Abstract This work reports a real-time PCR assay to specifically detect the presence of gluten in complex food matrices and to carry out an in-silico prospection of primers used in scientific research. The primers used were “tritprglut” and “Planta 18S” (reference gene), which had mean quantification cycle values (Cq) of 34.30 and 16.98, respectively. The real-time PCR protocol was validated in different meats (beef, chicken, pork, horse and lamb) with an average Cq of 25.69. Tests to verify fraud in industrialized foods were carried out with the following products: cereal bars, chocolate, crackers and two types of snacks. All foods complied with the information contained on the label, except for the cereal bar that was identified as “may contain gluten” and had a “high content” concentration (1,925 mg/kg). The LD value was 36 cycles and the LQ was 60 mg/kg, being within the “low content” classification range. The in-silico tests were performed using two software, MFE and NETprimer, and the content parameters GC, Tm (°C), ∆G (kcal/mol), dimer formation and hairpins. The “Wheat-w-Gliadin” primer showed the best average parameters: size= 24 bp; GC= 44%; Tm = 62.5 °C; ∆G= -32.25 kcal/mol; no dimer or hairpin formation; and a maximum primer rating (100). There were differences in results between the software used. The results highlight the potential of the real-time PCR technique in detecting gluten and/or allergens in foods with a complex matrix, such as chocolate and cereal bars tested in this study, proving to be sensitive and robust to detect the presence of potentially high gluten concentrations. harmful for celiac consumers.

BACKGROUND The works of Lutz & Neiva, published 115 years ago in the Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, are pioneering for the study of Neotropical Tabanidae. These studies emphasised the importance of biological collections and the description of species from the exploration of South American areas. Dasybasis Macquart, 1847 has traditionally been considered a large genus of tabanids restricted to the Australasian, Neotropical, and Andean regions. Dasybasis species exhibit a high degree of morphological similarity, making specific differentiation challenging. Moreover, some of these features are also present in other taxa, suggesting that they may not be homologous characters and should not be used to define the genus. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to assess the monophyly of Dasybasis and establish its major monophyletic groups. METHODS We conducted an implied weighting analysis using morphological characters, and wing landmarks from 91 terminal species. FINDINGS For the total evidence analyses, aligning with either Tabanus Linnaeus or Dasybasis appendiculata Macquart yielded slightly different trees. Classical morphology and total evidence topology aligned with D. appendiculata are the same, while differing from the total evidence topology aligned with Tabanus in two nodes. MAIN CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that Dasybasis was not a monophyletic group, and that this name should be restricted to species with a distribution in Australasia; while Neotropical Dasybasis species are recovered in different clades. The genera Archiplatius, Pseudoselasoma, and Stypommia are revalidated. This study provides a revised phylogenetic framework for “Dasybasis” and related taxa, highlighting the need for a more nuanced understanding of morphological character evolution within the tribe Diachlorini.

Abstract This article aims to analyze the instructive experiences formulated through horse racing in Curitiba between 1873 (the moment a racecourse was built) and 1897 (the year in which a new racing field started to be architected). Specifically, this study’s goal is to investigate discourses around this dynamic - especially those related to positions that indicate a need to adopt certain behaviors. Newspapers published in the city during the analyzed period were used as sources. To conclude, it was possible to consider that horse racing presented instructions of dual order: the prescription and acquisition of certain attitudes and the requirement and supervision of the learning of these gestures.

Resumo O presente artigo tem por objetivo analisar as experiências instrutivas formuladas por meio das corridas de cavalos em Curitiba entre os anos de 1873 (momento que um hipódromo é construído) e 1897 (ano em que um novo prado de corridas passa a ser arquitetado). O intuito em específico é investigar os discursos que se apresentaram ao redor dessa dinâmica - sobretudo aqueles relacionados aos posicionamentos que apresentaram indicações da necessidade de adoção de certos comportamentos. Como fontes, foram utilizados jornais publicados na cidade no período em tela. Em termos de conclusão, foi possível considerar que as corridas de cavalos apresentavam instruções de dupla ordem: a prescrição e aquisição de determinadas atitudes e a exigência e fiscalização do aprendizado desses gestos.

Resumen Este artículo tiene como objetivo analizar las experiencias instructivas formuladas a través de las carreras de caballos en Curitiba entre los años 1873 (cuando se construyó un hipódromo) y 1897 (año en que comenzó a diseñarse un nuevo campo de carreras). El objetivo específico es investigar los discursos que surgieron en torno a esta dinámica -especialmente aquellos relacionados con posiciones que presentaban indicios de la necesidad de adoptar ciertos comportamientos. Como fuentes se utilizaron periódicos publicados en la ciudad durante el período en cuestión. En términos de conclusión, se pudo considerar que las carreras de caballos presentaban instrucciones duales: la prescripción y adquisición de determinadas actitudes y la exigencia y supervisión del aprendizaje de estos gestos.

RESUMO Os linfomas são neoplasias de origem nos linfócitos, relatadas em equinos e definidas como multicêntricas, alimentares, mediastinais, pertinentes e extranodais nessa espécie. Este artigo tem como objetivo relatar o caso de linfoma multicêntrico em uma égua Crioula. É relatado o caso de uma égua com perda de peso, letargia e linfadenomegalia, sem resposta à terapia. O exame clínico mostrou taquicardia, taquipneia e dispneia, além de aumento e resistência dos linfonodos palpáveis, sugestivo de hiperplasia pela citologia de aspiração. O animal apresentou piora progressiva, não respondendo à terapia, com evolução à morte durante a segunda avaliação clínica. A necropsia mostrou linfadenomegalia de todos os linfonodos palpáveis e linfonodos internos. Efusões torácicas e abdominais acentuadas também foram observadas. Microscopicamente, foi observado o espectro neoplásico de linfócitos grandes, infiltrados em múltiplos órgãos. Na avaliação imuno-histoquímica (IHC), o tumor mostrou positividade para PAX-5 e Ki-67. A associação da histopatologia e dos resultados da IHC permitiu classificar o processo neoplásico como linfoma multicêntrico de células B grandes. Esse tipo de linfoma em equinos tende a ter um comportamento clínico silencioso, com uma evolução progressiva e uma condição clínica geralmente culminando em morte.

ABSTRACT Lymphomas are neoplasms of origin in lymphocytes, rarely reported in equines, and classified as multicentric, alimentary, mediastinal, cutaneous, and extranodal in this species. This paper aims to report the case of a Creole mare with multicentric lymphoma. The case of a mare with weight loss, lethargy, and lymphadenomegaly unresponsive to therapy is reported. Clinical examination showed tachycardia, tachypnoea, and dyspnoea, in addition to enlargement and stiffening of palpable lymph nodes, suggestive of hyperplasia by aspiration cytology. The animal showed progressive worsening, not responding to therapy, and death occurred during the second clinical evaluation. Necropsy showed an increase in the size of all palpable lymph nodes and internal lymph nodes. Marked thoracic and abdominal effusions were also observed. Microscopically, the neoplastic proliferation of large lymphocytes was noted, infiltrated in multiple organs. Immunohistochemical (IHC) evaluation of tumor showed positivity for PAX-5 and Ki-67. The association of histopathology and IHC results allowed classifying the neoplastic process as a multicentric large B-cell lymphoma. This type of lymphoma in equines tends to have a silent clinical behavior, with a progressive evolution and clinical condition usually culminating in death.

RESUMO Arritmias cardíacas são comuns em cavalos e podem levar a uma queda no desempenho e à morte súbita. O uso de marcapasso cardíaco em cavalos é pouco estudado, e há uma escassez de descrição e de desenvolvimento de técnicas para o procedimento de implante do aparelho. Portanto, este estudo teve como objetivo desenvolver uma nova técnica para a implantação de marcapasso epicárdico em cavalos usando-se videocirurgia. Cinco cadáveres de equinos foram utilizados como modelo para a aplicação da técnica de videocirurgia aplicada para a implantação de um marcapasso epicárdico via acesso transdiafragmático e intercostal. Essa técnica foi eficaz na fixação do eletrodo do marcapasso no ápice cardíaco esquerdo dos cinco cadáveres usados como modelo de estudo. O procedimento cirúrgico foi minimamente invasivo, com tempo médio de cirurgia de 44 minutos. Não foram observadas lesões durante a necropsia dos cavalos realizada ao final da cirurgia. A implantação de marcapasso via toracoscopia e acesso intercostal é inovadora e representa uma potencial novidade terapêutica no tratamento de cavalos com arritmias cardíacas graves.

ABSTRACT Cardiac arrhythmias are common in horses and can lead to a decline in performance and sudden death. The use of cardiac pacemakers in horses has been poorly investigated, with a scarcity of description and development of techniques for the device implantation procedure. This study therefore aimed to develop a new technique for epicardial pacemaker implantation in horses using video surgery. Five equine cadavers were used as models for the application of the video surgery technique applied for the implantation of an epicardial pacemaker via transdiaphragmatic and intercostal access. This technique was effective at fixing the pacemaker electrode to the left cardiac apex of five cadavers used as a study model. The surgical procedure was minimally invasive, with an average surgical time of 44 min. No lesions were observed during a horse necropsy performed at the end of the surgery. Pacemaker implantation via thoracoscopy and intercostal access is innovative and represents a potential therapeutic novelty in the treatment of horses with severe cardiac arrhythmias.

RESUMO: Descreve-se o primeiro caso de pitiose rinofacial com disseminação em um equino adulto no Uruguai. O animal apresentava uma massa parcialmente circunscrita medindo 30 x 23 x 9 cm acometendo o lado direito da face e com envolvimento dos tecidos cutâneo, subcutâneo e muscular, cavidade nasal direita e estruturas adjacentes. Os principais achados patológicos incluem a formação de kunkers microscopicamente caracterizados por dermatite piogranulomatosa e eosinofilica, reação de Splendore-Hoeppli, e numerosas hifas intralesionais imunomarcadas com anticorpo policlonal anti-Pythium insidiosum. Lesões semelhantes foram observadas no pulmão e nos linfonodos submandibulares. O diagnóstico foi baseado nas lesões histológicas características e imunomarcação com anticorpo anti-P. insidiosum. RESUMO Descrevese Descreve se Uruguai 3 2 cutâneo muscular adjacentes eosinofilica SplendoreHoeppli, SplendoreHoeppli Splendore Hoeppli, Hoeppli Splendore-Hoeppli antiPythium anti Pythium insidiosum submandibulares antiP. antiP P. P anti-P

ABSTRACT: We described the first case of rhinofacial pythiosis with dissemination in an adult horse in Uruguay. The affected horse presented a partially circumscribed mass measuring 30 x 23 x 9 cm affecting the right side of the face with involvement of cutaneous, subcutaneous, and muscular tissues, the right nasal cavity, and adjacent structures. At postmortem examination, the main lesions were “kunkers” characterized by pyogranulomatous and eosinophilic dermatitis, Splendore-Hoeppli reaction and numerous intralesional hyphae immunolabeling with polyclonal anti-Pythium insidiosum antibody. Similar lesions were observed in the lung and submandibular lymph nodes. The diagnosis was made by the characteristic histological lesions and the strong immunolabelling by anti-P. insidiosum antibody. ABSTRACT Uruguay 3 2 cutaneous subcutaneous tissues cavity structures examination kunkers “kunkers dermatitis SplendoreHoeppli Splendore Hoeppli antiPythium anti Pythium antibody nodes antiP. antiP P. P anti-P

RESUMO: As neoplasias neuroepiteliais presentes no sistema ventricular originam-se das células que revestem o plexo coroide e podem ser benignas ou malignas, como é o caso do carcinoma de plexo coroide. Um equino, de quatro anos de idade, apresentando quadro neurológico com síndrome encefálica de quinze dias de evolução, foi encaminhado para atendimento veterinário. Ao exame apresentava apatia, ataxia severa, desvio lateral de cabeça, andar em círculos, pressão da cabeça contra obstáculos, diminuição do tônus da cauda, anosmia, ausência da resposta de ameaça visual, ausência de sensibilidade na face e hipotonia de língua. Líquido cefalorraquidiano apresentava pleocitose mista, aumento de proteína e diminuição de glicose. Após o óbito o animal foi diagnosticado com carcinoma de plexo coroide em terceiro ventrículo após exame histopatológico e imunohistoquímico. Conclui-se que equinos podem apresentar tumores em SNC, como o carcinoma de plexo coroide, com sintomatologia clínica inespecífica, tratamento clínico inefetivo e diagnóstico conclusivo realizado no exame post mortem. RESUMO originamse originam se malignas equino idade evolução veterinário apatia severa círculos obstáculos cauda anosmia visual língua mista glicose imunohistoquímico Concluise Conclui SNC inespecífica mortem

ABSTRACT: Neuroepithelial neoplasms present in the ventricular system originate from the cells lining the choroid plexus and can be benign or malignant, such as choroid plexus carcinoma. A four-year-old equine presenting with a fifteen-day history of neurological symptoms was sent for veterinary evaluation. Upon examination, the horse exhibited apathy, severe ataxia, head tilt, circling behavior, head pressing, decreased tail tone, anosmia, absence of menace response, lack of facial sensitivity, and lingual hypotonia. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis revealed mixed pleocytosis, increased protein, and decreased glucose. Following the animal’s death, histopathological and immunohistochemical examinations confirmed the diagnosis of choroid plexus carcinoma in the third ventricle. It is concluded that horses may develop central nervous system tumors, such as choroid plexus carcinoma, with nonspecific clinical symptoms, ineffective clinical treatment, and a conclusive diagnosis established postmortem. ABSTRACT malignant fouryearold four year old fifteenday fifteen day evaluation examination apathy ataxia tilt behavior pressing tone anosmia response sensitivity hypotonia pleocytosis protein glucose animals animal s death ventricle tumors treatment postmortem

This paper presents an analytical multiresidue method for the quantification of 7 nitroimidazoles, 19 anthelmintics, 3 amphenicols, and 4 dyes in poultry, pork, beef, horse, shrimp, and fish samples by isotope dilution ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) in a single 6 min run. Samples were prepared using a modified quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe (QuEChERS)-type extraction with ethyl acetate and Na2SO4-NaCl (2:1), concentration into dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and defatting by liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) with n-hexane. No clean-up using solid-phase extraction (SPE) cartridges or dispersive solid-phase extraction (DSPE) was necessary. The linearity ranges (in μg kg-1) were 0.10-0.60 for chloramphenicol, 0.50-3.0 for dyes, 1.5-9.0 for nitroimidazoles, and 5.0-30.0 for the other drugs. The limits of quantitation (LOQ) were established at the lowest calibration curve levels. Except for chloramphenicol in the horse matrix, analyte recovery and reproducibility were satisfactory (recovery (fREC): 75.0 to 116.6%; coefficient of variation (CV): 1.2 to 29.9%). For the unapproved substances and the substances with a maximum residue level (MRL), respectively, the decision limits (CCα) were 0.14-4.10 and 5.28-1003.60 μg kg-1, while the detection capabilities (CCβ) were 0.13-3.33 and 5.46-11.56 μg kg-1. nitroimidazoles 1 anthelmintics amphenicols poultry pork beef shrimp ultrahigh ultra high UHPLCMS/MS UHPLCMSMS UHPLC MS/MS MS (UHPLC-MS/MS run quick easy cheap effective QuEChERStype QuEChERS type Na2SO4NaCl NaSONaCl Na2SO4 NaCl Na SO 21, 21 2 , (2:1) DMSO, DMSO (DMSO) liquidliquid LLE (LLE nhexane. nhexane n hexane. hexane n-hexane cleanup clean up solidphase solid phase SPE (SPE DSPE (DSPE necessary kg1 kg kg-1 0.100.60 010060 0.10 0.60 0 10 60 0.10-0.6 0.503.0 05030 0.50 3.0 50 0.50-3. 1.59.0 1590 1.5 9.0 5 9 1.5-9. 5.030.0 50300 5.0 30.0 30 5.0-30. drugs LOQ (LOQ levels matrix fREC (fREC) 750 75 75. 116.6% 1166 116 CV (CV) 12 1. 29.9%. 299 29.9% . 29 29.9%) MRL, MRL (MRL) respectively CCα (CCα 0.144.10 014410 0.14 4.10 14 0.14-4.1 5.281003.60 528100360 5.28 1003.60 28 1003 5.28-1003.6 kg1, 1, CCβ (CCβ 0.133.33 013333 0.13 3.33 13 33 0.13-3.3 5.4611.56 5461156 5.46 11.56 46 11 56 5.46-11.5 kg1. UHPLCMS MSMS NaSO Na2SO (2:1 (DMSO kg- 100 0.100.6 01006 010 0.1 060 0.6 0.10-0. 503 0.503. 0503 050 0.5 3. 0.50-3 59 1.59. 159 15 90 9. 1.5-9 030 5.030. 5030 5. 300 30. 5.0-30 (fREC 116.6 (CV 29.9 (MRL 144 0.144.1 01441 014 410 4.1 0.14-4. 281003 5.281003.6 52810036 528 5.2 100360 1003.6 5.28-1003. 133 0.133.3 01333 013 333 3.3 0.13-3. 4611 5.4611.5 546115 546 5.4 1156 11.5 5.46-11. (2: 0.100. 0100 01 0. 06 0.10-0 0.503 05 0.50- 1.59 1.5- 03 5.030 5.0-3 116. 29. 0.144. 0144 41 4. 0.14-4 28100 5.281003. 5281003 52 10036 1003. 5.28-1003 0.133. 0133 0.13-3 461 5.4611. 54611 54 115 11. 5.46-11 (2 0.100 0.10- 5.03 5.0- 0.144 0.14- 2810 5.281003 528100 5.28-100 0.133 0.13- 5.4611 5461 5.46-1 ( 281 5.28100 52810 5.28-10 5.461 5.46- 5.2810 5281 5.28-1 5.281 5.28-

RESUMO: Os casos de abdome agudo estão entre as doenças mais prevalentes e desafiadoras na medicina equina. O diagnóstico inclui a realização de anamnese e avaliação clínica detalhada do paciente, permitindo a coleta de diversas informações importantes e, adicionalmente, a utilização de exames complementares ajuda a definir o diagnóstico e prognóstico de cada caso. O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi aplicar a análise de correspondência múltipla (ACM) em dados referentes ao exame clínico e desfecho de cavalos com cólica encaminhados para um hospital no Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Foram incluídos 58 cavalos na análise e foi possível identificar diferenças significativas entre os grupos, sobreviventes e não sobreviventes. Relacionado aos sinais clínicos, os casos de óbito distinguem-se por dor intensa, falta de motilidade, alteração da mucosa, tempo de preenchimento capilar maior que 2seg., frequência cardíaca maior que 48bpm e presença de refluxo nasogástrico. Como exames complementares, o hematócrito e o lactato sanguíneo demonstraram diferença significativa entre os grupos. Os parâmetros cardiovasculares, como batimento cardíaco, coloração de mucosas e tempo de preenchimento capilar, foram as variáveis com maior contribuição para diferenciar animais que não sobreviveram dos que receberam alta hospitalar. Assim, a avaliação clínica não deve ser subestimada e os exames complementares devem ser utilizados em conjunto para buscar um melhor prognóstico. A ACM permitiu visualizar os dados e prever o desfecho dos pacientes. RESUMO equina paciente adicionalmente caso (ACM Sul Brasil 5 grupos clínicos distinguemse distinguem se intensa motilidade mucosa 2seg seg 2seg. bpm nasogástrico cardiovasculares cardíaco hospitalar Assim pacientes

ABSTRACT: Acute abdomen cases are among the most prevalent and challenging illnesses in equine medicine. The diagnosis includes anamnesis and detailed clinical evaluation of the patient, allowing the gathering of several important information and, additionally, the use of complementary exams helps to define the diagnosis and prognosis of each case. This research applied the multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) in data referring to clinical examination information and outcome of horses with colic referred to a hospital in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Fifty eight horses were included in the analysis and, it was possible to identify significant differences between the groups, survivors and non-survivors. Related to clinical signs, non-survivor cases are distinguished by severe pain, lack of motility, mucosal alteration, capillary refill time greater than 2sec, heart rate more than 48bpm and presence of nasogastric reflux. As complementary exams, hematocrits and blood lactate demonstrate significative difference among the groups. The cardiovascular parameters, including heart rate, mucosal color and capillary refill time, were the variables with the greatest contribution to discriminate animals that non-survive from those that were discharged. Thus, clinical evaluation should not be underestimated and complementary exams should be used in conjunction to seek a better prognosis. The MCA allowed to visualize the data and predict the outcome of the patients. ABSTRACT medicine patient additionally case (MCA Sul Brazil groups nonsurvivors. nonsurvivors non survivors. non-survivors signs nonsurvivor survivor pain motility alteration 2sec sec bpm reflux parameters nonsurvive survive discharged Thus patients

Abstract: Withers height of the Chilean breed horse was defined in 1921 and modified twice after that date. However, the estimates described in the breed standard do not seem to reflect current withers height. The objective of this study was to analyze the evolution of withers height of this breed since its origin. The withers height of 1753 registered adult horses were analyzed, considering three time periods: A 1840-1978 (n=315, 164 males and 152 females); B 1979-2001 (n=657; 455 males and 202 females); and C 2002-2016 (n=781; 521 males and 260 females). Average and standard deviation by sex and time period were calculated, and an ANOVA was performed to determine differences between average values for sexes and time periods. Average and standard deviation for withers height for period A was 1.425±0.027 m (males 1.429±0.029; females 1.421±0.025); for period B: 1.398±0.03 m (males 1.400±0.029; females 1.392±0.03); and for period C: 1.396±0.029 m (males 1.404±0.03; females 1.381±0.028). When comparing the withers height average values in total and for males between periods, significant differences were found between A and the other two periods (p<0.05), but not between them. When comparing values for females between periods, and for males and females within a period, significant differences were also found (p<0.05). In all periods, some males and females were below the limits of their respective standards for withers height. There was a decreasing number of males above the upper limit across periods, while only one female was above the limit in period B. It is concluded that withers height average (total and by sex) of the Chilean breed horse has never coincided with the estimates proposed by the breed standard, and that it has decreased over time, mainly in females.

Resumen: La alzada del caballo raza chilena se fijó en 1921 y ha sido modificada dos veces. Sin embargo, las estimaciones descritas en el estándar de la raza parecen no corresponder con la alzada actual. El objetivo del estudio fue analizar la evolución de la alzada en esta raza desde su origen. Se analizó la alzada de 1.753 caballos inscritos, adultos, de tres periodos: A: 1840-1978 (n=315; 163 machos; 152 hembras); B: 1979-2001 (n=657; 455 machos; 202 hembras); C: 2002-2016 (n=781; 521 machos; 260 hembras). Se calculó el promedio, desviación estándar y dispersión por sexo y periodo, y se realizó un ANDEVA para determinar diferencias entre periodos y entre sexos. La alzada promedio y desviación estándar total y por sexo en el periodo A fue 1,425±0,027 m (machos 1,429±0,029; hembras 1,421±0,025); en B, 1,398±0,03 m (machos 1,400±0,029; hembras 1,392±0,03); y en C, 1,396±0,029 m (machos 1,404±0,03; hembras 1,381±0,028). Al comparar la alzada promedio total y en machos entre periodos, se encontraron diferencias significativas de A con los otros dos periodos (p<0,05), pero no entre ellos. Al comparar el promedio de hembras entre periodos y entre machos y hembras en cada periodo, también se encontraron diferencias significativas (p<0,05). La dispersión, en machos y hembras en todos los periodos mostró individuos bajo el límite inferior de sus respectivos estándares. Sin embargo, sobre el límite superior, hubo menos machos y sólo se detectó una hembra en el periodo B. Se concluye que la alzada promedio (total y por sexo) del caballo raza chilena nunca ha coincidido con la propuesta por el estándar de la raza, y que ha disminuido con el tiempo, principalmente en las hembras.

RESUMEN Para tres razas equinas criollas propias de Colombia (Criollo Llanero Araucano, Criollo Colombiano y Paso Fino) y el Pura Raza Español (PRE) se obtuvo, para cada sexo, a partir de la bibliografía existente o de información propia, un total de 12 variables morfométricas (peso, alzada a la cruz, diámetro longitudinal, perímetro torácico, diámetro dorso-esternal, diámetro bicostal, perímetro de la caña anterior, alzada a la grupa, longitud de la grupa, anchura de la grupa, longitud de la cabeza y anchura de la cabeza). A partir de estos datos, se realizó un Análisis de Componentes Principales (ACP) a partir de la matriz de correlaciones y después un dendrograma a partir de la matriz de distancia de Gower. De los resultados obtenidos en el ACP, se concluye que el PRE tiende a diferenciarse de las restantes por su mayor tamaño, mientras que el Criollo Llanero Araucano se aparta de todas sobre todo por su conformación cefálica. En la visualización del dendrograma, se refleja un conglomerado aislado para el PRE. El segundo conglomerado se compuso de las tres razas colombianas, apareciendo el Criollo Llanero Araucano como la más distanciada. Con base a los resultados, se deduce que los caballos que llegaron inicialmente a Latinoamérica no eran de gran tamaño, y que los caracteres más originales (especialmente de la cabeza) se han conservado en los equinos de las llanuras araucanas.

ABSTRACT For three native Colombian horse breeds (Criollo Llanero Araucano, Criollo Colombiano and Paso Fino) and the Pure Spanish Breed (PRE), a total of 12 morphometric variables (weight, height at the withers, longitudinal diameter, thoracic perimeter, dorsalsternal diameter, bicostal diameter, perimeter of the anterior cannon, height at the rump, length of the rump, width of the rump, length of the head and width of the head) were obtained for each sex from existing bibliography or from our own information. From these data, a Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was performed from the correlation matrix and then a dendrogram from the Gower distance matrix. From the results obtained in the PCA, it is concluded that PRE tends to differentiate itself from the rest by its larger size, while the Criollo Llanero Araucano differs from all of them, especially by its cephalic conformation. The dendrogram shows an isolated cluster for the PRE. The second cluster was made up of the three Colombian breeds, with the Criollo Llanero Araucano appearing as the most distant. Based on the results, it can be deduced that the horses that initially arrived in Latin America were not of big size, and that the most original characteristics (especially of the head) have been preserved in the horses from the Araucanian plains.

Resumen En este artículo se analizan la productividad y la especialización ganadera en dos ciudades ubicadas en la gobernación de Santa Marta, en el Virreinato del Nuevo Reino de Granada: Valledupar y Valencia de Jesús. Desde su fundación -una en 1550 y la otra en 1610-, en la jurisdicción de las mencionadas ciudades prosperó una economía basada en la cría de diversos tipos de ganados. Observamos que, en el siglo XVIII, la demanda de carnes generada por el mercado cartagenero favoreció la producción y cría de ganado vacuno, y esta actividad se convirtió en la principal y casi única en la que participaba un gran número de vecinos. Dicha realidad se observa al consultar varios tipos de documentos que reposan en la Notaría Primera de Valledupar y en el Archivo General de la Nación. Estas fuentes permiten dimensionar la actividad ganadera en perspectiva micro, especialmente a partir del análisis de las transacciones crediticias y la fundación de capellanías respaldadas con ganado vacuno y equino, como también conocer sobre los precios y las calidades de los ganados mayores y menores en testamentos, dotes y tutelas de menores, y cuantificar las existencias de ganado con base en las cifras de diezmos. Al final se demuestra que la actividad ganadera fue muy importante en zonas de frontera, en las cuales un ecosistema particular permitió la cría de ganados, a pesar de la presencia de indígenas hostiles a la colonización.

Abstract This article analyzes the productivity and livestock specialization in two cities located in the governorate of Santa Marta, in the Viceroyalty of the New Kingdom of Granada: Valledupar and Valencia de Jesús. Since their foundation -one in 1550 and the other in 1610- an economy based on the breeding of various types of livestock flourished within the jurisdiction of the mentioned cities. We observe that, in the 18th century, the demand for meats generated by the Cartagena market favored the production and breeding of cattle, making this activity the main and almost the only one in which a large number of residents participated. This reality is observed through the consultation of various types of documents that are housed in the Notary First of Valledupar and in the General Archive of the Nation. Vestiges that allow dimensioning the livestock activity from a micro perspective, especially through the analysis of credit transactions and the foundation of chaplaincies backed with cattle and horses, as well as to learn about the prices and qualities of the larger and smaller livestock in wills, dowries and guardianship of minors, and to quantify the livestock stock based on tithing figures. In the end, it is shown that livestock activity was very important in frontier areas, where the existence of a particular ecosystem allowed livestock breeding, despite the presence of indigenous people hostile to colonization.

ABSTRACT: One of the fundamental objectives of Béla Tarr's cinema is to raise questions about existence and time, through a unique aesthetic that draws attention to the use of cinematographic technique from a formal perspective. His latest film, The Turin Horse, is the most significant example of the Hungarian author's so-called “cosmic style”, which delves into the timeless problems of the human being.

RESUMEN: El cine de Béla Tarr tiene como uno de sus objetivos fundamentales plantear preguntas sobre la existencia y sobre el tiempo, a través de una estética única, que llama la atención por el uso de la técnica cinematográfica desde una perspectiva formal Su último film, El caballo de Turín, es la muestra más significativa del denominado “estilo cósmico” del autor húngaro, que trata de profundizar en las problemáticas intemporales del ser humano.

RESUMEN El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el efecto de la estimulación táctil sobre el comportamiento, indicadores fisiológicos y desempeño en potrillos Pura Sangre Inglés. El experimento se desarrolló en el Haras Cerro Punta, Chiriquí, Panamá, con 33 animales con peso similar y distribuidos aleatoriamente en tres tratamientos. Control (CON; n=13); estimulación táctil (TS; n=10); estimulación táctil y habituación al manejo durante 8 días consecutivos (TS+HAB; n=10). La TS se realizó a las 12 h del nacimiento, masajeando el cuerpo del animal durante 45 min. La habituación al manejo comenzó al día siguiente de la TS, por 15 min. El comportamiento se evaluó mediante la distancia de fuga y la reactividad al contener a los potros para el manejo durante intervenciones veterinarias, utilizando una escala de 5 puntos (1-5). Además, se determinó la frecuencia cardíaca y respiratoria y la ganancia diaria de peso al primer y quinto mes de vida. El análisis se realizó utilizando modelos lineales mixtos o pruebas no paramétricas. La distancia de fuga no difirió entre tratamientos (p>0.05). Los animales TS+HAB mostraron una menor reactividad durante la contención en los dos momentos en comparación a CON (p<0.05). La frecuencia respiratoria solamente difirió entre TS+HAB y CON al primer momento (p<0.05). Sin embargo, no hubo diferencias significativas en la ganancia diaria de peso entre tratamientos (p>0.05). Se concluye que los potrillos que recibieron estimulación táctil y habituación al manejo durante 8 días consecutivos (TS+HAB) tuvieron menor reactividad de forma consistente a lo largo de los momentos evaluados y una frecuencia respiratoria más baja al mes de vida.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of tactile stimulation on the behaviour, physiological indicators, and performance of Thoroughbred foals. The experiment was conducted at Haras Cerro Punta, Chiriqui, Panama. Thirty-three foals with homogeneous weights were randomly assigned to three treatments: control (CON; n = 13), tactile stimulation (TS; n = 10), and tactile stimulation plus habituation to handling for 8 consecutive days (TS + HAB; n = 10). Tactile stimulation was performed 12 h after birth by massaging the entire body of the newborn for 45 min. Habituation to handling started the day after touch stimulation, 15 min per day for 8 consecutive days. Behaviour was assessed using escape distance and reactivity to containment during veterinary interventions on a 5-point scale (1-5). In addition, heart and respiratory rates and daily weight gain were determined in the first and fifth months of age. Analysis was performed using linear mixed or nonparametric tests. The escape distance did not differ between treatments (p>0.05). TS+HAB animals showed lower reactivity during restraint at both times compared to CON (p<0.05). The respiratory rate only differed between TS+HAB and CON at the first moment (p<0.05). However, there were no significant differences in daily weight gain between the treatments (p>0.05). It was concluded that the foals that received tactile stimulation and habituation to handling for eight consecutive days (TS + HAB) had consistently lower reactivity throughout the evaluated moments and a lower respiratory rate at one month of age.

RESUMEN El coeficiente de partición octanol-agua (logP) es un indicador importante en el estudio de lipofilia y permeabilidad celular, por ello, es un descriptor molecular recurrente en las reglas empíricas que evalúan la farmacocinética de una molécula. Los sideróforos son moléculas de interés farmacológico, debido a su potencial efecto caballo de Troya, sin embargo, encontramos dos problemáticas principales, su peso molecular mayor a 500 Dalton y la falta de bases de datos con información de las coordenadas atómicas de la estructura tridimensional y descriptores moleculares. En este trabajo, hemos creado una base de datos con el código SMILES de los sideróforos, nombre, microorganismo asociado, descriptores moleculares, entre otros, que se encuentra disponible en nuestro repositorio https://github.com/inefable12/siderophores_database. También creamos una página web para visualizar las estructuras 2D y 3D (https://sideroforos.streamlit.app). Además, demostramos una manera rápida y eficiente de estimar el logP para los sideróforos, usando redes neuronales artificiales en R. La información que proveemos en este artículo permitirá facilitar el estudio estructural de los sideróforos, el diseño de potenciales metalofármacos, la generación de sus estructuras tridimensionales para simulaciones con docking y dinámica molecular, así como también, el desarrollo de nuevos modelos predictivos de propiedades empleando inteligencia artificial.

ABSTRACT The octanol-water partition coefficient (logP) is a crucial indicator in the study of lipophilicity and cell permeability, making it a recurring molecular descriptor in empirical rules for evaluating a molecule's pharmacokinetics. Siderophores are pharmacologically relevant molecules due to their potential Trojan horse effect; however, two major challenges arise: their molecular weight often exceeds 500 Daltons, and there is a lack of databases containing atomic coordinates of their three-dimensional structures and molecular descriptors. In this work, we have created a database containing the SMILES codes of siderophores, their names, associated microorganisms, molecular descriptors, among other information, which is available in our repository at https://github.com/inefable12/siderophores_database. We have also developed a web page to visualize the 2D and 3D structures (https://sideroforos.streamlit.app). Additionally, we demonstrate a quick and efficient way to estimate the logP for siderophores using artificial neural networks in R. The information provided in this article aims to facilitate the structural study of siderophores, the design of potential metallodrugs, the generation of their three-dimensional structures for docking and molecular dynamics simulations, as well as the development of new predictive models for properties using artificial intelligence.