Abstract: The essay addresses the importance of physical education in preschool and emphasizes the role it plays in the integral development of young children. It discusses Law 7800 and the mandatory nature of physical education in Costa Rica and the requirement to have specialized teachers to teach this subject. It also discusses the benefits of physical education in childhood, which include the development of motor, cognitive and social skills, and urges more attention to this area in order to promote healthy habits from an early age, starting in preschool. It also highlights the long-term negative health effects that lack of physical activity can have on children and recommends that the infrastructure be appropriate for preschool age. It also stresses the importance of teachers being properly qualified to promote optimal child development, as this period is crucial for motor, cognitive, social and emotional development. The paper concludes that preschool physical education is important for the holistic development of children, promoting healthy habits and contributing to their well-being throughout their lives.

Resumo: O ensaio aborda a importância da Educação Física na educação pré-escolar, enfatizando o seu papel no desenvolvimento integral das crianças. A obrigatoriedade da Educação Física é enfatizada de acordo com a Lei 7800 da Costa Rica, bem como a exigência de ter pessoal docente especializado para ministrar esta matéria. São também discutidos os benefícios disto na infância, incluindo o desenvolvimento de destrezas motoras, cog- nitivas e sociais, e é feito um apelo para que se dê mais atenção a esta área ao nível pré-escolar para fomentar hábitos saudáveis desde tenra idade. Além disso, menciona-se que a falta de atividade física na meninice pode ter consequências negativas para a saúde a longo prazo, por isso é recomendável ter infraestrutura adequada para ministrá-la na pré-escola. Da mesma forma, destaca-se a importância de contar com professores capacita- dos para promover o desenvolvimento ótimo na infância, visto que a Educação Física nesta etapa é crucial para o desenvolvimento motor, cognitivo, social e emocional. Conclui-se que a Educação Física na idade pré-escolar é importante para o desenvolvimento integral da meninice, promovendo hábitos saudáveis e contribuindo para o seu bem-estar ao longo da vida.

Resumen: En el ensayo se aborda la importancia de la Educación Física en la educación preescolar, enfatizando su papel en el desarrollo integral de las personas infantes. Se recalca la obligatoriedad de la Educación Física de acuerdo con la Ley 7800 en Costa Rica, así como el requerimiento de contar con personal docente especializado para impartir esta asignatura. También se discuten los beneficios de esta en la infancia, incluyendo el desarrollo de destrezas motoras, cognitivas y sociales, y se hace un llamado a prestar más atención a esta área a nivel de pre- escolar para fomentar hábitos saludables desde temprana edad. Además, se menciona que la falta de actividad física en la niñez puede tener consecuencias negativas en la salud a largo plazo, por lo que se recomienda contar con infraestructura adecuada para impartirla en preescolar. Así mismo, se destaca la importancia de contar con profesorado capacitado para promover un desarrollo óptimo en la infancia, dado que la Educación Física en esta etapa es crucial para el desarrollo motor, cognitivo, social y emocional. Se concluye que la Educación Física en la edad preescolar es importante para el desarrollo integral de la niñez, promoviendo hábitos saludables y contribuyendo a su bienestar a lo largo de su vida.

Resumen (Objetivo) Aunque el uso de vídeos de aula no es un tópico novedoso en la formación inicial del profesorado de educación matemática infantil, todavía hay preguntas de investigación sin resolver asociadas, sobre todo, a criterios para seleccionar y analizar vídeos desde un enfoque didáctico y disciplinar. Desde esta perspectiva, la finalidad del artículo es diseñar y validar una rúbrica que sirva para este doble propósito. (Metodología) A partir de un paradigma de investigación cualitativo, se ha seguido un proceso 4x3, es decir, un método secuenciado en cuatro fases con tres pasos en cada una de ellas: 1) revisión, 2) creación, 3) contraste y evaluación, y 4) mejora. (Resultados) La versión definitiva de la rúbrica, denominada R4, consta de 28 ítems organizados en cuatro dimensiones: 1) rol docente, sobre la función que tiene cada docente en el aula; 2) respuesta del alumnado infantil en la tarea, sobre su actuación; 3) relaciones matemáticas, sobre el tipo de matemática; 4) recursos, sobre la gestión y uso de recursos-materiales humanos. Para cada dimensión se considera diversas subdimensiones, en total 16. (Conclusiones) Se concluye que la rúbrica R4 aborda aspectos fundamentales (rol docente, respuesta del alumnado infantil, relaciones matemáticas y recursos) en la labor docente de una maestra o maestro de educación infantil, lo cual permite analizar la práctica docente de un modo holístico y fundamentado.

Resumo (Objetivo) Embora o uso de vídeos em sala de aula não seja um tópico novo na formação inicial de professores de matemática da educação infantil, ainda há questões de pesquisa não resolvidas associadas, sobretudo, aos critérios de seleção e análise de vídeos a partir de uma abordagem didática e disciplinar. A partir dessa perspectiva, o objetivo do artigo é projetar e validar uma rubrica que atenda a essa dupla finalidade. (Metodologia) Com base em um paradigma de pesquisa qualitativa, foi seguido um processo 4x3, ou seja, um método sequenciado em quatro fases com três etapas em cada uma delas: 1) revisão, 2) criação, 3) contraste e avaliação, e 4) aprimoramento. (Resultados) A versão final da rubrica, denominada R4, consiste em 28 itens organizados em quatro dimensões: 1) papel do professor, sobre a função que cada professor tem na sala de aula; 2) resposta dos alunos à tarefa, sobre seu desempenho; 3) relações matemáticas, sobre o tipo de matemática; 4) recursos, sobre o gerenciamento e o uso de recursos humanosmateriais. Para cada dimensão são consideradas diversas subdimensões, totalizando 16. (Conclusões) Conclui-se que a rubrica R4 aborda os principais aspectos (função do professor, resposta dos alunos da educação infantil, recursos e relações matemáticas) no trabalho de ensino de um professor da educação infantil, o que permite uma análise holística e informada da prática de ensino.

Abstract (Objective) Although the use of classroom videos is not a new topic in the initial training of early childhood mathematics education teachers, there are still unresolved research questions associated, above all, with criteria for selecting and analyzing these videos from both a didactic and disciplinary approach. From this perspective, the purpose of this article is to design and validate a rubric that serves this dual purpose. (Methodology) Based on a qualitative research paradigm, a 4x3 process has been followed, that is, a method sequenced in four phases with three steps in each one of them: 1) Review; 2) Creation; 3) Contrast and Evaluation; and 4) Improvement. (Results) The final version of the rubric, called R4, consists of 28 items organized in four dimensions: 1) Teaching role, on the role of the teacher in the classroom; 2) Response of children in the task to his/her performance; 3) Mathematical relations, on the type of mathematics; 4) and Resources, on the management and use of human resources and materials. For each dimension, several subdimensions are considered, 16 in total. (Conclusions) It is concluded that the R4 rubric addresses fundamental aspects (Teaching role, Childrens’ response, Mathematical relations and Resources) in the teaching work of an early childhood education teacher, which allows analyzing the teaching practice in a holistic and justified way.

Abstract Introduction Teachers are a high-risk group for the development of vocal dysfunction, as they use voice extensively in their profession. Objective To know the prevalence and risk factors associated with voice strain in teachers. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among schoolteachers in Chitwan, Nepal. The Voice Handicap Index questionnaire was used as a survey tool. Result A total of 315 teachers were enrolled in the study. The mean age of the participants was of 36.7 years. Teachers from public schools, primary grade classes, > 50 pupils in the classroom, > 24 hours of classes per week, dust in class, and recurrent tonsil problems were associated with various degrees of vocal handicap. Conclusion There is a high prevalence of voice disorder among teachers. A holistic approach, which includes teacher education regarding voice care during their work and management of their voice handicap by taking into consideration different risk factors, must be adopted. highrisk dysfunction profession crosssectional cross sectional Chitwan Nepal tool 31 367 36 7 36. years schools 5 classroom 2 week class approach adopted 3

The continuing educational crises and the recurrent discourse on educational reform in South Africa foreground critical questions on what constitutes a viable philosophical and pedagogical strategy for the country. This article examines the transformative praxis of a dissident teachers' organisation, the Teachers' League of South Africa (TLSA or the League), and how the development of its distinctive non-racist and non-collaborationist worldview provide meaningful possibilities for present-day educationists seeking a progressive educational alternative. The article draws on decolonial and critical education theories to engage the views of TLSA teachers and non-League education activists. Documentary material on the TLSA and its umbrella body, the Unity Movement, provide key primary sources for the article. In addition, secondary information linked to the broader liberation movement offers valuable insights and perspectives on what could be defined as an alternative educational praxis. Overall, the article examines whether the coexistence of the TLSA's holistic educational outlook and 'egalitarian oriented' counter-consciousness, offers tangible possibilities for exploring an emancipatory decolonial education.

RESUMEN La clase alguna vez fue importante en la educación de adultos, y todavía lo es en un mundo neoliberal. Pero puede ser difícil definirlo en la fragmentación de la clase trabajadora organizada y la precarización/manualización de muchas ocupaciones de la clase media. Históricamente, en las sociedades industriales se podía considerar que la clase estaba determinada por las relaciones productivas, mientras que la conciencia de clase era un fenómeno cultural, forjado en parte por los propios trabajadores en luchas educativas y políticas. Pero esas sociedades industriales más antiguas se han fragmentado y una cultura más individualizada y políticas de diversidad han pasado a ocupar un lugar central. La clase como fenómeno vivo puede descuidarse y se pone en primer plano el género, la raza y la sexualidad. No obstante, la clase sigue moldeando las experiencias entre las personas y las percepciones sobre la educación, los niveles de salud física, mental y la esperanza de vida. Y el descuido de la dinámica de clases y la desigualdad social ha sido cuestionado en formas de investigación autobiográfica y autobiográfica de la clase trabajadora. Esto se inspira en el movimiento de mujeres, el giro biográfico/narrativo y los desafíos al abandono del sujeto humano experimentado en los estudios sociales y culturales. La investigación y los escritos abarcan especialmente a mujeres de clase trabajadora en diversos entornos y diálogos intergeneracionales. La clase se cruza aquí con otras opresiones. El trabajo ilumina cómo la educación de adultos requiere una reconceptualización holística como un proceso relacional, encarnado, emocional, narrativo, psicosocial, intelectual e incluso espiritual, en el que la dinámica del reconocimiento de uno mismo/otro, el amor y la noción feminista entregarse a otro son centrales.

RESUMO A classe foi importante para a educação de adultos no passado, mas ainda é relevante no mundo neoliberal. Todavia, pode ser difícil defini-la no contexto fragmentado da organização da classe social e do caráter causal e manual de muitas ocupações da classe média. Historicamente, nas sociedades industriais, a classe era moldada pelas relações de produção, enquanto que a consciência de classe se constituía num fenómeno cultural, definido também pelos próprios trabalhadores nas lutas educativas e políticas. Mas as sociedades industriais do presente possuem uma cultura fragmentada e individualizada, assim como políticas diversificadas que assumem hoje uma dimensão central. A classe como um fenómeno social pode hoje ser negligenciada se se atribuir centralidade ao género, à raça ou à sexualidade. Apesar desta circunstância, a classe continuar a moldar as experiências entre as pessoas, as perceções acerca da educação, o nível de saúde física e mental e a esperança de vida. A negação das dinâmicas de classe e da desigualdade social foi desafiada pela investigação autobiográfica da classe trabalhadora. Esta investigação inspirou-se no movimento feminista, nos estudos biográficos e narrativos e nos desafios causados pela negação que os estudos social e culturais têm atribuído à experiência humana. A investigação e os trabalhos académicos destacam as mulheres da classe trabalhadora em contextos diversos e os diálogos intergeracionais. A classe cruza aqui com outras formas de opressão. O trabalho enfatiza como a educação de adultos exige uma reconceptualização holística, enquanto processo relacional, corporizado, emocional, narrativa, psicossocial, intelectual e até espiritual, na qual as dinâmicas de reconhecimento de si e do outro, do amor e da noção feminista de dar-se ao outro são centrais.

ABSTRACT Class once mattered in adult education, and still does in a neo-liberal world. But it can be difficult to define in the fragmentation of the organised working-class and the casualisation/manualisation of many middle-class occupations. Historically, in industrial societies class could be seen as shaped by productive relations, while class consciousness was a cultural phenomenon, partly forged by workers themselves in educational and political struggles. But those older industrial societies have fragmented and a more individualised culture and diversity politics have taken centre stage. Class as a living phenomenon can be neglected as gender, race and sexuality are foregrounded. Notwithstanding, class continues to shape experiences between people, and perceptions of education, levels of physical, mental health and life expectancy. And the neglect of class dynamics and social inequality has been challenged in forms of working-class auto/biographical research. This is inspired by the women’s movement, the biographical/narrative turn and challenges to the neglect of the experiencing human subject in social and cultural studies. The research and writing especially encompass working-class women in diverse settings, and intergenerational dialogues. Class intersects here with other oppressions. The work illuminates how adult education requires holistic reconceptualisation as a relational, embodied, emotional, narrative, psychosocial, intellectual and even spiritual process, in which the dynamics of self/other recognition, love and the feminist notion of the gift are central.

Abstract: The aim of this review is to contribute to the discussion related to the types of evaluation towards the subject of school Physical Education, through the importance to formative and shared assessment as a method to obtain valuable information about student progress and the teaching process. Through the review, it is intended to provide summarized information on how formative assessment can contribute to student motivation, engagement, curriculum evaluation, and identification of content needs as well as promoting the overall health and well-being of students. In the same way, it is intended to illuminate the main transformations that evaluation has experienced in the discipline of Physical Education, tensioning paradigms related to physical-sports performance and athletic improvement versus promoting the comprehensive development of the student community and the evolution towards an inclusive and holistic school Physical Education.

Resumen: La presente reseña tiene el objetivo de contribuir en la discusión relacionada con los tipos de evaluación hacia la asignatura de Educación Física escolar, relevando a la evaluación de tipo formativa y compartida como método para la obtención de información valiosa acerca del progreso de los estudiantes y del proceso de enseñanza. A través de la reseña, se pretende entregar información resumida de cómo la evaluación formativa puede aportar a la motivación de los estudiantes, el compromiso, la evaluación del currículo y la identificación de necesidades de contenido como también la promoción de la salud y el bienestar general de los estudiantes. De la misma forma, se pretende iluminar las principales transformaciones que ha experimentado la evaluación en la disciplina de la Educación Física, tensionando paradigmas relacionados al rendimiento físico-deportivo y a las marcas atléticas versus el fomento al desarrollo integral del estudiantado y la evolución hacia una Educación Física escolar inclusiva y holística.

Resumo: O objetivo desta revisão é contribuir para a discussão relativa aos tipos de avaliação da disciplina de Educação Física escolar, dando importância à avaliação formativa e compartilhada como método para obter informações valiosas sobre o progresso do aluno e o processo de ensino. A revisão visa fornecer informações resumidas sobre como a avaliação formativa pode contribuir para a motivação, o envolvimento, avaliar currículo e identificar necessidades de conteúdo, bem como promover a saúde e o bem-estar geral dos alunos. Da mesma forma pretende-se iluminar as principais transformações que a avaliação tem experimentado na disciplina de Educação Física, paradigmas de tensão relacionados ao desempenho físico-esportivo e às marcas esportivas versus a promoção do desenvolvimento integral do corpo discente e a evolução para uma Educação Física escolar inclusiva e holística.

Abstract This research is undertaken, motivated by the need to unravel the progression of learning models, which have been adapting to meet the demands of society in its constant dynamics of fluctuation and transformation. The aim of this work is to systematically examine the evolution of learning models, highlighting the paradigmatic changes that have favored the transition from traditional learning approaches to more innovative and transdisciplinary proposals. To achieve this, a bibliographic analysis is carried out, supported by the hermeneutic method for the contextual interpretation of literature and discourses, in order to unravel the complexities inherent in the evolution of learning models. The results highlight the limiting influence of the simplicity paradigm in traditional educational formation and the need for a shift towards dialogicity and disciplinary collaboration and integration to advance towards complexity. It concludes by arguing in favor of adopting the complexity paradigm, advocating for a transdisciplinary epistemology and an interstructuring approach to learning, which allow for integral human development. Recognizing human complexity in teaching and learning demands a radical transformation of education towards more holistic and transformative practices, essential for building an equitable and just society.

Resumen Esta investigación se emprende motivada por la necesidad de desentrañar la progresión de los modelos de aprendizaje, los cuales se han ido adaptando para responder a las demandas de la sociedad en su dinámica constante de fluctuación y transformaciones. El objetivo de este trabajo es examinar de forma sistemática la evolución de los modelos de aprendizaje, destacando los cambios paradigmáticos que han favorecido la transición de enfoques de aprendizaje tradicionales hacia propuestas más innovadoras y transdisciplinarias. Para lograrlo, se lleva a cabo un análisis bibliográfico apoyado en el método hermenéutico para la interpretación contextual de la literatura y los discursos, a fin de desentrañar las complejidades inherentes en la evolución de los modelos de aprendizaje. Los resultados resaltan la influencia limitante del paradigma de la simplicidad en la formación educativa tradicional y la necesidad de un giro hacia la dialogicidad y la colaboración e integración disciplinaria para avanzar hacia la complejidad. Se concluye argumentando a favor de la adopción del paradigma de la complejidad, abogando por una epistemología transdisciplinaria y un enfoque de aprendizaje interestructurante, que permitan el desarrollo humano integral. El reconocimiento de la complejidad humana en la enseñanza y el aprendizaje exige una transformación radical de la educación hacia prácticas más holísticas y transformadoras, esenciales para construir una sociedad equitativa y justa.

With the research discussed here I aimed to examine the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on primary school mathematics teaching processes and specifically the teaching process of 1st-grade geometric shapes. A holistic multiple case study design was used in this qualitative research. The participants were primary school teachers who have taught both processes and geometric shapes in 1st grade primary school and were selected using purposive sampling. Semi-structured interviews based on an interview form developed by me was used as data collection instrument. In this form, questions about the 4 skills in the programme related to geometry were included. Lesson content, materials, and content related to the method of expression related to each skill were examined comparatively during and before the COVID-19 pandemic. Semi-structured interviews during which the questions on the form were asked, were conducted with participating teachers. The content analysis technique was used to analyse the obtained data. The results of the analysis show that the transition to online education during the COVID-19 pandemic had serious consequences. Positive and negative effects were found in both primary school mathematics teaching process and the teaching process of geometric shapes in the 1st grade.

Resumen Objetivo. El objetivo es desarrollar un modelo que permita una mejor comprensión de la motivación del personal docente en instituciones de educación superior (IES) desde la complejidad. Metodología. Es una investigación de tipo correlacional-descriptiva, con un método de investigación mixta, con una categoría dependiente motivación, ligada a un sistema categorial que fue extraído desde la revisión bibliográfica y depurado posteriormente por dos rondas de personas expertas mediante la técnica Delphi, quienes indicaron 6 categorías que influyen en la motivación docente: intrínsecos; extrínsecos; transformar conocimiento, generar investigación; calidad en la educación; formación permanente; docencia como generadora de estatus social. Posteriormente se construyen 40 subcategorías referenciadas que dan cuenta de cada categoría y, para mayor exactitud, se utilizó el método Lasso para reducir las subcategorías, las cuales quedaron en 27, esto garantizó la elaboración de preguntas en una encuesta de 122 registros de docentes, tipo escala likert. Resultados. La interdisciplinariedad del pensamiento complejo precisa un sin número de elementos sobre la motivación del personal docente de instituciones de educación superior que incluye aspectos de la actividad profesional, integralidad, eficacia, conocimiento, resolución de problemas, liderazgo, interacciones, aprendizaje autónomo, metodologías, asuntos institucionales, relaciones de poder y posición social. Discusión y conclusión. Es necesario partir desde una mirada holística que integre la motivación docente en diferentes aspectos: práctica docente, comportamiento del estudiantado, aspectos organizacionales, interactividad de la comunidad académica, reconocimiento, contextos históricos y situacionales. Es necesario, también, lograr integrar estos elementos que contribuyen a obtener procesos formativos de calidad.

Resumo Objetivo. O objetivo é desenvolver um modelo que permita uma melhor compreensão da motivação do corpo docente das instituições de ensino superior (IES) numa perspetiva de complexidade. Metodologia. Trata-se de uma pesquisa do tipo correlacional-descritiva, com método de pesquisa misto e categoria dependente de motivação. Essa pesquisa está vinculada a um sistema categórico que foi extraído da revisão da literatura e posteriormente refinado por duas rodadas de especialistas utilizando a técnica Delphi. Os especialistas indicaram 6 categorias que influenciam a motivação docente: intrínseca, extrínseca, transformar conhecimento, gerar pesquisas, qualidade na educação, educação permanente, e a docência como geradora de status social. Posteriormente, foram construídas 40 subcategorias referenciadas que dão conta de cada categoría. Para maior precisão, utilizou-se o método Lasso para reduzir as subcategorias para 27, o que garantiu a elaboração de questões em um levantamento de 122 registros de professores, tipo escala likert. Resultados. A interdisciplinaridade do pensamento complexo exige uma série de elementos na motivação do corpo docente das instituições de ensino superior que vão desde aspectos da atividade profissional, abrangência, eficácia, conhecimento, resolução de problemas, liderança, interações, aprendizagem autônoma, metodologias, questões institucionais, relações de poder e posição social. Discussão e conclusão. É necessário partir de uma visão holística que integre a motivação docente em diferentes aspectos: prática docente, comportamento dos estudantes, aspectos organizacionais, interatividade da comunidade acadêmica, reconhecimento, contextos históricos e situacionais. Alcançar a integração desses elementos que contribuem para fomentar processos de formação de qualidade também é essencial.

Abstract Objective. This study aims to develop a model that provides a better understanding of the motivation of teaching staff in higher education institutions (HEI) from a complexity perspective. Methodology. It is a correlational-descriptive type of research, with a mixed research method and a motivation-dependent category. The research is linked to a categorical system extracted from the literature review and subsequently refined by two rounds of experts using the Delphi technique. They indicated the following 6 categories that influence teaching motivation: intrinsic, extrinsic, transform knowledge, generate research, quality in education, permanent education, and teaching as a generator of social status. Subsequently, 40 referenced subcategories were constructed that account for each category. For greater accuracy, the Lasso method was used to narrow down the subcategories to 27; this ensured the formulation of questions in a survey with 122 records of teachers, based on the Likert scale type. Results. The interdisciplinarity of complex thinking requires several factors in motivating higher education faculty. These include professional activity, comprehensiveness, effectiveness, knowledge, problem-solving, leadership, interactions, autonomous learning, methodologies, institutional issues, power relations, and social position. Discussion and conclusion. It is crucial to start from a holistic view that integrates teaching motivation in different aspects such as teaching practice, student behavior, organizational aspects, interactivity of the academic community, recognition, and historical and situational contexts. Equally crucial is achieving the integration of these elements that contribute to fostering quality training processes.

RESUMEN Esta pesquisa de tipo documental pretende describir y analizar los rasgos de las organizaciones educativas, así como sus propósitos involucrados en la formación del ser humano, de conformidad con los principios fundamentales de los paradigmas del positivismo y pospositivismo, la teoría de la complejidad y la visión holística. Se establecen las limitaciones del positivismo y pospositivismo con respecto a la conceptualización y los propósitos de las organizaciones escolares. Se destaca de igual forma la concomitancia entre la concepción del ser humano y los fines de la educación, reconociendo que estos últimos deben responder a la visión que la sociedad tiene acerca del hombre, del mismo modo que las organizaciones educativas deben adoptar el propósito o norte de formar al ser humano integralmente.

ABSTRACT This documentary type research aims to describe and analyze the features of educational organizations, as well as their purposes involved in the formation of the human being, in accordance with the fundamental principles of the paradigms of positivism and post-positivism, the theory of complexity and the holistic vision. The limitations of positivism and post-positivism with respect to the conception and purposes of school organizations are established. The concomitance between the conception of the human being and the purposes of education is also highlighted, recognizing that these should respond to the vision that society has of man, in the same way that educational organizations should adopt the purpose or north of forming the human being integrally.

This article explores the experiences of doctoral students juggling parental and professional roles. It proposes a balanced-integration approach in the reflective supervisor framework to tailor support. The research focuses on identifying challenges and evaluating the approach's effectiveness, suggesting supervisors should serve as advocates for well-being and motivation. With the South African government's National Development Plan aiming for a higher education sector that can produce more than 100 doctoral graduates per one million of the population by 2030, it is imperative to understand PhD student's simultaneous identities as parents and professionals who must balance the demands of their studies, families and careers. The study advances a balanced-integration approach for supervising this demographic, with supervisors serving as advocates for the holistic well-being of these students, architects of personalised academic pathways, and catalysts for motivation inspired by family commitments. This approach adds a fifth dimension to Pearson and Kayrooz's four factors of facilitative supervisory practice. The methodology is a descriptive quantitative study research design and a cross-sectional approach based on online surveys completed by 47 respondents from 13 South African higher education institutions and eight from abroad (n = 55).

BACKGROUND: Massification of higher education and growth in undergraduate students has propelled a wave of students seeking advanced degrees. Increasing numbers of postgraduate students reflect the performance of Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) and highlight the need to study key elements affecting postgraduate academic success PURPOSE: This systematic literature review (SLR) aims to identify key success factors related to postgraduate studies RESEARCH APPROACH: The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines were used to guide the reporting of this review. Articles in ScienceDirect, Jestp.com, Ed.gv, Tandfonline.com, Oup.com, Springer.com, Researchgate.net, Sagepub.com, Wiley.com, Alt.ac.uk, and Stor.org were searched between January 2013 and January 2023 RESULTS: A final 28 studies from 14 countries were reviewed to provide a holistic assessment of major factors affecting postgraduate academic success. The most common success factors in postgraduate studies are teaching and learning methods, quality research supervision, research capacity building, library services, Postgraduate Student Office workshops, and student characteristics. Limitations within some factors were also reported CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATION: The study concluded that postgraduate students' ability to function effectively depends on adequately implementing and managing critical and complex factors. The results of the study will inform postgraduate programme practitioners

RESUMEN El fenómeno inmigratorio que vive el Ecuador, es un hecho que obliga al establecimiento de políticas públicas y educación para una sana convivencia entre ciudadanos nacionales y extranjeros. Se presenta un estudio desde la perspectiva constitucional, determinando el papel desarrollado por la función legislativo para proteger a este grupo social, parte del conocimiento teórico general sobre las políticas públicas respecto a los migrantes en la República del Ecuador y reconoce la migración como un concepto holístico ligado a intervenciones gubernamentales, se analiza la producción legislativa respecto a las políticas públicas del país desde el año 2017 al 2022, en especial los que brindan garantías fundamentales y como resultado el conocer que todas las personas consideradas refugiadas y migrantes son un grupo de atención prioritaria y de decisiones y programas de gobierno para garantizar los principios de ciudadanía universal, que les permita a los migrantes alcanzar mejores condiciones de vida en relación con los derechos humanos.

ABSTRACT The immigration phenomenon that Ecuador is experiencing is a fact that requires the establishment of public policies and education for a healthy coexistence between nationals and foreigners. A study is presented from the constitutional perspective, determining the role developed by the legislative function to protect this social group, part of the general theoretical knowledge about public policies regarding migrants in the Republic of Ecuador and recognizes migration as a holistic concept linked to government interventions, legislative production is analyzed with respect to public policies in the country from 2017 to 2022, especially those that provide fundamental guarantees and as a result the knowledge that all persons considered refugees and migrants are a group of priority attention and government decisions and programs to ensure the principles of universal citizenship, allowing migrants to achieve better living conditions in relation to human rights.

RESUMEN El trabajo analiza la importancia de la didáctica como ciencia en la formación de todo profesional de la educación. Se justifica considerando que la misma permite una conducción eficiente del proceso de enseñanza aprendizaje de forma tal que propicia a una formación integral para con esta profesión. El objetivo de este estudio consistió en determinar la necesidad de continuar ahondando en el tema a partir de su estructura teórica y metodológica, sus categorías, principios y funciones. La metodología respondió a la revisión bibliográfica, recopilación de materiales referentes al tema y se realizó una búsqueda de artículos en las principales bases de datos disponibles. Se adoptó el enfoque cualitativo, con diseño analítico, descriptivo. El resultado del análisis demostró que la didáctica, ayuda en el proceso de aprehensión y de enseñanza en la formación del intelecto, a cambiar las actitudes, mejorar la comprensión, por lo que podía aportar a un aprendizaje integral, en la forma de impartir la docencia, adecuado a las necesidades y vicisitudes del entorno social y cultural buscando construir de manera efectiva una educación holística e integral del ser humano.

ABSTRACT The paper analyzes the importance of didactics as a science in the training of all education professionals. It is justified considering that it allows an efficient conduct of the teaching process learning in a way that encourages a comprehensive training for this profession. The objective of this study was to determine the need to continue delving into the subject from its theoretical and methodological structure, categories, principles and functions. The methodology responded to the bibliographic review, collection of materials related to the topic and a search of articles in the main databases available. The qualitative approach was adopted, with analytical and descriptive design. The result of the analysis showed that didactics, helps in the process of apprehension and teaching in the formation of the intellect, change attitudes, improve understanding, so that it could contribute to a comprehensive learning, in the form of teaching, adapted to the needs and vicissitudes of the social and cultural environment seeking to effectively build a holistic and integral human education.

ABSTRACT This study aims to present the different theories on the development of environmental consciousness that, throughout history, have influenced educational system didactics and human behavior, in order to achieve a sustainable pro-ecological attitude change. To do this, the PRISMA methodology was used and 10 articles were prioritized, respecting eligibility criteria and filters. The inquiry was conducted considering variables according to data from Web of Science and Scopus for the period 2020-2023. The results suggest that the various theories on the development of environmental consciousness embraced by the Peruvian educational system have significantly impacted didactics focused on the holistic formation of the individual in favor of the environment; an aspect that gives us hope for creating a world where there is a balance between humans and the environment, with emphasis on sustainability and respect for all elements and living beings, where ecological morality and ethics prevail over any profit-seeking endeavors.

RESUMEN Este estudio pretende dar a conocer las diferentes teorías sobre el desarrollo de la conciencia ambiental que, a lo largo de la historia, influencian en la didáctica del sistema educativo y en el actuar del ser humano, para lograr un cambio de actitud pro ecológica sustentable. Para ello, se utilizó la metodología PRISMA y se priorizaron 10 artículos, respetando los criterios de elegible y filtro. La indagación se realizó teniendo en cuenta las variables conforme a los datos arrojados por Web of Science y Scopus en el periodo 2020-2023. Los resultados permiten sostener que las diversas teorías sobre el desarrollo de la conciencia ambiental que fueron acogidas al sistema educativo peruano afectaron significativamente la didáctica enfocada en la formación integral del ser humano en favor del medioambiente; aspecto que nos permite tener esperanza para crear un mundo donde exista equilibrio hombre-medioambiente, con énfasis en la sustentabilidad y en el respeto de todos los elementos y seres vivos, donde la moral y la ética ecológica estén sobre toda pretensión lucrativa.