RESUMEN Los bosques nublados tienen una alta humedad relativa asociada a la precipitación horizontal y a la temperatura. Esta combinación de factores causa que los ecosistemas se mantengan permanentemente húmedos. La precipitación horizontal es un proceso mediante el cual las gotas de agua en movimiento horizontal entran en contacto con la vegetación. Sin embargo, poco se ha investigado y difundido sobre el comportamiento de la misma en la zona montañosa, por no existir una práctica en su medición y método de colección, en particular en el ecosistema montañoso de la Gran Piedra. El objetivo de esta investigación es analizar el comportamiento de la lluvia horizontal en el periodo de julio de 2022 - junio de 2023 e identificar los tipos de situaciones sinópticas (TSS) que condicionan la ocurrencia de niebla. Para su determinación se construyó un equipo y se desarrolló un método para su colección. Con esta investigación se contribuye a la obtención de una base de datos continua para una mejor gestión del conocimiento, relacionado con la lluvia horizontal y su aporte a los ecosistemas montañosos de referencia. Se demostró que el análisis integrado de los factores del clima y patrones sinópticos permite una mejor explicación de la ocurrencia de la lluvia horizontal en la región. Esto establece una valiosa información para la planeación de los procesos de reforestación, conservación y desarrollo de estos ecosistemas.

ABSTRACT Cloud forests have high relative humidity associated with horizontal precipitation and temperature. This combination of factors causes the ecosystems to remain permanently humid. Horizontal precipitation is a process by which horizontally moving water droplets come into contact with vegetation. However, little has been researched and disseminated on the behavior of horizontal precipitation in the mountainous zone, because there is no practice in its measurement and collection method, particularly in the mountainous ecosystem of the Gran Piedra. The objective of this research is to analyze the behavior of horizontal rainfall in the period July 2022 - June 2023 and to identify the types of synoptic situations (TSS) that condition the occurrence of fog. For its determination, an equipment was built and a method for its collection was developed. This research contributes to obtain a continuous database for a better knowledge management related to horizontal rainfall and its contribution to reference mountain ecosystems. It was demonstrated that the integrated analysis of climate factors and synoptic patterns allows a better explanation of the occurrence of horizontal rain in the region. This provides valuable information for the planning of reforestation, conservation and development of these ecosystems.

Resumo Modelos atmosféricos globais e regionais são importantes ferramentas para a gestão de recursos hídricos. Com a intenção de realizar previsão de vazões e subsidiar a operação de sistemas de abastecimento, esse estudo avaliou as previsões de precipitação de três modelos atmosféricos. Foram analisadas as previsões dos modelos ETA (resolução horizontal de 40 km, horizonte de 10 dias), BAM (resolução horizontal de 20 km, horizonte de 10 dias) e WRF (resolução horizontal de 5 km, horizonte de 3 dias) para as bacias do Sistema Cantareira, no Sudeste brasileiro. As previsões foram comparadas com observações de pluviômetros e de radar. Foram avaliados o coeficiente de correlação de Pearson, eficiência modificada de Kling-Gupta, coeficiente angular da regressão linear entre previsões e observações, REQM e PBIAS, além dos índices categóricos fBIAS, POD e FAR. Verificou-se que as correlações tendem a ser mais fortes nos primeiros dias de previsão (até o segundo dia à frente). As maiores correlações foram encontradas comparando valores acumulados para todo o horizonte de previsão. O modelo ETA apresentou forte tendência a subestimar as observações e o modelo BAM, de superestimá-las. O modelo WRF apresentou uma tendência leve de subestimação. A previsão de precipitação com modelos globais e regionais é um importante subsídio à operação de sistemas de reservatórios, entretanto, é essencial conhecer o comportamento dessas previsões a fim de minimizar imprecisões e maximizar seu valor na tomada de decisão.

Abstract Global and regional atmospheric models are important tools for water resources management. Aiming to provide river flow forecast and to support water supply systems operation, this study evaluated the precipitation forecasts from three atmospheric models. Forecasts from ETA (horizontal resolution of 40 km, 10 days range), BAM (horizontal resolution of 20 km, 10 days range) and WRF (horizontal resolution of 5 km, 3 days range) models were analyzed for the Cantareira system basins, on Brazil’s southwestern region. The forecasts were compared to rain gauge and radar observations. Different performance indices were used: Pearson’s correlation coefficient, modified Kling-Gupta efficiency, slope for the linear regression between forecasts and observations, RMSE and PBIAS, in addition to categorical indices fBIAS, POD e FAR. It was found that the correlations were stronger for the first days of the forecast. The strongest correlations were found when comparing the accumulated precipitations for the whole forecast period. Bias analysis indicated ETA strongly underestimated observations, while BAM strongly overestimated, and WRF slightly underestimated. Global and regional atmospheric models rainfall forecasts are an important input for reservoir operation. It’s essential, though, to understand its behavior to minimize inaccuracies and maximize its value in decision making.

ABSTRACT The occurrence of rainfall in the morning is cause for a series of synoptic patterns. The behavior of variables such as relative humidity, air temperature, as well as the wind field, keys an important role in this type of meteorological phenomenon. For this reason, the main objective of the present investigation is determining the synoptic conditions that favor precipitations during the morning in the rainy season for Havana (Cuba). For this study, we used the data of meteorological stations of the province of Havana, reanalysis maps and the meteorological variables on the entire tropospheric column. We obtained a total of five synoptic conditions (four of them with a high statistical significance). For this, we analyzed the average maps of the meteorological variables in the levels of 850, 700, 500 and 200 hPa, searching favorable conditions for the occurrence of this phenomenon. For the relative humidity, the low and medium levels were those of greater contribution to the rainy process, decreasing with height. In all cases, the temperature had not a significant contribution to the morning rainfall. The wind field in the horizontal had not an important contribution, however it presented a strong vertical shear and this peculiarity influences the atmospheric instability and therefore contributes to a greater development of convective activity.

RESUMEN Para la ocurrencia de precipitaciones en la mañana se pueden presentar una serie de patrones circulatorios a escala sinóptica, sin embargo es vital conocer el comportamiento de variables como la humedad relativa, temperatura del aire, así como el campo de viento, claves en este tipo de fenómeno meteorológico. Es por esto, que en la presente investigación se realizó un estudio para determinar las condiciones sinópticas que favorecen las precipitaciones durante la mañana en el período lluvioso. Para dicho estudio se usaron los datos de las estaciones meteorológicas de la provincia de La Habana, mapas de reanálisis y las variables meteorológicas antes mencionadas en toda la columna troposférica. Este estudio aportó un total de cinco condiciones sinópticas (cuatro de ellas con una alta significancia estadística). Para ello, se analizaron también los mapas medios de las variables meteorológicas en los niveles de 850, 700, 500 y 200 hPa, en busca de los más representativos para la ocurrencia de este fenómeno en aquellos casos que no presentaron un fondo sinóptico totalmente favorable. Para la humedad relativa los niveles bajos y medios fueron los de mayor aporte, disminuyendo con la altura. En todos los casos la temperatura no resultó significativa para incentivar las precipitaciones mañaneras puesto que presenta valores inferiores en las capas bajas de la troposfera y una homogeneidad en el nivel medio. El campo de viento en la horizontal tampoco fue significativo, sin embargo presentó una fuerte cizalladura vertical, particularidad que influye en la inestabilidad atmosférica y por tanto contribuye a un mayor desarrollo de la actividad convectiva.

ABSTRACT From thirty cases of study were determined the synoptic and mesoscale conditions that favored the occurrence of locally intense rains associated with Severe Local Storms (TLS) in the central and eastern regions of Cuba during the rainy season. Five fundamental synoptic configurations were identified characterized by an environment of weak vertical wind shear in the surface layer - 500 hPa and a predominance of high relative humidity values at low levels with a dry layer at medium levels. The analysis of the satellite images, the radar observations and the outputs of the WRF model showed that the convective cells that caused a locally intense rain event in combination with a severe event were characterized by having large centroid echoes in the vertical by above the isotherm of 0ºC and in its dissipation the centroid echoes of maximum reflectivity were below 5 km in height, generated mainly by the interaction of the horizontal convective rolls with the sea breeze front.

RESUMEN A partir de treinta casos de estudio se determinaron las condiciones sinópticas y de mesoescala que favorecieron la ocurrencia de lluvias localmente intensas asociadas con Tormentas Locales Severas (TLS) en las regiones central y oriental de Cuba durante el período lluvioso. Se identificaron cinco configuraciones sinópticas fundamentales caracterizadas por un ambiente de débil cizalladura vertical del viento en la capa superficie- 500 hPa y un predominio de altos valores de humedad relativa en niveles bajos con una capa seca en niveles medios. El análisis de las imágenes de satélite, las observaciones de radar y las salidas del modelo WRF arrojaron que las celdas convectivas que provocaron un evento de lluvia localmente intensa en combinación con un evento severo, se caracterizaron por presentar eco centroides de gran extensión en la vertical por encima de la isoterma de 0ºC y en su disipación los ecos centroides de máxima reflectividad se encontraban por debajo de los 5 km de altura, generados principalmente por la interacción de los rollos convectivos horizontales con el frente de brisa de mar.

Resumo Os sistemas de drenagem na fonte vêm ganhando espaço como soluções de desenvolvimento de baixo impacto implantadas em edifícios urbanos. Apesar disso, são poucas as pesquisas que avaliam a influência das condições das instalações dos sistemas prediais de águas pluviais sobre seu desempenho. Este trabalho avalia a influência da adoção de diferentes componentes da instalação do sistema predial de água pluvial no desempenho de sistemas de infiltração. Para tanto, foram executados dois sistemas experimentais, poço de infiltração e jardim de chuva, contendo condutores verticais e horizontais, montados conforme instalações que representam uma edificação vertical. Foram avaliados o escoamento no ramal que direciona a água de chuva para o sistema de infiltração e a ocorrência de retorno de água para pontos de captação posicionados próximos aos sistemas de infiltração. Verificou-se que parte da água passa direto para a tubulação que deságua no sistema urbano de drenagem em determinadas configurações de montagem do ramal que direciona a água de chuva para o sistema de infiltração, reduzindo a eficiência do sistema como um todo. Além disso, ocorreu refluxo em caixas drenantes posicionadas a montante dos sistemas de infiltração, o que indica a necessidade de cautela no posicionamento desses componentes.

Abstract Source drainage systems are gaining importance as low-impact development solutions deployed in built-up areas. However, only limited number of research studies have evaluated the influence of the installation conditions of stormwater drainage building systems on these systems' performance. This paper evaluates the influence of the adoption of different components of installation of stormwater drainage systems on the performance of infiltration systems. With that purpose, two experimental systems were executed: a dry-well and a rain garden, containing vertical and horizontal conductors mounted according to installations that represent a vertical building. The study evaluated the flow in the conductor branch that directs the stormwater to the infiltration system and the occurrence of water return to catchment points positioned near the infiltration systems. The experiment showed that part of the drained volume of stormwater passes directly to the piping that flows into the urban drainage system in certain plumbing fittings configurations that direct the stormwater to the infiltration system, reducing the overall efficiency of the system. In addition, reflux occurred in drainage boxes positioned upstream of the infiltration systems, indicating the need for caution in the positioning of these components.

ABSTRACT The fluvial stratigraphic architecture of the Cenozoic Guanajuato Conglomerate in the Sierra de Guanajuato records part of the infill of continental extensional basins formed after the Laramide Orogeny in the Mesa Central, Mexico. Coarse-grained strata of the Guanajuato Conglomerate represent the deposit of a major channel belt (1 to 2 km wide by >100 km long). This channel belt deposits comprises a 2000 m-thick conglomeratic interval interbedded with deposits of matrix-supported gravel, sandstones and mudstones. Facies analysis indicates that Guanajuato Conglomerate were deposited in alluvial fans and fluvial environments. Facies of the Guanajuato Conglomerate include sandy matrix conglomerate (that shows evidence of traction-dominated deposition), debris-flow (Gms) and hyperconcentrated-flow deposits (Sgpc) (interpreted as turbulent gravity flows), and sandstones with plane to horizontal stratification and planar and through cross-stratification, ripples, rain mark, flutes, groove marks, and massive mudstones, mudstones with fine lamination and with desiccation cracks. Based on established facies associations, five architectural elements and 14 facies were determined from nine locations as a result of Eocene post-Laramide sedimentation in the southern Mesa Central. The Guanajuato Conglomerate was divided in two members: Lower and Upper members. The Lower Member unconformably overlies a Mesozoic assemblage (intrusive complex and eruptive sequence assemblage and Guanajuato arc assemblage) and has a thickness between 700 and 1300 m. The Lower Member is composed of two parts: 1) The basal portion includes conglomerate layers interbedded with sandstones and lava flows. The upper part of the Lower Member conglomerate is caused by debris-flow and hyperconcentrated-flow, major tabular and lenticular sandstone, and siltstone. The Upper Member is characterized by clast-supported conglomerate interbedded with sandstone-mudstone beds. The crudely stratified, imbrications, pebble clusters, coarse to pebbly sandstone, indicate channel lag deposits within a heavy loaded fluvial system. The finegrained sandstone, rain mark, parallel lamination, desiccation cracks, may be interpreted as side bar sediments deposited by shift channels during lower flow conditions. Sediment distribution patterns and stratigraphic architecture, suggest that the depositional system is a braided fluvial for the Lower Member, while the Upper Member corresponds to alluvial fan environment.

RESUMEN La arquitectura estratigráfica fluvial del Conglomerado Guanajuato en la Sierra de Guanajuato, registra parte del relleno de las cuencas extensionales continentales, formadas durante el Cenozoico, después de la Orogenia Laramide en la Mesa Central de México. Los estratos de grano grueso del Conglomerado Guanajuato representan el depósito de un canal mayor de 1 a 2 km de ancho por más de 100 km de largo. Estos depósitos comprenden un intervalo conglomerático de 2000 m de espesor intercalado con depósitos de areniscas y lutitas. El análisis de facies indica que el conglomerado Guanajuato se depositó en abanicos aluviales y ambientes fluviales. Las facies del Conglomerado Guanajuato incluyen un conglomerado de matriz arenosa que muestra evidencia de deposición dominada por la tracción, depósitos de flujo de escombros y depósitos de flujo hiperconcentrado, interpretados como flujos de gravedad turbulenta, dichos depósitos se encuentran intercalados por areniscas con estratificación horizontal, estratificación cruzada, ondulitas, marcas de lluvia, flautas, marcas de ranuras, lutitas masivas, lutitas con laminación paralela y grietas de desecación. Con base en la asociación de facies, se determinaron cinco elementos arquitecturales y 14 facies en nueve localidades estudiadas, esto, como resultado de la sedimentación del Eocene post-Laramide en el sur de la Mesa Central. El Conglomerado Guanajuato se divide en dos miembros: miembro inferior y miembro superior. El miembro inferior sobreyace al conjunto Mesozoico (complejo intrusivo y secuencia eruptiva del arco de Guanajuato) presentando un espesor de entre 700 y 1300 m. El miembro inferior se compone de dos partes: 1) La parte basal incluye capas de conglomerado intercaladas con areniscas y flujos de lava. 2) La parte superior constituida por depósitos de flujo de escombros y flujo hiperconcentrado, areniscas y lutitas. El miembro superior se caracteriza por un conglomerado de matriz de clastos soportados intercalados con depósitos de areniscas y lutitas. La estratificación cruzada, imbricación, clastos aislados, areniscas de grano grueso, indican depósitos de un sistema fluvial. La arenisca de grano fino, las marcas de lluvia, la laminación paralela, las grietas de desecación, pueden interpretarse como sedimentos de barras laterales depositados por canales de desplazamiento durante las condiciones de flujo bajo. Los patrones de distribución de los sedimentos y la arquitectura estratigráfica sugieren que el sistema deposicional del Conglomerado Guanajuato corresponde a un ambiente fluvial trenzado para el miembro inferior, mientras que el miembro superior corresponde a un ambiente de abanico aluvial.

RESUMO As florestas de altitude situadas nas microbacias da Serra do Mar, no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, apresentam serviços ambientais que contribuem para os diversos segmentos da sociedade carioca que demandam água de qualidade e quantidade, assim como ambientes sustentáveis. A condensação do vapor d'água nas copas das árvores é um desses serviços, pois contribui positivamente para o balanço hídrico. Seu entendimento poderá auxiliar no equacionamento de soluções e planejamento ambiental sustentável. Esta percepção/compreensão motivou o estudo da interceptação horizontal (IH) em área montanhosa na região de Nova Friburgo - RJ. Foram coletados e analisados dados de precipitação total (PT), precipitação pluviométrica ou externa (P), IH, precipitação interna (PI) e interceptação da copa (IC) no período compreendido entre dezembro de 2003 e janeiro de 2004, na encosta a barlavento da Serra do Mar, em Nova Friburgo. Os valores de precipitação total (PT) e Interceptação Horizontal (IH) corresponderam a 786,23 mm e 68,71 mm, respectivamente. As perdas por IC foram de 25,46% e a PT foi de 125,66% em relação à P, evidenciando que a IH influenciou no balanço hídrico da região constituindo-se num importante serviço ambiental para os ecossistemas e para a população dependente da bacia estudada.

ABSTRACT The Montane Forest situated at the watersheds of Serra do Mar, state of Rio de Janeiro, presents environmental services that contribute for diverse segments of society, which demands water in quantity and with quality, as well as sustainable environments. Water vapor condensation at forest canopies is one of these services, as it contributes positively with hydrological water balance. It`s understanding can help the equation of solutions on sustainable environment planning, which motivated the study of horizontal interception (IH) on a Mountainous area in Nova Friburgo region. It was collected and analyzed data from total rainfall (PT), pluviometric rainfall (P), IH, internal precipitation (PI) e canopy interception (IC) during December 2003 to January 2004, at the windward slope of Serra do Mar, in Nova Friburgo. Values for total rainfall (PT) and horizontal interception (IH) corresponded to 786.23 mm and 68,71 mm, respectively. The lost from IC where of 25.46% and PT was 125.66% in relation to P, showing that IH influenced on the regional hydrological balance, constituting an important environmental service for ecosystem and population who depends on the watershed studied.

Abstract Tree architecture is an important component that determines height and canopy cover, traits that allow species to explore the vertical and horizontal gradients of the forest canopy. In this study, we compared the allometry of 19 tree species of evergreen tropical forests of Mexico. We evaluated maximum tree height, maximum tree cover, and evaluated their variation between species by allometry. The trunk diameter at breast height, height and average cover showed differences between species. The average trunk diameter at breast height vs. height and average tree canopy cover was linearly related and also the height vs. average coverage. Interspecific allometry of the diameter-height and diameter-coverage showed the different coefficients of association and trajectories of size tree species under the canopy. The maximum tree height of trees was also associated with the maximum tree cover of the crown, which explains part of the functional differences between species in terms of the costs and benefits of investment in vertical and horizontal growth of trees. Also, distribution of height and cover sizes was disproportionally represented in the 15-25 m height range and we only found few dominant species in the upper canopy. The size and architecture of the 19 tree species reflected the different strategies of growth on the vertical and horizontal gradients and their coexistence in the evergreen forest.

Resumen La arquitectura del árbol es un componente importante que define la altura y cobertura de la copa, atributos que permiten a las especies explorar los gradientes vertical y horizontal del dosel del bosque. En este estudio comparamos las alometrías para 19 especies de árboles de la selva tropical perennifolia de México y estimamos la altura máxima, cobertura máxima y su variación entre especies por alometría. El diámetro del tronco a la altura del pecho, la altura y cobertura promedio contrastaron entre algunas especies. El diámetro del tronco a la altura del pecho promedio vs. altura y cobertura promedio de los árboles se relacionó linealmente, así como la altura vs. cobertura promedio. La alometría interespecífica del diámetro-altura y diámetro-cobertura mostró los distintos coeficientes de asociación y trayectorias de tamaño dentro del dosel. La altura máxima de los árboles también se asoció con la cobertura máxima de la copa, lo cual explica parte de las diferencias funcionales entre las especies en cuanto a los costos y beneficios de inversión en crecimiento vertical y horizontal de los árboles. Además, la distribución de alturas y coberturas está proporcionalmente más representada entre los 15 a 25 m de altura y son pocas las especies predominantes en el dosel superior. El tamaño y arquitectura de las 19 especies de árboles refleja las distintas estrategias de crecimiento dentro del gradiente vertical y horizontal del dosel y su coexistencia en la selva alta perennifolia.

abstractZinc and tin, together with Zn-Sn alloys are used in industrial operations and steel coatings against corrosion. One of its most common uses is the galvanizing process for outdoor structures, which is affected by corrosion caused by acid rain. The aim of the study is to evaluate the electrochemical behavior of Zn-Sn alloys with respect to pure metals, in an aqueous simulated acid rain solution consisting of 31.85 mg/L H2SO4, 15.75 mg/L HNO3, 21.25 mg /L NaNO3, 46.20 mg/L (NH4)2SO4, 31.95 mg/L Na2SO4, 84.85 mg/L NaCl, at a pH between 3,5 and 4,0, at room temperature (25°C). Zn-Sn alloys samples were used with different percentages of tin (6 wt. % Sn, 10 wt. % Sn and 50 wt. % Sn), and pure metals samples. The samples were obtained by horizontal directional solidification. Samples of each of the revealed structures were taken and roughed with papers of SiC, of grain size between # 60 and # 1200. Subsequently, potentiodynamic polarization essays were performed in a conventional three electrode electrochemical cell and immersion tests. Each ones was examined by optical microscopy, before and after performing the tests. For cross sections of samples, in potentiodynamic curves was observed that increasing tin content in the alloy, the potential tend to nobler values. From immersion tests was observed that the columnar structure of zinc and alloys exhibit greater mass loss than other structures. Moreover, zinc and alloys have high corrosion rates on the first day of immersion, for all grain structures. The micrographs showed that zinc presents generalized corrosion.

ResumenEl zinc y el estaño, junto con las aleaciones Zn-Sn, son empleados en la industria como recubrimientos del acero frente a la corrosión. Uno de sus usos más frecuentes es el galvanizado para exteriores, el cual es afectado por la corrosión debido a la lluvia ácida. El objetivo del trabajo es evaluar el comportamiento electroquímico que presentan las aleaciones Zn-Sn, con respecto a los metales puros, en una solución acuosa de lluvia ácida simulada compuesta por 31,85 mg/L H2SO4, 15,75 mg/L HNO3, 21,25 mg/L NaNO3, 46,20 mg/L (NH4)2SO4, 31,95 mg/L Na2SO4, 84,85 mg/L NaCl, con un pH entre 3,5 y 4,0, a temperatura ambiente (25ºC). Para ello, se emplearon probetas de aleaciones con diferentes porcentajes en peso de estaño (6, 10 y 50), y de los metales puros, solidificadas horizontalmente. Se tomaron muestras de cada estructura de grano revelada y se las desbastaron con papeles de SiC, de granulometría entre #60 y #1200. Posteriormente, se realizaron medidas de polarización potenciodinámica en una celda electroquímica convencional de tres electrodos y ensayos de inmersión. Cada probeta se examinó mediante microscopia óptica, antes y después de realizar los ensayos. De las curvas potenciodinámicas se observó para los cortes transversales, que a medida que aumenta el contenido de estaño en la aleación, los potenciales tienden a valores más nobles. A partir de los ensayos de inmersión se denotó que la estructura columnar de zinc y las aleaciones presentan una mayor pérdida de masa que las demás estructuras. Además, el zinc y las aleaciones presentaron la velocidad máxima de corrosión al primer día de inmersión, para todas las estructuras de grano. En las micrografías se evidenció que el zinc presentó corrosión generalizada.

Resumen Se indagó, de septiembre del 2005 a noviembre del 2007, las propiedades oceanográficas físicas, químicas y biológicas (zooplancton) más relevantes del Golfo Dulce, Pacífico Sur de Costa Rica, y las tipologías meteorológicas de la zona, con el objetivo de analizarlas y hacerlas disponibles como referencia en el establecimiento de actividades adecuadas para su conservación, dado que es un ecosistema acuático único en Costa Rica. El patrón de circulación de las aguas en el Golfo Dulce es el típico de estuarios tipo fiordo, con una estratificación de flujo en la columna de agua. Las corrientes marinas superficiales alcanzaron velocidades cercanas a los 18cm/s en la región de entrada al Golfo, que disminuyeron al ampliarse el área del golfo donde las velocidades llegaron a alcanzar poco más de 5cm/s en el extremo noroeste, Rincón. Predominó el flujo superficial de este-oeste, mientras que en la zona de Puerto Jiménez la velocidad fue moderada de 5.4cm/s con dirección sur. Se detectaron velocidades mayores cercanas al umbral de la entrada del golfo (17.8cm/s) y en el fondo el ámbito fue de 2.0cm/s a 4.8cm/s. Se establecieron cinco sitios de muestreo denominados GD1, GD2, GD3, GD4 y GD5, que se visitaron en cinco ocasiones, excepto en GD5 que se visitó solo una vez. No se detectó la ausencia de oxígeno disuelto en las aguas profundas del Golfo (70m a los 140m), aunque las concentraciones fueron bajas (0.25mg/L a 1.10mg/L). La distribución de las concentraciones de los nutrimentos reflejó los patrones usuales para sistemas estuarinos a nivel horizontal, y a nivel vertical las concentraciones de fosfato y silicato fueron mayores al descender en la columna de agua, tanto en la estación lluviosa como en la seca. La descomposición de la materia orgánica fue evidente puesto que las concentraciones de nitrato fueron incrementándose en las aguas profundas. De los datos de concentración de nutrimentos, se deduce que el Golfo Dulce puede ser considerado como un cuerpo de agua que se mantiene en un estado de muy buena calidad ambiental. El grupo zooplánctico dominante fue el de los copédodos (44%-83.6%). Los vientos oeste ecuatoriales se detectaron en junio y fueron más intensos entre septiembre y octubre, lo que correspondió con promedios altos de altura de las olas. A su vez, los vientos alisios de diciembre a abril disminuyeron la energía del oleaje que entra al golfo y por lo tanto la altura promedio de las olas. El ciclo anual de la precipitación fue un patrón bimodal típico del Pacífico de América Central, con máximos en mayo y octubre, con la interrupción debida al veranillo o canícula, y un mínimo de precipitación ocurrió en febrero. Golfo Dulce es un ambiente único en todo el Pacífico Este Tropical, y aunque parezca mostrar condiciones ambientales saludables, está amenazado por muchas actividades humanas; ante todo urge el establecimiento de políticas de ordenamiento y planificación de las mismas, para proteger el ecosistema bajo los principios de uso sostenible.

Abstract From September 2005 to November 2007 we studied the meteorological typologies and the physical, chemical and zooplankton oceanography of Golfo Dulce, a unique aquatic ecosystem in the South Pacific of Costa Rica. The water circulation pattern in Golfo Dulce is typical of fjord-type estuaries, with flux stratification within the water column. Surface water currents reached speeds near 18cm/s in the vicinity of the sill and diminished inward to the northwest at around 5cm/s. The east-west flux was predominant, whereas near Puerto Jiménez the speed was a moderated 5.4cm/s with a south direction. Higher speeds were found near the sill (17.8cm/s) and at the bottom (2.0cm/s to 4.8cm/s). One station was visited once, five were visited five times each. Dissolved oxygen was not absent in deep waters (70m to 140m), but concentrations were low (0.25mg/L to 1.10mg/L). Nutrient concentrations and distribution had the usual horizontal estuarine patterns and for the vertical level phosphate and silicate concentrations increased with depth. Decomposition of organic matter was evident because nitrate concentrations were higher in deep waters. Surface nutrient concentrations indicated the gulf has good environmental quality that sustains a variety of life. Copepods dominated zooplankton (44%83.6%). The strongest equatorial westerlies were detected between September and October, coincident with higher wave heights. The trade winds blowing from December to April reduced the energy of entering waves and therefore the mean wave height. The annual rainfall cycle was the typical bimodal pattern from the Central America Pacific, with maxima in May and October, except for the midsummer interruption, and minimum rain was on February. Golfo Dulce is a unique environment in the Eastern Tropical Pacific, shows healthy environmental conditions, and is threatened; therefore we urge the establishment of zoning policy for human activities, and to improve protection under the principles of sustainable use. Rev. Biol. Trop. 63 (Suppl. 1): 131-160. Epub 2015 April 01.

Este trabajo tiene como propósito definir una metodología para estimar la precipitación areal utilizando datos de radares meteorológicos. El área de estudio se localiza en la cuenca del río Tacagua (103,9 Km²), la cual es monitoreada por una red de 18 estaciones pluviométricas y el radar meteorológico de Jeremba ubicado a 2.422 msnm. La metodología empleada correlaciona los registros de precipitación en superficie con la reflectividad obtenida de los CAPPI de 2.500-3.500, 3.500- 4.500, 4.500-6.000 msnm a partir de celdas de 1x1 km. Luego. Para tratar de obtener mejores estimados de precipitación se incluye el componente de traslación de la tormenta y se realiza un análisis de los movimientos horizontales. El análisis selecciona la mejor correlación entre el par de valores de precipitación y reflectividad del grupo de celdas vecinas a cada estación pluviométrica. Después de incluir los movimientos horizontales de la tormenta, se obtiene una mejor relación entre los datos del radar meteorológico con la precipitación medida en superficie. El método propuesto en este trabajo logra una mejor estimación de precipitación con radar.

This paper aims to define a methodology to estimate areal rainfall using weather radar data. The studied area is located in Tacagua River Basin (103.9 Km²) which is monitored by 18 rain gauges network and the Jeremba weather radar placed at 2,422 masl. The methodology correlates rainfall records on the ground with radar reflectivity obtained from CAPPI of 2.500-3.500, 3.500-4.500, 4.500-6.000 masl, and cells of 1x1 km. Then, in order to try to generate a better estimation of rainfall by radar the translation component of the storm is included and we make the analysis of the horizontal movements of the storm. From the analysis, the better correlation between the pair of values of precipitation and reflectivity of the group of neighboring cells to each gage is selected. After the inclusion of the horizontal movements of the storm, a better relationship between weather radar data with measured precipitation on the ground is obtained. The method proposed in this paper achieves a better estimation of rainfall by radar.

La escorrentía superficial provoca la erosión y pérdida de suelo fértil. Los trabajos dirigidos a su prevención y corrección son de gran interés tanto desde el punto de vista agrícola como medioambiental. Para su estudio se utilizan equipos medidores de caudal o aforadores, siendo los de tipo basculante los de uso más generalizado por su simple diseño y comportamiento fiable. Sin embargo, en situaciones concretas como presencia de viento fuerte o altas cadencias de basculación su comportamiento es impreciso. Además, por su diseño, la instalación en campo suele presentar dificultades. En este trabajo se describe un aforador que elimina estas limitaciones mediante la sustitución del sistema basculante por uno de tipo giratorio. Está formado por un cilindro horizontal dividido axialmente en dos semicilindros que se sitúan alternativamente mediante semigiros en posición receptora de la escorrentía. La basculación se produce cuando la escorrentía recogida alternativamente en cada uno de los semicilindros alcanza un volumen determinado. Este volumen se controla mediante un sensor de nivel y el giro se produce por medio de un motorreductor. El equipo trabaja a 12V con un bajo consumo y su diseño es escalable mediante la simple sustitución del cilindro receptor.

The assessment of soil on slopes drag due to rain or irrigation is a fundamental activity in agricultural and environmental studies. For their study teams often use tilting cups. Its design is simple, reliable operation. However, they have some limitations such as loss of accuracy in situations of high runoff or wind and the difficulty of field installation. To cancel these drawbacks, in this work, the cups were replaced by a rotary horizontal cylinder axially divided into two half cylinders. The moment for the rotation is determined alternatively with a level control and it is is activated by a gear motor. The equipment works under 12VDC with low energy consumption. The design is scalable by simply replacing the receiving cylinder.

Este estudo teve como objetivos agrupar as Unidades de Trabalho (UT) da Unidade de Produção Anual (UPA) em classes homogêneas de estoque volumétrico e analisar a composição florística, a diversidade e as estruturas horizontal e diamétrica, por classe de estoque. Os dados procederam do inventário de prospecção, ou censo, com mapeamento de árvores pré-comerciais e potencialmente comerciais e foram disponibilizados, mediante convênio, pela Orsa Florestal. A área de estudo localiza-se no Município de Almeirim, Estado do Pará. No Censo foram consideradas 469 UTs (250 x 400 m), perfazendo 4.690 ha e 191.640 árvores com DAP > 35,0 cm. Foram utilizadas análises de agrupamento (método de Ward) e discriminante (método de Fisher) e obtidas três classes de estoque, ou classes de produtividade. A riqueza e diversidade de espécies arbóreas com DAP > 35 cm da UPA, respectivamente, 540 espécies e 4,52 nats.indivíduo-1, foram muito elevadas, porém realísticas, por se tratar de um censo. A intensidade de corte pode ser ordenada pela capacidade produtiva de cada UT e, dessa forma, resultar em colheitas de mínimo impacto ambiental, se comparada com a máxima intensidade de corte de 30 m³·ha-1 com ciclo de corte inicial de 35 anos para plano de manejo florestal sustentável pleno. As parcelas permanentes também puderam ser distribuídas por classes de produtividade, reduzindo custos e aumentando a precisão das estimativas de crescimento da floresta manejada.

The objective of this study was to group the Work Units (UT) of the Annual Production Unit (UPA) into homogeneous classes of volumetric stock and to analyze the floristic composition, the diversity and the horizontal and diametric structures, by stock class. Data came from a full survey or census, with the mapping of precommercial and potentially commercial trees. These data were provided, through agreement, by Orsa Florestal. The studied area is located in the municipality of Almeirim, State of Para, Brazil. In the census, 469 UTs (250 x 400 m), totalizing 4,690 ha and 191,640 trees with DAP > 35.0 cm were evaluated. The cluster (Ward method) and discriminant (Fisher method) analyses were used and three stock classes, or productivity classes, were obtained. The richness and diversity of the arboreous species with DAP > 35.0 cm of the UPA were 540 species and 4.52 nats.individual-1, respectively. These figures are very high but realistic because they were obtained from a census. The cutting intensity can be determined by the productive capacity of each UT and thus result in a harvest with minimum environmental impact, when compared to the maximum cutting intensity of 30 m³.ha-1 with an initial cutting cycle of 35 years for a sustainable forest management plan. The permanent plots could also be distributed by productivity classes, reducing cost and increasing the growth estimate accuracies of the managed forest.

RESUMO As alterações na estrutura horizontal de um fragmento de Floresta Ombrófila Mista, localizado na Floresta Nacional de Irati, estado do Paraná, foram avaliadas com dados de medições realizadas nos anos de 2002, 2005 e 2008. A área de estudo possui 25 ha, divididos em 25 parcelas permanentes de 1 ha cada (100 m x 100 m). Todos os indivíduos com diâmetro a altura do peito (DAP) igual ou acima de 10 cm foram mensurados e identificados. Foi analisada a densidade, dominância, frequência, valor de cobertura e valor de importância e para melhor interpretação dos estimadores fitossociológicos e do estágio sucessional da floresta, as espécies foram classificadas em grupos ecofisiológicos: pioneiras, secundárias inicial, secundárias tardias e indeterminadas. Observou-se um decréscimo de 2,3% no número de indivíduos/ha, sendo encontrados 581 no ano de 2002 e 567 indivíduos/ha em 2008. Em 2008, Ilex paraguariensis foi a espécie com maior número de indivíduos, representando 9,4% do total. A dominância, avaliada em termos de área basal, alterou-se de 28,6 no ano de 2002 para 30,2 m²/ha em 2008, ou seja, houve um acréscimo de 5,1% no período e a Araucaria angustifolia está sendo a espécie que domina a floresta com 25,9%. A frequência apontou para uma distribuição heterogênea das espécies na floresta, com taxas de 47,4% no ano de 2002 e 46,3% em 2008. A Araucaria angustifolia foi a espécie dominante e ecologicamente a mais importante no período com 35,2 (11,7%) do total do valor de importância absoluto em 2008. De acordo com os estimadores fitossociológicos e grupos ecofisiológicos, a floresta apresenta-se com estoque em crescimento, devido ao incremento em diâmetro nos indivíduos de maiores diâmetros de espécies como Araucaria angustifolia e Ocotea porosa, e em estágio avançado de sucessão ecológica, com a grande maioria das espécies e indivíduos pertencentes às secundárias iniciais e tardias, e a cada ano torna-se mais madura com o ingresso de novas espécies e indivíduos tolerantes à sombra.

ABSTRACT Changes in the horizontal structure of a fragment of Mixed Rain Forest, located at Irati National Forest, in Parana state, were evaluated by measurements performed during the years 2002, 2005 and 2008. The study area has 25 ha, divided into 25 permanent sample plots of 1 ha (100 m x 100 m) each. All trees with diameter at 1,30 m above the ground equal or higher 10 cm were measured and identified. Density, dominance, frequency, importance value and cover value were analyzed and, to understand better the phytosociological estimators and successional stage of the forest, the species were classified into ecophysiological groups: pioneers, early secondary, late secondary and undetermined. There was a decrease of 2.3% in the number of individuals per hectare, with 581 recorded in 2002 and 567 individuals/ha in 2008. Currently, Ilex paraguariensis was the species with the greatest number of individuals, representing 9.4% of the total. The dominance (basal area) changed from 28.6 in 2002 to 30.2 m²/ha in 2008, i.e., there was an increase of 5.1% in the period, and currently Araucaria angustifolia has been the species that dominates the forest with 25.9%. The frequency pointed to an uneven distribution of species in the forest, with rates of 47,4% in 2002 and 46,3% in 2008. Araucaria angustifolia was the dominant species and the most ecologically important one in the period with 35.2 (11.7%) of the total absolute importance value in 2008. According to the phytosociological estimators and ecophysiological groups the forest still has a growing stock, due to the increment in trees with bigger diameters from species such as Araucaria angustifolia and Ocotea porosa, and is in advanced stage of ecological succession, with the majority of species and individuals belonging to the early and late secondary, and every year it becomes more mature with the ingress of new species and shade tolerant individuals.

Neste estudo, objetivou-se caracterizar os mecanismos de regeneração natural em um remanescente de Floresta Ombrófila Mista. O trabalho foi realizado na Floresta Nacional de São Francisco de Paula, RS, Brasil, utilizando seis conglomerados de 1 ha, com 16 parcelas (20×20 m) cada, desconsiderando 10 m de bordadura. A amostragem da chuva de sementes (CS) foi realizada em 96 coletores circulares (1 m²), distribuídos no centro de cada parcela. O banco de sementes do solo (BS) foi amostrado de forma aleatória, a 3 m de cada coletor da CS, e o banco de plântulas (BP) foi amostrado em subparcelas de 2×2 m, alocadas a 4 m dos coletores, contabilizando o número de indivíduos (altura > 30 cm e diâmetro à altura do peito (DAP) < 1 cm) para cada espécie. Os mecanismos de regeneração foram avaliados quanto à composição florística e estrutura horizontal. Na CS, foram amostradas 81 espécies, 46 gêneros e 28 famílias, no BS, 103, 65 e 41 e no BP, 88, 57 e 36, respectivamente. A riqueza encontrada e abundante frutificação de espécies com dispersão zoocórica indicam a importância da chuva de sementes como mecanismo estratégico para o equilíbrio da fauna e flora no ecossistema. O banco de sementes do solo demonstra potencial para colonização imediata e restabelecimento da vegetação após perturbações e o banco de plântulas consiste na principal estratégia de regeneração de muitas espécies arbóreas que compõe a atual estrutura da floresta.

This study aimed to characterize the mechanisms of natural regeneration in a Mixed Subtropical Wet Forest remnant. The study was conducted in the National Forest of São Francisco de Paula, RS, Brazil, using six conglomerates (1 ha), with 16 plots (20×20 m) each, disregarding 10 m surround. The sampling of the seed rain (SR) was carried out in 96 circular collectors (1 m²), distributed in the center of each plot. The soil seed bank (SB) was sampled randomly in a distance of 3 m of each SR collector and the seedling bank (SeB) was sampled in plots of 2×2 m, located 4 m from SR collectors, counting the number of individuals (height > 30 cm and diameter at breast height (DBH) < 1 cm) for each species. The regeneration mechanisms were evaluated through the floristic composition and horizontal structure. In SR, were sampled 81 species, 46 genera and 28 families, in SB, 103, 65 and 41, and in SeB, 88, 57 and 36, respectively. The richness found and the presence of species with abundant fruiting and seed dispersal by animals, indicate the importance of seed rain as a strategic mechanism for the balance of flora and fauna in the ecosystem. The soil seed bank demonstrates potential for colonization and immediate restoration of vegetation after disturbances and the seedling bank is the main strategy for regeneration of many tree species that make up the current structure of the forest.