RESUMO Arritmias cardíacas são comuns em cavalos e podem levar a uma queda no desempenho e à morte súbita. O uso de marcapasso cardíaco em cavalos é pouco estudado, e há uma escassez de descrição e de desenvolvimento de técnicas para o procedimento de implante do aparelho. Portanto, este estudo teve como objetivo desenvolver uma nova técnica para a implantação de marcapasso epicárdico em cavalos usando-se videocirurgia. Cinco cadáveres de equinos foram utilizados como modelo para a aplicação da técnica de videocirurgia aplicada para a implantação de um marcapasso epicárdico via acesso transdiafragmático e intercostal. Essa técnica foi eficaz na fixação do eletrodo do marcapasso no ápice cardíaco esquerdo dos cinco cadáveres usados como modelo de estudo. O procedimento cirúrgico foi minimamente invasivo, com tempo médio de cirurgia de 44 minutos. Não foram observadas lesões durante a necropsia dos cavalos realizada ao final da cirurgia. A implantação de marcapasso via toracoscopia e acesso intercostal é inovadora e representa uma potencial novidade terapêutica no tratamento de cavalos com arritmias cardíacas graves.

ABSTRACT Cardiac arrhythmias are common in horses and can lead to a decline in performance and sudden death. The use of cardiac pacemakers in horses has been poorly investigated, with a scarcity of description and development of techniques for the device implantation procedure. This study therefore aimed to develop a new technique for epicardial pacemaker implantation in horses using video surgery. Five equine cadavers were used as models for the application of the video surgery technique applied for the implantation of an epicardial pacemaker via transdiaphragmatic and intercostal access. This technique was effective at fixing the pacemaker electrode to the left cardiac apex of five cadavers used as a study model. The surgical procedure was minimally invasive, with an average surgical time of 44 min. No lesions were observed during a horse necropsy performed at the end of the surgery. Pacemaker implantation via thoracoscopy and intercostal access is innovative and represents a potential therapeutic novelty in the treatment of horses with severe cardiac arrhythmias.

RESUMO: As neoplasias neuroepiteliais presentes no sistema ventricular originam-se das células que revestem o plexo coroide e podem ser benignas ou malignas, como é o caso do carcinoma de plexo coroide. Um equino, de quatro anos de idade, apresentando quadro neurológico com síndrome encefálica de quinze dias de evolução, foi encaminhado para atendimento veterinário. Ao exame apresentava apatia, ataxia severa, desvio lateral de cabeça, andar em círculos, pressão da cabeça contra obstáculos, diminuição do tônus da cauda, anosmia, ausência da resposta de ameaça visual, ausência de sensibilidade na face e hipotonia de língua. Líquido cefalorraquidiano apresentava pleocitose mista, aumento de proteína e diminuição de glicose. Após o óbito o animal foi diagnosticado com carcinoma de plexo coroide em terceiro ventrículo após exame histopatológico e imunohistoquímico. Conclui-se que equinos podem apresentar tumores em SNC, como o carcinoma de plexo coroide, com sintomatologia clínica inespecífica, tratamento clínico inefetivo e diagnóstico conclusivo realizado no exame post mortem. RESUMO originamse originam se malignas equino idade evolução veterinário apatia severa círculos obstáculos cauda anosmia visual língua mista glicose imunohistoquímico Concluise Conclui SNC inespecífica mortem

ABSTRACT: Neuroepithelial neoplasms present in the ventricular system originate from the cells lining the choroid plexus and can be benign or malignant, such as choroid plexus carcinoma. A four-year-old equine presenting with a fifteen-day history of neurological symptoms was sent for veterinary evaluation. Upon examination, the horse exhibited apathy, severe ataxia, head tilt, circling behavior, head pressing, decreased tail tone, anosmia, absence of menace response, lack of facial sensitivity, and lingual hypotonia. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis revealed mixed pleocytosis, increased protein, and decreased glucose. Following the animal’s death, histopathological and immunohistochemical examinations confirmed the diagnosis of choroid plexus carcinoma in the third ventricle. It is concluded that horses may develop central nervous system tumors, such as choroid plexus carcinoma, with nonspecific clinical symptoms, ineffective clinical treatment, and a conclusive diagnosis established postmortem. ABSTRACT malignant fouryearold four year old fifteenday fifteen day evaluation examination apathy ataxia tilt behavior pressing tone anosmia response sensitivity hypotonia pleocytosis protein glucose animals animal s death ventricle tumors treatment postmortem

RESUMO: Os casos de abdome agudo estão entre as doenças mais prevalentes e desafiadoras na medicina equina. O diagnóstico inclui a realização de anamnese e avaliação clínica detalhada do paciente, permitindo a coleta de diversas informações importantes e, adicionalmente, a utilização de exames complementares ajuda a definir o diagnóstico e prognóstico de cada caso. O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi aplicar a análise de correspondência múltipla (ACM) em dados referentes ao exame clínico e desfecho de cavalos com cólica encaminhados para um hospital no Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Foram incluídos 58 cavalos na análise e foi possível identificar diferenças significativas entre os grupos, sobreviventes e não sobreviventes. Relacionado aos sinais clínicos, os casos de óbito distinguem-se por dor intensa, falta de motilidade, alteração da mucosa, tempo de preenchimento capilar maior que 2seg., frequência cardíaca maior que 48bpm e presença de refluxo nasogástrico. Como exames complementares, o hematócrito e o lactato sanguíneo demonstraram diferença significativa entre os grupos. Os parâmetros cardiovasculares, como batimento cardíaco, coloração de mucosas e tempo de preenchimento capilar, foram as variáveis com maior contribuição para diferenciar animais que não sobreviveram dos que receberam alta hospitalar. Assim, a avaliação clínica não deve ser subestimada e os exames complementares devem ser utilizados em conjunto para buscar um melhor prognóstico. A ACM permitiu visualizar os dados e prever o desfecho dos pacientes. RESUMO equina paciente adicionalmente caso (ACM Sul Brasil 5 grupos clínicos distinguemse distinguem se intensa motilidade mucosa 2seg seg 2seg. bpm nasogástrico cardiovasculares cardíaco hospitalar Assim pacientes

ABSTRACT: Acute abdomen cases are among the most prevalent and challenging illnesses in equine medicine. The diagnosis includes anamnesis and detailed clinical evaluation of the patient, allowing the gathering of several important information and, additionally, the use of complementary exams helps to define the diagnosis and prognosis of each case. This research applied the multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) in data referring to clinical examination information and outcome of horses with colic referred to a hospital in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Fifty eight horses were included in the analysis and, it was possible to identify significant differences between the groups, survivors and non-survivors. Related to clinical signs, non-survivor cases are distinguished by severe pain, lack of motility, mucosal alteration, capillary refill time greater than 2sec, heart rate more than 48bpm and presence of nasogastric reflux. As complementary exams, hematocrits and blood lactate demonstrate significative difference among the groups. The cardiovascular parameters, including heart rate, mucosal color and capillary refill time, were the variables with the greatest contribution to discriminate animals that non-survive from those that were discharged. Thus, clinical evaluation should not be underestimated and complementary exams should be used in conjunction to seek a better prognosis. The MCA allowed to visualize the data and predict the outcome of the patients. ABSTRACT medicine patient additionally case (MCA Sul Brazil groups nonsurvivors. nonsurvivors non survivors. non-survivors signs nonsurvivor survivor pain motility alteration 2sec sec bpm reflux parameters nonsurvive survive discharged Thus patients

Abstract: Withers height of the Chilean breed horse was defined in 1921 and modified twice after that date. However, the estimates described in the breed standard do not seem to reflect current withers height. The objective of this study was to analyze the evolution of withers height of this breed since its origin. The withers height of 1753 registered adult horses were analyzed, considering three time periods: A 1840-1978 (n=315, 164 males and 152 females); B 1979-2001 (n=657; 455 males and 202 females); and C 2002-2016 (n=781; 521 males and 260 females). Average and standard deviation by sex and time period were calculated, and an ANOVA was performed to determine differences between average values for sexes and time periods. Average and standard deviation for withers height for period A was 1.425±0.027 m (males 1.429±0.029; females 1.421±0.025); for period B: 1.398±0.03 m (males 1.400±0.029; females 1.392±0.03); and for period C: 1.396±0.029 m (males 1.404±0.03; females 1.381±0.028). When comparing the withers height average values in total and for males between periods, significant differences were found between A and the other two periods (p<0.05), but not between them. When comparing values for females between periods, and for males and females within a period, significant differences were also found (p<0.05). In all periods, some males and females were below the limits of their respective standards for withers height. There was a decreasing number of males above the upper limit across periods, while only one female was above the limit in period B. It is concluded that withers height average (total and by sex) of the Chilean breed horse has never coincided with the estimates proposed by the breed standard, and that it has decreased over time, mainly in females.

Resumen: La alzada del caballo raza chilena se fijó en 1921 y ha sido modificada dos veces. Sin embargo, las estimaciones descritas en el estándar de la raza parecen no corresponder con la alzada actual. El objetivo del estudio fue analizar la evolución de la alzada en esta raza desde su origen. Se analizó la alzada de 1.753 caballos inscritos, adultos, de tres periodos: A: 1840-1978 (n=315; 163 machos; 152 hembras); B: 1979-2001 (n=657; 455 machos; 202 hembras); C: 2002-2016 (n=781; 521 machos; 260 hembras). Se calculó el promedio, desviación estándar y dispersión por sexo y periodo, y se realizó un ANDEVA para determinar diferencias entre periodos y entre sexos. La alzada promedio y desviación estándar total y por sexo en el periodo A fue 1,425±0,027 m (machos 1,429±0,029; hembras 1,421±0,025); en B, 1,398±0,03 m (machos 1,400±0,029; hembras 1,392±0,03); y en C, 1,396±0,029 m (machos 1,404±0,03; hembras 1,381±0,028). Al comparar la alzada promedio total y en machos entre periodos, se encontraron diferencias significativas de A con los otros dos periodos (p<0,05), pero no entre ellos. Al comparar el promedio de hembras entre periodos y entre machos y hembras en cada periodo, también se encontraron diferencias significativas (p<0,05). La dispersión, en machos y hembras en todos los periodos mostró individuos bajo el límite inferior de sus respectivos estándares. Sin embargo, sobre el límite superior, hubo menos machos y sólo se detectó una hembra en el periodo B. Se concluye que la alzada promedio (total y por sexo) del caballo raza chilena nunca ha coincidido con la propuesta por el estándar de la raza, y que ha disminuido con el tiempo, principalmente en las hembras.

RESUMEN Para tres razas equinas criollas propias de Colombia (Criollo Llanero Araucano, Criollo Colombiano y Paso Fino) y el Pura Raza Español (PRE) se obtuvo, para cada sexo, a partir de la bibliografía existente o de información propia, un total de 12 variables morfométricas (peso, alzada a la cruz, diámetro longitudinal, perímetro torácico, diámetro dorso-esternal, diámetro bicostal, perímetro de la caña anterior, alzada a la grupa, longitud de la grupa, anchura de la grupa, longitud de la cabeza y anchura de la cabeza). A partir de estos datos, se realizó un Análisis de Componentes Principales (ACP) a partir de la matriz de correlaciones y después un dendrograma a partir de la matriz de distancia de Gower. De los resultados obtenidos en el ACP, se concluye que el PRE tiende a diferenciarse de las restantes por su mayor tamaño, mientras que el Criollo Llanero Araucano se aparta de todas sobre todo por su conformación cefálica. En la visualización del dendrograma, se refleja un conglomerado aislado para el PRE. El segundo conglomerado se compuso de las tres razas colombianas, apareciendo el Criollo Llanero Araucano como la más distanciada. Con base a los resultados, se deduce que los caballos que llegaron inicialmente a Latinoamérica no eran de gran tamaño, y que los caracteres más originales (especialmente de la cabeza) se han conservado en los equinos de las llanuras araucanas.

ABSTRACT For three native Colombian horse breeds (Criollo Llanero Araucano, Criollo Colombiano and Paso Fino) and the Pure Spanish Breed (PRE), a total of 12 morphometric variables (weight, height at the withers, longitudinal diameter, thoracic perimeter, dorsalsternal diameter, bicostal diameter, perimeter of the anterior cannon, height at the rump, length of the rump, width of the rump, length of the head and width of the head) were obtained for each sex from existing bibliography or from our own information. From these data, a Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was performed from the correlation matrix and then a dendrogram from the Gower distance matrix. From the results obtained in the PCA, it is concluded that PRE tends to differentiate itself from the rest by its larger size, while the Criollo Llanero Araucano differs from all of them, especially by its cephalic conformation. The dendrogram shows an isolated cluster for the PRE. The second cluster was made up of the three Colombian breeds, with the Criollo Llanero Araucano appearing as the most distant. Based on the results, it can be deduced that the horses that initially arrived in Latin America were not of big size, and that the most original characteristics (especially of the head) have been preserved in the horses from the Araucanian plains.

RESUMEN Los melanomas en equinos afectan todas las razas y aunque el 90% de estos tumores en esta especie son benignos, 66% de ellos progresan a formas malignas y pueden hacer metástasis, lo que se traduce en pérdidas económicas para propietarios. Por esta razón, es esencial la investigación de factores pronósticos y establecer su relación con criterios histopatológicos. El objetivo del trabajo fue identificar la expresión de CD44, E-cadherina y Ki67 y relacionarlos con hallazgos citológicos e histopatológicos en melanomas equinos con el fin de identificar una posible relación entre la expresión anatomo-clínica y el comportamiento biológico. Del archivo del laboratorio de patología de la Universidade Estadual Paulista «Júlio de Mesquita Filho», Brasil, fueron seleccionados 15 casos de melanoma equino, confirmados por citología, histopatología (biopsia); las muestras fueron analizadas conforme criterios de atipia citológica, seguido de los criterios micrométricos de «Breslow», subsecuentemente las muestras fueron sometidas a la técnica de inmunohistoquímica (IHQ) para S-100, CD44, Ki67 y E-cadherina (ECAD). Para el análisis de datos se utilizó estadística descriptiva y pruebas no paramétricas con un nivel de significancia de p<0.05. En citología, todas las muestras mostraron un alto grado de criterio de malignidad y todos los tumores analizados fueron infiltrativos (N3/TIII). La expresión de CD44 fue negativa en todas las muestras y la positividad para S-100, Ki67 y ECAD fue 52.5, 50.4%, y 10%, respectivamente. Se concluye que el uso de CD44, Ki67 y ECAD junto con el análisis citológico e histopatológico incluyendo los criterios de «Breslow» puede ayudar a identificar melanomas equinos con alto grado de agresividad además de establecer un mejor pronóstico en este tipo de tumores.

ABSTRACT Equine melanoma affects all breeds and although 90% of melanocytic tumors in the species are benign, 66% of them progress to malignant forms and can metastasize, which translates into great economic losses for owners. For this, the investigation of prognostic factors and establishing their relationship with histopathological criteria is essential. The current work aimed to relate the expression of CD44, E-cadherin, and Ki67 with histopathological and cytological findings in equine melanomas, to identify a possible relationship between the anatomo-clinical expression and the biological behavior. Fifteen cases of melanoma in horses were selected, confirmed by cytopathological and/or histopathological exams (biopsy) taken from the files of the pathology laboratory of Universidade Estadual Paulista «Júlio de Mesquita Filho», Brazil. The samples were analyzed according to the presence of atypical cytological criteria and following the «Breslow» micrometric criteria. Subsequently, the samples were submitted to the immunohistochemical technique for S-100, CD44, Ki67, and E-cadherin (ECAD) markers. Descriptive statistics and non-parametric tests with significance p<0.05 were used for data analysis. In cytology, all samples showed a high degree of malignancy criteria, and all analyzed tumors were infiltrative (N3/TIII). CD44 expression was negative in all samples, the positivity rates for S-100, Ki67, and E-cadherin were 52.5, 50.43 and 10% respectively. It is suggested that the use of CD44, ECAD, and Ki67 together with cytopathological and histopathological analyses including the application of the «Breslow» criteria should be performed to identify equine melanomas with highest degree of aggressiveness and better establish the prognosis in this type of tumor.

RESUMEN El objetivo del estudio fue determinar la frecuencia de Dictyocaulus arnfieldi en équidos (asnales, mulares y caballares) del municipio de Titiribí (Antioquia). Se tomaron muestras fecales (20-40 g) entre diciembre de 2021 a marzo de 2022 a 292 équidos de 27 predios ubicados en 13 veredas y seis barrios. Las muestras fueron analizadas por la técnica de Baermann con el fin de detectar la presencia de larvas de D. arnfieldi y por la técnica de McMaster para otros tipos de parásitos intestinales. La frecuencia de larvas de D. arnfieldi fue 0.34% (1/292); además de otros parásitos como huevos de Strongylidos 13.4% (39/292), larvas de de pequeños estróngilos (Cyathostominae)| 12.0% (35/292), larvas de Strongylus spp 6.8% (20/292), ooquistes de coccidia y huevos de cestodos 0.34% c/u, y huevos de Fasciola hepatica y Parascaris equorum 2.1% c/u.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of Dictyocaulus arnfieldi in equids (asses, mules and horses) in the municipality of Titiribí (Antioquia). Faecal samples (20-40 g) were collected between December 2021 and March 2022 from 292 horses of 27 properties located in 13 districts and six neighbourhoods. The samples were analysed by the Baermann technique in order to detect the presence of D. arnfieldi larvae and by the McMaster technique for other types of intestinal parasites. The frequency of D. arnfieldi larvae was 0.34% (1/292); in addition to other parasites such as Strongylidae eggs 13.4% (39/292), larvae of small strongyles (Cyathostominae) 12.0% (35/292), Strongylus spp larvae 6.8% (20/292), coccidia oocysts and cestode eggs 0.34% each, and eggs of Fasciola hepatica and Parascaris equorum 2.1% each.

RESUMEN El plasma rico en plaquetas (PRP) es el volumen de plasma autólogo que contiene una alta concentración de plaquetas más factores de crecimiento y fibrina que ayudan a una rápida cicatrización de las heridas. Se han reportado múltiples casos de su uso en diferentes especies animales, tanto domésticas como silvestres; sin embargo, los protocolos para su obtención son muy diversos, lo que dificulta la comparación de resultados y la determinación de la calidad del plasma elaborado. El objetivo de esta revisión fue establecer las principales diferencias en los protocolos de preparación de PRP para animales domésticos y silvestres. La información se obtuvo desde bases de datos y motores de búsqueda. Se recuperaron 49 procedimientos y en 31 se empleaba citrato de sodio como anticoagulante. La mayoría de los trabajos se realizaron en equinos (n=21). Las concentraciones plaquetarias en bovinos varían significativamente entre individuos, presentando un rango más amplio de valores, mientras que en equinos se observa una menor dispersión de los datos. El 67% de protocolos utilizaban un doble centrifugado, siendo en general la velocidad de la segunda centrifugación mayor que la primera, mientras que el tiempo de centrifugado no se modificaba sustancialmente entre las dos centrifugaciones.

ABSTRACT Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is the volume of autologous plasma containing a high concentration of platelets plus growth factors and fibrin that help in rapid wound healing. Multiple cases of its use have been reported in different animal species, both domestic and wild; however, the protocols for obtaining it are very diverse, which makes it difficult to compare results and determine the quality of the plasma produced. The aim of this review was to establish the main differences in the PRP preparation protocols for domestic and wild animals. The information was obtained from databases and search engines. In total, 49 procedures were retrieved and 31 used sodium citrate as an anticoagulant. Most of the works were carried out on horses (n=21). Platelet concentrations in bovines vary significantly between individuals, presenting a wider range of values, while in horses a lower dispersion of the data is observed. Double centrifugation was used in 67% of the studied, with the speed of the second centrifugation generally being higher than the first. The centrifugation time did not change substantially between the two centrifugations.

Abstract Leptospirosis is a neglected bacterial zoonotic disease with worldwide distribution. In horses (Equus caballus), it can be an asymptomatic pathology or cause reproductive problems, abortions, or recurrent uveitis. The present study determined the seroprevalence of pathogenic Leptospira, serogroups causing serological reactions and antibody titers in horses from Los Lagos Region in southern Chile. A total of 51 serum samples were analyzed using the Microscopic Agglutination Test with a panel of eight Leptospira serogroups. Animals with titres equal or higher than 1:100 were considered as serological reactors. A seropositivity of 68.6% (IC 95%=61.5-75.7) (35/51) was determined. Tarassovi was the most frequently detected serogroup (71.4%), followed by Grippotyphosa (8.6%), Autumnalis (5.7%), and Sejroe (2.9%), while coagglutinations between serogroups were also noted (11.4%). Antibody titers ranged between 1:100 and 1:1600 and the most frequent levels were 1:200 (31.4%) and 1:400 (34.3%). A higher seropositivity was observed in males (71.4%) and the male-female ratio among seropositive animals was 25:10. It is concluded that pathogenic Leptospira is present in horses from Los Lagos regions in southern Chile with a high seroprevalence and exposure. An increase of awareness regarding leptospirosis is needed by owners and those people who work and have contact with these animals, due to the zoonotic potential and the probable consequences of the infection. More studies are required to determine other demographic characteristics of seropositive animals and to elucidate the role that horses may play as possible sentinels of exposure to Leptospira at local and country levels.

Resumen La leptospirosis es una enfermedad zoonótica bacteriana desatendida de distribución mundial. En caballos (Equus caballus) puede ser asintomática o provocar problemas reproductivos, abortos o uveítis recurrente. Se determinó la seroprevalencia de Leptospira patógena, serogrupos causantes de reacciones serológicas y títulos de anticuerpos en caballos de la Región de Los Lagos, sur de Chile. Se analizaron 51 muestras de suero mediante la Prueba de Aglutinación Microscópica con un panel de ocho serogrupos de Leptospira. Se consideraron reaccionantes a animales con títulos iguales o mayores a 1:100. Se determinó una seropositividad del 68,6% (IC 95%=61,5-75,7) (35/51). Tarassovi fue el serogrupo detectado con mayor frecuencia (71,4%), seguido de Grippotyphosa (8,6%), Autumnalis (5,7%) y Sejroe (2,9%), observándose coaglutinaciones entre serogrupos (11,4%). Los títulos de anticuerpos oscilaron entre 1:100 y 1:1600, siendo los más frecuentes 1:200 (31,4%) y 1:400 (34,3%). Hubo una mayor seropositividad en machos (71,4%) y entre los animales positivos, la razón macho:hembra fue 25:10. Se concluye que la seropositividad y exposición a Leptospira patógena está presente en caballos de la región de Los Lagos, sur de Chile, con una alta seroprevalencia y exposición. Es necesario aumentar la atención para la leptospirosis en los propietarios y en aquellas personas que trabajan y tienen contacto con estos animales, debido al potencial zoonótico y a las probables consecuencias de la infección. Se requieren más estudios para determinar otras características demográficas de los animales seropositivos y dilucidar el papel que pueden tener los caballos como posibles centinelas de la exposición a Leptospira a nivel local y en el país.

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la composición mineralógica de enterolitos de equinos del Valle de Aburrá, Antioquia, Colombia. Muestras de ocho enterolitos de ocho caballos, fueron sometidas a análisis por Difracción de Rayos X Semicuantitativo (DRX) y microscopía electrónica de transmisión y barrido (METB). La METB de los enterolitos analizados reportó carbono, oxígeno, fósforo, magnesio, calcio, silicio, potasio, bromo, hierro, azufre y aluminio. A través de DRX se identificó estruvita, newberyta, kyanita, quartz low, actinolita, nitratina, cordierita, vivianita. Ambas técnicas empleadas en el análisis de los enterolitos se correlacionaron al coincidir los compuestos minerales, con los elementos químicos determinados. Los principales componentes minerales de los enterolitos fueron fosfatos de magnesio, siendo la estruvita y la newberyta los más comunes.

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine the mineralogical composition of equine enteroliths from the Aburrá Valley in Antioquia, Colombia. Samples of eight enteroliths from eight horses were subjected to semi-quantitative X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission and scanning electron microscopy (TEM/SEM) analysis. The TEM/SEM of the analyzed enteroliths reported the presence of carbon, oxygen, phosphorus, magnesium, calcium, silicon, potassium, bromine, iron, sulfur, and aluminum. The XRD identified struvite, newberyte, kyanite, low quartz, actinolite, nitratine, cordierite, and vivianite. Both techniques used in the analysis of the enteroliths were correlated by matching the mineral compounds with the detected chemical elements. The main mineral components of the enteroliths were magnesium phosphates, struvite and newberyte being the most common.

RESUMEN La preparación del boxeador conlleva cambios y adaptaciones fisiológicas para garantizar las cargas físicas, psíquicas y sociales a las que han sido sometidos sus practicantes. Finalizada dicha etapa aparece el desentrenamiento deportivo, cuya naturaleza es eminentemente pedagógica y consiste en desinstalar los componentes que garantizaron la acumulación de cargas durante su etapa como boxeador activo, hasta alcanzar los niveles de un practicante sistemático normal de la Cultura Física. El objetivo de este trabajo consistió en diseñar una estrategia pedagógica sustentada en un modelo de igual naturaleza para el desentrenamiento potenciado con la equino-interacción-profiláctica, a partir del uso de ejercicios con caballos como elemento de cambio. Se utilizaron como métodos empíricos y técnicas la observación de las sesiones de deportivo, el análisis de documentos, la encuesta a exboxeadores, entrenadores, médicos deportivos, funcionarios y expertos seleccionados, así como los talleres de opinión crítica y socialización entre entrenadores de boxeo. Como resultados se obtuvo un modelo pedagógico del que se derivó una estrategia. Estos aportes fueron constatados mediante la aplicación parcial de la estrategia en un combinado deportivo en Majibacoa, Las Tunas y se demostró su factibilidad para ser generalizada. El artículo que se ofrece tiene como objetivo socializar resultados de la investigación realizada sobre el desentrenamiento deportivo en el boxeo potenciado con el equino-interacción-profiláctica. De manera conclusiva, los aportes teórico y práctico demostraron el cumplimiento del objetivo de la investigación y la solución del problema científico.

RESUMO A preparação do boxeador implica em mudanças e adaptações fisiológicas para garantir as cargas físicas, psicológicas e sociais às quais o boxeador foi submetido. Ao final dessa etapa, surge o destreinamento esportivo, cuja natureza é eminentemente pedagógica e consiste em desinstalar os componentes que garantiram o acúmulo de cargas durante sua etapa como boxeador ativo, até atingir os níveis de um praticante normal sistemático de Cultura Física. O objetivo deste trabalho consistiu em projetar uma estratégia pedagógica baseada em um modelo semelhante de destreinamento aprimorado com a interação equino-profilática, baseada no uso de exercícios com cavalos como elemento de mudança. Os métodos e técnicas empíricos utilizados foram a observação de sessões esportivas, a análise de documentos, pesquisas com ex-pugilistas, treinadores, médicos esportivos, oficiais e especialistas selecionados, bem como workshops de opinião crítica e socialização entre treinadores de boxe. Como resultado, foi obtido um modelo pedagógico do qual derivou uma estratégia. Essas contribuições foram confirmadas por meio da aplicação parcial da estratégia em uma equipe esportiva em Majibacoa, Las Tunas, e sua viabilidade de generalização foi demonstrada. O objetivo deste artigo é socializar os resultados da pesquisa realizada sobre o destreinamento esportivo no boxe, aprimorado com a interação equino-profilática. Em conclusão, as contribuições teóricas e práticas demonstraram o cumprimento do objetivo da pesquisa e a solução do problema científico.

ABSTRACT The preparation of the boxer entails physiological changes and adaptations to guarantee the physical, psychological and social loads to which its practitioners have been subjected. Once this stage is completed, sports detraining appears, the nature of which is eminently pedagogical and consists of uninstalling the components that guaranteed the accumulation of loads during his time as an active boxer, until reaching the levels of a normal systematic practitioner of Physical Culture. The objective of this work was to design a pedagogical strategy based on a model of the same nature for detraining enhanced with equine-interaction-prophylactics, based on the use of exercises with horses as an element of change. Observation of sports sessions, document analysis, a survey of former boxers, coaches, sports doctors, officials and selected experts, as well as critical opinion and socialization workshops among boxing coaches, were used as empirical methods and techniques. As results, a pedagogical model was obtained from which a strategy was derived. These contributions were verified through the partial application of the strategy in a sports complex in Majibacoa, Las Tunas and its feasibility to be generalized was demonstrated. The article offered aims to socialize results of the research carried out on sports detraining in boxing enhanced with equine-interaction-prophylaxis. Conclusively, the theoretical and practical contributions demonstrated the fulfillment of the research objective and the solution of the scientific problem.

RESUMEN El propósito de este trabajo fue evaluar el estatus hídrico y la concentración de cortisol sérico en equinos durante dos cabalgatas culturales en los municipios de Granada y Acacías del departamento del Meta (Colombia). Se seleccionaron 88 animales a conveniencia (44 por cabalgata), tomando muestras de sangre 1 h antes de iniciar la cabalgata (T0) y 15 min después de terminar la cabalgata (T1), además de un examen clínico para determinar su estatus hídrico (humedad de las mucosas, tiempo de llenado capilar, turgencia de la piel y la retracción del globo ocular). En el análisis de sangre se determinó el micro hematocrito, proteínas séricas totales y concentración de cortisol. Los resultados de las variables entre los dos tiempos se compararon con las pruebas de Shapiro Wilks y de Wilcoxon. La prueba de Spearman determinó las correlaciones entre edad y sexo con el cortisol sérico. No hubo diferencias significativas entre el estatus hídrico con los tiempos evaluados; sin embargo, el micro hematocrito, proteínas séricas totales y cortisol presentaron valores menores en T0 (p<0.001). Por otro lado, no se encontraron correlaciones significativas entre la concentración sérica de cortisol con la edad y el sexo. Los resultados sugieren que las cabalgatas culturales son una actividad estresante para el animal, determinada por el incremento significativo de cortisol sérico, habiendo una tendencia a la hemoconcentración que recalca la importancia de la correcta hidratación de los equinos antes, durante y después de estos eventos de exigencia física.

ABSTRACT The aim of this work was to evaluate the hydric status and serum cortisol concentration in horses during two cultural horseback rides in the municipalities of Granada and Acacías in the department of Meta (Colombia). For this, 88 animals were selected at convenience (44 per ride), taking blood samples 1 h before starting the ride (T0) and 15 min after finishing the ride (T1). In addition, a clinical examination was conducted to determine their hydric status (humidity of the mucous membranes, capillary refill time, skin turgor and eyeball retraction). In the blood test, micro haematocrit, total serum proteins and cortisol concentration were determined. The results of the variables between the two times were compared with the Shapiro Wilks and Wilcoxon tests. The Spearman test determined the correlations between age and sex with serum cortisol. There were no significant differences between the hydric status and the times evaluated; however, micro haematocrit, total serum proteins and cortisol presented lower values at T0 (p<0.001). On the other hand, no significant correlations were found between serum cortisol concentration with age and sex. The results suggest that cultural horseback riding is a stressful activity for the animal, determined by the significant increase in serum cortisol, with a tendency toward haemoconcentration that emphasizes the importance of correct hydration of horses before, during and after these events.

Resumen 15. En el nordeste argentino son muy frecuentes las parasitosis gastrointestinales en los equinos, presentes de forma subclínica, provocando pérdidas en el desarrollo corporal y disminución en el rendimiento de los animales. El objetivo fue caracterizar la población de los nematodos gastrointestinales en equinos de la localidad de Gobernador Virasoro (Corrientes) a través del examen coprológico, utilizados como animal de trabajo en la fabricación artesanal de ladrillos. Se utilizó un diseño de estudio observacional transversal descriptivo, para ello se realizaron muestreos de conveniencia de tipo no probabilísticos. Se realizó el recuento de huevos por gramo de materia fecal mediante estudios coprológicos (técnica de McMaster modificada), donde se consideró como positivas a todas aquellas muestras con presencia de huevos de nematodos gastrointestinales. Se diferenció morfológicamente entre huevos del orden Strongylida y huevos de Parascaris equorum y Oxyuris equi, y las combinaciones que pudieran presentarse entre ellos. Los géneros parasitarios del orden Strongylida se identificaron a partir de coprocultivos en pool diferenciando entre grandes y pequeños estrongilos. El 94,79% de las muestras fueron positivas, de las cuales el 83,43% correspondieron únicamente al orden Strongylida, el 10,98% a la combinación con huevos de P. equorum, y el 5,59% a la combinación con huevos de O. equi. Los mayores promedios de recuentos de huevos pertenecieron al orden Strongylida, donde mediante coprocultivo se determinó que el 90,55% correspondió a pequeños estróngilos. Los resultados de este estudio sugieren que la parasitosis gastrointestinal es un problema importante en la población de equinos de trabajo de Gobernador Virasoro, y podrían tener un impacto negativo en la salud y el rendimiento de los animales.

Abstract 19. Gastrointestinal parasitism is very common in horses in northeastern Argentina, where it is often subclinical, leading to losses in body development and reduced animal performance. The objective of this study was to characterize the population of gastrointestinal nematodes in horses from the town of Gobernador Virasoro, Corrientes, used in the artisanal production of bricks. An observational cross-sectional descriptive study design was used and non-probability convenience sampling was performed. The number of eggs per gram of feces was determined by coprological examinations (modified McMaster technique), and all samples with the presence of gastrointestinal nematode eggs were considered positive. Morphologically, eggs of the order Strongylida were distinguished from eggs of Parascaris equorum and Oxyuris equi and the possible combinations between them. Parasitic genera of the order Strongylida were identified from pool coprocultures, differentiating between large and small strongyles. The results showed that 94.79% of the samples were positive, of which 83.43% corresponded to the order Strongylida only, 10.98% to the combination with eggs of P. equorum and 5.59% to the combination with eggs of O. equi. The highest average number of eggs belonged to the Strongylida order, with 90.55% corresponding to small strongyles. The results of this study suggest that gastrointestinal parasitism is a major problem in the working horse population of Gobernador Virasoro and could have a negative impact on animal health and performance.

Oor twee eeue heen, was Beaufort-Wes 'n noodsaaklike rushalte vir reisigers wat deur 'n droë en ylbevolkte omgewing gereis het. Sedert sy stigting is die dorp deurlopend geteister deur waterprobleme, hetsy droogte, vloedwater of besoedeling. Baie faktore het tot die dorp se gesondheidsprobleme bygedra. As gevolg van sy unieke geografiese ligging is die dorp klimatologies baie kwesbaar. Beaufort-Wes is in die sentrale Groot Karoo se semi-woestyn geleë, met 'n gemiddelde jaarlikse reënval van slegs 250 mm. Watervoorsiening aan die dorp is grotendeels van reënval afhanklik en gereelde droogtes is onvermydelik. Grondwater, wat deur middel van boorgate onttrek word, het deur die jare heen 'n toenemend belangrike rol in die ontwikkeling van Beaufort-Wes gespeel. 'n Baie rudimentäre waterverspreidingstelsel, wat oorspronklik uit oop straatleivore bestaan het, asook 'n rioolstelsel, bestaande uit nagemmer verwydering en putlatrines, is ontwikkel. Baie dorpenaars was selfonderhoudende inwoners wat plaasdiere soos varke, skape, bokke, hoenders en koeie as voedselbronne op hul eiendomme aangehou het. Hierdie situasie het byna onoorkomelike gesondheidsprobleme opgelewer. Twee waterdraende siektes -ingewandskoors en witseerkeel - het vir baie jare met reëlmaat opgeduik in die notules en gesondheidsverslae van Beaufort-Wes se munisipaliteit. Die studie ondersoek die oorsake, manifestering en gesondheidsimpak van hierdie siektes op die gemeenskap van Beaufort-Wes, asook die munisipale inisiatiewe wat aangewend is om die voorkoms daarvan te bestry en pogings om die dorp se algemene gesondheidstoestand te verbeter. Die gevallestudie van Beaufort-Wes bevestig die hipotese dat moderne uitbrekings van waterdraende siektes en sanitasie in Suid-Afrika 'n lang historiese aanloop het.

For more than two centuries, Beaufort West has been an essential stopover for people traversing an arid and sparsely populated region. Throughout its existence, the town has been plagued by water problems, whether they be drought, flash floods, or sanitary in origin. Many factors contributed to Beaufort West’s sanitary woes. Situated in the semi-arid central Great Karoo with an average rainfall of a mere 250mm, Beaufort West’s unique geographical positioning renders it climatologically vulnerable and because its water supply is heavily reliant on rainfall, regular droughts are inevitable. Groundwater extracted from boreholes has played an increasingly important role in the development of Beaufort West. Since the 1850s, it has been reliant on a very rudimentary potable water reticulation system of open street furrows, and a sewage system comprising cesspools and pail removals. Until the first half of the twentieth century many of the residents were self-sustaining and on their properties they kept farm animals such as pigs, sheep, goats, fowl and cows as food and horses as draught animals. These conditions created almost unsurmountable sanitation problems. The council minutes and sanitation reports of the Beaufort West Municipality frequently note the prevalence of two diseases – typhoid and diphtheria. This article investigates the root causes, manifestation, and health impact of these diseases on the community of Beaufort West. It traces the municipal initiatives to combat their occurrence, and the efforts made to improve the town’s general sanitary conditions. This case study of Beaufort West corroborates a hypothesis that modern-day outbreaks of water-borne diseases and sanitation in South Africa have a long historical antecedent.

In southern Africa game farming has become an effective way of using underutilised resources and a valuable method of preserving and increasing wildlife numbers. However, little is known about the mineral requirements of wild animal species or the assessment of the mineral nutritional status of these species. To establish criteria for estimating the copper (Cu) nutritional status of wildlife, current knowledge about Cu metabolism and criteria for domestic animals has been used. Since the Cu metabolism of ruminants differs substantially from that of non-ruminants, Cu metabolism in domestic species such as cattle and sheep representing wild ruminants, and pigs and horses as non-ruminant species, has been scrutinised to propose criteria for wild bovids in southern Africa. In the adequate range of dietary Cu intakes, literature suggests that hepatic Cu concentrations in ruminants increase linearly with an increase in Cu intake, allowing a relatively reliable measure of sufficiency. In non-ruminants, hepatic Cu concentrations follow a lag phase during which hepatic Cu concentrations remain relatively constant with increasing dietary Cu intakes of more that 25 times their requirements. A consequence is that non-ruminants can tolerate much higher dietary levels of Cu compared to ruminants. It is proposed that at liver Cu concentrations of < 20 mg/kg dry matter (DM), a wild ruminant could benefit from Cu supplementation; liver Cu concentrations of between 20 and 300 mg Cu/kg DM suggest an adequate Cu intake; concentrations of 300 to 500 mg/kg DM indicate a potentially unhealthy accumulation of Cu, while liver Cu concentrations of > 500 mg/kg DM indicate that the animal probably consumed more Cu than required and might be at risk of developing Cu toxicosis.