Abstract: At the end of the 19th century and during the first third of the 20th century, schools contributed to the spread of tuberculosis. The Modern School. Hispanic American Pedagogical Magazine (1892 to 1934) sought the prevention and overcoming of such a disease. And the aim of the analysis is to identify the measures to overcome the tuberculosis in childhood. The analysis indicates various types of actions. These could involve the school or not, but always giving prominence to childhood. This work is interesting because the source is revised for this purpose for the first time.

Resumen: A finales del siglo XIX y durante el primer tercio del siglo XX, los centros escolares tenían unas condiciones ambientales que contribuían con la expansión de la tuberculosis. La Escuela Moderna. Revista Pedagógica Hispano Americana es una publicación que destina varios de sus documentos a la prevención y superación de tal enfermedad. Es por ello por lo que se analizan sus impresiones desde 1892 hasta 1934, para identificar las medidas que se debían plantear para zanjar la presencia de la tuberculosis en la vida de la infancia. Desde tal análisis se han obtenido diferentes tipos de actuaciones que podían implicar o no a la escuela, pero tenían como protagonista a la salud infantil. Se considera de interés la revisión realizada al no haber sido planteada con anterioridad, poniendo la mirada en la fuente primaria seleccionada.

Resumen El objetivo de esta investigación fue analizar la relación de resistencia a la insulina, sobrepeso y obesidad. Con una población de 2574 pacientes con diagnóstico de obesidad y sobrepeso, se obtuvo una muestra de 334 pacientes. Se realizó un estudio de tipo descriptivo, documental, retrospectivo, transversal y correlacional. Para la recolección de datos se empleó las historias clínicas registradas en el sistema operativo AS400 de IBM, de atención médica del Instituto Ecuatoriano de Seguridad Social. El resultado total de los pacientes perteneció al sexo femenino con un porcentaje del 77.84 %, residencia urbana (73.65 %) e instrucción superior (60.5 %). El 52.8 % de los individuos registró un IMC >30kg/m2. Los pacientes adultos jóvenes de instrucción superior, sexo masculino y sector urbano registraron la mayor prevalencia de resistencia a la insulina, siendo ésta del 61.7 %. En el análisis bivariado los pacientes con obesidad mórbida presentaron mayor riesgo de resistencia a la insulina (RP:1.5; IC95 %:1. 29; 1.77). Se estableció una relación significativa entre el antecedente familiar de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 y el riesgo de presentar resistencia a la insulina (p<0.001; RP: 1.32; IC 95 %: 1.12: 1.56). Los valores de hiperglucemia, hiperinsulinemia e hiperuricemia, así como de AST Y ALT elevadas registraron una relación significativamente con HOMA-IR >3. Se concluye que la resistencia a la insulina es una entidad frecuente en pacientes con sobrepeso y obesidad, identificándose una mayor prevalencia en el género masculino, misma que predispone a la progresión de enfermedades crónicas.

Abstract This research aimed to analyze the relationship between insulin resistance, overweight and obesity. A population of 2,574 patients diagnosed with obesity and overweight was obtained, considering a sample of 334 patients. A descriptive, documentary, retrospective, cross-sectional, and correlational study was conducted. For data collection, the medical records recorded in the IBM AS400 operating system for the Ecuadorian Social Security Institute's medical care were used. The total result of the patients belonged to the female sex with a percentage of 77.84%, urban residence (73.65%), and higher education (60.5%). 52.8% of the individuals registered a BMI > 30kg/m2. Young adult patients with higher education, male sex, and urban sector registered the highest insulin resistance prevalence, 61.7%. In the bivariate analysis, patients with morbid obesity presented a higher risk of insulin resistance (PR: 1.5; 95% CI: 1. 29, 1.77). A significant relationship was established between family history of type 2 diabetes mellitus and the risk of developing insulin resistance (p<0.001; PR: 1.32; 95% CI: 1.12: 1.56). The values of hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, hyperuricemia, and elevated AST and ALT were significantly related to HOMA-IR > 3. It was concluded that insulin resistance is a frequent entity in overweight and obese patients, with a higher prevalence identified in the male gender, which predisposes to the progression of chronic diseases.

Human praxis denotes practical wisdom, which through deliberate human action aims at personal and collective transformation, including people's ideas, commitments and consciousness. The occupational therapy profession has a long history of both enacting human praxis for the evolvement of the profession, and also facilitating it among the people it serves. Occupational therapy can draw on its innate wisdom and ability to accurately read contexts to consciously harness human praxis to render the profession as indispensable as a healthcare profession as well as a profession that can contribute significantly to social development. Consciously harnessing human praxis for change can be done by applying reflective and reflexive critical reasoning; epistemic fluency within multidisciplinary spaces (that could promote better transdisciplinary practices); as well as deconstructing the constituents of human praxis to apply it as a treatment mode. Furthermore, consciously using human praxis can contribute to the fields of education, research and leadership that promote and cultivate human dignity.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is a public health issue affecting an increasing number of workers, representing a disease exacerbated by work with a high social, economic, and personal cost. The nature of the work performed, coupled with occupational risks in a hospital setting, significantly contribute to the disease's progression. This study aims to address the impact of this disease on work and the role of Occupational Health in the prevention of exposure to occupational risk factors in the hospital environment, which can contribute to the metabolic imbalance of type I diabetes mellitus. Methodology: The methodology included search in PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar databases, using keywords such as "diabetes mellitus, occupational medicine, risk factors and occupational health”. Filters were applied, considering publications from 2010 to 2024, totaling 463 works. Exclusion criteria focused on non-diabetes-related diseases, exclusive focus on Type II, and non-occupational approaches. Articles on diabetes and occupational health and safety published in Revista Portuguesa de Saúde Ocupacional were also considered, in a total of five studies. Sources also included Direção Geral de Saúde Clinical Guidance, a national epidemiological study, and a technical manual on workplace diabetes, totaling 30 references in the discussion. Results: The authors report two cases of healthcare professionals from a hospital unit, both diagnosed with Type I Diabetes at the age of five. Case 1: A 35-year-old healthcare assistant with a history of depressive syndrome and recent diabetic retinopathy diagnosis. Case 2: A 57-year-old nurse with diabetic retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, undergoing treatment for osteomyelitis of the right big toe, without cardiovascular changes. In both they work or have worked in shifts, including night shifts, engaging in physically demanding tasks. Discussion/Conclusion: Diabetes is a chronic disease requiring continuous medical care and patient education, alongside support in preventing acute complications and reducing the risk of chronic complications. The incidence of new Type I Dm cases is higher between 12-14 years. During the transition to adulthood and entry into the job market, patients face disease stigma, treatment management challenges, and psychosocial workplace-related issues. Implementing preventive measures and monitoring these workers should help reduce work absenteeism, productivity loss, and income loss for the worker.

RESUMO Introdução: A Diabetes mellitus é um problema de Saúde Pública que afeta um número crescente de trabalhadores. Pode ser considerada uma doença agravada pelo trabalho com um elevado custo social, económico e pessoal. O tipo de trabalho realizado e as exposições a riscos laborais em contexto hospitalar, podem contribuir para a sua progressão, segundo alguns autores. Este trabalho pretende abordar o impacto desta patologia no trabalho e o papel da Saúde Ocupacional na evicção da exposição a fatores de risco laborais, em ambiente hospitalar, que contribuem para o descontrolo metabólico da Diabetes Melitus tipo I. Pretende-se identificar as exposições laborais que podem constituir fatores de risco modificáveis, interferem com a aptidão para o trabalho, podem aumentar a frequência de acidentes laborais e acelerar a progressão crónica da doença. Metodologia: Na metodologia de pesquisa e seleção de estudos utilizou as bases de dados PubMed, Science Direct e Google Scholar, com as palavras-chave “diabetes mellitus, occupational medicine, risk factors, occupational health”. Aplicaram-se filtros de revisão e revisão sistemática, considerando publicações de 2010 a 2024, totalizando 463 trabalhos. Critérios de exclusão incidiram em doenças não relacionadas à diabetes, exclusividade na tipo II e abordagens não ocupacionais. Foram ainda considerados os artigos sobre diabetes e saúde e segurança no trabalho publicados na Revista Portuguesa de Saúde Ocupacional, num total de cinco estudos. Incluíram-se a Norma de Orientação Clínica da DGS, um estudo epidemiológico nacional e um caderno técnico sobre diabetes no local de trabalho, totalizando 30 fontes na discussão. Descrição dos casos: Os autores reportam dois casos de profissionais de saúde de uma unidade hospitalar, ambos com diagnóstico de Diabetes tipo I aos cinco anos de idade. Caso 1: Uma auxiliar de ação médica de 35 anos, com antecedentes pessoais de síndrome depressivo e diagnóstico recente de retinopatia diabética. Caso 2: Uma enfermeira de 57 anos com retinopatia e nefropatia diabética, neuropatia, em tratamento para uma osteomielite do 1º dedo do pé direito, sem alterações cardiovasculares. Ambas trabalham ou trabalharam por turnos, com trabalho noturno e com tarefas fisicamente exigentes. Discussão/Conclusão: A diabetes é uma doença crónica que requer cuidados médicos contínuos e educação do doente, juntamente com apoio na prevenção de complicações agudas e redução do risco de complicações crónicas. A incidência de novos casos de Dm tipo I é maior entre os 12-14 anos. Na transição para a idade adulta e entrada no mercado laboral, os doentes podem ser sujeitos ao estigma da doença, ter dificuldade na gestão do tratamento e/ou desafios psicossociais relacionados com o trabalho. A instituição de medidas preventivas e monitorização destes trabalhadores deverá ajudar a reduzir o absentismo laboral, a perda de produtividade e a perda de rendimento para o trabalhador.

Abstract: The Research Ethics Committee (CEP) has become an essential mechanism for social control in Brazilian research involving human subjects, contributing to the development of studies guided by ethical standards and to the protection of research participants. This article analyzes the performance of CEP in Western Amazonian institution, its history, operating conditions, trends, and different aspects between 2018 to 2022. The theoretical framework addresses the history of research involving human subjects, the origins and evolution of bioethics in the international context, bioethics in Brazil, and regulations on the ethical analysis of research. The data were collected through the Brazil Platform and reports from the institution's CEP. The CEP evaluated 865 research protocols, most of which were from Health Sciences. Additionally, it was observed that during 2018 to 2022 the covid-19 pandemic had a negative impact on the number of projects submitted for evaluation to the CEP. The 57% drop in the number of projects registered during 2020/2022 reveals the negative impact of this event on the execution of projects with human participants.

Resumo: Os Comitês de Ética em Pesquisa (CEPs) tornaram-se um mecanismo essencial para o controle social em pesquisas brasileiras envolvendo sujeitos humanos, contribuindo para o desenvolvimento de estudos regido por padrões éticos e para a proteção de participantes de pesquisas. Esse artigo analisa o desempenho de CEP em instituição da Amazonia Ocidental, sua história, condições operativas, tendências e diferentes aspectos entre 2018 e 2022. O enquadre teórico visa a história da pesquisa envolvendo sujeitos humanos, as origens e evolução da bioética no contexto internacional, bioética no Brasil e regulamentos de análise ética de pesquisa. Os dados foram coletados através da Plataforma Brasil e relatórios do CEP da instituição. O CEP avaliou 865 protocolos de pesquisa, a maioria deles de Ciências da Saúde. Adicionalmente, foi observado que de 2018 a 2022 a pandemia da covid-19 teve um impacto negativo no número de projetos submetidos para avaliação do CEP. A queda de 57% no número de projetos registrados em 2020/2022 revela o impacto negativo desse evento na execução de projetos com participantes humanos.

Resumen: El Comité de Ética en Investigación (CEP) se ha convertido en un mecanismo esencial para el control social en la investigación brasileña con seres humanos, contribuyendo al desarrollo de estudios guiados por normas éticas y a la protección de los participantes en la investigación. Este artículo analiza el desempeño del CEP en la institución amazónica occidental, su historia, condiciones de funcionamiento, tendencias y diferentes aspectos entre 2018 y 2022. El marco teórico aborda la historia de la investigación con seres humanos, los orígenes y la evolución de la bioética en el contexto internacional, la bioética en Brasil y la normativa sobre el análisis ético de la investigación. Los datos se recogieron a través de la Plataforma Brasil y de informes del CEP de la institución. El CEP evaluó 865 protocolos de investigación, la mayoría de los cuales eran de Ciencias de la Salud. Además, se observó que durante 2018 a 2022 la pandemia de covid-19 tuvo un impacto negativo en el número de proyectos presentados para evaluación al CEP. La caída del 57% en el número de proyectos registrados durante 2020/2022 revela el impacto negativo de este evento en la ejecución de proyectos con participantes humanos.

BACKGROUND. Adolescent girls and young women (AGYW) remain vulnerable to HIV, with a higher incidence rate than their male counterparts. OBJECTIVES. To determine the prevalence of and factors associated with HIV testing among AGYW in South Africa (SA). METHODS. A cross-sectional design was used to analyse the South Africa Demographic and Health Survey 2016. Only sexually active AGYW aged 15 - 24 years residing in SA at the time of the survey were included. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse baseline sociodemographic characteristics. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used to determine factors associated with HIV testing. Statistical significance was set at p<0.05, and all analyses were adjusted using survey weights to account for unequal selection probabilities. RESULTS. The overall prevalence of HIV testing among sexually active AGYW was 85.2% (95% confidence interval (CI) 83.0 - 87.1). The AGYW who had a history of pregnancy (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 4.47; 95% CI 2.90 - 6.89), were employed (aOR 3.29; 95% CI 1.75 - 6.21), belonged to a middle wealth index (aOR 1.80; 95% CI 1.04 - 3.10), had knowledge about mother-to-child transmission of HIV (aOR 3.29; 95% CI 2.26 - 4.79), had visited a health facility during the past 12 months (aOR 2.93; 95% CI 2.09 - 4.10), or had secondary/tertiary education (aOR 2.04; 95% CI 1.04 - 3.99) had higher odds of HIV testing. CONCLUSION. The study identified an unmet need for HIV testing among sexually active AGYW in SA, especially adolescent girls aged 15 - 19 years. Increasing knowledge about HIV testing, adolescent-friendly services and other offsite strategies are therefore important for this particular key population.

ABSTRACT Foundation: aging is a fact that affects the entire world population, and considerably, the most developed countries, in which life expectancy has been increasing as reflected in the United Nations report. Objective: to describe the social context and functional capacity in gerontos of clinic # 8 of Health Area I of the Cienfuegos municipality during the year 2022. Method: a descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out. A 30 % sample was randomly selected for a total of 131 elderly people. A structured interview was carried out, which included the general variables: age, sex, level of education, occupation, personal pathological history, support collaboration and to complete the social assessment, the Family Functioning Questionnaire was applied. Results: the age group of 60 to 65 years had the most prevalence, 45.5 % studied until they completed primary school, followed by those who completed secondary school with 29.0 %. Retirees were represented at 38.9 %, the main non-communicable diseases that prevailed were: high blood pressure, ischemic heart disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus, 40.4 % lived alone, 19.8 % had a caregiver, 14.5 % did not receive support and 9.9 % of the elderly who were in a probable state of social need. Conclusions: a well-nourished, loved, supported older adult, with all basic needs satisfied, as well as all associated diseases typical of this stage of life compensated, will have a better quality of life in any society.

RESUMEN Fundamento: el envejecimiento es un hecho que afecta a toda la población mundial, y de manera considerable, a los países más desarrollados, en los que la esperanza de vida ha ido aumentando tal y como se refleja en el informe de Naciones Unidas. Objetivo: describir el contexto social y capacidad funcional en gerontos del consultorio # 8 del Área de Salud I del municipio Cienfuegos durante el año 2022. Método: se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal. Se seleccionó aleatoriamente una muestra del 30 % para un total de 131 ancianos. Se realizó una entrevista estructurada, que recogió las variables generales: edad, sexo, nivel de escolaridad, ocupación, antecedentes patológicos personales, la colaboración de apoyo y para completar la valoración social se aplicó el Cuestionario de Funcionamiento Familiar. Resultados: el grupo de edad de 60 a 65 años tuvo más prevalencia, el 45,5 % estudió hasta la primaria terminada, seguidos de los de secundaria terminada con el 29,0 %. Los jubilados estuvieron representados en un 38,9 %, las principales enfermedades no transmisibles que prevalecieron fueron: la hipertensión arterial, la cardiopatía isquémica y la diabetes mellitus tipo 2, el 40,4 % vivía solo, el 19,8 % tenía cuidador, el 14,5 % no recibían apoyo y el 9,9 % de los ancianos que se encontraban en probable estado de necesidad social. Conclusiones: un adulto mayor bien nutrido, querido, apoyado, con todas las necesidades básicas satisfechas, así como todas las enfermedades asociadas propias de esta etapa de la vida compensadas, tendrá en cualquier sociedad una mejor calidad de vida.

The history of the ora (with the symbol Φ) as a trade instrument is inextricably linked to the history of Orania, a village on the southern bank of the Orange River in the Northern Cape Province of South Africa. The closest town to Orania is Hopetown (43 kilometres to the northwest). Orania is about 160 kilometres south of Kimberley, the biggest city in the Northern Cape. Orania has a number of unique features. Firstly, all inhabitants are white and speak Afrikaans, with the implication that this is the language used for all activities (business, education, religion and social interaction). It is therefore viewed as a white Afrikaner cultural enclave. Secondly, the aim of Orania is self-determination as far as its future is concerned. In this context it has been described as a continuation of the Verwoerdian ideal of the 1960s. This aim is supported by "selfwerksaamheid" (loosely meaning "to work with our own for our own"), that is, a policy in terms of which preference is given to the employment of people from Orania. Thirdly, Orania has its own trade instrument, the ora, the symbol for which is Φ.2 The ora is described as a coupon used in settlement of cash transactions. Calling the ora currency would be a contravention of the South African Reserve Bank Act, 1989. The Orania Sakekamer [chamber of commerce] issues the ora. It is linked on a one-to-one basis to the South African rand, that is, at a rate of Φ 1,00 = R1,00. The inhabitants of Orania prefer to use ora when referring to amounts and this paper follows the same convention. Literature on Orania refers to the ora and its use in trade, but there is no research focusing on the development of the ora since it wasfirst launched in 2004. This paper seeks to contribute to filling this gap in the existing literature. The ora serves the needs of the inhabitants of Orania. A population census undertaken in Orania in December 2021 and early in 2022 reported the town'spopulation as 2 377 people, of whom 1 635 were 20 years and older. The same census also showed that Orania comprised 649 households and 220 businesses. Based on the 2021/22 census, the total personal annual income of the residents of Orania in 2021 was estimated at Φ295 672 222. Per capita personal annual income of the 2 377 inhabitants was therefore estimated at Φ124 389. Based on the same census data, the annual household income in Orania was estimated at Φ190 331179. The difference in estimates cannot be explained in terms of the 2021/2022 census data and was previously highlighted as an area for further research. These estimates show some correlation with the survey data obtained from the 2021 business survey conducted in Orania. Business turnover in 2021 was estimated at Φ281 950 000. More research is necessary to ascertain whether the increase in the value of ora issued correlates at all with the growth rate of economic activity in Orania. If this correlation can be determined, ora in circulation will be a useful indicator of the growth of economic activities in Orania. The growth rate of ora coupons cannot be compared with growth in economic activity because the latter has not previously been calculated on a comparable basis. Recently research was published that will contribute to a basis for determining future economic growth. This research shows that the ora contributes to "community building" (a sense that the residents are building their own future) in Orania and limits cash risks in the town. However, the ora also has certain disadvantages for residents of Orania. Holders of ora coupons and dOra must exchange them for rand in Orania for cash transactions outside the town. Any discount that businesses grant on ora transactions reduces their turnover and gross profit. The fact that ora coupons are not machine-readable increases the administration costs of the coupons. The final conclusion is that the ora is inextricably linked to Orania. The town can exist without the ora, but the ora cannot exist without Orania.

Hierdie artikel fokus op die geskiedenis van die ora (Φ3) sedert die eerste vrystelling daarvan 20 jaar gelede in 2004. Die ora is onlosmaaklik verweef met Orania, 'n Afrikaanse dorp in die Noord-Kaap. Die ora is op 'n een-tot-een-grondslag gekoppel aan die Suid-Afrikaanse rand. Die ora sirkuleer as 'n wettige betaalmiddel vir gebruik in kontanttransaksies in Orania. Die bestaan en sirkulasie van die ora is een van die unieke eienskappe van Orania. 'n Verdere unieke eienskap van Orania is die uitsluitlike gebruik van Afrikaans in die dorp. Alle bedrywighede (godsdiensbeoefening, kultuuraktiwiteite, onderrig en saketransak-sies) geskied uitsluitlik in Afrikaans. Voorts het Orania net wit inwoners. Die dorp word dus as 'n wit Afrikaner enklawe beskou. Daarbenewens is die oogmerk van Orania selfbeskikking wat die dorp se toekoms betref. Dit bring Orania in lyn met die voortsetting van die Verwoerdiaanse ideaal van afsonderlike ontwikkeling tot selfbeskikking. Hierdie ideaal word in Orania ondersteun deur "selfwerk-saamheid", met ander woorde 'n beleid dat voorkeur gegee word aan indiensneming van die inwoners van Orania. Die inwoners van Orania verkies om bedrae in ora te noem en nie in rand nie. Gevolglik word daardie praktyk in hierdie artikel gebruik. Gebaseer op die 2021/22-sensusopname in Orania, is totale persoonlike jaarlikse inkomste op Φ295 672 222 beraam. Per capita persoonlike jaarlikse inkomste vir die 2 377 inwoners is dus op Φ124 389 beraam. Hierteenoor is die jaarlikse inkomste van huishoudings in Orania in 2021 op Φ190 331 179 beraam. Hierdie verskil in ramings kan nie met behulp van die bestaande sensusopnamedata verklaar word nie en is tevore aangestip as 'n gebied vir verdere navorsing. Die 2021-besigheidsopname van Orania rapporteer data oor sake-ondernemings in die dorp. Op grond van hierdie opnamedata is die jaarlikse omset van sakeondernemings in Orania in 2021 op Φ281 950 000 beraam. Meer navorsing is nodig om te bepaal of die groei in ora-koepons wat uitgereik word, hoegenaamd korreleer met die groei in ekonomiese bedrywighede in Orania. Die groeikoers van ora-koepons kan nie met groei in ekonomiese bedrywighede vergelyk word nie omdat laasgenoemde nie voorheen op 'n vergelykbare basis bereken is nie. Onlangse navorsing is die eerste inisiatief om 'n basis te skep vir die bepaling van Orania se toekomstige ekonomiese groei. Indien hierdie korrelasie deur toekomstige navorsing bepaal kan word, sal dit 'n nuttige en maklike aanwyser van ekonomiese bedrywighede op die dorp wees. Die navorsing toon ook dat die ora tot gemeenskapsbewussyn bydra, byvoorbeeld omdat die inwoners bedrae in ora uitdruk, eerder as in rand. Die ora verminder ook kontantrisiko in Orania, omdat die ora nie buite die dorp gebruik kan word nie. Die ora het egter ook sekere nadele vir inwoners van Orania. Houers van ora-koepons en dOra moet dit in Orania vir rand inwissel vir kontanttransaksies buite die dorp. Enige afslag wat sake-ondernemings op ora-transaksies toestaan, verminder hul omset en bruto wins. Die feit dat ora-koepons nie masjienleesbaar is nie, verhoog die administrasiekoste van die koepons. Die ora en Orania is onlosmaaklik met mekaar verweef. Die dorp kan egter sonder die ora bestaan, terwyl die ora nie sonder Orania kan bestaan nie.

Abstract: The implementation of teaching processes in online mode in an emergency remote teaching context challenged teachers to modify their teaching practices, adjusting learning processes to a new scenario. At the curricular level, these change processes were guided by adjustments in the national curriculum through a Curricular Prioritization of learning objectives (LO). The subject of History and Social Sciences was not only challenged by adjustments at the curricular level, but also by the context of social crisis expressed in the Social Outbreak (2019). In this scenario, the study sought to analyze the curricular contextualization practices developed within a History and Social Sciences course aimed at preparing for the Higher Education Access Test (PAES). The results show the existence of intentional curricular contextualization practices that emerge as a consensual agreement among the teaching team. These aspects are related to the curricular incorporation of the Social Problem category and the transformation of daily life into a curricular resource. Unintentional practices linked to the organization of disciplinary knowledge are also identified, aspects that impact the development of Social Historical Thinking.

Resumen: La implementación de procesos de enseñanza en modalidad online en un contexto de docencia remota de emergencia desafió al profesorado a modificar sus prácticas docentes, ajustando los procesos de aprendizaje a un nuevo escenario. A nivel curricular, estos procesos de cambio fueron guiados por ajustes en el currículum nacional a través de una Priorización Curricular de los objetivos de aprendizaje (OA). La asignatura de Historia y Ciencias Sociales no solo se vio desafiada por los ajustes a nivel curricular, sino que también por el contexto de crisis social expresados en el Estallido Social (2019). En este escenario, el estudio buscó analizar las prácticas de contextualización curricular desarrolladas al interior de un curso de Historia y Ciencias Sociales orientado a la preparación para la Prueba de Acceso a la Educación Superior (PAES). Los resultados dan cuenta de la existencia de prácticas intencionadas de contextualización curricular que surgen como acuerdo consensuado entre el equipo docente. Estos aspectos se relacionan con la incorporación curricular de la categoría Problema Social y la transformación de la vida cotidiana en recurso curricular. También se identifican prácticas no intencionadas vinculadas con la organización del conocimiento disciplinar, aspectos que impactan en el desarrollo del Pensamiento Histórico Social.

Resumo: A implementação de processos de ensino na modalidade online em contexto emergencial de ensino remoto desafiou os professores a modificarem suas práticas docentes, adequando os processos de aprendizagem a um novo cenário. No nível curricular, esses processos de mudança foram orientados por ajustes no currículo nacional por meio de uma Priorização Curricular de objetivos de aprendizagem (OA). A disciplina de História e Ciências Sociais não foi apenas desafiada pelos ajustes a nível curricular, mas também pelo contexto de crise social expresso no Surto Social (2019). Nesse cenário, o estudo buscou analisar as práticas de contextualização curricular desenvolvidas dentro de um curso de História e Ciências Sociais voltado à preparação para a Prova de Acesso ao Ensino Superior (PAES). Os resultados mostram a existência de práticas intencionais de contextualização curricular que emergem como um acordo consensual entre a equipe docente. Esses aspectos estão relacionados à incorporação curricular da categoria Problema Social e à transformação do cotidiano em recurso curricular. Identificam-se também práticas não intencionais ligadas à organização do conhecimento disciplinar, aspectos que impactam o desenvolvimento do Pensamento Histórico Social.

RESUMEN El contexto internacional, posibilita la educación ciudadana desde la integración de los contenidos, por ello el problema científico es cómo contribuir a la integración de los contenidos de Historia Universal para el desarrollo de la Educación Moral y Ciudadana en Secundaria Básica. El objetivo consiste en explicar la integración de los contenidos de Historia Universal para el desarrollo de la Educación Moral y Ciudadana en Secundaria Básica. Se utilizaron métodos investigativos, partiendo del método general dialéctico materialista. Los resultados orientan a la fundamentación de la necesaria integración de los contenidos de Historia Universal y Educación Moral y Ciudadana.

ABSTRACT The international context makes possible the citizenship education from the integration of the contents, therefore the scientific problem is how to contribute to the integration of the contents of Universal History for the development of Moral and Citizenship Education in Basic Secondary Education. The objective is to explain the integration of the contents of Universal History for the development of Moral and Citizenship Education in Basic Secondary Education. Research methods were used, starting from the general dialectical-materialistic method. The results are oriented to the foundation of the necessary integration of the contents of Universal History and Moral and Citizenship Education.

Abstract This paper presents a description of the development of chemistry in Coahuila with emphasis on the academic field, linking scientific-technical education with the economic-industrial development of Coahuila. The study focuses on the Ateneo Fuente, a high-school founded in 1867 in Saltillo, where chemistry was taught in the baccalaureate and the Pharmacy courses. In the 1940s, the industrialization of Coahuila and the Northeast of Mexico led to the opening of a School of Chemical Sciences dependent on the Ateneo Fuente. Throughout the work, the study plans of the baccalaureate and of the careers taught at the School of Chemical Sciences are analyzed and compared. A brief review of the teaching of chemistry in other contemporary schools of the Ateneo Fuente is also made. Finally, an outline was depicted about the influence that this school of Chemical Sciences had on the industrial activity of Coahuila.

Resumen En este trabajo se presenta una descripción del desarrollo de la química en Coahuila, enfatizando el ámbito académico y vinculando la enseñanza científico-técnica con el crecimiento económico-industrial de Coahuila. El estudio se centra en el Ateneo Fuente, una escuela de educación secundaria y superior fundada en 1867 en Saltillo, donde la química se enseñó en el bachillerato y la carrera de Farmacia. En la década de 1940, la industrialización de Coahuila y del noreste mexicano motivaron la apertura de una Escuela de Ciencias Químicas dependiente del Ateneo Fuente. A lo largo del trabajo se analizan y comparan los planes de estudio del bachillerato y de las carreras impartidas en la Escuela de Ciencias Químicas. También se hace una breve reseña de la enseñanza de la química en otras instituciones contemporáneas del Ateneo Fuente y se esboza la influencia que tuvo esta escuela de Ciencias Químicas sobre la actividad industrial de Coahuila.

Resumo: O currículo de história chileno e os manuais escolares desta disciplina se caracterizam por se basearem numa narrativa centrada no adulto que exclui a participação das crianças no estudo do passado, uma vez que se centraram na descrição das façanhas políticas, económicas e militares lideradas por homens adultos pertencentes aos setores dominantes. A partir dessa problemática, este ensaio propõe uma reflexão filosófico- educacional que visa fundamentar a necessidade de redefinir o papel histórico das crianças para desconstruir o seu tratamento como agentes banidos da história escolar ou como sujeitos subalternos do mundo adulto. Do ponto de vista metodológico, este ensaio baseia-se na revisão documental de diferentes textos alojados em bases de dados como Scielo, Clacso, Redalyc, Wos, Scopus, ProQuest, Latindex e Dialnet, das quais foram escolhidas obras principalmente do Chile, do México e da Espanha para examinar a importância de repensar o tratamento dado às crianças presente no currículo de história chileno, especialmente nos manuais de especialidade. Esta busca foi realizada utilizando as seguintes palavras-chave: Chile, história escolar, infância, currículo nacional, livros escolares, adultocentrismo, didática da história e pensamento histórico. O método argumentativo foi utilizado para fundamentar teoricamente a reflexão registrada. Em conclusão, nota-se que é fundamental adotar a perspectiva das crianças na história, pois isso ajuda na formação de cidadãos críticos e conscientes dos seus direitos e deveres.

Resumen: El currículum chileno de Historia y los textos escolares de esta asignatura se caracterizan por fundarse en un relato adultocéntrico que excluye la participación de la niñez en el estudio del pasado, ya que se han focalizado en describir las proezas políticas, económicas y militares lideradas por hombres adultos pertenecientes a los sectores dirigentes. En función de esta problemática, este ensayo plantea una reflexión filosófico-educativa que tiene por objeto fundamentar la necesidad de resignificar el rol histórico de los niños para deconstruir el tratamiento de estos como agentes desterrados de la historia escolar o como sujetos subalternos del mundo adulto. Desde un punto de vista metodológico, este ensayo se apoya en la revisión documental de diferentes textos alojados en bases de datos como Scielo, Clacso, Redalyc, Wos, Scopus, ProQuest, Latindex y Dialnet, de las cuales se escogieron trabajos procedentes fundamentalmente de Chile, México y España, que examinaran la importancia de repensar el tratamiento de los niños y niñas presente en el currículum chileno de Historia, especialmente en los manuales de la especialidad. Esta búsqueda se llevó a cabo a partir de las siguientes palabras clave: Chile, historia escolar, infancia, currículum nacional, textos escolares, adultocentrismo, didáctica de la historia y pensamiento histórico. Se recurrió al método argumentativo para sustentar teóricamente la reflexión consignada. Como conclusión, se señala que resulta fundamental adoptar la perspectiva infantil en la historia, ya que ayuda a los niños a formarse como personas ciudadanas críticas y conscientes de sus derechos y deberes.

Abstract: The Chilean history curriculum and textbooks on the subject feature an adult-centered narrative that excludes children’s participation in the study of the past, focusing on describing the political, economic, and military exploits of adult men representing the ruling sectors. To address this problem, this paper offers a philosophical-educational reflection on the importance of redefining the historical role of children in order to deconstruct children as banished actors of school history or as subaltern subjects of the adult world. From a methodological point of view, this paper is based on the documentary review of different texts housed in databases such as Scielo, Clacso, Redalyc, Wos, Scopus, ProQuest, Latindex and Dialnet. The texts selected are mainly from Chile, Mexico and Spain and examine the importance of rethinking the current treatment of children in the Chilean history curriculum, especially in history textbooks. The search was conducted using the following keywords: Chile, school history, childhood, national curriculum, textbooks, adultcentrism, history didactics and historical thinking. The argumentative method was used to provide theoretical support for the reflection. In conclusion, it is fundamental to adopt a child’s perspective in history in order to help children become critical citizens, aware of their rights and responsibilities.

Résumé Ce travail présente une analyse historique qui contribue à la connaissance et à la diffusion de la dernière étape de la construction de l’École Nationale des Maîtres, une des plus importantes institutions éducatives du Mexique en matière de formation des enseignants tant par son ancienneté, sa tradition, la taille de sa communauté scolaire et, en particulier, par le patrimoine culturel dont elle dispose : architecture, sculpture et peinture. Tout cela fait partie du sentiment d’identité normaliste. Il s’agit d’une école qui, depuis plus de cent trente-cinq ans, s’est spécialisée dans la formation et la professionnalisation des enseignants de l’enseignement primaire qui ont travaillé avec les enfants mexicains dans pratiquement tout le pays. Son héritage a commencé à el fin du XIXe siècle et se maintient encore au XXIe siècle comme l’un des cinq plus importants normaux du pays. Il convient d’ajouter qu’aujourd’hui encore, c’est le seul établissement d’enseignement supérieur du Mexique à accueillir une réunion de l’Organisation des Nations Unies pour l’éducation, la science et la culture (UNESCO). Jaime Torres Bodet, secrétaire de l’Éducation publique, a joué un rôle central dans tout cela. Quand cela s’est-il produit? Quelles en ont été les causes? Qui, en dehors de Torres Bodet, ¿en est responsable? Quelles en sont les principales conséquences? Voilà quelques-unes des questions qui seront examinées dans le cadre de cette enquête.

Streszczenie W tej pracy proponuje się analizę historyczną, która przyczyni się do lepszego zrozumienia i rozpowszechnienia ostatniego etapu budowy Benemérita Escuela Nacional de Maestros, jednej z najważniejszych instytucji edukacyjnych w Meksyku pod względem szkolenia nauczycieli, zarówno ze względu na jej starożytność, tradycję, wielkość społeczności szkolnej, jak i zwłaszcza ze względu na jej dziedzictwo kulturowe, obejmujące architekturę, rzeźbę i malarstwo. Wszystko to jako część normalistycznej tożsamości. Jest to szkoła, która od ponad sto trzydziestu pięciu lat specjalizuje się w szkoleniu i profesjonalizacji nauczycieli szkół podstawowych, którzy praktycznie na całym terytorium kraju prowadzą swoją pracę zawodową z meksykańskimi dziećmi. Jej dziedzictwo rozpoczęło się pod koniec XIX wieku i nadal, w XXI wieku, pozostaje jedną z pięciu najważniejszych szkół normalnych w kraju. Należy dodać, że do dziś jest to jedyna instytucja szkolnictwa wyższego w Meksyku, która była także miejscem spotkań Organizacji Narodów Zjednoczonych ds. Edukacji, Nauki i Kultury (UNESCO). W całym tym procesie kluczową rolę odegrał wówczas pełniący funkcję sekretarza Edukacji Publicznej Jaime Torres Bodet. Kiedy to się wydarzyło? Jakie były przyczyny tego spotkania? Kto oprócz Torres Bodeta był głównymi odpowiedzialnymi za to? Jakie były jego główne konsekwencje? To tylko niektóre z pytań, które zostaną przeanalizowane w tej pracy badawczej.

Resumen En este trabajo se plantea un análisis histórico que contribuya en el conocimiento y divulgación de la última etapa de construcción de la Benemérita Escuela Nacional de Maestros, una de las instituciones educativas más importantes de México en materia de formación de docentes tanto por su antigüedad, su tradición, el tamaño de su comunidad escolar y, especialmente, por el patrimonio cultural con el que cuenta: arquitectura, escultura y pintura. Todo eso como parte del sentido de identidad normalista. Se trata de una escuela que desde hace más de ciento treinta y cinco años se ha especializado en la formación y profesionalización de los docentes de educación primaria, quienes han desarrollado su labor profesional con la niñez mexicana prácticamente en toda la nación. Su legado comenzó a finales del siglo XIX y todavía en el XXI se mantiene como una de las cinco normales más importantes del país. A lo anterior debe agregarse que, aún hoy, es la única institución de educación superior en México que también ha fungido como sede para una reunión de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura (UNESCO). En todo esto desempeñó un papel central quien en ese momento fungía como secretario de Educación Pública, Jaime Torres Bodet. ¿Cuándo ocurrió eso? ¿Cuáles fueron las causas que propiciaron esa reunión? ¿Quiénes fueron, además de Torres Bodet, los principales responsables de ello? ¿Cuáles sus principales consecuencias? Estas son algunas de las interrogantes que se revisarán en esta investigación.

Abstract This paper proposes a historical analysis that contributes to the knowledge and dissemination of the last stage of construction of the Benemérita Escuela Nacional de Maestros, one of the most important educational institutions in Mexico in terms of teacher training due to its antiquity, tradition, the size of its school community and, especially, because of its cultural heritage: architecture, sculpture, and painting. All this shapes the normalista sense of identity. It is a school that, for more than 135 years, has specialized in the training and professionalization of primary education teachers, who have carried out their professional work with Mexican children nationwide. Its legacy began at the end of the 19th century and still in the 21st century it remains one of the five most important Normal (teacher training) schools in the country. It should be added that even today, it is the only institution of higher education in Mexico that has also served as the venue for a meeting of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). A central figure in all of this was Jaime Torres Bodet, who was serving as Secretary of Public Education at that time. When did this happen? What were the causes that led to that meeting? Who were, besides Torres Bodet, the main responsible parties? What were its main consequences? These are some of the questions that will be addressed in this study.

Abstract In the core of power of the Francoist dictatorship, they were aware that in order to completely wipe out the legacy of the Second Republic, weapons alone were not enough. It was in this context that the regime’s ideologues considered that the only way to erase the republican culture from memory, and to begin the ideological process of restoring the empire and Hispanic culture, was to transfer the war to a new field: education. On this battlefield, the history textbooks of Franco’s baccalaureate became the ideal instruments for rooting in the imagination of Spanish students the project of nation and national identity that the Franco regime sought to perpetuate. In particular, to achieve the creation of a “New Man” in charge of building the “New Spain”. For this paper we carried out a historical and historiographical analysis of how Franco’s school textbooks interpreted and justified the loss of the American Empire, paying special attention to the Mexican insurgent process.

Resumen En el núcleo de poder de la dictadura franquista fueron conscientes de que para arrasar por completo con el legado de la II República no bastaban solo las armas. Fue en este contexto donde los ideólogos del régimen consideraron que la única forma de borrar de la memoria la cultura republicana, e iniciar el proceso ideológico de restauración del Imperio y de la hispanidad, era trasladando la guerra a un nuevo campo: la educación. En este campo de batalla, los manuales escolares de historia del bachillerato franquista se convirtieron en los instrumentos idóneos para lograr el arraigo en el imaginario de los educandos españoles del proyecto de nación y de identidad nacional que buscó perpetuar el régimen franquista. En especial, para lograr la creación de un “Hombre Nuevo” encargado de construir la “Nueva España”. Para este trabajo realizamos un análisis histórico e historiográfico sobre cómo los manuales escolares franquistas interpretaron y justificaron la pérdida del Imperio americano, poniendo especial atención al proceso insurgente mexicano.

Résumé Dans les cercles les plus restreints du pouvoir de la dictature franquiste, on était conscient que les armes ne suffisaient pas pour éliminer complètement l’héritage de la Seconde République. Dans ce contexte, les idéologues du régime ont considéré que le seul moyen d’effacer la culture républicaine de la mémoire collective et d’entamer le processus idéologique de restauration de l’empire et de la culture hispanique était de transférer la guerre sur un nouveau terrain : l’éducation. Sur ce champ de bataille, les manuels d’histoire du baccalauréat franquiste sont devenus les outils parfaits pour enraciner dans l’imaginaire des élèves espagnols le projet de nation et d’identité nationale que le régime franquiste cherchait à perpétuer. Cette réécriture visait précisément à aboutir à la création d’un “homme nouveau” chargé de construire la “Nouvelle Espagne”. Pour cet article, nous avons réalisé une analyse historique et historiographique de la manière dont les manuels scolaires franquistes ont interprété et justifié la perte de l’empire américain, en portant une attention particulière au processus insurrectionnel mexicain.

Abstract This paper aims to bring reflections and notes for strengthening Brazilian structuring public policies, focusing on Popular Health Education in the Unified Health System (SUS) from the perspectives built in the Observatory of Popular Health Education and the Brazilian Reality. The Observatory is a valuable space for sharing health professionals’ and popular educators’ interpretations and experiences about local and Brazilian realities from the perspective of Popular Health Education. During its two years of activity, the Observatory has gathered summary interpretations of Popular Health Education for the crises that traverse the country’s recent history in a dialogical and participatory way. In a panoramic view, the shared statements point to challenges for valuing the human approach to health promotion, including respecting local and community knowledge and social practices. Moreover, we underscore the importance of social participation in constructing participatory social processes in public health toward citizen autonomy and expanded democratic dynamics in the Brazilian State and its social equipment. policies SUS (SUS Reality professionals educators activity countrys country s way view promotion practices Moreover equipment

Resumo Este trabalho se propõe a trazer reflexões e apontamentos para o fortalecimento de políticas públicas estruturantes no Brasil, com foco na Educação Popular em Saúde no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), a partir das perspectivas construídas no Observatório de Educação Popular em Saúde e Realidade Brasileira. O Observatório é um espaço profícuo para o compartilhamento de interpretações e experiências de profissionais de saúde e educadores populares sobre a realidade local e realidade brasileira, a partir da ótica da Educação Popular em Saúde. De forma dialógica e participativa, ao longo de seus 2 anos de atividade, o Observatório foi capaz de reunir interpretações sintéticas da Educação Popular em Saúde para as crises que atravessam a história recente do país. De maneira panorâmica, as falas compartilhadas apontam desafios para valorização da abordagem humana na promoção da saúde, com a inclusão e o respeito aos saberes e práticas sociais locais e comunitárias. Além disso, destaca-se a importância da participação social na construção de processos sociais participativos na saúde pública, visando à autonomia do cidadão e à ampliação da dinâmica democrática no Estado brasileiro e em seus equipamentos sociais. Brasil SUS, SUS , (SUS) Brasileira brasileira participativa atividade país panorâmica comunitárias disso destacase destaca pública (SUS