Résumé différences de compétences entre les diplômés constituent l’explication clé des approches méritocratiques aux résultats inégaux observés sur le marché du travail. Dans cette étude, nous utilisons les données d’Enade (2009-2011) et de Rais (2013-2015) pour analyser dans quelle mesure les dimensions qualitatives de l’enseignement supérieur, y compris la qualité de la formation, ont une capacité distinctes de structurer l’emploi formel et les salaires quatre ans après l’obtention du diplôme. Le principal résultat indique la pertinence des compétences mesurées pour la destination professionnelle des diplômés, mais aussi que la dichotomie entre l’emploi formel et informel ne s’applique pas aux couches supérieures de la population active : Les diplômés d’origine sociale privilégiée et de haute qualification professionnelle dans les domaines techniquement intensifs ont tendance à rester en dehors de l’emploi formel après l’obtention de leur diplôme, ce qui semble aggravé par des conditions de détérioration de l’emploi dans les professions de niveau supérieur. Bien que les compétences importent pour la transition entre l’enseignement supérieur et le marché du travail, nous avons trouvé des preuves de la persistance des processus de reproduction sociale et de fermeture sociale par diplôme. lexplication l explication travail étude dEnade d Enade 20092011 2009 2011 (2009-2011 20132015 2013 2015 (2013-2015 lenseignement enseignement formation lemploi emploi lobtention obtention diplôme sapplique s applique dorigine origine 2009201 200 201 (2009-201 2013201 (2013-201 200920 20 (2009-20 201320 (2013-20 20092 2 (2009-2 20132 (2013-2 (2009- (2013- (2009 (2013 (200 (201 (20 (2 (

Resumo As diferenças de habilidades entre graduados compõem a explicação chave das abordagens meritocráticas para os resultados desiguais observados no mercado de trabalho. Neste estudo, utilizamos dados do Enade (2009-2011) e da Rais (2013-2015) para analisar em que medida dimensões qualitativas da educação superior, incluindo a qualidade da formação, têm capacidades distintas de estruturar o emprego formal e os salários quatro anos após a graduação. O principal resultado indica a relevância das habilidades mensuradas para o destino ocupacional dos graduados, mas também que a dicotomia entre o emprego formal-informal não se aplica aos estratos superiores da força de trabalho: os graduados com origem social privilegiada e elevada qualificação profissional em áreas tecnicamente intensivas tendem a permanecer fora do emprego formal após a graduação, o que parece agravado por condições de deterioração do emprego em ocupações de nível superior. Embora as habilidades importem para a transição entre educação superior e mercado de trabalho, encontramos evidências de persistência de processos de reprodução social e fechamento social por diploma. trabalho estudo 20092011 2009 2011 (2009-2011 20132015 2013 2015 (2013-2015 formação graduação formalinformal informal diploma 2009201 200 201 (2009-201 2013201 (2013-201 200920 20 (2009-20 201320 (2013-20 20092 2 (2009-2 20132 (2013-2 (2009- (2013- (2009 (2013 (200 (201 (20 (2 (

Resumen Las diferencias de competencias entre los titulados constituyen la explicación clave de los enfoques meritocráticos para los resultados desiguales observados en el mercado laboral. En este estudio, utilizamos datos de Enade (2009-2011) y Rais (2013-2015) para analizar en qué medida las dimensiones cualitativas de la educación superior, incluida la calidad de la formación, tienen diferentes capacidades para estructurar el empleo formal y los salarios cuatro años después de la graduación. El principal resultado indica la pertinencia de las competencias medidas para el destino profesional de los titulados, pero también que la dicotomía entre empleo formal e informal no se aplica a los estratos superiores de la población activa: los titulados procedentes de medios sociales privilegiados con altas cualificaciones profesionales en ámbitos técnicamente intensivos tienden a permanecer fuera del empleo formal tras su titulación, lo que parece agravarse por las condiciones de deterioro del empleo en las ocupaciones de nivel superior. Aunque las competencias son importantes para la transición entre la enseñanza superior y el mercado laboral, encontramos pruebas de la persistencia de procesos de reproducción social y de cierre social a través de los diplomas. laboral estudio 20092011 2009 2011 (2009-2011 20132015 2013 2015 (2013-2015 formación graduación activa titulación diplomas 2009201 200 201 (2009-201 2013201 (2013-201 200920 20 (2009-20 201320 (2013-20 20092 2 (2009-2 20132 (2013-2 (2009- (2013- (2009 (2013 (200 (201 (20 (2 (

Abstract Differences in skills among graduates form the key explanation of meritocratic approaches to the unequal results observed in the labor market. In this study, we use data from Enade (2009-2011) and Rais (2013-2015) to analyze to what extent qualitative dimensions of higher education, including training quality, can structure formal employment and wages four years after graduation. The main result indicates the significance of the skills measured for the occupational destination of graduates, but also that the dichotomy between formal-informal employment does not seem to apply to the upper strata of the workforce: graduates with a privileged social background and high professional qualification in technically intensive areas tend to remain out of formal employment after graduation, which seems to be aggravated by deteriorating employment conditions in occupations that require higher education. Although skills matter for the transition between higher education and the labor market, we found evidence of the persistence of processes of social reproduction and social closure by diploma. market study 20092011 2009 2011 (2009-2011 20132015 2013 2015 (2013-2015 quality graduation formalinformal informal workforce diploma 2009201 200 201 (2009-201 2013201 (2013-201 200920 20 (2009-20 201320 (2013-20 20092 2 (2009-2 20132 (2013-2 (2009- (2013- (2009 (2013 (200 (201 (20 (2 (

Abstract Introduction: Recent ecological studies have found a positive correlation between habitat structure and animal communities that inhabit them. Generally, such studies try to test the hypotheses that animal species diversity increases in complex and heterogeneous habitats since they may provide more potential niches that structurally simpler habitats. Objective: In this research, the effect of habitat complexity and heterogeneity, and structural habitat characteristics on the butterfly community (Papilionoidea) inhabiting three vegetation covers (shrubs, highland forest and paramo) was evaluated in high-montane ecosystems of the Central Cordillera, Antioquia department, Colombia. Methods: From January to July 2012, butterflies were systematically sampled using Van Someren Rydon traps. Simultaneously, complexity, heterogeneity, and vegetation structure were quantified using 0.04 ha circular plots established around the traps. Results: We reported 108 species, 48 genus and five families of butterflies. Butterfly richness and abundance were sensible to both complexity and heterogeneity of the vegetation covers, as well as to changes in the vegetation structure, showing strong correlations with habitat characteristics. Butterfly diversity was highest in the shrub habitat (1D = 25.02; 2D = 11.97), followed by the highland forest (1D = 15.83; 2D = 9.42) and paramo (1D = 12.36; 2D = 7.86). Moreover, richness and abundance of butterfly species were positively associated with the increase in canopy cover and vegetation density in horizontal and vertical strata. Conclusion: These findings underline the importance of preserving the heterogeneity of habitats and vegetation structure in the Andean high-montane ecosystems to maintain the diversity and abundance of butterflies, highlighting the need for conservation and management policies that consider the complexity and diversity of these ecosystems.

Resumen Introducción: Recientes investigaciones han mostrado correlaciones positivas entre la estructura del hábitat y las comunidades animales que los habitan. Generalmente, estos estudios evalúan la hipótesis de una mayor diversidad de animales en hábitats complejos y heterogéneos, ya que éstos pueden ofrecer un mayor número de nichos potenciales a diferencia de aquellos estructuralmente más simples. Objetivo: Se evaluó el efecto de la complejidad, la heterogeneidad y la estructura del hábitat sobre una comunidad de mariposas diurnas (Papilionoidea) en tres tipos de coberturas vegetales (rastrojo, bosque y páramo) ubicadas en ecosistemas de alta montaña sobre la cordillera Central, departamento de Antioquia, Colombia. Métodos: Entre enero y julio del 2012, se realizaron capturas de mariposas utilizando trampas Van Someren Rydon y se cuantificó la complejidad, la heterogeneidad y la estructura de la vegetación a partir de parcelas circulares de 0.04 ha establecidas alrededor de las trampas. Resultados: Se reportó un total de 108 especies, 48 géneros y cinco familias de mariposas. La riqueza y la abundancia de especies de mariposas fueron sensibles tanto a la complejidad y heterogeneidad de las coberturas vegetales como a los cambios en la estructura de la vegetación, mostrando fuertes correlaciones con las características del hábitat. El rastrojo presentó la mayor diversidad de mariposas (1D = 25.02; 2D = 11.97), seguido por el bosque (1D = 15.83; 2D = 9.42) y el páramo (1D = 12.36; 2D = 7.86). Adicionalmente, la riqueza y abundancia de mariposas se asoció positivamente con la cobertura de dosel y la densidad de vegetación de los estratos verticales y horizontales. Conclusión: Estos resultados subrayan la importancia de conservar la heterogeneidad de los hábitats y la estructura vegetal en los ecosistemas de alta montaña andinos, para mantener la diversidad y abundancia de las mariposas, resaltando la necesidad de políticas de conservación y manejo que consideren la complejidad y diversidad de estos ecosistemas.

A low-level river crossing is an economic means of providing access for lower-order roads during high-frequency flood events. Conventionally, culverts are employed to enable the flow to traverse the road, albeit with allowance for overtopping. This overtopping flow from the approach roads, however, possesses the potential to cause erosion of the downstream embankment, thereby jeopardising the foundational integrity of the structure. A physical modelling study was undertaken to investigate the hydraulic performance of stepped chutes in terms of flow patterns, air-water flow properties, and energy dissipation. Various types of stepped chutes were investigated, namely horizontal steps with a chute wall, horizontal steps without a chute wall but with riprap placed directly downstream of each chute, step-inclined steps (backward sloping), steps with pooled cascades, and steps with baffle blocks. Notably, chutes with horizontal steps were the most efficient configuration in terms of relative energy dissipation. Furthermore, this research culminated in the formulation of a new regression formula to establish a quantifiable relationship between the required step length and the overflow depth and discharge, thereby offering a valuable tool for design purposes.

Resumen Este trabajo presenta un estudio cualitativo sobre la participación social de los adultos mayores a partir del análisis de los discursos de diferentes organizaciones que realizan proyectos para adultos mayores en el ámbito de la Comunidad de Madrid (España). Estas organizaciones, seleccionadas por su innovación y por satisfacer necesidades comunitarias no atendidas por otras instituciones, han sido estudiadas a través del contenido de sus discursos, obtenido de seis entrevistas semiestructuradas con informantes claves. Las conclusiones resaltan puntos clave como la importancia de adoptar un enfoque de envejecimiento activo y combatir el edadismo; la visión de la participación como un beneficio continuo a lo largo de la vida; la necesidad de crear espacios, recursos y programas que favorezcan una estructura organizativa más horizontal; y dos conceptos fundamentales: ver al adulto mayor no solo como receptor, sino también como contribuyente activo en la sociedad (el adulto mayor como generador).

Abstract This paper presents a qualitative study on the social participation of older adults based on the analysis of the discourses of different organizations that carry out projects for older adults in the Community of Madrid (Spain). These organizations, selected for their innovation and for meeting community needs not met by other institutions, have been studied through the content of their discourses, obtained from six semi-structured interviews with key informants. The conclusions highlight key points such as the importance of adopting an active aging approach and combating ageism; the vision of participation as a continuous benefit throughout life; the need to create spaces, resources and programs that favor a more horizontal organizational structure; and two fundamental concepts: seeing the older adult not only as a recipient, but also as an active contributor to society (the older adult as a generator).

Abstract (Introduction): The variability of geographic space, in terms of the horizontal structure of landscapes, influences ecology and suggests an association between landscape heterogeneity indices (LHI) and ecosystem services (ES). This relationship is crucial for conservation and sustainable development in Latin America, given the diversity of landscapes, from tropical forests to snow-capped mountains and deserts, which harbor a unique wealth of biodiversity and ecological functions. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between LHI and ES. (Methodology): Fourteen landscape heterogeneity indices and seven ecosystem services were calculated in Santa María Huatulco, Oaxaca, and related to the estimated ecosystem services for the same area. (Results): The models showed a statistically significant relationship between LHI and ES, suggesting that certain LHI can influence the provision and distribution of ES. (Conclusions): Therefore, understanding how LHI affect ES is essential to promote sustainable development in Latin America.

Resumen (Introducción): La variabilidad del espacio geográfico, en términos de la estructura horizontal de los paisajes, influye en la ecología y sugiere una asociación entre los índices de heterogeneidad paisajística (IHP) y los servicios ecosistémicos (SE). Esta relación es crucial para la conservación y el desarrollo sostenible en América Latina, dada la diversidad de paisajes, desde selvas tropicales hasta montañas nevadas y desiertos, que albergan una riqueza única de biodiversidad y funciones ecológicas. (Objetivo): Se buscó determinar la relación entre los IHP y los SE. (Metodología): Se calcularon catorce índices de heterogeneidad paisajística y siete servicios ecosistémicos en el municipio de Santa María Huatulco, Oaxaca, y se relacionaron con los servicios ecosistémicos estimados para la misma área de estudio. (Resultados): Los modelos demostraron una relación estadísticamente significativa entre los IHP y los SE. (Conclusiones): Investigar y comprender como los IHP afectan la oferta y distribución de los SE es esencial para promover un desarrollo sostenible en América Latina.

Abstract (Introduction): The variability of geographic space, in terms of the horizontal structure of landscapes, influences ecology and suggests an association between landscape heterogeneity indices (LHI) and ecosystem services (ES). This relationship is crucial for conservation and sustainable development in Latin America, given the diversity of landscapes, from tropical forests to snow-capped mountains and deserts, which harbor a unique wealth of biodiversity and ecological functions. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between LHI and ES. (Methodology): Fourteen landscape heterogeneity indices and seven ecosystem services were calculated in Santa María Huatulco, Oaxaca, and related to the estimated ecosystem services for the same area. (Results): The models showed a statistically significant relationship between LHI and ES, suggesting that certain LHI can influence the provision and distribution of ES. (Conclusions): Therefore, understanding how LHI affect ES is essential to promote sustainable development in Latin America.

Resumen (Introducción): La variabilidad del espacio geográfico, en términos de la estructura horizontal de los paisajes, influye en la ecología y sugiere una asociación entre los índices de heterogeneidad paisajística (IHP) y los servicios ecosistémicos (SE). Esta relación es crucial para la conservación y el desarrollo sostenible en América Latina, dada la diversidad de paisajes, desde selvas tropicales hasta montañas nevadas y desiertos, que albergan una riqueza única de biodiversidad y funciones ecológicas. (Objetivo): Se buscó determinar la relación entre los IHP y los SE. (Metodología): Se calcularon catorce índices de heterogeneidad paisajística y siete servicios ecosistémicos en el municipio de Santa María Huatulco, Oaxaca, y se relacionaron con los servicios ecosistémicos estimados para la misma área de estudio. (Resultados): Los modelos demostraron una relación estadísticamente significativa entre los IHP y los SE. (Conclusiones): Investigar y comprender como los IHP afectan la oferta y distribución de los SE es esencial para promover un desarrollo sostenible en América Latina.

Resumen El Pico de Orizaba es un área natural protegida en la que destacan bosques de Pinus hartwegii sometidos a presiones naturales y antrópicas. El objetivo del presente estudio fue comparar los parámetros dasométricos de ocho rodales con cuatro exposiciones (N, S, E y O) y dos altitudes (3 700 y 3 900 m). Se ubicaron áreas con cobertura representativa y se establecieron tres sitios de dimensiones fijas de 1 000 m2 por cada combinación de exposición-altitud. La obtención de información se complementó con imágenes de un vehículo aéreo no tripulado (VANT). Se obtuvo mayor densidad de arbolado (593 árboles ha-1) en la combinación E-3 700 y la mínima en la zona O-3 900 (113 árboles ha-1). Los extremos de área basal mínima (11.9 m2 ha-1) y máxima (35.2 m2 ha-1) correspondieron a las combinaciones S-3 900 y E-3 700, respectivamente. El área basal y volumen disminuyeron con la altitud. La estructura horizontal mostró mayor número de individuos en categorías diamétricas bajas (10-40 cm) y la estructura vertical en las de 25 a 30 m de altura. La prueba de Kruskal-Wallis evidenció diferencias significativas entre las ocho combinaciones para las variables diámetro (DN), altura total (AT) y volumen (VOL), cuya reducción más notable fue sobre la exposición sur al incrementar la altitud de 3 700 a 3 900 m, lo que indica que la combinación S-3 900 es menos favorable para el crecimiento del arbolado. Las combinaciones exposición-altitud con parámetros dasométricos superiores y más potencial de crecimiento fueron N-3 700, E-3 700, S-3 700 y O-3 900.

Abstract Pico de Orizaba is a natural protected area with Pinus hartwegii forests subjected to natural and anthropogenic pressures. The objective of this study was to compare the mensuation parameters of eight stands with four exposures (N, S, E, and W) at two different altitudes (3 700 and 3 900 m). Areas with representative coverage were located and three sites of fixed dimensions of 1 000 m2 were established for each exposure-altitude combination. The collected information was complemented with images from an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). The highest tree density (593 trees ha-1) was obtained in the E-3 700 combination, and the lowest, in the W-3 900 area (113 trees ha-1). The extremes of minimum (11.9 m2 ha-1) and maximum (35.2 m2 ha-1) basimetric area corresponded to combinations S-3 900 and E-3 700, respectively. The basimetric area and volume decreased with the altitude. The horizontal structure showed a greater number of individuals in low diameter categories (10-40 cm), and the vertical structure in the 25 to 30 m height categories. The Kruskal-Wallis test showed significant differences between the eight combinations for the diameter (DN), total height (TA) and volume (VOL) variables. The most notable reduction was on the southern exposure, as the altitude increased from 3 700 to 3 900 m, indicating that the S-3 900 combination is less favorable for tree growth. The exposure-elevation combinations with superior mensuration parameters and more growth potential were N-3 700, E-3 700, S-3 700, and W-3 900.

Abstract Tropical wetland forests are fragile ecosystems facing critical risks due to global warming and other anthropogenic threats. Hence, gathering accurate and reliable information on them is urgent. Although remote sensing has demonstrated great potential in studying terrestrial ecosystems, remote sensing-based wetland forest research is still in an early stage of development. Mapping wetland forests, particularly mangrove forests, was an initial goal of this approach and is a task that still faces methodological challenges. Initially based on aerial photography only, wetland forest mapping through remote sensing underwent explosive diversification after the launching of artificial satellites in the 1970s. Later, precision in wetland forest mapping increased with the combination of hyperspectral, multispectral, and high and very high-resolution imagery. Accurate delimitation of wetland forest extent is also necessary to assess their temporal dynamics (losses, gains, and horizontal displacement). Despite the prevalence of mapping studies, current remote sensing-based research on wetland forests addresses new questions and novel aims, such as describing and predicting wetland forest attributes through mathematical modeling. Although this approach has made substantial progress in recent decades, modeling and predicting wetland forest attributes remain insufficiently explored fields of research. Combining active and passive sensors is a promising alternative to provide a more accurate picture of these communities’ attributes. In particular, LiDAR and radar-based technologies may help overcome difficulties encountered in older studies. In the future, we will witness conceptual and methodological progress that will enable us to surmount the remaining challenges.

Resumen Los humedales arbóreos tropicales están críticamente amenazados por el calentamiento global y otras amenazas antropogénicas; por ello, urge recopilar información confiable sobre estas comunidades vegetales. Aunque la percepción remota ha demostrado gran potencial en el estudio de ecosistemas terrestres, la investigación de los humedales arbóreos con este enfoque requiere mayor desarrollo. El mapeo de los humedales arbóreos (particularmente manglares), que fue el objetivo inicial de este enfoque, aún enfrenta desafíos metodológicos. Inicialmente basado solo en fotografías aéreas, el mapeo de humedales arbóreos se diversificó explosivamente con el lanzamiento de satélites artificiales y la interpretación de imágenes de percepción remota. La precisión de los mapas de estas comunidades aumentó con el uso combinado de imágenes multiespectrales, hiperespectrales, de alta y muy alta resolución. Para evaluar la dinámica temporal (pérdidas, ganancias, desplazamiento horizontal) de los humedales arbóreos necesitamos delimitar de manera precisa su extensión. Aunque todavía se están cartografiando numerosos humedales arbóreos, la investigación actual de estos ecosistemas por percepción remota aborda nuevas preguntas y objetivos (e.g., predecir los atributos comunitarios por medio de modelos matemáticos). A pesar de sustanciales avances recientes, el modelado y la predicción de los atributos de los humedales arbóreos siguen siendo temas poco explorados. La combinación de sensores activos y pasivos es una alternativa promisoria para evaluar con precisión los atributos de estas comunidades, y las tecnologías de radar y LiDAR pueden ayudar a superar dificultades enfrentadas en el pasado. Los avances conceptuales y metodológicos en el futuro permitirán superar los desafíos que aún persisten.

Abstract Reinforced concrete structures must be designed in a manner that assures an acceptable level of safety and performance. However, accidents still occur nowadays causing interdiction, financial losses, or even human casualties. Therefore, succinct studies are required to give answers to such an undesirable situation, helping to prevent repetition and enlightening new design and construction methods. This paper analyzes the failure mechanism in a large reinforced concrete panel composed of one L-shaped cantilevered wall and structural walls in Campinas. The investigation was carried out using in-situ destructive and non-destructive tests and also through numerical simulation. In-situ tests revealed that the region where the fracture happened had no sufficient resisting steel area. The fracture line developed through the end of the wall’s horizontal rebars anchored within the column. It was concluded that the reinforced concrete panel failure happened due to structure misconception and incorrect design, once columns stirrups were responsible for the equilibrium of the cantilevered part of the building, as demonstrated by the nonlinear finite element study and in-situ investigations. performance However interdiction losses casualties Therefore situation methods Lshaped L shaped Campinas insitu situ nondestructive non simulation Insitu In area s column building investigations

Resumo Estruturas de concreto armado devem ser projetadas de maneira a garantir um nível aceitável de segurança e desempenho. Porém, acidentes ainda são observados atualmente causando interdições, perdas financeiras, e até mesmo humanas. Portanto, estudos aprofundados são necessários para responder a essas situações indesejáveis, prevenindo sua repetição e desenvolvendo novas formas de dimensionamento e construção. O presente trabalho analisa o mecanismo de falha observado em um extenso painel de concreto armado composto por uma parede em balanço apoiada em um pilar parede, localizados na cidade de Campinas. As investigações foram realizadas in loco utilizando testes destrutíveis e não destrutíveis e também via simulações numéricas. Os testes in loco revelaram que a região onde ocorreu a ruptura localizada não possuía quantidade suficiente de armadura metálica. A linha de fratura se desenvolveu no término das armaduras horizontais da parede. Concluiu-se que a falha do painel ocorreu devido a erros de concepção e dimensionamento, dado que os estribos do pilar-parede foram responsáveis pelo equilíbrio da parte em balanço da edificação, como ficou demonstrado pelo estudo utilizando análise não linear via Elementos Finitos e pelas investigações in-loco. desempenho Porém interdições financeiras humanas Portanto indesejáveis construção Campinas numéricas metálica Concluiuse Concluiu pilarparede edificação inloco. inloco loco. in-loco

Abstract Assessing diversity allows us to know the general state of ecological systems, the impact of climate change, forest management and other anthropic activities, and has been used for practical purposes of conservation, monitoring and management of forests. The objective of the study was to analyze the structure, diversity and similarity of the tree stratum of Pseudotsuga menziesii forests in Mexico, a species listed in NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010, whose areas are considered of High Conservation Value. The present study included 11 of the 14 states where this species is distributed in Mexico. Information from 28 Pseudotsuga communities was analyzed and processed, obtained from the National Forest and Soil Inventory, research works and own information; horizontal structure was determined with the Importance Value Index (IVI), diversity with the Shannon-Wiener (H') and Pielou (J) index, significant differences in diversity were determined with the Hutcheson's t-test, and floristic similarity was obtained with the Morisita-Horn index. At the national level, 9 families, 14 genera and 45 species were recorded, the IVI of Pseudotsuga fluctuates between 20.77 and 53.33; H' values generally indicate low diversity (<2.00) and high J-equity (>0.70). The Morisita index presents three groupings corresponding to the physiographic provinces Sierra Madre Occidental, Sierra Madre Oriental and Faja Volcánica Transmexicana, and reflects a high similarity within each province and medium to low similarity between regions. This work will contribute to the development of management strategies for monitoring and conservation in these forests.

Resumen Evaluar la diversidad permite conocer el estado general de los sistemas ecológicos, el impacto del cambio climático, del manejo forestal y otras actividades antrópicas, se ha utilizado con fines prácticos de conservación, monitoreo y gestión de los bosques. El objetivo del estudio fue analizar la estructura, diversidad y similitud del estrato arbóreo de los bosques de Pseudotsuga menziesii en México, especie enlistada en la NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010, cuyas áreas son consideradas de Alto Valor de Conservación. El presente estudio comprendió 11 de los 14 estados donde se distribuye esta especie en México. Se analizó y procesó información de 28 comunidades de Pseudotsuga, obtenidas del Inventario Nacional Forestal y de Suelos, trabajos de investigación e información propia; la estructura horizontal se determinó con el Índice de Valor de Importancia (IVI), la diversidad con el índice de Shannon-Wiener (H’) y Pielou (J), se determinaron las diferencias significativas en diversidad de H’ con la prueba de t de Hutcheson, y la similitud florística se obtuvo con el índice de Morisita-Horn. A nivel nacional se registraron 9 familias, 14 géneros y 45 especies, el IVI de Pseudotsuga fluctúa entre 20.77 a 53.33; los valores de H’ en general indican baja diversidad (<2.00) y alta equidad J (>0.70). El índice de Morisita presenta tres agrupaciones correspondientes a las provincias fisiográficas Sierra Madre Occidental, Sierra Madre Oriental y Faja Volcánica Transmexicana, y refleja una alta semejanza dentro de cada provincia y media a baja entre regiones. El presente trabajo coadyuvará al desarrollo de estrategias de manejo en estos bosques para su monitoreo y conservación.

ABSTRACT A sunken solar greenhouse is a unique structure used in China that has good thermal performance and a low cost. To explore the thermal environment and the marginal effect area under the trellis membrane in a sunken solar greenhouse, daytime heat absorption and nighttime exothermic models of the greenhouse were established based on existing theories and hypotheses. An experimental study of the three-dimensional thermal environment of a solar greenhouse was also conducted in the Jinzhong Basin of Shanxi Province. The daytime heat absorption model described how the internal thermal environment of the greenhouse changes in three dimensions, while the nighttime model calculated the amount of heat released at night. The results showed that the rate of change in the maximum temperature difference along the height direction in the greenhouse was 13 times that along the vertical direction, and three times that along the horizontal direction. We also observed that the marginal effect area under the membrane varied over time and by month. The minimum value of the marginal effect area occurred at the middle cross-section, spanning the middle position of the greenhouse, and the maximum height was 2.7 m. The results of this study can provide theoretical guidance and experimental data for the thermal environment of greenhouses of the same type in the Jinzhong Basin of Shanxi Province, thus providing a basis for environmental regulation and low-temperature margins in greenhouses. cost hypotheses threedimensional dimensional Province dimensions night 1 month crosssection, crosssection cross section, section cross-section 27 2 7 2. m lowtemperature

RESUMO Introdução: A estrutura tributária brasileira compõe a face conservadora do pacto social celebrado pela Constituição de 1988. O artigo analisa o impacto do ICMS (Imposto sobre Circulação de Mercadorias e Serviços) e do IPVA (Imposto sobre a Propriedade de Veículos Automotores) na distribuição de renda no Brasil. Materiais e métodos: A partir da Pesquisa de Orçamento Familiar de 2017-2018 são estimados os gastos anuais com ICMS e IPVA de cada família e calculado o percentual gasto nos impostos por cada decil de renda, pelo sexo e raça da pessoa de referência e pela composição familiar. Calcula-se ainda o índice de progressividade de Lerman-Yitzhaki para estimar o grau de regressividade desses dois impostos separadamente e em conjunto. Resultados: Há uma alta regressividade no ICMS e relativa proporcionalidade no IPVA quando considerada toda a população, e regressividade, quando consideradas apenas as famílias pagantes. Há regressividade tanto do ponto de vista da equidade vertical (níveis de renda), quanto horizontal (gênero e raça). Discussão: O sistema de tributação estadual afeta de forma desproporcional os mais pobres, negros e mães solteiras, devido à natureza indireta dos impostos e suas taxas. Esse impacto é intensificado pelas particularidades nos gastos e na escolha de produtos por esses grupos vulneráveis. Apesar dos esforços para diminuir essa regressividade fiscal, uma verdadeira mudança só será alcançada ajustando a relação entre impostos diretos e indiretos na arrecadação e incorporando de forma efetiva considerações de gênero e raça nas políticas tributárias. Introdução 1988 Imposto Serviços Automotores Brasil métodos 20172018 2017 2018 2017-201 familiar Calculase Calcula se LermanYitzhaki Lerman Yitzhaki conjunto Resultados população pagantes níveis , renda) raça. . raça) Discussão pobres solteiras taxas vulneráveis fiscal tributárias 198 2017201 201 2017-20 19 201720 20 2017-2 1 20172 2 2017-

ABSTRACT Introduction: The Brazilian tax structure embodies a conservative facet of the social pact established by the 1988 Constitution. This article examines the effects of two specific taxes, the ICMS (Tax on Sales of Goods and Services) and the IPVA (Tax on Vehicle Ownership), on income distribution in Brazil. Materials and methods: Drawing on data from the 2017-2018 Family Budget Survey, our study estimated the annual expenditure on ICMS and IPVA for each family. We then calculated the percentage spent on these taxes by each income decile, as well as by the gender and race of the reference person, and by family composition. Additionally, we calculated the Lerman-Yitzhaki progressivity index to assess the degree of regressivity of these two taxes individually and collectively. Results: Our findings revealed a high regressivity of the ICMS and a relative proportionality of the IPVA when examining the entire population, and regressivity when considering only paying families. This regressivity was observed across both vertical (income levels) and horizontal (gender and race) equity dimensions. Discussion: The state-level taxation system disproportionately affects the most economically vulnerable people, Black individuals, and single mothers due to the indirect nature and rates of these taxes. This impact is exacerbated by the spending patterns and product choices of these vulnerable groups. Despite efforts to alleviate this tax regressivity, meaningful progress can only be achieved by rebalancing the relationship between direct and indirect taxes and by effectively incorporating considerations of gender and race into tax policies. Introduction 198 Constitution Tax Services Ownership, Ownership , Ownership) Brazil methods 20172018 2017 2018 2017-201 Survey decile person composition Additionally LermanYitzhaki Lerman Yitzhaki collectively Results population families levels dimensions Discussion statelevel state level people individuals groups policies 19 2017201 201 2017-20 1 201720 20 2017-2 20172 2 2017-

Abstract We aimed to characterize the adult and regenerating tree components and their relationships with soil characteristics of a native vegetation remnant in Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil. The area of the fragment is stratified into “dry area” (lithic neosoil) and “damp area” (gleisoil). We conducted a forest inventory with a random distribution of 25 parcels. We analyzed the physical and chemical components of the soil. We evaluated the vegetation's horizontal structure, diversity, and sample sufficiency using the Bootstrap richness estimator. We classified the species according to dispersal syndrome and ecological group. Overall, we found 93 species in the adult layer and 70 species in the regenerating layer. The similarity dendrograms based on the two evaluated indices demonstrated the existence of the two initially stratified environments in both strata. The IndVal (%) indicated that the set of indicator species differed between the strata. Thereby, the fragment is in an intermediate stage of successional progression. PCA showed that plots in the wet area had higher pH values and Ca, Zn, and Fe levels, while plots in the dry area did not clearly distinguish, varying in terms of K, B, and organic matter content. In CCA, a set of species that occurred exclusively in the damp area showed a strong relationship with the analyzed variables. The area is a diverse ecosystem that efficiently provides ecosystem services to society and should be the subject of long-term conservation and research. Cuiabá Grosso Brazil lithic neosoil gleisoil. gleisoil . (gleisoil) 2 parcels vegetations s structure diversity estimator group Overall 9 7 strata % (% Thereby progression Ca Zn levels distinguish K B content CCA variables longterm long term research (gleisoil (

Resumo Nós objetivamos caracterizar os componentes de arbóreos adultos e em regeneração, bem como suas relações com as características do solo de um remanescente de vegetação nativa em Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brasil. A área do fragmento foi estratificada em “área seca” (neossolo lítico) e “área úmida” (gleissolo). Realizamos um inventário florestal com uma distribuição aleatória de 25 parcelas. Analisamos os componentes físicos e químicos do solo. Avaliamos a estrutura horizontal da vegetação, além da diversidade e suficiência amostral por meio do estimador de riqueza Bootstrap. Classificamos as espécies de acordo com a síndrome de dispersão e o grupo ecológico. No geral, encontramos 93 espécies no extrato adulto e 70 espécies no extrato regenerante. Os dendrogramas de similaridade com base nos dois índices avaliados demonstraram a existência dos dois ambientes inicialmente estratificados em ambos os extratos. O Índice de Valor de Indicação (IndVal %) indicou que o conjunto de espécies indicadoras diferiu entre os extratos. Assim, o fragmento encontra-se em um estágio intermediário de progressão sucessional. A Análise de Componentes Principais (PCA) mostrou que as parcelas na área úmida apresentavam valores de pH mais elevados e níveis elevados de cálcio (Ca), zinco (Zn) e ferro (Fe), enquanto as parcelas na área seca não se distinguiram claramente, variando em termos de potássio (K), boro (B) e teor de matéria orgânica. Na Análise de Correspondência Canônica (CCA), um conjunto de espécies que ocorreu exclusivamente na área úmida mostrou uma forte relação com as variáveis analisadas. A área é um ecossistema diversificado que fornece eficientemente serviços ecossistêmicos à sociedade e deve ser objeto de conservação e pesquisa de longo prazo. regeneração Cuiabá Grosso Brasil neossolo lítico gleissolo. gleissolo . (gleissolo) 2 Bootstrap ecológico geral 9 7 regenerante extratos IndVal % Assim encontrase encontra sucessional PCA (PCA Ca, Ca , (Ca) Zn (Zn Fe, Fe (Fe) claramente K, K (K) B (B orgânica CCA, CCA (CCA) analisadas prazo (gleissolo (Ca (Fe (K (CCA

Abstract In this work a broadband Magnetoelectric (ME) dipole antenna for the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) applied to nanosatellites is proposed. The antenna consists of a reflective cavity with open walls containing four gaps to enhance the axial ratio (AR) bandwidth. Additionally, it includes two ME dipoles formed by two pairs of vertical and horizontal copper plates, one of which is trapezoidal and a T-Γ-shaped cross-feeding structure. A prototype was designed and subsequently manufactured and measured. The experimentally obtained results exhibit consistent agreement with simulated outcomes, demonstrating that the antenna has a wide impedance bandwidth of 111.36% from 1.13 GHz to 1.62 GHz for the Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) ≤ 2 and a 3 dB AR bandwidth of 120.45% from 1.10 GHz to 1.63 GHz. Within this range, high gain (≥8.5 dBi) and high radiation efficiency (90%) can be achieved. Furthermore, the antenna exhibits right-hand circular polarization (RHCP) and possesses good unidirectional radiation characteristics with a high front-to-back ratio (≥ 20 dB). (ME GNSS (GNSS proposed (AR Additionally plates TΓshaped T Γ shaped crossfeeding cross feeding structure measured outcomes 11136 111 36 111.36 113 1 13 1.1 162 62 1.6 VSWR (VSWR 12045 120 45 120.45 110 10 163 63 range ≥8.5 85 8 5 (≥8. dBi 90% 90 (90% achieved Furthermore righthand right hand RHCP (RHCP fronttoback front back ≥ ( dB. . dB) 1113 11 111.3 1. 16 6 1204 12 4 120.4 ≥8. (≥8 9 (90 111. 120. ≥8 (9

Abstract: Gallery forest constitute a complex ecosystem with high diversity. In recent years the interest in knowing the dynamic of those ecosystems operation has increased, there is still little research related to them. The objective of this study was to describe the diversity, composition, and horizontal structure of a gallery forest in the upper part of the Presidio River basin, northwest of Mexico; offering information on the conformation of the species in the evaluated area, being a background for decision-making and development of management plans in the area. Rectangular plots of 1000 m2 were established, the diameter at 1.30 m, total height, and crown diameter were measured of each tree. The horizontal structure was analyzed based on the Importance Value Index (IVI) and the diameter classes; in addition, species richness and diversity were determined according to the Margalef (D Mg ) and Shannon-Weiner (H ́) indexes. 10 taxa were recorded with a density of 261 individuals (N ha-1), the species with the highest ecological value (IVI) was Pinus cooperi (36.03%) and P. durangensis (24.14). The diversity and richness obtained for the area was H'= 1.59 and D Mg = 1.53 respectively. The results show a gallery forest without particularly dominant species, with relatively low absolute diversity values; there is no homogeneity in the vegetation, the distribution of diameter classes showed a negative trend with respect to abundance and diversity which can be attributed to forest management practices in the area.

Resumen Los bosques de galería constituyen ecosistemas complejos con alta diversidad. En los últimos años se ha incrementado el interés por conocer la dinámica del funcionamiento de estos ecosistemas, existen pocas las investigaciones relacionadas con los mismos. El objetivo de este estudio fue describir la diversidad, composición y estructura vertical de un bosque de galería en la parte alta de la cuenca del río Presidio, al noroeste de México; ofreciendo información sobre la conformación de las especies del área evaluada, siendo un antecedente para la toma de decisiones y elaboración de planes de manejo en el área. Se establecieron parcelas rectangulares de 1000 m2, dentro de estas se le midió al arbolado el diámetro a 1.30 m, altura total, y diámetro de copa. Se analizó la estructura horizontal con base en el Índice de Valor de Importancia (IVI) y clases diamétricas; además, se determinó la riqueza y diversidad de especies de acuerdo con los índices de Margalef (D Mg ) y de Shannon-Weiner (H ́). Se registraron 10 taxones con una densidad de 261 individuos (N ha-1), las especies de mayor valor ecológico (IVI) fueron Pinus cooperi (36.03) y P. durangensis (24.14). La diversidad y riqueza obtenida para el área fue de H’= 1.59 y DMg = 1.53 respectivamente. Los resultados muestran un bosque de galería sin especies particularmente dominantes, con valores de diversidad relativamente bajos; no existe una homogeneidad en la vegetación, la distribución de clases diamétricas mostró una tendencia negativa respecto a la abundancia y a la diversidad la cual puede ser atribuida a las prácticas de manejo forestal en el área.