducted in plantations located in Arari, Miranda do Norte, Matões do Norte, Santa Rita, and Viana (state of Maranhão, Brazil) led to the discovery of a new species of parasitoid, which is described in this study. Hexacladia lemosae Costa, Noyes & Machado sp. nov. (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) is the first species of its genus associated with T. limbativentris and develops as a gregarious endoparasitoid in adult stink bugs, occasionally in nymphs. The parasitoid emerges from the host while host is still alive. bug Hemiptera (Hemiptera Pentatomidae, Pentatomidae , Pentatomidae) phases Arari Norte Rita state Maranhão study Costa sp nov Hymenoptera (Hymenoptera Encyrtidae T bugs nymphs alive

ABSTRACT Fungi of the genus Pyricularia have a wide range of host plants and are capable of infecting more than 50 species of grasses, causing the blast disease, with damage to the ears. Species of the forage signal grass (Urochloa spp.) can be hosts of this genus of fungus and can be an important source of inoculum of the pathogen for other agricultural crops affected by blast, especially wheat. The objective of this study was to determine the reaction of nine cultivars of Urochloa to the pathogens Pyricularia oryzae Triticum lineage (PoTl), P. pennisetigena, P. urashimae, and P. grisea. The virulence of seven races of PoTl to signal grass cultivars was also evaluated. There was variation in the pathogenicity and virulence of Pyricularia species and PoTl races in different signal grass cultivars. The cultivars Ipyporã, BRS Tupi, and Xaraés were the most resistant to the different blast pathogen species and PoTl races. Therefore, it is recommended to cultivate these varieties in areas adjacent to wheat or in crop-livestock integration. 5 grasses disease ears spp. spp PoTl, , (PoTl) P pennisetigena urashimae grisea evaluated Ipyporã Tupi Therefore croplivestock crop livestock integration (PoTl

RESUMO Os fungos do gênero Pyricularia possuem ampla gama de plantas hospedeiras e são capazes de infectar mais de 50 espécies de gramíneas, causando a doença brusone, com danos às espigas. Espécies da forrageira braquiária (Urochloa spp.) podem ser hospedeiras deste gênero de fungo e podem ser importante fonte de inóculo do patógeno para outras culturas agrícolas afetadas pela brusone, especialmente o trigo. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a reação de nove cultivares de Urochloa aos patógenos Pyricularia oryzae linhagem Triticum (PoT1), P. pennisetigena, P. urashimae e P. grisea. Foi avaliado também a virulência de sete raças de PoTl á cultivares de braquiária. Houve variação na patogenicidade e virulência das espécies de Pyricularia e raças de PoTl em diferentes cultivares de braquiária. As cultivares Ipyporã, BRS Tupi e Xaraés foram as mais resistentes às diferentes espécies de patógenos da brusone, e raças de PoTl. Portanto, recomenda-se o cultivo dessas variedades em áreas adjacentes às de trigo ou na integração lavoura-pecuária. 5 gramíneas brusone espigas spp. spp PoT1, PoT1 PoT , (PoT1) P pennisetigena grisea Ipyporã Portanto recomendase recomenda se lavourapecuária. lavourapecuária lavoura pecuária. pecuária lavoura-pecuária (PoT1 (PoT

Abstract Plant anatomists perceive the plant body as the dynamic result of complex developmental processes which may deviate during gall development. Gall development involves local responses forming a morphophysiological continuum with the host plant organ, which can be addressed by anatomical studies. We revisited the history of galls in Brazil, as well as their morphogenetical potentialities and integration with entomological, chemical, physiological, and ecological approaches. The Fabaceae, Myrtaceae, Melastomataceae, and Asteraceae are the main hosts of the Brazilian gall morphotyes, which can be classified according to their three-dimensional shapess. Anatomical tools have been used to map cell and tissue fates in gall morphotypes, revealing the potential of plant tissue systems to overexpress or inhibit standard plant development. In-depth anatomical, cytological, histochemical, and immunocytochemical techniques have greatly expanded the knowledge of gall traits and plant cell responses. The new structures of galls hosted on leaves, stems, roots, and reproductive organs show consistent tissue specialization regarding the dermal and ground tissue systems, with the gall’s vascular system being connected to preexisting or newly formed bundles of the host plant. Due to the diverse stressors imposed on plant tissues, gall anatomy reveals adaptive responses that can be addressed from several perspectives, including citizen science initiatives. organ studies Brazil entomological chemical physiological approaches Fabaceae Myrtaceae Melastomataceae morphotyes threedimensional three dimensional shapess morphotypes Indepth In depth cytological histochemical leaves stems roots s tissues perspectives initiatives

Resumo Anatomistas vegetais percebem o corpo da planta como resultado de processos dinâmicos e complexos que podem ser desviados ao longo do desenvolvimento da galha. Este desenvolvimento envolve respostas locais, mas em um continuum morfofisiológico com o órgão hospedeiro, o que pode ser estudado do ponto de vista anatômico. Revisitamos a história das galhas no Brasil, suas potencialidades morfogenéticas e integração com abordagens entomológicas, químicas, fisiológicas e ecológicas. No Brasil, espécies de Fabaceae, Myrtaceae, Melastomataceae e Asteraceae são as principais hospedeiras de diversos morfotipos de galhas classificados com base em suas formas tridimensionais. Ferramentas anatômicas usadas para mapear o destino de células e tecidos nas galhas revelam o potencial dos sistemas de tecidos vegetais para superexpressar ou inibir o desenvolvimento vegetal padrão. Técnicas anatômicas, citológicas, histoquímicas e imunocitoquímicas aprofundadas expandiram o conhecimento das características das galhas e das respostas das células vegetais. As galhas hospedadas em folhas, caules, raízes e órgãos reprodutivos têm especialização tecidual consistente nos sistemas de tecido dérmico e fundamental, com o sistema vascular das galhas conectado àqueles da planta hospedeira. Devido a diversos estressores impostos aos tecidos vegetais, a anatomia das galhas revela respostas adaptativas que podem ser abordadas por diversas perspectivas, incluindo iniciativas de ciência cidadã. galha locais hospedeiro anatômico Brasil entomológicas químicas ecológicas Fabaceae Myrtaceae tridimensionais padrão citológicas folhas caules fundamental hospedeira perspectivas cidadã

ABSTRACT The Maricá Environmental Protection Area (RJ, Southeastern Brazil) is predominantly occupied by the restinga ecosystem. Two broad inventories of insect galls and several contributions to the taxonomical knowledge of the local gall-inducing fauna have been done since 1992. The present study aims to compile literature data, compare them with data from recent collections and evaluate the similarity between the gall-inducing insects from this area and those from other restingas, using the Sorensen’s index. Field work was carried out from April 2021 to March 2022, in a total of 14 expeditions. All voucher material was deposited in the Entomological Collection of Museu Nacional/UFRJ. According to literature compilation, the Environmental Protection Area of Maricá (MEPA) hosts 108 gall-inducing species, 83.3% were collected again. Twenty-three gall morphotypes were found for the first time in the study area as well as two host plants, Schwartzia brasiliensis (Marcgraviaceae) and Lantana fucata (Verbenaceae). All Brazilian restingas have low similarity with MEPA, which shows that this restinga is unique in the composition of the gall-inducers. MEPA includes 63 endemic species and morphospecies of cecidogenous insects. Nyctaginaceae, Boraginaceae, and Erythroxylaceae showed the greatest average of inducers by plant species. However, these taxa are not the best represented in MEPA, but they include super hosts, which explains their highest value. The family Myrtaceae shelters the greatest richness of gall-inducing insects and the greatest richness of host plant species. A new case of inquilinism was observed in galls on Neomitranthes obscura (Myrtaceae). RJ, RJ (RJ Brazil ecosystem gallinducing inducing 1992 Sorensens Sorensen s index 202 2022 1 expeditions NacionalUFRJ Nacional UFRJ Nacional/UFRJ compilation (MEPA 10 833 83 3 83.3 again Twentythree Twenty three plants Marcgraviaceae (Marcgraviaceae Verbenaceae. Verbenaceae . (Verbenaceae) gallinducers. gallinducers inducers. gall-inducers 6 Nyctaginaceae Boraginaceae However value Myrtaceae. (Myrtaceae) 199 20 8 83. (Verbenaceae (Myrtaceae 19 2

Abstract We surveyed insect galls and their host plants in areas of Caatinga and Cerrado in the municipality of Rio de Contas, in the extreme south of the Chapada Diamantina (Bahia state), between 703 and 1,897 m altitude, in order to contribute to the knowledge and conservation of local biodiversity. The survey was conducted in eight locations, adopting the random walking methodology for sampling, four in Caatinga and four in Cerrado, covering distinct phytophysiognomies (cerrado sensu stricto, gallery forest, shrubby caatinga, riparian forest, and rocky field). Eighty-four different insect gall morphotypes were reported, 48 (57.14%) of them on 42 host species in Cerrado and 36 (42.86%) on 24 host species in Caatinga. Most galls occurred on leaves (48.72%) and were globoid (53.76%), glabrous (52.92%), isolated (55.44%), usually one-chambered (61.32%), and brown (25.2%). The gall-inducing insects identified belonged to Lepidoptera (n = 1), Thysanoptera (n = 1), Hemiptera (n = 2), and Diptera (Cecidomyiidae) (n = 16). This was the first inventory of galls in the Chapada Diamantina, so all records are new for the region. We also recorded the first occurrences of galls on two Cerrado plant species and on two in the Caatinga. We found a significant positive correlation between gall richness and plant species richness, suggesting that radiation of gall-inducing insects may be associated with plant species richness. Contas Bahia state, state , state) 70 1897 1 897 1,89 altitude biodiversity locations sampling cerrado stricto forest caatinga field. field . field) Eightyfour Eighty reported 4 57.14% 5714 57 14 (57.14% 3 42.86% 4286 86 (42.86% 2 48.72% 4872 72 (48.72% 53.76%, 5376 53.76% 53 76 (53.76%) 52.92%, 5292 52.92% 52 92 (52.92%) 55.44%, 5544 55.44% 55 44 (55.44%) onechambered one chambered 61.32%, 6132 61.32% 61 32 (61.32%) 25.2%. 252 25.2% 25 (25.2%) gallinducing inducing n 1, 1) 2, 2) Cecidomyiidae (Cecidomyiidae 16. 16 16) region 7 189 89 1,8 57.14 571 5 (57.14 42.86 428 8 (42.86 48.72 487 (48.72 537 53.76 (53.76% 529 52.92 9 (52.92% 554 55.44 (55.44% 613 61.32 6 (61.32% 25.2 (25.2% 18 57.1 (57.1 42.8 (42.8 48.7 (48.7 53.7 (53.76 52.9 (52.92 55.4 (55.44 61.3 (61.32 25. (25.2 57. (57. 42. (42. 48. (48. 53. (53.7 52. (52.9 55. (55.4 61. (61.3 (25. (57 (42 (48 (53. (52. (55. (61. (25 (5 (4 (53 (52 (55 (61 (2 ( (6

ABSTRACT The Tijuca National Park comprises the world's largest urban forest. It has a rich flora, with around 1,550 plant species. For the first time, the insect galls of this area were investigated. We carried out 12 monthly collections from January to December/2009. Samples of host plants were pressed and identified. Galls were photographed and characterized according to their external morphology and number of chambers. Gall-inducing insects and secondary inhabitants were obtained from gall dissecation as well as from rearing in laboratory. Data on origin and geographic distribution of plant species were retrieved from Flora e Funga do Brasil website. We found 72 gall morphotypes on 43 plant species (36 genera, and 23 families). Rubiaceae, Sapindaceae, Salicaeae and Melastomataceae were the botanical families with the highest gall richness. Psychotria cf. bahiensis DC. (Rubiaceae) and Serjania sp. (Sapindaceae) highlighted as super host plant species. Five host plants are endemic to Brazil; they shelters eight gall morphotypes. Due to the high specificity of the gall-inducing insects, we considered them co-endemic, Leaf galls were the most frequent. Gall-inducers were represented mainly by Cecidomyiidae. Galls of Tijuca National Park followed the patterns already known from Brazil, but it richness is relatively low when compared to other areas of the Atlantic forest. worlds world s forest flora 1550 1 550 1,55 time investigated December2009 December 2009 December/2009 identified chambers Gallinducing Gall inducing laboratory website 7 4 36 (3 genera 2 families. . families) Rubiaceae Sapindaceae cf DC (Rubiaceae sp (Sapindaceae Brazil gallinducing coendemic, coendemic co endemic, co-endemic frequent Gallinducers inducers Cecidomyiidae 155 55 1,5 December200 200 December/200 3 ( 15 5 1, December20 20 December/20 December2 December/2 December/

Abstract Brazilian veredas are hygrophilous communities with high species diversity, featuring many floristic studies but a still incipient number of faunistic studies. In the present study, we conducted an inventory of insect galls in four different veredas located in the Northern region of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Overall, we found 75 gall morphotypes, distributed across 50 host species representing 37 plant genera and 22 families. Fabaceae was the plant family with the greatest number of insect gall morphotypes (n = 21), followed by Malpighiaceae (n = 10). The plant genera that supported the highest diversity of insect galls were Copaifera (n = 8) and Byrsomima (n = 5). The plant species Copaifera oblongifolia (n = 6) and Anacardium humile (n = 4) exhibited the highest richness of insect galls. The leaves were the most attacked organs (89% of all galls). Most morphotypes are glabrous (83%), green (69%) and lenticular (60%). The taxa of gall-inducing insects were identified for 46 morphotypes (80%), and were recorded inducers from the orders Diptera, Lepidoptera, and Hymenoptera. Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) was the most representative galling group, with 42 morphotypes, making up 93.3% of the recorded inducers. Among the sampled veredas areas, the Vereda do Peruaçu presented the highest richness of insect gall morphotypes and host plant species. The faunistic similarity was higher in the Pedras and Tiririca veredas, followed by Almescla and Peruaçu veredas. This is the first systematic inventory of insect galls and their host plant in Brazilian veredas. The diversity of insect galls in the studied veredas is relatively high when compared to other Brazilian Cerrado vegetation types. study Gerais Brazil Overall 7 5 3 2 families n 21, 21 , 21) 10. 10 . 10) 8 5. 5) 6 4 89% 89 (89 galls) 83%, 83 83% (83%) 69% 69 (69% 60%. 60 60% (60%) gallinducing inducing 80%, 80 80% (80%) Diptera Lepidoptera Hymenoptera (Diptera group 933 93 93.3 areas types 1 (8 (83% (69 (60% (80% 9 93. ( (83 (6 (60 (80

Abstract: Background: Mistletoes are commonly regarded as pests because they parasitize agricultural crops and have a detrimental impact on the quality of urban trees. Objective: To identify the species of mistletoe present in the Mata Alagoana microregion, Alagoas, Brazil, based on morphological and molecular characterization and to investigate host specificity. Methods: Collection expeditions were carried out in 16 municipalities within the Mata Alagoana microregion. Initially, the morphological characterization of the mistetloe was carried out based on dichotomous keys, comparison of exsiccates and confirmation with a specialist. Subsequently, the ITS region sequence of nine specimens was amplified using PCR and sequenced. Finally, species of ornamental plants, urban plants and crops of agricultural importance were recorded as hosts of mistetloes. Results: For the family Loranthaceae, four species of the genus Struthanthus were identified parasitizing different host plants, such as Syzygium cumini, Terminalia catappa and Artocarpus heterophyllus. Additionally, the species Passovia pyrifolia was found parasitizing Mangifera indica, Syzygium cumini and Manihot esculenta. Among the tree species, Mimosa caesalpiniaefolia showed greater susceptibility to infestation, indicating a preference of the parasite for this species. Psittacanthus dichroos was found to parasitize Terminalia catappa. For the family Viscaceae, the occurrence of three species of the genus Phoradendron was reported. P. quadrangulare parasitizing pomegranate (Punica granatum) and genipap (Genipa americana); P. dipterum was observed on P. perrottetii, reinforcing its epiparasitic habit; and P. perrottetii was found parasitizing white cupiúba (Tapirira guianensis), a very common host for this species. Conclusion: This report reinforces the wide distribution of mistletoe with emphasis on the municipalities of the Mata Alagoana microregion. Here, we report for the first time the occurrence of the species Struthanthus acuminatus, Phoradendron dipterum and Phoradendron perrottetii in the state of Alagoas. Abstract Background trees Objective microregion Alagoas Brazil specificity Methods 1 Initially keys specialist Subsequently sequenced Finally mistetloes Results Loranthaceae heterophyllus Additionally indica esculenta infestation Viscaceae reported P Punica granatum Genipa americana americana) habit Tapirira guianensis, guianensis , guianensis) Conclusion Here acuminatus