Abstract In an oblique reading of a singular case in northwestern Andean Argentina, the place of local relationships with archaeological heritage is explored vis-a-vis non local agents: science, state, capital. While the antagonisms of territorial interests can be predicted to grow alongside the evolution of the entangled relations within the territory, the situation analyzed shows a different picture. The heritagization is starred by local inhabitants consciously independent from non local discourses and powers, albeit adopting actions that are locally seen as “officially” correct. Delving one step deeper, this research asks not just for the particular contents of local knowledge (if local or non local) but for the local ideas about what knowledge is. Within this local theoretical framework, the relationships with the ruins developed along the heritagization process described so far can be seen within a territorialized bodily, concrete and intersubjective regime of care, a local theory of relatedness.

Resumen En una lectura oblicua de un caso singular en el Noroeste argentino se explora el lugar de las relaciones locales con el patrimonio arqueológico frente a agentes no locales: ciencia, Estado y capital. Si bien se puede predecir que los antagonismos de intereses territoriales crecerán junto con la evolución de las relaciones entrelazadas dentro del territorio, la situación analizada muestra un panorama diferente. La patrimonialización está protagonizada por habitantes locales conscientemente independientes de discursos y poderes ajenos, aunque adoptando acciones localmente vistas como “oficialmente” correctas. Profundizando en el entramado, esta investigación indaga no sólo los contenidos particulares del conocimiento local (ya sea local o no), sino también las ideas locales sobre lo que el conocimiento es. Dentro de este marco teórico local, las relaciones con las ruinas desarrolladas a lo largo del proceso de patrimonialización pueden verse, hasta ahora, dentro de un régimen de cuidado corporal, intersubjetivo, concreto y territorializado, es decir en una teoría local de la relación.

Since the Valongo archaeological site was opened to the public in July 2012, numerous artistic, festive, militant, ritual and religious performances have been held on the esplanade bordering the old wharf. This articles centres on the role of religions of African origin in this locality, focusing on the annual ritual of washing the stones of the old wharf where slaves disembarked. Ritual performances linked to the Candomblé of Yoruba tradition - despite an ancient and huge Bantu presence in this aera - have been invested with a central role and a singular legitimacy in the workof recovering memory, affirming identities and making socio-political demands. These popular, immaterial and ephemeral practices also participate in the heritagization process of the Valongo Wharf. 2012 artistic festive militant locality disembarked memory sociopolitical socio political demands popular Wharf 201 20 2

Desde a abertura ao público do sítio arqueológico do Valongo, em julho de 2012, numerosas performances artísticas e festivas, militantes, rituais e religiosas, acontecem no anfiteatro e na esplanada em torno do antigo cais. O artigo se interessa pela atuação das religiões de matrizes africanas nesse espaço, focalizando o ritual anual de lavagem do cais dos escravizados pelas Baianas. Ele mostra que as performances rituais ligadas ao candomblé de nação nagô-ketu (apesar de uma antiga e massiva presença bantu neste lugar) foram investidas de um papel central assim como de uma legitimidade singular no trabalho de resgate memorial, de afirmação de identidades e de reivindicação sociopolítica. Essas práticas populares, imateriais e efêmeras participam também da patrimonialização do Cais do Valongo. Valongo 2012 festivas militantes religiosas espaço Baianas nagôketu nagô ketu apesar lugar memorial sociopolítica populares 201 20 2

Abstract The Quebrada de Humahuaca (Jujuy, Argentina), was recognized as a World Heritage Site by The United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization in 2003. From that moment on, the heritagization and touristification processes intensified and led to territorial conflicts. The objective of this work is to identify the existing conflicts in the Quebrada de Humahuaca linked to its heritagization and touristification from its repercussion in the journalistic media and in academic research since 2003. For this, we compiled a collection of journalistic notes and academic studies that throughout these 20 years gave an account of the main conflicts. Then, we analyze the main themes and from what perspective they are presented. Finally, we identify the main conflicting axes after the heritage declaration in order to contribute to the reflection on the management and territorial ordering.

Resumen La Quebrada de Humahuaca (Jujuy, Argentina), fue declarada Patrimonio de la Humanidad por la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura, en el año 2003. Desde ese momento, los procesos de patrimonialización y de turistificación se intensificaron y derivaron en conflictos territoriales. El objetivo de este trabajo es identificar los conflictos existentes en la Quebrada de Humahuaca, vinculados a su patrimonialización y turistificación a partir de su repercusión en los medios periodísticos y en investigaciones académicas desde el 2003. Para ello, se recopilaron un acervo de notas periodísticas y de estudios académicos que a lo largo de estos 20 años dieron cuenta de los principales conflictos. Luego, se analizaron los principales temas y bajo qué perspectiva son presentados. Finalmente, se identificaron los principales ejes conflictivos tras la declaratoria patrimonial con el fin de aportar a la reflexión sobre la gestión y ordenamiento territorial.

Abstract: In Chile, as in the rest of the world , industrial heritage shows varying degrees of valuation. That is how several industrial neighborhoods, particularly those located in intermediate cities, are struggling between the ‘ruinification’ or the redevelopment of its built heritage. This problem has gained notoriety in the last decades due to increasingly mobilized citizens, to which state actors have responded reactively. Using Bellavista’s textile neighborhood as a case study, the purpose of this research is to analyze theinteraction, agenda, and ability to influence of different types of actors in the heritagization processesas well as the strategies used in particular by social actors to overcome power asymmetries. The discourse and network analysis (SNA) showed powerful evidence regarding the organization of social actors in intersectoral and multi-scale ‘communities’, which are in turn articulated around key actors. The analysis also shows the importance of these links to modify power asymmetries, as well as the articulating potential of the local government. However, this potential is strongly limited because of its ambivalent trajectory and the consequent distrust of social organizations.

Resumen: En Chile, tal como ocurre a nivel global, el patrimonio industrial presenta dispares grados de valoración. Antiguos barrios industriales en ciudades intermedias se debaten entre la “ruinificación” y el redesarrollo de su legado construido. Este problema ha cobrado notoriedad en las últimas décadas, gracias a una ciudadanía cada vez más movilizada por la defensa patrimonial; y frente a la cual los actores públicos y privados han respondido reactivamente. A partir del caso del barrio textil de Bellavista, el objetivo de esta investigación es estudiar la interacción, agendas y capacidad de incidencia de diversos tipos de actores en procesos de patrimonialización, así como las estrategias utilizadas en particular por los actores sociales para superar las asimetrías de poder. El análisis de discurso y de redes arrojó una poderosa evidencia con respecto a la organización de los actores en comunidades intersectoriales y multiescalares, las que se articulan a su vez en torno a actores claves. Se verifica la importancia de estos vínculos para alterar las asimetrías de poder, así como el potencial articulador del gobierno local; empero, esto está fuertemente limitado por su ambivalente trayectoria y la consecuente desconfianza de los movimientos sociales.

Abstract: Within critical heritage research, several studies have pointed out a shift from the tradi tional 'top-down” notion of heritage to a focus on what communities themselves consider significant to preserve. From this approach, preservation processes are analyzed as are nas of dispute among preservationist groups and others promoting urban regeneration initiatives. Using the case of the textile neighborhood of Bellavista in Tome, and through semi-structured interviews, documentary analysis and GIS spatial analysis, our main ob jective was to analyze how and which social actors become agents of heritagization in a post-industrial neighborhood. Also, we studied the linkages between their agendas and the territorial characteristics of the area. The results present a historic environment which is heterogeneously conceived, and where specific 'nodal' spaces condense meaning and agendas, concentrating the disputes between social and entrepreneurial actors.

Resumen: Investigaciones desde el patrimonio crítico plantean el cambio de la noción 'canónica' de patrimonio hacia una centrada en lo que tiene valor para las propias comunidades. Bajo esta mirada, se manifiesta la disputa entre quienes promueven la conservación o la regeneración del tejido histórico. Utilizando el caso del barrio textil de Bellavista en Tomé, y mediante entrevistas semi-estructuradas, análisis documental, y su espacialización a través de cartografía SIG, el objetivo de la investigación fue analizar la manera en que diversos actores sociales devienen en agentes patrimoniales de un barrio postin dustrial, así como las vinculaciones entre sus agendas y las características del territorio. Los resultados configuran un espacio heterogéneamente concebido en el cual ciertos 'nodos' condensan significados, agendas, y concentran la disputa entre actores sociales y empresariales con desiguales cuotas de poder.

Abstract In this work we propose to analyse some ideas and practices that underlie the way in which heritage is conceived and materialized, through our engagement in an archaeological intervention, that was undertaken on 326/344/360 San Jerónimo street (MC.SJ344) in the downtown area of the city of Córdoba, Argentina. These tasks were carried out in the context of a commercial contract or rescue archaeology service, which outlined and generated a place of encounter and tensions around “the heritage”, between the different actors involved: archaeologists, architects, real estate developers, government agencies and the materiality itself. We carried out this by composing an archaeological ethnography of the different stages that the heritagization of the materiality went through during the intervention process. We identify and discuss some of the intersections of the conflicts between the actors involved. This type of reflexive analysis of the practice itself ultimately helps to propose changes in the way in which heritage processes are carried out today and in this specific context.

Resumen En este trabajo nos proponemos analizar algunas ideas y prácticas que subyacen a la manera en que se concibe y materializa lo patrimonial a partir de una intervención arqueológica en la calle San Jerónimo 326/344/360 (MC.SJ344) ubicado en la zona céntrica de la ciudad de Córdoba, Argentina. Estas tareas fueron realizadas en el contexto de un trabajo de arqueología de contrato, comercial o de impacto, lo cual enmarcó y generó el campo de encuentro y de tensiones alrededor de “lo patrimonial” entre los diferentes actores involucrados: arqueólogos, arquitectos, desarrollistas inmobiliarios, entes reguladores y la propia materialidad. A través de una etnografía arqueológica de las diferentes etapas por las que atravesó la materialidad patrimonializada durante el proceso de intervención, identificamos y discutimos algunos de los ejes de conflicto entre los diferentes actores. Este tipo de análisis reflexivos de la propia práctica colaboran en última instancia a proponer cambios en la manera en que se llevan adelante los procesos de patrimonialización en la actualidad y en este contexto.

Resumen Este artículo propone una revisión crítica del concepto de Patrimonio Cultural Inmaterial (PCI) propuesto por la Convención para la Salvaguardia del PCI de la Unesco de 2003. La justificación de esta revisión se explica a partir de los potenciales efectos sociales que genera la patrimonialización de las prácticas culturales. La hipótesis que guía la investigación es que la noción de folclor plantea una alteridad a partir del binomio tradicional/moderno, generando una serie de arbitrariedades teóricas en la comprensión de esa diferencia que el concepto de patrimonio cultural inmaterial no resuelve del todo. El objetivo de la investigación es examinar las fuentes documentales del repositorio en línea de la Unesco sobre el tema para explicar las arbitrariedades en su origen histórico, analizar su proceso de racionalización y evaluar su vigencia. Para llevar a cabo este objetivo, se adopta una dimensión procesual del patrimonio cultural, entendiendo que la patrimonialización inmaterial es una capacidad de resignificación que es aplicada a las culturas. La metodología corresponde al análisis genealógico, buscando mostrar el carácter arbitrario y convencional del patrimonio inmaterial aplicado a las culturas. Los resultados de la investigación muestran que la vigente noción de PCI está construida en función de su origen conceptual asociado al folclor, derivando en que la noción de PCI puede ser comprendida como su sofisticación, pues ambas están construidas conceptualmente bajo los mismos elementos constitutivos que aseguran la estabilidad de sus arbitrariedades.

Abstract This article proposes a critical review of the concept of Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH) proposed by the Unesco Convention for the Safeguarding of the ICH. The justification for this review is explained from the potential social effects generated by the heritagization of cultural practices. The hypothesis that guides the research is that the notion of folklore poses an alterity from the traditional/modern binomial, generating a series of theoretical arbitrariness in the understanding of that difference that the concept of intangible cultural heritage does not fully resolve. The research objective is to examine Unesco’s open access content repository on the subject to explain the arbitrariness in its historical origin, analyze its rationalization process and evaluate its validity. In order to realize this objective, Heritage Studies were used, adopting a procedural dimension of cultural heritage, understanding that heritagization is a capacity for resignification which is applied to cultures. The methodology corresponds to genealogical analysis, seeking to show the arbitrary and conventional nature of intangible heritage applied to cultures. The results of the research show that the current notion of ich is built based on its conceptual origin associated with folklore, resulting in that the notion of ich can be understood as its sophistication, since both are conceptually built under the same constitutive elements that ensure the stability of its arbitrariness.

ABSTRACT The Marais district, in Paris, was one of the first to be recognized as a secteur sauvegardé, a designation given to an urban area of heritage value especially protected by French legislation from 1962 onwards. From that point onwards, the criticisms to the changes undertaken by the district mounted and, in the international scene, the Marais is often taken as an example of a heritagization process that led to the gentrification of the place. Thus, this article discusses the binomial heritagization/gentrification from the Marais case, presenting the process of neighborhood preservation in the context of the Malraux law, in 1962; the evolution of the urban heritage preservation concept and instruments throughout more than 50 years; and of the urban dynamics of Paris, a heritage, tourist, and “gentrified” capital. To this end, empirical data are used, showing, among others, the Marais situation within the demographic and socioeconomic changes experienced by the French capital. At the same time, a discussion on the gentrification concept and its generalized appropriation to characterize any process of socioeconomic transformation that implies the increase of the richest portion of a given population or, still, as a perverse consequence of any urban intervention is proposed. Paris sauvegardé 196 onwards scene place Thus heritagizationgentrification case law 5 years tourist gentrified “gentrified capital end used showing others time or still proposed 19 1

RESUMO O bairro do Marais, em Paris, foi um dos primeiros a ser reconhecido como secteur sauvegardé, denominação conferida a uma área urbana de valor patrimonial especialmente protegida pela legislação francesa a partir de 1962. Desde então, avolumam-se as críticas às transformações sofridas pelo bairro, e, no cenário internacional, o Marais é, muitas vezes, adotado como exemplo de um processo de patrimonialização que conduziu à gentrificação do local. Nesse sentido, este artigo discute o binômio patrimonialização/ gentrificação a partir do caso do Marais, apresentando o processo de preservação do bairro no contexto de criação da lei Malraux, em 1962; a evolução do conceito e dos instrumentos de conservação do patrimônio urbano ao longo de mais de 50 anos; e a dinâmica urbanística de Paris, uma capital patrimonializada, turística e “gentrificada”. Para isso, são utilizados dados empíricos que mostram a situação do Marais dentro das mudanças demográficas e socioeconômicas vivenciadas pela capital francesa. Propõe-se, ao mesmo tempo, uma discussão sobre o conceito de gentrificação e sua apropriação generalizada para caracterizar qualquer processo de transformação socioeconômica que implique o incremento da parcela mais rica da população, ou, ainda, como uma consequência perversa de qualquer intervenção urbanística. Paris sauvegardé 1962 então avolumamse avolumam se internacional é vezes local sentido Malraux 5 anos patrimonializada gentrificada. gentrificada . “gentrificada” isso Propõese, Propõese Propõe se, Propõe-se tempo população ou ainda 196 “gentrificada 19 1

ABSTRACT Not without struggle, contemporary heritagization processes in Chile show a shift from traditional perspectives - functional to the nation state discourse and the private market - to more complex and inclusive processes. This new trend is demanding important negotiation capacities as well as the political will of the different agents at stake, in order to achieve the co-construction of heritage. Through discourse analysis and indepth interviews, double crossed with secondary data, we analyzed the designation of Bellavista Oveja Tomé's industry as a historical monument; a privately-owned building and a symbolic icon for the local community. The results indicate that heritage groups achieving their agendas are those developing complex forms of activism; including both institutional and non-institutional actions. And also, those who calibrate the level of social pressure just beneath the threshold of breaking the bargaining arena, but high enough in order to overthrow hegemonic notions of heritage. In this way heritage activists are indeed making 'official' the 'non-official.

RESUMEN No sin conflicto, los procesos contemporáneos de patrimonialización en Chile muestran un desplazamiento desde la perspectiva tradicional -funcional al discurso de Estado nación y del mercado- hacia planteamientos más complejos e inclusivos. Esta tendencia exige de los agentes involucrados importantes capacidades de negociación, a la vez que voluntad política para transitar hacia una co-construcción del patrimonio. A partir del análisis de discursos de entrevistas en profundidad, trianguladas con datos secundarios, analizamos el proceso de declaratoria de la Fábrica Bellavista Oveja Tomé, en la ciudad de Tomé, como Monumento Histórico; un edificio de propiedad privada e ícono para la comunidad local. Los resultados del análisis del material indican que las alteridades que alcanzan sus objetivos son aquellas que han logrado desarrollar un activismo complejo, que utiliza tanto formas institucionales como 'no institucionales' de acción y, sobre todo, que regula los niveles de presión que impulsa, de manera de no quebrar la mesa de negociaciones, pero que a la vez logra alterar las perspectivas hegemónicas 'oficializando' el patrimonio 'no oficial.

Resumen Este artículo analiza la reivindicación del valor social del ferrocarril en Chile entre los contextos políticos de la dictadura (1973-1990) y la democracia (1990-2012). Los radicales cambios tecnológicos, políticos y económicos iniciados en dictadura, sumados a la desindustrialización y el declive del ferrocarril, gatillaron la pérdida del poder político y la obsolescencia de los modos de producción del gremio ferroviario. Y si bien el abandono propició su patrimonialización desde la década de 1980, la reivindicación de su valor social emergió con el retorno a la democracia. Se considera como caso de estudio el Ferrocarril del Sur, comprendiendo su rol social y resignificación con las declaratorias de monumentos nacionales.

Abstract This article analyzes the vindication of the social value of the railroad in Chile between the political contexts of the dictatorship (1973-1990) and democracy (1990-2012). The technological, political and economic radical changes initiated in dictatorship, together with the de-industrialization and the decline of the railroad, triggered the loss of political power and the obsolescence of the modes of production of the railroad guild. While abandonment led to a process of heritagization since the 1980s, the claim of social value emerged with the return to democracy. The Ferrocarril del Sur is considered as a case study, understanding its social role and resignification with the declarations of national monuments.

Abstract: The scientific community and the interested communities begin to see with some concern the social effects of the heritagization of cultures, evaluating the type of intervention carried out and its results. Paying attention to the UNESCO Registry of Good Safeguarding Practices for Intangible Cultural Heritage is relevant to discover ideas that have become successful cases and that can serve as a reference in the matter, being solutions that arise from the same asset management practice. Therefore, the objective is to analyze four cases that are part of this Registry and that were developed in South America, being valued for their innovative nature in the repertoire of customary patrimonial solutions. For the study of the cases, a documentary review was made of academic publications, institutional websites and patrimonial disclosure. The focus of the analysis recognizes the development of creative solutions in cultural heritage management carried out in the cases studied, which at the same time stress the inadequacies of this current model.

Resumen: La comunidad científica y las comunidades interesadas comienzan a ver con cierta preocupación los efectos sociales de la patrimonialización de las culturas, evaluando el tipo de intervención realizada y sus resultados. Prestar atención al Registro de Buenas Prácticas de Salvaguardia del Patrimonio Cultural Inmaterial de la UNESCO resulta relevante para conocer ideas y casos exitosos surgidos desde la gestión patrimonial. Por ello, el objetivo es analizar cuatro casos que forman parte de este registro y que fueron desarrollados en Sudamérica, siendo valorados por innovar en el repertorio de soluciones patrimoniales acostumbradas. Para el estudio, se hizo una revisión documental tanto de publicaciones académicas, sitios web institucionales y de divulgación patrimonial. El enfoque del análisis reconoce el desarrollo de soluciones creativas en la gestión patrimonial llevadas a cabo en los casos estudiados que a la vez tensionan las insuficiencias del vigente modelo de patrimonialización.

Este artigo aborda o registro das festas dedicadas ao Rosário de Maria como um patrimônio cultural imaterial do Brasil. Desde 2008, está em curso o processo de patrimonialização dessas festas no âmbito nacional. Essa ação se inscreve no controverso domínio do patrimônio cultural imaterial difundido em escala global pela UNESCO e que se baseia em um discurso que confere à globalização a capacidade de homogeneizar as culturas. A diversidade cultural do planeta estaria, assim, ameaçada. Diante dessa ameaça, haveria a necessidade de salvaguardar certas práticas culturais. Porém, no referido caso, trata-se de festas. As festas, notadamente as religiosas, são entendidas como o momento da produção do fato coletivo, da vida. E, dada a sua própria dinâmica, as festas não estariam em vias de desaparecimento. Dessa forma, o argumento estatal para registrar as festas como patrimônio entra em tensão com sua própria dinâmica.

This paper is about the heritagization of the Our Lady of the Rosary’s festivals, also named “Congadas de Minas”, in Brazil. This process started in 2008 by the Brazilian federal agency for cultural heritage, Instituto do Patrimônio Histórico e Artístico Nacional (IPHAN). The immaterial cultural heritage policy is based on the statement that the globalization threatens the cultural diversity in the planet. For that reason, some cultural practices, such as the Our Lady of the Rosary’s festivals, should be preserved. Nevertheless, in this specific case, the cultural practice is a festival. The festivals, especially the religious ones, are the moment when the collective phenomenon that animates social life is produced. Because of their own dynamic, the festivals do not have a risk to disappear. Therefore, the argument that bases the heritagization policies is in conflict with the dynamic of the Our Lady of the Rosary’s festivals.

Cet article porte sur la patrimonialisation de fêtes en hommage à Notre-Dame du Rosaire, appelée aussi “Congadas de Minas”, au Brésil. Depuis 2008, ce processus est en cours par l’organisme gouvernemental en charge de la politique du patrimoine, l’Instituto do Patrimônio Histórico e Artístico Nacional (IPHAN). Cette action patrimoniale est inscrite dans le controversé domaine du patrimoine culturel immatériel, diffusé globalement par l’Unesco et basé sur le discours selon lequel la mondialisation a la capacité d’homogénéiser les cultures. La diversité culturelle de la planète serait, ainsi, menacée. À cause de cela, les États devraient préserver quelques pratiques culturelles. Cependant, le cas mentionné faire référence aux fêtes, notamment aux fêtes religieuses, qui sont le moment de la production du fait collectif, de la vie sociale. De cette façon, grâce à sa propre dynamique, ces fêtes ne sont pas menacées de disparition. Par conséquent, l’argumentation de l’État pour mise en patrimoine les fêtes de Notre-Dame du Rosaire est en conflit avec la dynamique de ces fêtes.

RESUMO As ruínas da missão jesuítico-guarani de São Miguel das Missões no Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, e o Centro Histórico de Évora, Portugal, foram inscritos na lista do patrimônio mundial em 1983 e 1986, respectivamente. Neste artigo busca-se analisar em paralelo as patrimonializações de Évora e São Miguel, uma vez que as duas localidades há décadas já eram consideradas referências de políticas patrimoniais em seus países. Centra-se a atenção, porém, no contexto que levou à inscrição dos elementos materiais das cidades na lista da Organização das Nações Unidas Para a Educação, a Ciência e a Cultura, compreendendo o marco temporal dos anos 1980. Existem desafios comuns na gestão desses patrimônios, que, para além de insucessos ou exemplos de boas práticas, representam o tensionamento entre as trajetórias internas da construção dos processos patrimoniais e a patrimonialização em escala mundial.

ABSTRACT The ruins of Jesuit Missions of the Guaranis in São Miguel das Missões, in the Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul, and the Historic Centre of Évora, Portugal, were inscribed in the World Heritage List in 1983 and 1986, respectively. This article analyzes and draws parallels between the heritagization processes of Évora and São Miguel, since both locations were already considered references in terms of heritage policies in their countries for decades. However, this article focuses on the context that led to the inscription of the material elements of these cities in the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization list, considering the 1980s and its specificities. There are challenges in common in regard to the management of both heritages, which go beyond failures or examples of good practices, but represent the conflicts between the two distinct paths of building heritage processes within the country and in worldwide scale.

RESUMO Trata-se de uma narrativa sobre o processo de patrimonialização do Parque do Flamengo, no Rio de Janeiro, tombado em 1965 pelo Instituto do Patrimônio Histórico e Artístico Nacional - Iphan. O Parque foi projetado pelo arquiteto Affonso Eduardo Reidy e o paisagista Roberto Burle Marx, ligados à “escola carioca” de arquitetura moderna. O artigo estabelece conexões entre esse processo e a constituição do campo arquitetônico no Brasil, abordando as políticas de proteção de bens arquitetônicos e paisagísticos modernos promovidas pelo Iphan. Essas análises estão situadas no bojo do intenso processo de reformas urbanas implementadas na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, no governo de Carlos Lacerda, primeiro governador do estado da Guanabara, no conturbado contexto político nacional de golpe militar e instalação do regime autoritário no Brasil. O artigo explora ainda os valores de patrimônio acionados na preservação do Parque do Flamengo no contexto em que o Rio de Janeiro torna-se palco de grandes eventos esportivos e recebe o título da Unesco de Patrimônio Mundial na categoria de Paisagem Cultural, ao passo que a agenda contemporânea do campo do patrimônio coloca na ordem do dia o debate sobre a sua função social. Espera-se contribuir com reflexões sobre patrimônio na chave do direito à cidade, problematizando o tradicional confronto entre preservação cultural e especulação imobiliária. O material empírico privilegiado foi o processo de tombamento do Parque do Flamengo e as atas do Conselho Consultivo do Iphan relacionadas ao assunto.

ABSTRACT The article proposes a narrative about the process of heritagization of Parque do Flamengo (Flamengo Park), in Rio de Janeiro, in 1965, by Brazilian National Institute for Heritage (Iphan). The Park was designed by the architect Affonso Eduardo Reidy and the landscape architect Roberto Burle Marx, both linked to the group of Modernist Carioca School. The article makes connections between this process and the constitution of the field of architecture in Brazil, especially the policies aimed at the protection of modern architectural and landscape assets promoted by Iphan. The context is the midst of intense urban reforms in the city of Rio de Janeiro under the government of Carlos Lacerda, first governor of the state of Guanabara, in the troubled national political context of a military coup and the establishment of the authoritarian regime in Brazil. It also explores the ways for preservation of Parque do Flamengo when Rio de Janeiro hosted major sporting events and received the Unesco title of World Heritage Cultural Landscape, while the contemporary agenda of the field is the debate on the social function of heritage. It is hoped to contribute with reflections on heritage in the key of the rights to the city, problematizing the traditional confrontation between preservation and the real estate speculation. The privileged empirical material was the process of registration of Parque do Flamengo as Brazilian Cultural Heritage and the Reports of the Consultative Council of Cultural Heritage Meetings that Parque do Flamengo was under debate.

Desde la integración de España y Portugal en la Unión Europea, el discurso solemne y retórico de las administraciones públicas abunda en la idea de que “el tiempo de la frontera ha concluido”, lo que supone una nueva etapa de apertura entre pueblos vecinos, antes enfrentados, ahora hermanados. En este escenario, algunas poblaciones periféricas y fronterizas hispano-lusas viven una interesante paradoja, pues el sector turístico y las administraciones locales ponen en valor la frontera y los signos diacríticos que en cada lado certifican la diferencia elevándolos a la categoría de patrimonio cultural. Esta instrumentalización de referentes significativos genera una atmósfera y un paisaje que fascina a aquellos visitantes interesados en vivir la experiencia de estar en un espacio liminar donde (presuntamente) se contraponen culturas diferentes. En el artículo se analizan estos procesos de patrimonialización y la incipiente cooperación transfronteriza en Alcoutim y Sanlúcar de Guadiana, dos localidades ribereñas del Bajo Guadiana.

Since the integration of Spain and Portugal in the European Union, the formal discourse and rhetoric of governments is loaded with the idea that “the time of the border is over”, presupposing a new stage of opening between neighbouring villages, once opposed, now twinned. In this scenario, some peripheral and border populations of Spain and Portugal live an interesting paradox, because the tourism sector and local governments place value on the border, and the diacritics that on each side evidence differences, are elevated to the status of cultural heritage. This instrumentalization of significant references helps create an ambience and sets up a landscape that fascinates visitors interested in living the experience of being at a frontier where (presumably) different cultures are counterposed. The present article discusses these processes of heritagization and analyses emerging cross-border cooperation in Alcoutim and Sanlúcar de Guadiana, two riverside towns of the Bajo Guadiana.