Resumo: Introdução: A história do cuidado na enfermagem passou por quatro etapas: doméstica, vocacional, técnica e profissional, que foram fundamentais para seu desenvolvimento. No entanto, os atuais desafios sociossanitários destacam a necessidade de projetar novas etapas. Objetivo: Projetar o futuro do cuidado de enfermagem à luz da filosofia e da teoria dos cuidados transpessoais de Jean Watson. Metodologia: Foi realizada uma revisão sistemática e uma análise crítico-reflexiva sobre as projeções disciplinares da enfermagem. A revisão abrangeu artigos publicados até 2023 nas bases Web of Science, LILACS, SciELO e CINAHL. Foram encontrados 366 artigos, dos quais 8 atenderam aos critérios de elegibilidade. A análise crítico-reflexiva concentrou-se em descrever a evolução das etapas e propor uma etapa futura. Resultados: O cuidado humanizado é um processo complexo que exige habilidades específicas de comunicação, não apenas entre os profissionais de saúde, mas também com os usuários e seus familiares. Por sua vez, o cuidado humanizado está integrado em um ambiente clínico desafiador, devido à alta carga de trabalho, disponibilidade limitada de recursos e à necessidade de manter um nível competitivo na prática profissional. Propõe-se como quinta etapa o “cuidado disciplinar de enfermagem”. Conclusões: Esta nova etapa se concentraria no gerenciamento do cuidado e no cuidado humanizado por meio do aperfeiçoamento da pesquisa, da formação continuada, dos modelos e teorias e da autonomia profissional

Resumen: Introducción: La historia del cuidado de enfermería ha transitado cuatro etapas: doméstica, vocacional, técnica y profesional, que han sido fundamentales en su desarrollo. Sin embargo, los actuales desafíos sociosanitarios ponen de manifiesto la necesidad de proyectar nuevas etapas. Objetivo: Proyectar el futuro del cuidado de enfermería a la luz de la filosofía y teoría de los cuidados transpersonales de Jean Watson. Metodología: Se realizó una revisión sistemática y un análisis crítico-reflexivo sobre las proyecciones disciplinares de la enfermería. La revisión abarcó artículos publicados hasta 2023 en Web of Science, LILACS, SciELO y CINAHL. Se encontraron 366 artículos, de los cuales 8 cumplieron con los criterios de elegibilidad. El análisis crítico-reflexivo se centró en describir la evolución de las etapas y en proponer una etapa futura. Resultados: El cuidado humanizado es un proceso complejo que requiere de habilidades de comunicación específicas, no solo entre profesionales de la salud, sino también con los usuarios y sus familias. A su vez, el cuidado humanizado se integra a un entorno clínico desafiante, debido a la alta carga laboral, la disponibilidad limitada de recursos y la necesidad de mantener un nivel competitivo en la práctica profesional. Se propone como quinta etapa el “cuidado disciplinar de enfermería”. Conclusiones: Esta nueva etapa se centraría en la gestión del cuidado y en el cuidado humanizado mediante un perfeccionamiento de la investigación, la formación continua, los modelos y teorías, y la autonomía profesional

Abstract: Introduction: The history of nursing care has passed through four stages: domestic, vocational, technical and professional, which have been fundamental in its development. However, current socio-sanitary challenges demonstrate the need to plan new steps. Objective: Project the future of nursing care in the light of the philosophy and theory of transpersonal care by Jean Watson. Methodology: A systematic review and critical-reflexive analysis of nursing disciplinary projections was carried out. The review covers articles published until 2023 in Web of Science, LILACS, SciELO and CINAHL. There will be 366 articles, of which 8 met the eligibility criteria. The critical-reflexive analysis focuses on describing the evolution of the stages and proposing a future stage. Results: Humanized care is a complex process that requires specific communication skills, both between healthcare professionals and users and their families. In turn, humanized care is integrated into a challenging clinical environment, due to the high workload, limited availability of resources and the need to maintain a competitive level in professional practice. “Disciplinary nursing care” is proposed as a fifth stage. Conclusions: This new stage will focus on care management and humanized care through perfecting research, continued training, models and theories, and professional autonomy

Esta revisão de escopo buscou investigar se e como a história das facções criminais oriundas do estado do Rio de Janeiro tem sido abordada na literatura científica. A pergunta de pesquisa foi: “como a história, percursos e desdobramentos da atuação das facções criminais oriundas do estado do Rio de Janeiro são descritos pela literatura científica?”. Para respondê-la, buscou publicações nas bases da Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS), SciELO, Scopus e Web Of Science. Foi adotado o procedimento duplo-cego para a seleção de publicações e o Guia PRISMA-ScR para sumarização dos resultados. Verificou-se que a história destas facções não foi objeto principal dos estudos, sendo abordada por eles de maneira breve e pontual. As formas de conceituá-las variavam desde as que enfatizavam sua atuação no tráfico; que destacavam seu caráter cultural; seu caráter de governança; seu caráter de resistência política. Quanto à história das facções, alguns trabalhos trouxeram dados sobre sua origem; outros sobre sua trajetória no mercado do tráfico; sobre o surgimento de uma “cultura de facção”; sobre a relação entre facções e Estado. As diferentes formas de conceituá-las e o destaque de certos aspectos de sua história em detrimento de outros seguem a tendência da literatura mais abrangente sobre o tema.

This scoping review aimed to investigate whether and how the history of criminal factions originating from the state of Rio de Janeiro has been addressed in the scientific literature. The research question was: “How are the history, pathways, and developments of the activities of criminal factions from the state of Rio de Janeiro described in the scientific literature?” To answer this, publications were searched in the Virtual Health Library (BVS), SciELO, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. A double-blind procedure was adopted for the selection of publications, and the PRISMA-ScR guidelines were used to summarize the results. It was found that the history of these factions was not the main focus of the studies, being briefly and sporadically addressed. The ways of conceptualizing them varied, ranging from those that emphasized their involvement in drug trafficking, their cultural nature, their governance structure, or their role in political resistance. Regarding the history of the factions, some studies provided data on their origins, others on their trajectory in the drug market, the emergence of a “faction culture” or the relationship between factions and the state. The different ways of conceptualizing these factions and the emphasis on certain aspects of their history over others reflect trends in the broader literature on the subject.

Abstract: Within the framework of this “Domain in Care” Seminar we assume part of the research we carry out about the epistemic and theological controversies that arise from nineteenth-century scientific activity about nature, humanity and spirituality of the inhabitants of Land of Fire. To this day, the interpretations and ideas of Fitz Roy and Darwin about the Fuegian peoples have been understood in a quite controversial way and based on stereotypes about what was considered scientific and theological in the Western Christian world, and especially in debates. between creationists and evolutionists in the British debate. Indeed, in the positions of both men there are epistemological and theological issues that have not been sufficiently explained in each and every one of their nuances and that are still present in our time. In their respective points of view linked to the history of science of the 18th and 19th centuries there are assumptions and ideas that have prevailed about science and faith that, reinterpreted, would allow us to overcome the dichotomies linked to naturalism and humanism that show the advances of British science of the time and attempts to advance a global and homogeneous understanding of the set of processes of Life on the planet. Following the perspective of the history of science, we will highlight the main strengths of the assumptions of the controversy between experimental natural science and the Anglican Christianity of English society at the time, to show its interest for current debates on control and care.

Resumen: Hasta el día de hoy las interpretaciones e ideas de Fitz Roy y Darwin acerca de los pueblos fueguinos han sido entendidas de un modo bastante polémico y a partir de estereotipos acerca de lo que se ha considerado científico y teológico en el mundo cristiano occidental, y que se expresa especialmente en los debates entre creacionistas y evolucionista como se conoció luego en el debate británico. En efecto, en las posturas de estos hombres de ciencia se encuentran cuestiones epistemológicas y teológicas que no han sido suficientemente explicitadas en todos y cada uno de sus matices y que prosiguen aún presentes en nuestra época. En sus respectivos puntos de vista ligado a la historia de la ciencia del siglo XVIII y XIX hay supuestos e ideas que han prevalecido acerca de la ciencia y de la fe que reinterpretadas permitirían superar las dicotomías ligadas al naturalismo y humanismo que muestra los avances de la ciencia británica de la época e intenta avanzar en una comprensión global y homogénea del conjunto de procesos de la Vida en el planeta. Siguiendo la perspectiva de la historia de la ciencia destacaremos los principales puntos fuertes de los presupuestos de la polémica entre la ciencia natural experimental, y el cristianismo anglicano de la sociedad inglesa de la época, para mostrar su interés para los debates actuales sobre control y cuidado.

Abstract This article seeks to reconstruct and analyze the articulation between the immigration of German scientists to Buenos Aires and the National Institute for Secondary Education (INPS). Specifically, it aims to reconstruct the thought and dissemination strategies of German knowledge by Dr. Wilhelm Keiper who serves as an intellectual and cultural agent representing Prussian thought. The same is addressed from the perspective of transnational circulations and their local ideological anchors, within the methodology of Intellectual History. In this way, the cultural manifestations of ethnic Germans settled in the region are related to the strategies for the conveyance of the same through spaces for the construction and dissemination of social knowledge in state scientific-pedagogical institutions.

Resumen El presente artículo procura reconstruir y analizar la articulación entre la inmigración de científicos alemanes en Buenos Aires con el Instituto Nacional del Profesorado Secundario (INPS). Específicamente se apunta a realizar una reconstrucción del pensamiento y estrategias de difusión del saber germano por parte del Dr. Wilhelm Keiper el cual se desempeña como intelectual y agente cultural representante del pensamiento prusiano. Lo mismo se aborda bajo la perspectiva de las circulaciones transnacionales y sus anclajes ideológicos locales, dentro de la metodología de la Historia Intelectual. De este modo, se ponen en relación las manifestaciones culturales propias de los alemanes étnicos asentados en la región junto a las estrategias de vehiculización de las mismas a través de espacios de construcción y difusión del saber social en instituciones científico-pedagógica estatales.

Resumo O presente artigo procura reconstruir e analisar a articulação entre a imigração de cientistas alemães em Buenos Aires com o Instituto Nacional do Professorado Secundário (INPS). Especificamente, visa realizar uma reconstrução do pensamento e estratégias de difusão do saber alemão por parte do Dr. Wilhelm Keiper que atua como intelectual e agente cultural representante do pensamento prussiano. O mesmo é abordado sob a perspectiva das circulações transnacionais e seus ancoradouros ideológicos locais, dentro da metodologia da História Intelectual. Dessa forma, as manifestações culturais próprias dos alemães étnicos assentados na região são relacionadas às estratégias de veiculação das mesmas através de espaços de construção e difusão do saber social em instituições científico-pedagógicas estatais.

RESUMEN En el análisis de género de la cultura, en la estructura cultural del género, es muy importante estudiar la relación entre los estilos de pensamiento por sexo y los paradigmas de comprensión masculinos y femeninos. En las sociedades patriarcales, durante mucho tiempo se ha formado la idea de que las mujeres no tienen la capacidad de pensar con lógica, este privilegio le fue otorgado al hombre. Sin embargo, las investigaciones ya muestran resultados en contra de esta idea. En una sociedad dominada por la lógica masculina, la mujer se socializa aceptando las reglas del pensamiento masculino, incluida la adopción de roles y estereotipos de género. En tal situación, o, mejor dicho, la cosmovisión formada durante el período en que prevalece la lógica masculinista, determina la asimetría de género. Si bien las expectativas sobre el sexo pueden variar mucho entre culturas, algunas de sus características son comunes a muchas culturas. Hoy en día existe un debate en curso sobre si los roles y tipos de género están determinados biológicamente o son el resultado de constructos socioculturales. Así, los estudios de género, que son un campo multidisciplinario de la ciencia, estudian los temas que estudian en la intersección de varias ciencias (sociología, filosofía, pedagogía, psicología, ciencias políticas, historia, estudios culturales, etc.). En esta investigación se abordan conceptos y estereotipos básicos de género en el aspecto sociocultural y se destaca el contexto de Azerbaiyán.

ABSTRACT In the gender analysis of culture, in the cultural structure of gender, it is very important to study the relationship between male and female thinking styles, and masculine and feminine paradigms of understanding. In patriarchal societies, for a long time, an idea has been formed that woman cannot think logically, this privilege was given to a man. However, research already shows results against this idea. In a society dominated by male logic, a woman is socialized by accepting the rules of male thinking, including adopting gender roles and stereotypes. In such a situation, or rather, the worldview formed during the period when masculinist logic prevails, determines gender asymmetry. While expectations about sex can vary greatly between cultures, some of its characteristics are common to many cultures. Today, there is an ongoing debate about whether gender roles and types are biologically determined or the result of sociocultural constructs. Thus, gender studies, which is a multidisciplinary field of science, studies the topics it studies at the intersection of several sciences (sociology, philosophy, pedagogy, psychology, political sciences, history, cultural studies, etc.). In this research, basic gender concepts and stereotypes are addressed in the socio-cultural aspect, and the context of Azerbaijan is highlighted.

Abstract: This article offers a reflection on the notion of progress. A notion that received a special contribution from Immanuel Kant, who gave it the condition of purpose and objective of consciences and human history. A little later, this condition was questioned and reformulated by Charles Darwin who, from a science of life, conceived both for living organisms and for humanity a progress with no other purpose than that of their conservation and reproduction, as a result of what he called “blind variation”. Finally, this quarrel received from Georges Canguilhem care and development that resulted in a new and distinct notion of progress that has as its main content the concept of biological normativity, applicable both to living organisms and to social organizations. A concept that, in the Bachelardian manner, “denies and complements” the notion of progress of its predecessors.

Resumen: Este artículo propone una reflexión acerca de la noción de progreso. Una noción que recibió una contribución especial de Immanuel Kant, quien le otorgó la condición de finalidad y objetivo de las conciencias y de la historia humana. Esta condición, un poco más tarde, fue cuestionada y reformulada por Charles Darwin, quien, desde una ciencia de la vida, concibió tanto para los organismos vivos como para la humanidad un progreso con el fin de su conservación y reproducción, como resultado de lo que él llamó “variación ciega”. Por último, esta querella recibió de Georges Canguilhem cuidados y desarrollos que resultaron en una nueva y distinta noción de progreso que tiene como contenido principal el concepto de normatividad biológica, aplicable tanto a los organismos vivos como a las organizaciones sociales. Un concepto que, a la manera bachelardiana, “niega y complementa” la noción de progreso de sus antecesores.

One of the key contemporary needs in education is to promote nationalism and national cohesion. Challenges confronting most developing countries include political instability, violence, voter apathy, and youth disintegration. Many regard the teaching of citizenship as a possible panacea to remedy these problems. Scholars have applauded the role of citizenship education in inculcating crucial values such as active citizenship, tolerance, and social cohesion. The Lesotho curriculum uses social science subjects, especially history, to address these challenges. Pursuant to repeated calls for the integration of history with citizenship in Lesotho schools in order to enhance history's thrust in achieving the task, this qualitative study adopted the case study design to purposively sample six history teachers, two from each of three secondary schools in the Maseru district. Semi-structured interviews and document analysis of the Education Sector Plan 2005-2015 and Education Sector Strategic Plan 2016-2026, Curriculum and Assessment Policy (CAP) 2009, Lesotho General Certificate of Secondary Education (LGCSE), and the Grade 8 Social Science Syllabus were relied upon for the collection of data. Our findings from this study show that teachers believe that the integration of history and citizenship can instil values of active citizenship, patriotism, political stability, and economic development to mention but a few. We therefore concluded that there are possibilities of integrating history with citizenship instead of leaving them as subjects independent from each other. We recommend that the Ministry of Education and Training (MoET) should consider the integration ofhistory and citizenship into the curriculum.

ABSTRACT The following work proposes a reading of modern Venezuelan literature (1900-1940) as a way of positioning from the fictional overflow that radically melts literature with life. Faces with the obsession of the Venezuela positivist discourse to discriminate disciplines and mark the places of social and historical science from the places of fiction, the writers of this period seemed rather to question their assumptions, proposing different ways of overflowing.

RESUMEN El siguiente trabajo propone una lectura de la literatura moderna venezolana (1900-1940) como una forma de trabajar y situarse frente al desborde ficcional que funde de manera radical literatura con vida. Frente a la obsesión del discurso positivista venezolano de discriminar disciplinas y marcar los lugares de la ciencia social e histórica de los lugares de la ficción, algunos escritores de este período parecieran más bien cuestionar sus presupuestos, proponiendo distintas maneras de desborde.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is a public health issue affecting an increasing number of workers, representing a disease exacerbated by work with a high social, economic, and personal cost. The nature of the work performed, coupled with occupational risks in a hospital setting, significantly contribute to the disease's progression. This study aims to address the impact of this disease on work and the role of Occupational Health in the prevention of exposure to occupational risk factors in the hospital environment, which can contribute to the metabolic imbalance of type I diabetes mellitus. Methodology: The methodology included search in PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar databases, using keywords such as "diabetes mellitus, occupational medicine, risk factors and occupational health”. Filters were applied, considering publications from 2010 to 2024, totaling 463 works. Exclusion criteria focused on non-diabetes-related diseases, exclusive focus on Type II, and non-occupational approaches. Articles on diabetes and occupational health and safety published in Revista Portuguesa de Saúde Ocupacional were also considered, in a total of five studies. Sources also included Direção Geral de Saúde Clinical Guidance, a national epidemiological study, and a technical manual on workplace diabetes, totaling 30 references in the discussion. Results: The authors report two cases of healthcare professionals from a hospital unit, both diagnosed with Type I Diabetes at the age of five. Case 1: A 35-year-old healthcare assistant with a history of depressive syndrome and recent diabetic retinopathy diagnosis. Case 2: A 57-year-old nurse with diabetic retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, undergoing treatment for osteomyelitis of the right big toe, without cardiovascular changes. In both they work or have worked in shifts, including night shifts, engaging in physically demanding tasks. Discussion/Conclusion: Diabetes is a chronic disease requiring continuous medical care and patient education, alongside support in preventing acute complications and reducing the risk of chronic complications. The incidence of new Type I Dm cases is higher between 12-14 years. During the transition to adulthood and entry into the job market, patients face disease stigma, treatment management challenges, and psychosocial workplace-related issues. Implementing preventive measures and monitoring these workers should help reduce work absenteeism, productivity loss, and income loss for the worker.

RESUMO Introdução: A Diabetes mellitus é um problema de Saúde Pública que afeta um número crescente de trabalhadores. Pode ser considerada uma doença agravada pelo trabalho com um elevado custo social, económico e pessoal. O tipo de trabalho realizado e as exposições a riscos laborais em contexto hospitalar, podem contribuir para a sua progressão, segundo alguns autores. Este trabalho pretende abordar o impacto desta patologia no trabalho e o papel da Saúde Ocupacional na evicção da exposição a fatores de risco laborais, em ambiente hospitalar, que contribuem para o descontrolo metabólico da Diabetes Melitus tipo I. Pretende-se identificar as exposições laborais que podem constituir fatores de risco modificáveis, interferem com a aptidão para o trabalho, podem aumentar a frequência de acidentes laborais e acelerar a progressão crónica da doença. Metodologia: Na metodologia de pesquisa e seleção de estudos utilizou as bases de dados PubMed, Science Direct e Google Scholar, com as palavras-chave “diabetes mellitus, occupational medicine, risk factors, occupational health”. Aplicaram-se filtros de revisão e revisão sistemática, considerando publicações de 2010 a 2024, totalizando 463 trabalhos. Critérios de exclusão incidiram em doenças não relacionadas à diabetes, exclusividade na tipo II e abordagens não ocupacionais. Foram ainda considerados os artigos sobre diabetes e saúde e segurança no trabalho publicados na Revista Portuguesa de Saúde Ocupacional, num total de cinco estudos. Incluíram-se a Norma de Orientação Clínica da DGS, um estudo epidemiológico nacional e um caderno técnico sobre diabetes no local de trabalho, totalizando 30 fontes na discussão. Descrição dos casos: Os autores reportam dois casos de profissionais de saúde de uma unidade hospitalar, ambos com diagnóstico de Diabetes tipo I aos cinco anos de idade. Caso 1: Uma auxiliar de ação médica de 35 anos, com antecedentes pessoais de síndrome depressivo e diagnóstico recente de retinopatia diabética. Caso 2: Uma enfermeira de 57 anos com retinopatia e nefropatia diabética, neuropatia, em tratamento para uma osteomielite do 1º dedo do pé direito, sem alterações cardiovasculares. Ambas trabalham ou trabalharam por turnos, com trabalho noturno e com tarefas fisicamente exigentes. Discussão/Conclusão: A diabetes é uma doença crónica que requer cuidados médicos contínuos e educação do doente, juntamente com apoio na prevenção de complicações agudas e redução do risco de complicações crónicas. A incidência de novos casos de Dm tipo I é maior entre os 12-14 anos. Na transição para a idade adulta e entrada no mercado laboral, os doentes podem ser sujeitos ao estigma da doença, ter dificuldade na gestão do tratamento e/ou desafios psicossociais relacionados com o trabalho. A instituição de medidas preventivas e monitorização destes trabalhadores deverá ajudar a reduzir o absentismo laboral, a perda de produtividade e a perda de rendimento para o trabalhador.

ABSTRACT Amazonia (defined herein as the Amazon basin) is home to the greatest concentration of biodiversity on Earth, providing unique genetic resources and ecological functions that contribute to ecosystem services globally. The lengthy and complex evolutionary history of this region has produced heterogeneous landscapes and riverscapes at multiple scales, altered the geographic and genetic connections among populations, and impacted rates of adaptation, speciation, and extinction. In turn, ecologically diverse Amazonian biotas promoted further diversification, species coexistence, and coevolution, with biodiversity accumulating over tens of millions of years. Important events in Amazonian history included: (i) late Cretaceous and early Paleogene origin of major rainforest plant and animal groups; (ii) Eocene-Oligocene global cooling with rainforests contracting to tropical latitudes separating Atlantic coastal and Amazonian rainforests; (iii) Miocene uplift of central and northern Andes that separated Pacific coastal and Amazonian rainforests, spurred formation of mega-wetlands in the western Amazon, and contributed to the origin of the modern transcontinental Amazon River; (iv) late Neogene formation of the Panamanian Isthmus that facilitated the Great American Biotic Interchange; (v) Pleistocene climate oscillations followed by late Pleistocene-Holocene human colonization and megafaunal extinctions; and (vi) modern era of widespread anthropogenic deforestation, defaunation, and ecological transformations of regional landscapes and global climates. Amazonian conservation requires decade-scale investments into biodiversity documentation and monitoring to leverage existing scientific capacity, and strategic habitat planning to allow continuity of evolutionary and ecological processes now and into the future. defined basin Earth globally scales populations adaptation speciation extinction turn diversification coexistence coevolution years included i (i groups ii (ii EoceneOligocene Eocene Oligocene iii (iii megawetlands mega wetlands River iv (iv Interchange v (v PleistoceneHolocene Holocene extinctions vi (vi deforestation defaunation climates decadescale decade scale capacity future

RESUMEN La Amazonía (definida como la cuenca amazónica) concentra la mayor biodiversidad de la Tierra, proporcionando recursos genéticos y funciones ecológicas únicas que contribuyen a los servicios ecosistémicos a nivel mundial. La compleja historia evolutiva de esta región produjo paisajes heterogéneos a múltiples escalas geográficas, alteró las conexiones geográficas y genéticas entre las poblaciones e influyó en las tasas de adaptación, especiación y extinción. Las biotas amazónicas, ecológicamente diversas, promovieron una mayor diversificación, coexistencia de especies y coevolución, acumulando biodiversidad a lo largo de decenas de millones de años. Acontecimientos importantes en la historia de la Amazonía incluyeron: (i) orígenes durante el Cretácico tardío y el Paleógeno temprano de los principales grupos de plantas y animales; (ii) enfriamiento global del Eoceno-Oligoceno, contrayendo los bosques a latitudes tropicales y separando los de la costa Atlántica de los amazónicos; (iii) levantamiento de los Andes centrales y del norte en el Mioceno, separando las selvas tropicales de la costa del Pacífico y de la Amazonía, estimulando la formación de megahumedales en la Amazonía occidental y contribuyendo al origen del moderno Río Amazonas transcontinental; (iv) formación del istmo de Panamá durante el Neógeno tardío, facilitando el Gran Intercambio Biótico Americano; (v) oscilaciones climáticas del Pleistoceno seguidas por la colonización humana y las extinciones de megafauna; (vi) era moderna de deforestación antropogénica generalizada, defaunación y transformaciones ecológicas de paisajes regionales y climas globales. La conservación de la Amazonía requiere inversiones por décadas en la documentación y el seguimiento de la biodiversidad para impulsar la capacidad científica existente, así como la planificación estratégica del hábitat para permitir la continuidad de los actuales y futuros procesos evolutivos y ecológicos. definida amazónica Tierra mundial adaptación extinción amazónicas diversas diversificación coevolución años incluyeron i (i animales ii (ii EocenoOligoceno, EocenoOligoceno Eoceno Oligoceno, Oligoceno Eoceno-Oligoceno amazónicos iii (iii Mioceno transcontinental iv (iv Americano v (v megafauna vi (vi generalizada globales existente ecológicos

Résumé Ce travail présente une analyse historique qui contribue à la connaissance et à la diffusion de la dernière étape de la construction de l’École Nationale des Maîtres, une des plus importantes institutions éducatives du Mexique en matière de formation des enseignants tant par son ancienneté, sa tradition, la taille de sa communauté scolaire et, en particulier, par le patrimoine culturel dont elle dispose : architecture, sculpture et peinture. Tout cela fait partie du sentiment d’identité normaliste. Il s’agit d’une école qui, depuis plus de cent trente-cinq ans, s’est spécialisée dans la formation et la professionnalisation des enseignants de l’enseignement primaire qui ont travaillé avec les enfants mexicains dans pratiquement tout le pays. Son héritage a commencé à el fin du XIXe siècle et se maintient encore au XXIe siècle comme l’un des cinq plus importants normaux du pays. Il convient d’ajouter qu’aujourd’hui encore, c’est le seul établissement d’enseignement supérieur du Mexique à accueillir une réunion de l’Organisation des Nations Unies pour l’éducation, la science et la culture (UNESCO). Jaime Torres Bodet, secrétaire de l’Éducation publique, a joué un rôle central dans tout cela. Quand cela s’est-il produit? Quelles en ont été les causes? Qui, en dehors de Torres Bodet, ¿en est responsable? Quelles en sont les principales conséquences? Voilà quelques-unes des questions qui seront examinées dans le cadre de cette enquête.

Streszczenie W tej pracy proponuje się analizę historyczną, która przyczyni się do lepszego zrozumienia i rozpowszechnienia ostatniego etapu budowy Benemérita Escuela Nacional de Maestros, jednej z najważniejszych instytucji edukacyjnych w Meksyku pod względem szkolenia nauczycieli, zarówno ze względu na jej starożytność, tradycję, wielkość społeczności szkolnej, jak i zwłaszcza ze względu na jej dziedzictwo kulturowe, obejmujące architekturę, rzeźbę i malarstwo. Wszystko to jako część normalistycznej tożsamości. Jest to szkoła, która od ponad sto trzydziestu pięciu lat specjalizuje się w szkoleniu i profesjonalizacji nauczycieli szkół podstawowych, którzy praktycznie na całym terytorium kraju prowadzą swoją pracę zawodową z meksykańskimi dziećmi. Jej dziedzictwo rozpoczęło się pod koniec XIX wieku i nadal, w XXI wieku, pozostaje jedną z pięciu najważniejszych szkół normalnych w kraju. Należy dodać, że do dziś jest to jedyna instytucja szkolnictwa wyższego w Meksyku, która była także miejscem spotkań Organizacji Narodów Zjednoczonych ds. Edukacji, Nauki i Kultury (UNESCO). W całym tym procesie kluczową rolę odegrał wówczas pełniący funkcję sekretarza Edukacji Publicznej Jaime Torres Bodet. Kiedy to się wydarzyło? Jakie były przyczyny tego spotkania? Kto oprócz Torres Bodeta był głównymi odpowiedzialnymi za to? Jakie były jego główne konsekwencje? To tylko niektóre z pytań, które zostaną przeanalizowane w tej pracy badawczej.

Resumen En este trabajo se plantea un análisis histórico que contribuya en el conocimiento y divulgación de la última etapa de construcción de la Benemérita Escuela Nacional de Maestros, una de las instituciones educativas más importantes de México en materia de formación de docentes tanto por su antigüedad, su tradición, el tamaño de su comunidad escolar y, especialmente, por el patrimonio cultural con el que cuenta: arquitectura, escultura y pintura. Todo eso como parte del sentido de identidad normalista. Se trata de una escuela que desde hace más de ciento treinta y cinco años se ha especializado en la formación y profesionalización de los docentes de educación primaria, quienes han desarrollado su labor profesional con la niñez mexicana prácticamente en toda la nación. Su legado comenzó a finales del siglo XIX y todavía en el XXI se mantiene como una de las cinco normales más importantes del país. A lo anterior debe agregarse que, aún hoy, es la única institución de educación superior en México que también ha fungido como sede para una reunión de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura (UNESCO). En todo esto desempeñó un papel central quien en ese momento fungía como secretario de Educación Pública, Jaime Torres Bodet. ¿Cuándo ocurrió eso? ¿Cuáles fueron las causas que propiciaron esa reunión? ¿Quiénes fueron, además de Torres Bodet, los principales responsables de ello? ¿Cuáles sus principales consecuencias? Estas son algunas de las interrogantes que se revisarán en esta investigación.

Abstract This paper proposes a historical analysis that contributes to the knowledge and dissemination of the last stage of construction of the Benemérita Escuela Nacional de Maestros, one of the most important educational institutions in Mexico in terms of teacher training due to its antiquity, tradition, the size of its school community and, especially, because of its cultural heritage: architecture, sculpture, and painting. All this shapes the normalista sense of identity. It is a school that, for more than 135 years, has specialized in the training and professionalization of primary education teachers, who have carried out their professional work with Mexican children nationwide. Its legacy began at the end of the 19th century and still in the 21st century it remains one of the five most important Normal (teacher training) schools in the country. It should be added that even today, it is the only institution of higher education in Mexico that has also served as the venue for a meeting of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). A central figure in all of this was Jaime Torres Bodet, who was serving as Secretary of Public Education at that time. When did this happen? What were the causes that led to that meeting? Who were, besides Torres Bodet, the main responsible parties? What were its main consequences? These are some of the questions that will be addressed in this study.

Abstract This article examines temporal constructions of indigeneity and nation in texts from the 19th-century Peruvian press. The results are discussed from a perspective of the history of knowledge and science, illustrating that the emerging sociological thought not only relied on the progressive conception of time from the natural sciences but also on the de-temporalization of indigenous 'Others' as a contrasting element.

Terminology development is needed for effective science communication, planning, teaching, and learning in indigenous African languages. This need includes species-specific names in indigenous languages for wild birds, which are key indicators of biodiversity and the state of the environment. We report here the successful allocation of isiZulu names to all South African bird species, focusing on the final phase of naming species that are unknown or rare in KwaZulu-Natal Province (traditional home of the Zulu people) and thus have no indigenous naming history. We applied principles and procedures used previously for naming species known in KwaZulu-Natal: (1) reference to early bird books, dictionaries and other literature; (2) in-person workshops that included isiZulu language academics, professional Zulu bird guides, and birders; and (3) linguistic strategies to apply Zulu folk taxonomy to scientific ordering of species. At a three-day in-person workshop, we named 327 species unknown or vagrant in KwaZulu-Natal. Much time was spent on allocating cluster names to locally unfamiliar bird groupings such as tropicbirds, gadfly petrels, sandgrouse, and wheatears. The most frequent linguistic strategy was coinage by extension, where previously established isiZulu cluster names, for example ujolwane for 'sparrow', were extended by species qualifiers, as in ujolwanomkhulu (sparrow that is great) for Great Sparrow (Passermotitensis). True coinage was also used, as in unothingo ('rainbow') for African Pitta (Pitta angolensis). The resulting catalogue of isiZulu names for all 876 South African species completes the terminology development phase to facilitate engagement of isiZulu in science and conservation involving birds. SIGNIFICANCE: • In an inclusive, stepwise and evaluative process, isiZulu names have been allocated to all wild bird species occurring in South Africa. • A template is provided for naming bird species in southern African indigenous languages, using established indigenous names and coined names. • Matters of biodiversity conservation involving birds can now be better communicated in isiZulu, with benefit to the environment and human communities.

Abstract The military coup of 25th of April 1974, and the consequent revolution initiated a process of democratic transition that triggered profound changes in the political, economic, and social structures of the country. This article seeks to analyze the implications of these transformations on Portuguese foreign policy, exploring the dynamics behind the transition from an Atlanticist and imperial strategic orientation during the Estado Novo to the new post-25th April guidelines. In an international context marked by détente, a new phase of the eternal debate between land and sea was inaugurated. After a period of oscillations, hesitations, and indecision, the First Constitutional Government clearly assumed the new national strategic orientations, defining a new international position for Portugal. Through an interdisciplinary approach encompassing History, Political Science, and International Relations, this article seeks to analyze the debate surrounding the redefinition of Portuguese foreign policy guidelines between the Provisional Government and the First Constitutional Government and its impact on Portugal's position in the world, constituting a contribution to understanding the dynamics that shaped Portugal's international insertion in the post-25th April period.

Resumo O golpe militar de 25 de Abril de 1974 e a consequente revolução deram início a um processo de transição democrática que desencadeou profundas alterações nas estruturas políticas, económicas e sociais do país. Este artigo procura analisar as implicações dessas transformações na política externa portuguesa, explorando as dinâmicas por detrás da transição de uma orientação estratégica atlanticista e imperial durante o Estado Novo para as novas diretrizes pós-25 de Abril. Numa conjuntura internacional marcada pela détente, inaugurou-se uma nova fase do eterno debate entre a terra e o mar. Após um período de oscilações, hesitações e de indefinição, o I Governo Constitucional assumiu claramente as novas orientações estratégicas nacionais, definindo uma nova posição internacional de Portugal. Através de uma abordagem interdisciplinar entre a História, a Ciência Política e as Relações Internacionais, este artigo procura analisar o debate em torno da redefinição das linhas de orientação da política externa portuguesa entre o I Governo Provisório e o I Governo Constitucional e o seu impacto na posição de Portugal no Mundo, consistindo num contributo para a compreensão das dinâmicas que moldaram a inserção internacional de Portugal no pós-25 de Abril.