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Comunicación en las asociaciones simbióticas: mecanismos entre hongos micorrícicos arbusculares, plantas y organismos edáficos
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Watson-Guido, William

; Rivera-Méndez, William

Agronomía Mesoamericana

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Dic 2025, Volumen 36 Nº 1 elocation 57100

Resumen: Es En | Texto: Es En | PDF: Es | PDF: En

Resumen Introducción. Los hongos micorrícicos arbusculares (HMA) forman asociaciones simbióticas estrechas con el 90 % de las especies vegetales. Entablan un “diálogo” molecular mediante moléculas infoquímicas y de nutrientes para la regulación de esta asociación mutualista. Objetivo. Recopilar información sobre los mecanismos moleculares implicados en la comunicación entre los HMA, su planta hospedera y otros organismos edáficos. Desarrollo. La simbiosis entre los hongos micorrícicos y las plantas depende de moléculas señalizadoras específicas que permiten el reconocimiento, la señalización y la comunicación, además del contacto físico entre ambos organismos. Se describen los mecanismos de comunicación molecular y de las interacciones biológicas entre los HMA y las plantas en los diferentes tiempos de la interacción, con énfasis en la descripción de genes reguladores, proteínas y moléculas diana conocidas. También se describen interacciones moleculares con otros organismos edáficos. Conclusiones. Los mecanismos de comunicación molecular entre hongos micorrícicos y plantas son complejos y aún presentan vacíos de conocimiento que deben ser superados para comprender a cabalidad la importancia ecológica de los HMA y sus interacciones con otros organismos edáficos y así lograr su aprovechamiento.

Abstract Introduction. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) form close symbiotic associations with 90 % of plant species. They engage in a molecular dialogue using infochemicals and nutrient molecules to regulate this mutualistic association. Objective. To gather information on the molecular mechanisms involved in the communication between AMF, their host plant and other soil organisms. Development. The symbiosis between mycorrhizal fungi and plants depends on specific signaling molecules that allow recognition, signaling and communication, in addition to physical contact between both organisms. The mechanisms of molecular communication and biological interactions between AMF and plants at different times of interaction are described, with emphasis on the description of currently known regulatory genes, proteins and target molecules. Additionally, molecular interactions with other soil organisms are described. Conclusions. The mechanisms of molecular communication between mycorrhizal fungi and plants are complex and still present gaps in knowledge that must be filled to fully understand the ecological importance of AMF and their interactions with other edaphic organisms, and thus achieve their use.

https://doi.org/10.15517/am.2024.57100

Taung and beyond: The mining history, geology and taphonomy of Australopithecus in South Africa
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Weij, Rieneke Baker, Stephanie E. Edwards, Tara R. Kibii, Job Luti, Georgina Pickering, Robyn

South African Journal of Science

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Feb 2025, Volumen 121 Nº 1-2 Paginas 1 - 11

Resumen: En | Texto: En | PDF: En

South Africa is host to the single richest early hominin fossil record worldwide, including many examples of the endemic species Australopithecus africanus fossils. This species was first described by Raymond Dart in 1925 from the deposits near the town of Taung. Later, many more fossils, of different species and genera, were found in the caves of the Sterkfontein and Makapan Valleys. To understand this rich and diverse fossil record, we must understand how the landscape formed (cave formation processes) and changed (mining), when this happened (geochronology), and how the fossils were accumulated and modified (taphonomy). Here we provide a review of these themes to mark the centenary of the Taung Child discovery. We mark this moment in our field by critically reflecting on the role of extractive practices, especially centred around past mining of the Caves and the exclusion of many members of research teams. The South African Fossil Hominid sites provide a unique opportunity to expand our understanding of the intersection between human evolution and changing environmental conditions, as the karstic landscape and remnant cave systems preserve both fossils and sedimentary archives of past environmental change. We offer a perspective on future research areas: more standardised excavation practices and techniques to raise the quality of data collected from the caves and new techniques to date and extract palaeoclimate data from cave deposits themselves, to provide novel insights into the world of the early australopiths. SIGNIFICANCE: This review introduces the reader to the important fossil remains and palaeoclimate archives preserved within South Africa, highlighting the key species Australopithecus africanus and marking the centenary of its first description from the site of Taung. We review the geological and exploration history of the South African hominin fossil sites and discuss how they are intrinsically linked. We explore the impact of past extractive practices on the fossil and palaeoclimatic archives for past, current and future research. We go on to emphasise members of research teams who have been crucial to the discovery and recovery of fossils but have often been excluded and remained unnamed.

https://doi.org/10.17159/sajs.2025/18509

Safety of two-dose schedule of COVID-19 adsorbed inactivated vaccine (CoronaVac; Sinovac/Butantan) and heterologous additional doses of mRNA BNT162b2 (Pfizer/BioNTech) in immunocompromised and immunocompetent individuals
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Miyaji, Karina Takesaki

; Ibrahim, Karim Yaqub

; Infante, Vanessa

; Moreira, Raquel Megale

; Santos, Carolina Ferreira dos Belizário, Juliana de Cássia Pinto, Maria Isabel de Moraes Marinho, Ana Karolina Barreto Berselli Pereira, Juliana Marquezi Mello, Liliane Saraiva de Silva, Vitor Gabriel Lopes da Sato, Paula Keiko Strabelli, Tânia Mara Varejão Ragiotto, Lucas Pacheco, Pedro Henrique Theotonio de Mesquita Braga, Patricia Emilia Loch, Ana Paula Precioso, Alexander Roberto Sartori, Ana Marli Christovam França, João Ítalo Lima, Marcos Alves de Ando, Mauricio Cesar Sampaio Rodrigues, Camila Cristina Martini Song, Alice Tung Wan Lara, Amanda Nazareth Belizário, Ana Cristina Lima, Anna Helena Simões Bortulucci de Zanetti, Ariane Cristina Barboza Paulo, Audrey Rose da Silveira Amancio de Rosa, Barbara Miranda dos Santos Moraes, Bruna Del Guerra de Carvalho Oliveira, Bruna Ribeiro de Picone, Camila de Melo Aranda, Carolina Sanches Troli, Carolinne Paioli Kokron, Cristina M. Terrabuio, Debora Raquel Benedita Abdala, Edson David Neto, Elias Nakanishi, Érika Yoshie Shimoda Lima, Fabiana Mascarenhas Souza Firmino, Fabio Batista Santos, Fernanda Barone Alves dos Bacal, Fernando Fatobene, Giancarlo Santana, Jaqueline Oliveira Kalil, Jorge Barbosa, Julia Gonçalves, Leandro Peres Otuyama, Leonardo Jun Pierrotti, Ligia Camera Compte, Livia Caroline Mariano Marinho, Livia Chaer, Livia Netto Seguro, Luis Fernando Azevedo, Luiz Sergio Ueda, Márcia Aiko Terreri, Maria Teresa Barros, Myrthes Anna Maragna Toledo Grecco, Octávio Sejas, Odeli Nicole Encinas Musqueira, Priscila Tavares Ito, Raquel Keiko de Luca Teixeira, Samia Silveira Souza Fidalgo, Serafim Costa, Silvia Figueiredo Campos, Silvia Vidal Fernandes, Tamiris Hinsching Rocha, Vanderson Geraldo Coelho, Vivian Caso

Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo

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2025, Volumen 67 elocation e2

Resumen: En | Texto: En | PDF: En

ABSTRACT Immunocompromised individuals were considered high-risk for severe disease due to SARS COV-2 infection. This study aimed to describe the safety of two doses of COVID-19 adsorbed inactivated vaccine (CoronaVac; Sinovac/Butantan), followed by additional doses of mRNA BNT162b2 (Pfizer/BioNTech) in immunocompromised (IC) adults, compared to immunocompetent/healthy (H) individuals. This phase 4, multicenter, open label study included solid organ transplant and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients, cancer patients and people with inborn errors of immunity with defects in antibody production, rheumatic, end-stage chronic kidney or liver disease, who were enrolled in the IC group. Participants received two doses of CoronaVac and additional doses of mRNA BNT162b2. Adverse reactions (AR) data were collected within seven days after each vaccination. Serious adverse events and of special interest (AESI) were monitored throughout the study. We included 241 immunocompromised and 100 immunocompetent subjects. Arthralgia, fatigue, myalgia, and nausea were more frequent in the IC group after CoronaVac. Following the first additional dose of mRNA BNT162, pain, induration, and tenderness at injection site, fatigue and myalgia were more frequent in the H group. A heart transplant recipient had a graft rejection temporally associated with the second CoronaVac dose, but there was no literature evidence of causal association. Four cases of AESI were considered related to the vaccine: three erythema multiforme after CoronaVac, all in IC participants, and one paresthesia after mRNA, in a H participant. Our findings were comparable to other studies that evaluated the safety of COVID-19 vaccines in different immunocompromised populations. Both vaccines were safe for immunocompromised participants.

https://doi.org/10.1590/s1678-9946202567002

Drill on drill: adaptive oviposition strategies of Sycophila and Physothorax wasps on Ficus citrifolia
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Barros, Leví Oliveira

; Jansen-González, Sergio

; Santinelo Pereira, Rodrigo Augusto

Revista Brasileira de Entomologia

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2025, Volumen 69 Nº 1 elocation e20240081

Resumen: En | Texto: En | PDF: En

ABSTRACT Understanding tri-trophic interactions and the relationship among plants, herbivores, and their natural enemies is fundamental to advancing theoretical and practical ecology. Parasitoidism is among those interactions where tri-trophic levels are usually developed, with hyperparasitism and kleptoparasitism as examples. This study explores the interaction between fig wasps of the genera Physothorax Mayr, 1885 and Sycophila Walker, 1871 (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) and the gall midge Ficiomyia brasiliensis Urso-Guimarães, 2024 (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) associated with Ficus citrifolia Mill. in Ribeirão Preto, Brazil. Through behavioral observations and larval dissections we document the “drill on drill” strategy where Sycophila females utilize oviposition holes drilled by Physothorax females on the fig surface to access the host gall midge immatures. This behavior suggests a sophisticated adaptation for reducing oviposition time and conserving energy. Additionally, Sycophila behavior aligns with kleptoparasitic and hyperparasitic strategies, indicating a complex evolutionary history and ecological interaction. Our findings provide insight into the intricate relationships among non-pollinating fig wasps and their hosts, contributing to the broader understanding of tri-trophic interactions in fig microcosm.

https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9665-rbent-2024-0081

Dysregulation in the microbiota by HBV and HCV infection induces an altered cytokine profile in the pathobiome of infection
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Padilha, Marcos Daniel Mendes

; Melo, Francisco Tiago de Vasconcelos

; Laurentino, Rogério Valois

; Silva, Andrea Nazaré Monteiro Rangel da

; Feitosa, Rosimar Neris Martins

Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases

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2025, Volumen 29 elocation 104468

Resumen: En | Texto: En | PDF: En

Abstract Viral hepatitis is a public health problem, about 1 million people die due to complications of this viral disease, the etiological agents responsible for inducing cirrhosis and cellular hepatocarcinoma are HBV and HCV, both hepatotropic viruses that cause asymptomatic infection in most cases. The regulation of the microbiota performs many physiological functions, which can induce normal intestinal function and produce essential nutrients for the human body. Metabolites derived from gut microbiota or direct regulation of host immunity and metabolism have been reported to profoundly affect tumorigenesis in liver disease. If the microbiota is unbalanced, both exogenous and symbiotic microorganisms can affect a pathological process. It is well understood that the microbiota plays a role in viral diseases and infections, specifically the hepatic portal pathway has been linked to the gut-liver axis. In HBV and HCV infections, the altered bacterial representatives undergo a state of dysbiosis, with subsequent establishment of the pathobiome with overexpression of taxons such as Bacteroides, Clostridium, Lactobacillus, Enterobacter, and Enterococcus. This dysregulated microbiome induces a microenvironment conducive to the development of hepatic complications in patients with acute and chronic HBV and HCV infection, with subsequent dysregulation of cytokines IFN-α/β, TNF-α, IL-1β, TGF-β, IL-6 and IL-10, which alter the dysfunction and damage of the hepatic portal system. In view of the above, this review aimed to correlate the pathophysiological mechanisms in HBV and HCV infection, the dysregulation of the microbiome in patients infected with HBV and HCV, the most altered cytokines in the microbiome, and the most altered bacterial representatives in the pathobiome of infection.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjid.2024.104468

The effects of Stemregen® host modulation therapy on experimentally induced apical periodontitis in rats*
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GÖNÜLLÜ, Fatma

; OCAK, Mevlüt Sinan

; DUNDAR, Serkan

; ÖZERCAN, İbrahim Hanifi

Journal of Applied Oral Science

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2025, Volumen 33 elocation e20240446

Resumen: En | Texto: En | PDF: En

Abstract This study evaluated the effect of Stemregen® nutritional supplement on inflammation and resorption in apical periodontitis using a rat model. Methodology Rats were divided in three groups: negative control (n=7), positive control (n=10), and Stemregen® (Stem) (n=10). Apical periodontitis was induced in the positive control and Stem groups, and all rats were sacrificed on the 30th day. Serum phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were analyzed. Histopathological assessments measured osteoblastic and osteoclastic activity, inflammation, fibrosis, and abscess density. Immunohistochemical analyses evaluated RANKL, TRAP, and OPG levels. Results Results showed significantly lower osteoblastic activity in the negative control compared to Stem and positive control groups (p=0.005). Osteoclastic activity was higher in the positive control (p=0.032). Inflammation and abscess formation were reduced in the Stem group compared to the positive control (p<0.001). OPG levels were lower in the negative control compared to the other groups (p=0.005). Conclusion Stemregen® effectively reduced inflammation and bone destruction, suggesting potential benefits for apical periodontitis management, though further research is needed.

https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-7757-2024-0446

Microbial signatures in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: an in silico study
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KAVITHA, Loganathan

; KUZHALMOZHI, Manogaran

; VIJAYASHREE PRIYADHARSINI, Jayaseelan

; ARUN KUMAR, Arunachalam

; UMADEVI, Krishna Mohan Rao

; RANGANATHAN, Kannan

Journal of Applied Oral Science

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2025, Volumen 33 elocation e20240392

Resumen: En | Texto: En | PDF: En

Abstract Objectives The oral cavity harbors a plethora of bacterial species. Dysbiosis of oral and gut microbiota is associated with several oral and systemic pathologies, such as cancer, obesity, diabetes, atherosclerosis and gastrointestinal diseases. Imbalance in the oral-gut microbial axis has been associated with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). This study aims to analyze the bacterial profile of HNSCC across various taxonomic units, investigate molecular patterns associated with prevalent bacterial phylum in HNSCC, and compare the bacterial profile in HNSCC and gastrointestinal (GI) carcinoma using computational analysis. Methodology The microbe-host transcriptomic, proteomic, and epigenetic analyses of HNSCC and GI carcinomas were performed using The Cancer Microbiome Atlas (TCMA) database. The differential expression of the host’s mRNA transcripts and proteins associated with tumor microbiome were analyzed using The University of Alabama at Birmingham Cancer data analysis (UALCAN) and Clinical Proteomic Tumor Analysis Consortium (CPTAC) websites. Results A decrease in Actinobacteria and an enrichment of Flavobacteria at the class level, Neisseriales, Pasteurellales, and Campylobacterales at the order level, Pasteurellaceae, Flavobacteriaceae, Campylobacteraceae, and Peptoniphilaceae at the family level, and Hemophilus, Porphyromonas, and Leptotrichia at the genus level were observed in HNSCC compared to the normal mucosa. RICTOR protein, mRNA transcripts (HIST1H2BB, SCARNA11, TBC1D21 gene), and hsa-miR-200a-5p miRNA were significantly correlated with prevalent bacterial species in HNSCC. A major increase in Actinobacteria, Fusobacteria, and Spirochaetes was observed in HNSCC compared to GI carcinoma. Conclusion The oral-gut microbial dysbiosis, as reflected by the differential abundance of bacterial species in oral and GI carcinomas, suggests the implication of tumor microbiome and their genomic interactions with the host in carcinogenesis.

https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-7757-2024-0392

Ecodistribution, infection rates and host preference of tsetse flies in the sleeping sickness focus of Bonon, west-central Côte d'Ivoire
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Berte, Djakaridja Ta, Bi Tra Dieudonné Kaba, Dramane Coulibaly, Bamoro De Marie Kouadio, Koffi Alain N'Dri, Kouadio Louis Yoni, Wilfrid RayaisseII, †, Jean-Baptiste Courtin, Fabrice Jamonneau, Vincent Koffi, Mathurin Djohan, Vincent Ravel, Sophie Solano, Philippe

African Entomology

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2025, Volumen 33 Paginas 1 - 7

Resumen: En | Texto: En | PDF: En

The sleeping sickness focus of Bonon was the last one still active at a low endemic level in Côte d'Ivoire. An entomological survey carried out in June 2015 during the rainy season using "Vavoua" traps guided subsequent control activities. Indeed, it improved knowledge of tsetse fly ecology. All the tsetse flies caught (i.e. 1909) belonged to the subspecies Glossina palpalis palpalis (Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830), the major vector of Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) in Côte d'Ivoire. In this paper, we looked at the relationship between the apparent density (AD, flies/trap/day) and biotopes. The AD significantly varied according to biotopes, with high density around villages. The trypanosomes overall infection rate (mature and immature) according to microscopic observation was 23.2%. When considering mature infections, the infection rate was 5.5 %. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analyses confirmed the presence of Trypanosoma brucei s.l. and Trypanosoma congolense "forest type". Blood meals analysis using cytochrome b gene sequences revealed that tsetse flies fed on pigs. The edges of the villages seem to constitute preferred habitats for tsetse flies where they are protected from insecticide pressure in the fields, and where they can easily take bloodmeals from free-ranging pigs. The findings of this study provided a baseline in decision-making for subsequent vector control activities.

https://doi.org/10.17159/2254-8854/2025/a20242

Assessment of coconut bug, Pseudotheraptus wayi Brown (Hemiptera: Coreidae) damage on litchis in the Limpopo and Mpumalanga provinces of South Africa
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Netshipise, M. Schoeman, P.S. Gouws-Meyer, R. Netshifhefhe, S.R.

African Entomology

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2025, Volumen 33 Paginas 1 - 6

Resumen: En | Texto: En | PDF: En

A survey of the coconut bug, Pseudotheraptus wayi damage on litchi fruits was conducted on eight farms in the Limpopo and Mpumalanga provinces to assess infestation levels. Ten Mauritius litchi trees per study site/ farm were randomly selected and monitored in November and December 2023. Fallen/aborted immature fruits were collected from the mature litchi trees. A total of 11 083 fruits were collected and inspected for coconut bug damage. A total of 5 262 fruits were found to be damaged by coconut bugs. The results of the predicted percentage means from the GLMM modelling of the damage caused by the coconut bugs ranged from 19.71% to 62.41% on aborted fruit from farms, with 33.77% and 57.53% in Limpopo and Mpumalanga provinces, respectively. An indication that the coconut bug caused an average annual loss of 45.65% on immature fruit that were subsequently aborted in production from the two provinces. These findings point towards the fact that there is a considerable presence of coconut bug on the farms and also that litchi is a very good host of the coconut bug. The coconut bug damage increased when other host plants are cultivated in close proximity. Further research to evaluate economic impact of this pest is therefore needed.

https://doi.org/10.17159/2254-8854/2025/a20067

10.

Cultural distance, friendship cities and production rates of contracted arable land in China’s overseas arable land investment distance Chinas China s
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Ma, Linyan

; Pan, Zichun

; Wei, Feng

Ciência Rural

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2025, Volumen 55 Nº 2 elocation e20230675

Resumen: Pt En | Texto: Pt En | PDF: Pt | PDF: En

RESUMO: Com base nos dados do investimento da China em terras aráveis no exterior em 47 países ao longo do “Cinturão e Rota”, o modelo Tobit é utilizado para analisar os efeitos da distância cultural e das cidades amigas nas taxas de produção de terras aráveis contratadas no investimento da China em terras aráveis no exterior. Os resultados mostram que as diferenças na distância cultural, na distância de poder e no grau de prevenção de incertezas têm efeitos positivos significativos sobre as taxas de produção de terras aráveis contratadas no investimento em terras aráveis no exterior da China, e as diferenças no individualismo têm um efeito negativo significativo sobre as taxas de produção. As cidades amigas têm um efeito positivo, mas insignificante, sobre as taxas de produção, enquanto estas podem enfraquecer o impacto positivo da distância cultural sobre as taxas de produção de terras aráveis contratadas no investimento em terras aráveis no exterior da China. A proporção de investimento cooperativo entre a China e o país anfitrião, o nível econômico e o ambiente institucional do país anfitrião terão um impacto sobre as taxas de produção. Por fim, são propostas recomendações para promover as taxas de produção das terras aráveis contratadas, tais como a concentração no papel positivo da distância cultural, a criação de cidades da amizade e o investimento em países de acolhimento com elevado potencial. RESUMO 4 Cinturão Rota, Rota , Rota” insignificante fim potencial

ABSTRACT: Based on the data of China’s overseas arable land investment in 47 countries along the “Belt and Road”, the Tobit model is used to analyze the effects of cultural distance and friendship cities on the production rates of contracted arable land in China’s overseas arable land investment. This study provided theoretical basis and empirical support for promoting China’s agricultural “going abroad” and improving the production rates of contracted arable land in China’s overseas arable land investment. The results show that differences in cultural distance, power distance and the degree of uncertainty avoidance have significant positive effects on the production rates of contracted arable land in China’s overseas arable land investment, and differences in individualism have a significant negative effect on the production rates. Friendship city has a positive but insignificant effect on the production rates, meanwhile, it also weaken the positive impact of cultural distance on production rates of contracted arable land in China’s overseas arable land investment. The proportion of joint ventures with host country, the economic level and institutional environment of the host country will all have an impact on the production rates. Finally, recommendations are proposed to promote the production rates of contracted arable land, such as focusing on the positive role of cultural distance, establishing friendship cities, and investing host countries with high potential precisely. ABSTRACT Chinas China s 4 Belt Road, Road , Road” going abroad meanwhile Finally precisely

https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20230675

11.

Field emergence of Marandu palisadegrass influenced by specific seed weight and sowing depth
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Marques, Ricardo Fagundes

; Gomes, Francielly Rodrigues

; Martins, Cibele Chalita

; Marchi, Sidnei Roberto de

; Martins, Dagoberto

Revista Ciência Agronômica

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2025, Volumen 56 elocation e202392211

Resumen: En | Texto: En | PDF: En

ABSTRACT Several species of harmful grass weeds were voluntarily brought in by man, mainly with the specific purpose of produce forage. These species compete with crops for physical area and environmental resources, can host pests and diseases, and interfere on harvesting. This work aimed to evaluate in field conditions, the effects of different specific seed weight and sowing depths on the emergence of the species Urochloa brizantha cv. marandú. It was adopted a randomized blocks design with four replications and the treatments arranged in a 6 x 3 factorial scheme, with six sowing depths (1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 8.0, 12.0 and 16.0 cm) and three specific seed weight (low, medium, and high). The treatment effects were evaluated by seedling emergence in field. The marandu-grass seedlings emerged until 12 cm depth, regardless of specific seed weight and year. Sowing depths between 1.0 and 4.0 cm depth have promoted the greater percentage of emergence, and the lowest average time and speed index for emergence of seedlings on field, regardless of the specific seed weight. High-specific weight seeds resulted in greater percentage of emergence on field, speed and synchronicity index of emergence of marandú-grass seedlings. Sowing depths higher than 1.0 cm induces a delay on marandú-grass propagation. man forage resources diseases harvesting conditions cv marandú scheme 1.0, 10 1 0 (1.0 20 2 2.0 40 4 80 8 8.0 120 12. 160 16 16. low, low (low medium high. high . high) marandugrass marandu year 1. 4. Highspecific High marandúgrass propagation (1. 2. 8. (1 (

https://doi.org/10.5935/1806-6690.20250027

12.

Changing Diets, Varying Food Consumption Patterns, and Food Security among Recent Zimbabwean Migrants in Windhoek, Namibia
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Tawodzera, Godfrey

African Human Mobility Review

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Dic 2024, Volumen 10 Nº 3 Paginas 178 - 201

Resumen: En | Texto: En | PDF: En

In Zimbabwe, decades of economic and political challenges have generated significant out-migration to neighboring countries including Namibia, perceived by many Zimbabweans as being more politically and economically stable than their home country. While numerous studies have documented these movements, few have interrogated the food security of migrants in host countries, where they are likely to face food security challenges. This study thus sought to investigate the changing dietary and food consumption patterns of recent Zimbabwean migrants in Namibia and the impact on household food security. The researcher collected data from 35 Zimbabwean migrant households in Windhoek through in-depth interviews. Study results show that deteriorating economic conditions and food insecurity were the major drivers of migration from Zimbabwe. The pre-migration diet of most migrants was mixed, consisting of both traditional and Westernized foods. The major food security challenges were: non-availability of foods that migrants consumed while still in Zimbabwe; poor quality of some substitute foods; increased food expenses through importing foods from the home country; and shortage of time to prepare some foods. While most migrant households reported improved household food security compared to the pre-migration period, numerous food challenges remained. Many worried that the changing diet and the consequent increase in the consumption of over-processed foods could have negative health outcomes, hence impacting on their food security as well.

https://doi.org/10.14426/ahmr.v10i3.2554

13.

Morphological aspects of Sticholecitha serpentis (Plagiorchiida: Plagiorchiidae) in a new Viperidae host in the Brazilian Amazon
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Chagas-de-Souza, Darlison

; Alves-Coêlho, Tássio

; Bassini-Silva, Ricardo

; Lazameth-Ishiguro, Francisco

; de-Menezes-Chalkidis, Hipócrates

; Viana, Lúcio-André

; Lima-Corrêa, Lincoln

Revista de Biología Tropical

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Dic 2024, Volumen 72 Nº 1 elocation e58870

Resumen: Es En | Texto: Es En | PDF: Es | PDF: En

Resumen Introducción: Sticholecitha serpentis es un parásito del esófago de serpientes poco estudiado y su sistemática no está clara. Actualmente, existen pocos registros del parásito en serpientes en Brasil. Aunque ha sido registrada en serpientes de la familia Viperidae, aún no ha sido reportada en Bothrops atrox. Objetivos: Presentar novedades en aspectos morfológicos, relaciones ecológicas y parasitarias de S. serpentis, parásito encontrado por primera vez en la cavidad bucal de B. atrox. Métodos: Las muestras provienen de un área seca en la Floresta Nacional de Tapajós, Estado de Pará, Brasil. Diez especímenes de B. atrox fueron examinados manualmente con la ayuda de pinzas. De estos individuos tres fueron positivos para trematodos compatibles con S. serpentis en la cavidad oral. Resultados: Se proporcionan imágenes de microscopía electrónica de barrido, con imágenes del tegumento de S. serpentis y sus espinas, y detalles de la quilla dorsal mediante métodos de microscopía óptica. Además, se reporta el primer registro de parasitismo por S. serpentis en un vipérido amazónico, con datos de frecuencia de infección del 30 %. Conclusión: Los nuevos datos morfológicos presentados en este manuscrito proporcionan información adicional para facilitar la identificación de este tremátodo en futuros estudios.

Abstract Introduction: Sticholecitha serpentis is a poorly studied parasite of the snakes’ esophagus, with an unclear taxonomy. Currently, there are few records of S. serpentis in snakes in Brazil. Although it has been recorded in snakes of the family Viperidae, it has not yet been reported in Bothrops atrox. Objectives: To present new morphological characters, as well as ecological and parasitic relationships of S. serpentis with B. atrox. Methods: The samples were obtained in a dryland area in the Tapajós National Forest, Pará State, Brazil. Ten specimens of B. atrox were examined manually with the aid of tweezers, and three were positive for trematodes identified as S. serpentis in the oral cavity. Results: We provide scanning electron microscopy images, with detailed images of the S. serpentis tegument and its spines, as well as details of the dorsal keel using light microscopy methods. Moreover, we report the first record of S. serpentis parasitizing an Amazonian viperid, with infection frequency data of 30 %. Conclusion: We emphasize that the new morphological data presented in this manuscript provide additional information to facilitate the identification of this trematode in future studies.

https://doi.org/10.15517/rev.biol.trop..v72i1.58870

14.

Infestation of ectoparasite of Probopyrus (Isopoda: Bopyridae) in Macrobrachium amazonicum (Caridea: Palaemonidae) in the Amazon River
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Silva-Duarte, Sting

; Marques-Couceiro, Sheyla-Regina

; de-Farias-Lima, Jô

; André-Viana, Lucio

Revista de Biología Tropical

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Dic 2024, Volumen 72 Nº 1 elocation e58705

Resumen: Es En | Texto: Es En | PDF: Es | PDF: En

Resumen Introducción: Macrobrachium amazonicum está ampliamente distribuido en América del Sur, se encuentra en las cuencas de los ríos Orinoco, Amazonas y Paraguay, se utiliza como una fuente importante de proteínas para alimentar a las poblaciones ribereñas. Este camarón es hospedero de los ectoparásitos crustáceos: Probopyrus pandalicola, Probopyrus floridensis y Probopyrus bithynis (Bopyridae), que infestan la cavidad branquial de la especie. Objetivo: Reportar la prevalencia y abundancia de ectoparásitos (P. pandalicola, P. floridensis y P. bithynis) y el factor de condición de M. amazonicum en el| río Amazonas, al este de la Amazonía. Métodos: Los camarones fueron recolectados entre mayo 2017 y abril 2018, con la ayuda de matapis (trampa artesanal) en los municipios de Mazagão (Estado de Amapá) y Santarém (Estado de Pará), Brasil. Resultados: Se capturaron un total de 216 camarones parasitados con ectoparásitos, 133 de ellos en la región de Mazagão (53 P. pandalicola, 48 P. bithynis y 32 P. floridensis) y 83 en la región de Santarém (45 P. pandalicola y 38 P. bithynis). En Mazagão, los valores más altos de prevalencia se registraron en mayo (1.98 %) para P. floridensis, julio (2.18 %) para P. bithynis y marzo (1.93 %) para P. pandalicola. En la región de Santarém, los valores más altos de prevalencia se registraron en febrero, de 3.47 para P. pandalicola y 2.89 para P. bithynis. En cuanto a la abundancia de parásitos, no hubo diferencia entre las especies agrupadas entre las regiones (t = 0.32, p = 0.739). Los camarones parasitados de Mazagão y Santarém mostraron factores de condición por debajo de lo esperado, con un promedio de 0.85 ± 0.55 para Santarém y 0.88 ± 0.44 para Mazagão. Conclusiones: Durante el estudio, se encontró que P. pandalicola, P. bithynis y P. floridensis estuvieron presentes en M. Amazonicum todo el año. Además, hubo un efecto de parasitismo sobre M. Amazonicum en las áreas de estudio.

Abstract Introduction: Macrobrachium amazonicum is widely distributed in South America, occurring in the Orinoco, Amazon and Paraguay river basins, being used as an important source of protein for feeding riverside populations. This prawn is host to the crustacean ectoparasites Probopyrus pandalicola, Probopyrus floridensis and Probopyrus bithynis (Bopyridae) that infest the gill cavity of the species. Objective: To report the prevalence and abundance of ectopasites (P. pandalicola, P. floridensis and P. bithynis) and the condition factor in M. amazonicum from the Amazon River, Eastern Amazon. Methods: The prawns were collected from May 2017 to April 2018, with the artisanal trap matapi in the municipalities of Mazagão (state of Amapá) and Santarém (state of Pará), Brazil. Results: 216 prawns infected with ectoparasites were captured, 133 in the Mazagão region (53 P. pandalicola, 48 P. bithynis and 32 P. floridensis) and 83 in the Santarém region (45 P. pandalicola and 38 P. bithynis). In Mazagão, the highest prevalence values were recorded in May (1.98 %) for P. floridensis, July (2.18 %) for P. bithynis, and March (1.93 %) for P. pandalicola. In the Santarém region, the highest prevalence values were recorded in February, 3.47 for P. pandalicola and 2.89 for P. bithynis. Regarding the abundance of parasites, there was no difference between the species grouped between the regions (t = 0.32, p = 0.739). Parasitized prawns from Mazagão and Santarém presented condition factors below expectations, with an average of 0.85 ± 0.55 for Santarém and 0.88 ± 0.44 for Mazagão. Conclusions: During the study it was found that P. pandalicola, P. bithynis and P. floridensis were present in M. amazonicum throughout the year. Furthermore, there was an effect of parasitism on M. amazonicum in the study areas.

https://doi.org/10.15517/rev.biol.trop..v72i1.58705

15.

Rhizobium pusense asociado al garbanzo (Cicer arietinum L.) en Cuba
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Ortega-García, Marisel

; Ríos-Rocafull, Yoania

; Zelaya-Molina, Lily

; Lara-Aguilera, Juan

; Arteaga-Garibay, Ramón

; Nápoles-García, María Caridad

Agronomía Mesoamericana

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Dic 2024, Volumen 35 Nº 1 elocation 55876

Resumen: Es En | Texto: Es En | PDF: Es | PDF: En

Resumen Introducción. El garbanzo se consideró durante muchos años una especie de hospedero restringido para la nodulación, aunque estudios recientes describen una mayor diversidad bacteriana asociada al cultivo que permita incrementar los conocimientos acerca de esta simbiosis para obtener aislados eficientes en su contribución. Objetivo. Caracterizar e identificar un aislado obtenido a partir de nódulos de plantas de garbanzo y evaluar su efectividad en condiciones de campo. Materiales y métodos. La investigación se desarrolló en los laboratorios de dos centros: Instituto de Investigaciones Fundamentales en Agricultura Tropical “Alejandro de Humboldt”, Cuba y en el Centro Nacional de Recursos Genéticos, México, así como en condiciones campo en dos campañas durante los años 2018 y 2020, para demostrar su efectividad en la interacción del cultivo en el primer centro. El aislado R3 se identificó a nivel taxonómico mediante la secuenciación de cuatro genes. Para los experimentos en condiciones de laboratorio se utilizó un diseño completamente aleatorizado, mientras que los ensayos con plantas se realizaron bajo un diseño de bloques al azar. Los resultados fueron sometidos a un análisis de varianza y las medias se compararon según el test de Tukey (p < 0,05). Resultados. El aislado R3 mostró variabilidad en cuanto a sus características morfo-fisiológico y bioquímicas. Además, tuvo respuesta con diferencias significativas con respecto al resto de los tratamientos en los indicadores de crecimiento y rendimiento evaluados en el garbanzo. Conclusión. Se identificó por primera vez en Cuba Rhizobium pusense asociado a nódulos de garbanzo. La cepa mostró un crecimiento positivo a pH entre 5,5 y 9,0 y rangos de temperatura desde 29 ºC hasta 38 ºC, lo que evidencia su tolerancia a estos factores. Su inoculación en garbanzo estimuló la formación de nódulos e incrementó variables del rendimiento.

Abstract Introduction. Chickpea has been considered a restricted host species for nodulation, although recent studies describe a greater bacterial diversity associated with the crop to increase the knowledge about this symbiosis in orden to obtain efficient isolates in its contribution. Objective. To characterize and identify an isolate obtained from chickpea plant nodules and evaluate its effectiveness under field conditions. Materials and methods. The research was conducted in the laboratories of two centers: the Institute of Fundamental Research in Tropical Agriculture “Alejandro de Humboldt,” Cuba, and the National Center for Genetic Resources, Mexico, as well as under field conditions in two campaigns during the years 2018 and 2020 to demonstrate its effectiveness in crop interaction in the first center. The isolate R3 was taxonomically identified through the sequencing of four genes. For laboratory experiments, a completely randomized design was used, while plant trials were conducted under a randomized block design. The results were subjected to analysis of variance, and means were compared using the Tukey test (p<0.05). Results. The isolate R3 showed variability in terms of its morpho-physiological and biochemical characteristics. Furthermore, it exhibited significant differences compared to the other treatments in the growth and yield indicators evaluated in chickpea. Conclusions. Rhizobium pusense associated with chickpea nodules was identified for the first time in Cuba. The strain demonstrates growth at pH levels between 5.5 and 9.0 and temperature ranges from 29 °C to 38 °C, indicating its tolerance to these factors. Its inoculation in chickpea stimulates nodule formation and increased yield-related variables.

https://doi.org/10.15517/am.2024.55876

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