ABSTRACT Weed control is a challenge in crop management due to the limited number of registered herbicides, especially for preemergent application. This study aimed to investigate the selectivity of pre-emergent herbicides with different mechanisms of action for wheat. The experiment consisted of two stages: the first involved screening under greenhouse conditions, and the second assessing the selected treatments under field conditions, with a focus on crop yield. Plant phytointoxication, crop stand, and shoot dry weight were assessed in the greenhouse experiment, and tillering, crop stand, plant height, canopy closure, yield, 1000-grain weight, and hectoliter weight in the field. Under greenhouse conditions, [imazapic + imazapyr], pendimethalin, isoxaflutole, florpyrauxifen, and halosulfuron-methyl produced the best results and were selected for the field experiment. Florpyrauxifen was the only herbicide that was selective both in greenhouse and field experiments. Isoxaflutole and trifluralin did not damage wheat in any of the field evaluations. Despite reducing crop performance in some assessments, pendimethalin and flumioxazin provided yield, hectoliter weight, and 1000-grain weight results equivalent to the herbicide-free control. Florpyrauxifen (1.08 g ha-1) was the most promising herbicide. Trifluralin (900 g ha-1), pendimethalin (1750 g ha-1), isoxaflutole (60 g ha-1), and flumioxazin (40 and 60 g ha-1) also produced grain yields equivalent to the control without herbicide. application pre emergent stages conditions yield phytointoxication stand tillering height closure 1000grain 1000 imazapic imazapyr, imazapyr , imazapyr] florpyrauxifen halosulfuronmethyl halosulfuron methyl experiments evaluations assessments herbicidefree free 1.08 108 1 08 (1.0 ha1 ha ha-1 900 (90 ha1, 1750 (175 (6 40 (4 6 100 1.0 10 0 (1. ha- 90 (9 175 (17 ( 4 1. (1 9 17

RESUMO Uma das dificuldades encontradas no manejo da cultura é o controle de plantas daninhas, pois existem poucas opções de herbicidas registrados, principalmente em pré-emergência. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a seletividade dos herbicidas préemergentes com diferentes mecanismos de ação para a cultura do trigo. Os experimentos foram divididos em duas etapas: na primeira, foi realizada uma seleção preliminar em casa de vegetação e na segunda, os tratamentos selecionados foram avaliados em campo, visando principalmente a produtividade da cultura. Em casa de vegetação foram avaliadas a fitointoxicação, o estande e a massa seca da parte aérea. Em condições de campo, foram avaliados o estande, o perfilhamento, a altura das plantas, o fechamento do dossel, o rendimento, a massa de mil grãos e o peso hectolitrico. Em estufa, [imazapic + imazapyr], pendimethalin, isoxaflutole, florpyrauxifen e halosulfuron-methyl apresentaram os melhores resultados e foram selecionados para os experimentos em condições de campo. O florpyrauxifen foi o único herbicida que se destacou positivamente na estufa e nas experiências de campo. Isoxaflutole e trifluralin não prejudicaram a cultura em nenhuma das avaliações de campo. Pendimethalin e flumioxazin, embora tenham reduzido o desempenho da cultura em algumas avaliações, forneceram resultados em rendimento, peso de hectolitros e mil massa de grãos equivalente ao controle. Florpyrauxifen (1,08 g ha-1) foi o herbicida mais promissor. Trifluralin (900 g ha-1), pendimethalin (1750 g ha-1), isoxaflutole (60 g ha-1) e flumioxazin (40 e 60 g ha-1) apresentaram um rendimento de grãos equivalente ao controle sem herbicida. daninhas registrados préemergência. préemergência pré emergência. emergência pré-emergência trigo etapas primeira segunda campo fitointoxicação aérea perfilhamento dossel hectolitrico imazapic imazapyr, imazapyr , imazapyr] halosulfuronmethyl halosulfuron methyl 1,08 108 1 08 (1,0 ha1 ha ha-1 promissor 900 (90 ha1, 1750 (175 (6 40 (4 6 1,0 10 0 (1, ha- 90 (9 175 (17 ( 4 1, (1 9 17

ABSTRACT The introduction of 2,4-D-tolerant soybeans (ENLIST®) offers a new potential for herbicide application. Therefore, the present study aimed to (a) evaluate the effect of combinations of post-emergent herbicides on the control of Conyza spp. and (b) assess the selectivity of the post-emergent herbicide association in soybeans, ensuring effective application without compromising the health of the crop. A field experiment with 2,4-D-tolerant soybeans utilized a randomized complete block design with 14 treatments across four replications. Treatments included various combinations of 2,4-D with glyphosate, chlorimuron-ethyl, cloransulam-methyl, imazethapyr, bentazon, and imazamox. These were applied either as a single treatment or sequentially 15 days after treatment (DAT) using glufosinate-ammonium alongside two controls without herbicide application. The results showed less than 15% control across all treatments. At 21 DAT, only the treatments applied sequentially showed significant control, with effectiveness exceeding 80% against Conyza spp. In contrast, the single applications of the herbicide combinations with 2,4-D were ineffective for post-emergence control of Conyza spp. 2,4Dtolerant 24Dtolerant Dtolerant 2,4 D tolerant 2 4 ENLIST® ENLIST (ENLIST® Therefore (a postemergent post emergent spp b (b crop 1 replications 2,4D 24D glyphosate chlorimuronethyl, chlorimuronethyl chlorimuron ethyl, ethyl chlorimuron-ethyl cloransulammethyl, cloransulammethyl cloransulam methyl, methyl cloransulam-methyl imazethapyr bentazon imazamox DAT (DAT glufosinateammonium glufosinate ammonium 80 contrast postemergence emergence 4Dtolerant 24 2, (ENLIST 4D 8

RESUMO A introdução da soja tolerante a 2,4-D (ENLIST®) oferece um novo potencial para a aplicação de herbicidas. Dessa forma, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo: (a) avaliar o efeito das combinações de herbicidas pós-emergentes no controle de Conyza spp., e (b) a seletividade da associação de herbicidas pós-emergentes em soja, garantindo uma aplicação eficaz sem comprometer a saúde da cultura. Um experimento de campo com soja tolerante ao 2,4-D utilizou um delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados, com 14 tratamentos em quatro repetições. Os tratamentos incluíram várias combinações de 2,4-D com glifosato, chlorimuron, cloransulam, imazethapyr, bentazona e imazamox. Estes foram aplicados como um único tratamento ou sequencialmente 15 dias após o tratamento (DAT) usando glufosinato de amônio, juntamente com dois controles sem aplicação de herbicida. Os resultados mostraram menos de 15% de fitotoxicidade em todos os tratamentos. Aos 21 DAT, apenas os tratamentos aplicados sequencialmente mostraram controle significativo, com eficácia superior a 80% contra Conyza spp. Em contraste, as aplicações únicas das combinações de herbicidas com 2,4-D foram ineficazes para o controle pós-emergência de Conyza spp. 2,4D 24D D 2,4 2 4 ENLIST® ENLIST (ENLIST® forma objetivo (a pósemergentes pós emergentes spp b (b cultura casualizados 1 repetições glifosato chlorimuron cloransulam imazethapyr imazamox DAT (DAT amônio herbicida significativo 80 contraste pósemergência emergência 4D 24 2, (ENLIST 8

Abstract: Fodder beet is a crop of interest in the Norpatagonia Argentina, since it is used for feeding cattle in winter. Although it offers nutritional advantages and significant yields, its slow establishment and competition with weeds pose challenges to producers, and thus the application of herbicides is essential for proper crop management. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of replacing the pre-emergent herbicide S-metolachlor by pendimethalin on the establishment of fod- der beer. Pot and field experiments were carried out. The pot experiment consisted of 3 treatments of pre-emergent herbicides (PRE): S-metolachlor 1 L ha-1 (M) and pendimethalin in two doses: 4 and 6 L ha-1 (P4 and P6), and a post-emergent herbicide (POS): Betanal 1 L ha-1 (B). The field experiment was conducted using a split-plot design, with PRE (P4, P6 and M) as the main factor, and with and without POS (B) as the secondary factor. Crop emergence dynamics and weed control were evaluated by comparing richness, abundance and diversity between treatments. In the pot trial, treatment P4 showed crop emergence dynamics similar to the control treatment (T), being less phytotoxic than M. In both experiments, the treatments did not show significant differences in weed species richness, while P4 without POS was the treatment exhibiting the highest abundance and diversity of species. The replacement of M by P4 would be a suitable alternative for the establishment of fodder beet crop accompanied by a post-emergence herbicide.

Resumen: La remolacha forrajera es un cultivo de interés en la Norpatagonia Argentina, ya que es usada para la alimentación del ganado bovino en invierno. Aunque ofrece ventajas nutricionales y rendimientos significativos, su lenta implantación y la competencia con malezas presenta algunas dificultades para los productores, por lo que la aplicación de herbicidas es fundamental para el adecuado manejo del cultivo. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar el efecto de sustituir el herbicida preemergente S-metalocloro por pendimetalin en la implantación del cultivo. Se llevaron a cabo experimentos en maceta y de campo. El experimento en macetas consistió en tres tratamientos de herbicidas preemergentes (PRE): S-metalocloro 1 L ha-1 (M) y pendimetalin en dos dosis: 4 y 6 L ha-1 (P4 y P6); y un herbicida posemergente (POS): Betanal 1 L ha-1 (B). El experimento de campo se realizó usando un diseño de parcelas divididas donde el factor principal fue PRE (P4, P6 y M), y el factor secundario fue POS: con y sin (B). Se evaluó la dinámica de emergencia del cultivo y el control de malezas, comparando riqueza, abundancia y diversidad entre tratamientos. En el experimento en macetas, el tratamiento P4 mostró una dinámica de emergencia del cultivo similar al tratamiento testigo (T), siendo menos fitotóxico que M. En ambos experimentos, los tratamientos no evidenciaron diferencias significativas en riqueza de especies de malezas, mientras que P4 sin POS fue el que presentó mayor abundancia y diversidad. La sustitución de M por P4 sería una alternativa adecuada para la implantación del cultivo de remolacha forrajera, acompañada de un herbicida de posemergencia.

Abstract Introduction. Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L) Lam.) is sensitive to weed competition, and chemical control in Costa Rica is challenging due to limited local information on herbicide selectivity. Objective. To determine the selectivity of six herbicides applied at different stages of development to Criollo sweet potatoes and their effect on coverage, biomass, and crop yield. Materials and methods. Between August and December 2021, three experiments were conducted at the Fabio Baudrit Moreno Agricultural Experimental Station, Universidad de Costa Rica, Alajuela, Costa Rica. Herbicides were applied (in kg a.i. ha-1) as follows: a) Experiment 1: 0.36 of metribuzin, 1.50 of pendimethalin, 0.48 of clomazone, 0.075 of halosulfuron, 1.00 of linuron, and 1.25 of metolachlor, applied six days after planting (dap) in a randomized block design with four repetitions; b) Experiment 2: 1.00 of linuron and 0.36 of metribuzin 0.36, applied at -1, 15 and 30 dap, in a randomized block design with a 2x3 factorial arrangement and three repetitions; and c) Experiment 3: 0.075 of halosulfuron and 0.36 of metribuzin, mixed with 0.125 of fluazifop-p-butyl in a randomized block design with three repetitions. Weeding was performed at 15 and 30 dap in all cases. Results. Root yield was not affected in any of the three experiments. Experiment 1: Only halosulfuron caused mild damage to the plants; no herbicide affected above-ground biomass production. Experiment 2: Only linuron and metribuzin applied at 15 and 30 dap caused mild damage. Experiment 3: The mixtures caused temporary damage to the plants. Conclusions. The evaluated herbicides were selective to the Criollo sweet potatoes, and did not affect the yield of marketable storage roots. Only halosulfuron caused mild damage in all application forms, and metribuzin and linuron only in late applications.

Resumen Introducción. El camote (Ipomoea batatas (L) Lam) es sensible a la competencia por arvenses, cuyo control químico en Costa Rica se dificulta por la limitada información local generada sobre selectividad de herbicidas. Objetivo. Determinar la selectividad de seis herbicidas aplicados en diferentes etapas de desarrollo al camote Criollo y su efecto en la cobertura, biomasa y rendimiento del cultivo. Materiales y métodos. Entre agosto y diciembre 2021, se realizaron tres experimentos en la Estación Experimental Agrícola Fabio Baudrit Moreno, Universidad de Costa Rica, Alajuela, Costa Rica. Estos incluyeron la aplicación de herbicidas (en kg i.a. ha-1) de la siguiente manera: a) experimento 1: 0,36 de metribuzin, 1,50 de pendimetalina, 0,48 de clomazone, 0,075 de halosulfuron, 1,00 de linuron y 1,25 de metolaclor, aplicados seis días después de la siembra (dds) en diseño de bloques al azar con cuatro repeticiones; b) experimento 2: 1,00 de linuron y 0,36 de metribuzin, aplicados a los -1, 15 y 30 dds, en diseño de bloques al azar con arreglo factorial 2x3 y tres repeticiones; y c) experimento 3: 0,075 de halosulfuron y 0,36 de metribuzin, mezclado con 0,125 de fluazifop-p-butil en diseño de bloques al azar con tres repeticiones. En todos los casos se realizó deshierba 15 y 30 dds. Resultados. En ninguno de los tres experimentos se vio afectada la producción de raíces reservantes. Experimento 1: solo el halosulfuron causó daños leves en las plantas; ningún herbicida afectó la producción de biomasa aérea. Experimento 2: solo el linuron y metribuzin aplicados 15 y 30 dds causaron daños leves. Experimento 3: las mezclas causaron daños temporales en las plantas. Conclusiones. Los herbicidas evaluados fueron selectivos al camote variedad Criollo y no afectaron el rendimiento de raíces reservantes comercializables; solo halosulfuron causó daños leves en todas las formas de aplicación, y metribuzin y linuron solo en aplicaciones tardías.

ABSTRACT Among weed control methods, chemical control using herbicides is one of the most widely employed due to its practicality and efficiency. However, there is still a lack of reliable information regarding the effectiveness of low-volume spraying and the droplet spectrum for contact herbicides, such as fomesafen. The objective was to determine the spray volume and droplet spectrum for applying the fomesafen herbicide and its efficacy in controlling hairy beggarticks (Bidens pilosa) and littlebell (Ipomoea triloba). The herbicide was applied using a CO2-pressurized knapsack sprayer with TT11002 spray tip spaced at 0.50 m, operating at pressures of 100 kPa (very coarse droplets) and 400 kPa (medium-sized droplets) with spray volumes of 35, 70, 140, and 280 L ha-1, obtained by varying the application speed. At the time of application, the percentage of covered area and droplet density (droplets cm-²) were evaluated on water-sensitive paper labels using the DropScope® program. The best control results for hairy beggarticks were achieved when the application was performed with very coarse droplets at a pressure of 100 kPa, with a spray volume between 65 and 280 L ha-1, droplet density exceeding 60 droplets cm-2, and coverage greater than 10%. Fomesafen does not provide effective control of littlebell. methods efficiency However lowvolume low Bidens pilosa Ipomoea triloba. triloba . triloba) CO2pressurized COpressurized CO2 pressurized CO TT TT1100 050 0 50 0.5 m 10 40 mediumsized medium sized 35 70 140 28 ha1, ha1 ha 1, 1 ha-1 speed cm² cm ² cm-² watersensitive water sensitive DropScope program 6 cm2, cm2 2, 2 cm-2 10% TT110 05 5 0. 4 3 7 14 ha- cm- TT11 TT1

RESUMO Dentre os métodos de controle de plantas daninhas, o químico, por meio de herbicidas, é um dos mais utilizados devido à sua praticidade e eficiência. No entanto, ainda faltam informações confiáveis sobre a eficácia de aplicações em baixo volume e o espectro de gotas a ser utilizado para herbicidas de contato, como o fomesafen. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o volume de calda e espectro de gotas para aplicação do herbicida fomesafen, bem como a eficácia no controle de picão-preto (Bidens pilosa) e corda-de-viola (Ipomoea triloba). O herbicida foi aplicado utilizando pulverizador pressurizado por CO2, com pontas TT11002 espaçadas de 0,50 m, operando nas pressões de 100 kPa (gotas muito grossas) e 400 kPa (gotas médias) nos volumes de calda de 35, 70, 140 e 280 L ha-1, obtidos por meio da variação na velocidade de aplicação. No momento da aplicação foram avaliados a porcentagem de área coberta e a densidade de gotas (gotas cm-²) em etiquetas de papel hidrossensível, utilizando o programa DropScope®. Melhores índices de controle do picão-preto são obtidos quando a aplicação foi realizada com gotas muito grossas, na pressão de 100 kPa, com volume de calda entre 65 e 280 L ha-1, densidade de gotas superior a 60 gotas cm-2 e cobertura maior que 10%. O fomesafen não controla a corda-de-viola. daninhas químico eficiência entanto contato picãopreto picão preto Bidens pilosa cordadeviola corda viola Ipomoea triloba. triloba . triloba) CO2 CO TT TT1100 050 0 50 0,5 m 10 grossas 40 médias 35 70 14 28 ha1, ha1 ha 1, 1 ha-1 cm² cm ² cm-² hidrossensível DropScope DropScope® 6 cm2 2 cm- 10% cordadeviola. viola. TT110 05 5 0, 4 3 7 ha- TT11 TT1

ABSTRACT Lowland rice in Santa Catarina (SC), Brazil, is grown as a sole crop, which has aggravated problems with weeds. In this context, the objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of weed management systems in soybean crops to decrease weed infestation in lowland rice production areas, using pre- and post-emergence herbicides. The experiment was conducted in Turvo, SC, from August 2021 to April 2022. A randomized block design with four replications was used, in a 6 × 5 factorial arrangement. The factors consisted of six pre-emergence herbicides treatments (S-metolachlor, diclosulam, sulfentrazone, sulfentrazone + diuron, pyroxasulfone + flumioxazin, and a control without herbicide), and five post-emergence herbicide treatments: control without herbicide, glyphosate at two rates (930 and 1,550 g a.e. ha-1), applied alone or in combination with clethodim. The herbicide sulfentrazone caused persistent phytotoxicity and resulted in the lowest soybean grain yield. The herbicide S-metolachlor was ineffective in controlling weed species, except barnyard grass, even when combined with post-emergence application. The poor control of these weed species does not result in significant interference, causing no significant decreases in grain yield of soybean crops grown in floodplain soils. The use of S-metolachlor, diclosulam, and pyroxasulfone + flumioxazin, combined with post-emergence application of glyphosate (930 g a.e. ha-1), resulted in highly effective control of barnyard grass, inhibiting weed seed production. Only the combination of glyphosate (1,550 g a.e. ha-1) with clethodim can suppress barnyard grass seed production without using pre-emergence herbicides. SC , (SC) Brazil crop weeds context areas pre postemergence post emergence Turvo 202 2022 used arrangement preemergence Smetolachlor, Smetolachlor S metolachlor, metolachlor (S-metolachlor diclosulam diuron flumioxazin herbicide) 930 (93 1550 1 550 1,55 ae e a.e ha1, ha1 ha interference soils (1,55 ha-1 (SC 20 93 (9 155 55 1,5 (1,5 ha- 2 9 ( 15 1, (1, (1

RESUMO O arroz irrigado em Santa Catarina é cultivado em monocultivo, o que tem agravado os problemas com plantas daninhas. Deste modo, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a eficiência de sistemas de manejo de plantas daninhas na cultura da soja sobre a redução da infestação de plantas daninhas em uma área de produção de arroz irrigado, utilizando para isso herbicidas em pré e/ou pós-emergência da soja. O experimento foi conduzido no município de Turvo - SC no período de agosto de 2021 a abril de 2022. Utilizou-se o delineamento de blocos casualizados com tratamentos organizados em esquema fatorial 6 × 5, com quatro repetições. O fator A constou de seis tratamentos aplicados em pré-emergência, os herbicidas utilizados foram: S-metolachlor, diclosulam, sulfentrazone, sulfentrazone + diuron, pyroxasulfone + flumioxazin, além de uma testemunha sem herbicida. Já o fator B constou de cinco tratamentos aplicados em pós-emergência: testemunha sem herbicida, gyphosate em duas doses (930 e 1550 g e.a. ha-1), aplicadas de forma isoladas ou em associação com clethodim. O herbicida S-metolachlor foi ineficiente para o controle de outras plantas daninhas, mesmo quando combinado com a aplicação em pós-emergência. O controle deficiente destas espécies não resulta em significativa interferência, não causando decréscimo na produtividade de grãos da soja, em ambientes de terras baixas. O uso dos herbicidas S-metolachlor, diclosulam e pyroxasulfone + flumioxazin, combinados com a aplicação em pós-emergência de glyphosate (930 g e.a. ha-1) resultou em controle eficiente de capim-arroz e inibiu a produção de sementes. Apenas a associação de glyphosate (1550 g e.a. ha-1) com clethodim suprimiu a produção de sementes de capim-arroz, sem a aplicação de herbicidas em pré-emergência. monocultivo modo eou pósemergência pós emergência 202 2022 Utilizouse Utilizou se 5 repetições préemergência, préemergência emergência, pré-emergência foram Smetolachlor, Smetolachlor S metolachlor, metolachlor diuron flumioxazin 930 (93 155 ea e.a ha1, ha1 ha 1 , pósemergência. emergência. interferência baixas ha-1 capimarroz capim (155 capimarroz, arroz, préemergência. 20 93 (9 15 ha- (15 2 9 ( (1

RESUMEN: La pendimentalina es un herbicida usado en cultivos de ciclo corto. Su uso indiscrimado reduce la población benéfica de microorganismos en los sistemas productivos. El objetivo del trabajo fue evaluar el efecto de la pendimentalina sobre el crecimiento celular de rizobacterias. La investigación se realizó en el Laboratorio de Microbiología y Biología Molecular de la Universidad Técnica Estatal de Quevedo, donde se realizaron los siguientes experimentos con contaminación de pendimentalina: 1) Adaptabilidad de las rizobacterias en condiciones in vitro; 2) Niveles de tolerancia de las rizobacterias bajo diferentes condiciones abióticas in vitro; 3) Reducción de estrés por rizobacterias en suelos. Las rizobacterias presentan una mayor adaptabilidad a las 72 h con absorbancia de 2,38 y 2,51 en las cepas (CHA0, BA4-19, B03-4, PM3-14 y R4), además durante este tiempo establecen un pH neutro, a pesar de las condiciones ácidas y alcalinas. La cepa CHA0 presentó mayor número de células bajo pH neutro (1,09E+09 UFC/mL). Las cepas BA4-19 y PM3-14 demuestra una leve mejoría en los aspectos morfológicos. Las rizobacterias tienen una adaptabilidad a nivel in vitro, pero su uso disminuye levemente la toxicidad del herbicida en procesos de germinación y crecimiento de arroz.

ABSTRACT: Pendimentalin is an herbicide used in short-cycle crops. Its indiscriminate use reduces the beneficial population of microorganisms in production systems. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of pendimentalin on the cell growth of rhizobacteria. The research was conducted at the Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology of the State Technical University of Quevedo, where the following experiments with pendimentalin contamination were carried out: 1) Adaptability of rhizobacteria under in vitro conditions; 2) Tolerance levels of rhizobacteria under different abiotic conditions in vitro; 3) Reduction of stress by rhizobacteria in soils. The rhizobacteria show a higher adaptability at 72 h with absorbance of 2.38 and 2.51 in the strains (CHA0, BA4-19, B03-4, PM3-14 and R4), also during this time they establish a neutral pH, despite the acidic and alkaline conditions. Strain CHA0 presented the highest number of cells under neutral pH (1.09E+09 CFU/mL). Strains BA4-19 and PM3-14 showed a slight improvement in morphological aspects. Rhizobacteria have adaptability at the in vitro level, but their use slightly reduces the toxicity of the herbicide in rice germination and growth processes.

Abstract Introduction: Glyphosate is the most widely used herbicide worldwide and in Brazil. There is currently increasing concern about the effects of glyphosate on human health. The Brazilian Institute for Consumer Protection showed data on the presence of glyphosate in some of Brazil’s most consumed ultra-processed products. Currently, regulations on the upper limit for these residues in ultra-processed foods have yet to be established by the National Health Surveillance, and ultra-processed food consumption is independently associated with an increased risk of incident chronic kidney disease. Methods: Since an unbalanced diet can interfere with kidney function, this study aims to investigate the effect of daily intake of 5 mg/kg bw glyphosate in conjunction with a balanced diet and the possible impact on renal function in rats. Kidney function, kidney weight, markers of renal injury, and oxidative stress were evaluated. Results: There was a decrease in kidney weight. The main histopathological alterations in renal tissues were vacuolation in the initial stage and upregulation of the kidney injury marker KIM-1. Renal injury is associated with increased production of reactive oxygen species in mitochondria. Conclusion: This study showed changes in the kidney of rats exposed to a balanced diet with glyphosate, suggesting a potential risk to human kidney. Presumably, ultra-processed food that contain glyphosate can potentiate this risk. The relevance of these results lies in drawing attention to the need to regulate glyphosate concentration in ultra-processed foods in the future. Introduction Brazil health Brazils s ultraprocessed ultra processed products Currently Surveillance disease Methods mgkg mg kg weight evaluated Results KIM1. KIM1 KIM 1. 1 KIM-1 mitochondria Conclusion Presumably future KIM-

RESUMO Introdução: O glifosato é o herbicida mais utilizado no mundo e no Brasil. Atualmente, há uma preocupação crescente com os efeitos do glifosato na saúde humana. O Instituto Brasileiro de Defesa do Consumidor apresentou dados sobre a presença de glifosato em alguns dos produtos ultraprocessados mais consumidos no Brasil. Atualmente, as regulamentações sobre o limite máximo desses resíduos em alimentos ultraprocessados ainda não foram estabelecidas pela Vigilância Sanitária Nacional, e o consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados está independentemente associado a um risco maior de doença renal crônica incidente. Métodos: Como uma dieta desbalanceada pode interferir na função renal, este estudo tem como objetivo investigar o efeito da ingestão diária de 5 mg/kg pc de glifosato em conjunto com uma dieta equilibrada e o possível impacto na função renal em ratos. Foram avaliados função renal, peso dos rins, marcadores de lesão renal e estresse oxidativo. Resultados: Houve redução no peso dos rins. As principais alterações histopatológicas nos tecidos renais foram vacuolização no estágio inicial e regulação positiva do marcador de lesão renal KIM-1. A lesão renal está associada à produção aumentada de espécies reativas de oxigênio nas mitocôndrias. Conclusão: Esse estudo mostrou alterações nos rins de ratos expostos a uma dieta balanceada com glifosato, sugerindo um risco potencial ao rim humano. Presumivelmente, alimentos ultraprocessados que contenham glifosato podem potencializar esse risco. A relevância desses resultados está no fato de chamar a atenção para a necessidade de regulamentar a concentração de glifosato em alimentos ultraprocessados no futuro. Introdução Brasil Atualmente humana Nacional incidente Métodos mgkg mg kg oxidativo Resultados KIM1. KIM1 KIM 1. 1 KIM-1 mitocôndrias Conclusão humano Presumivelmente futuro KIM-

Resumen El dicloruro de 1,1’-dimetil-4,4’-bipiridilo (Paraquat®) es un compuesto químico de la familia de las piridinas, utilizado como herbicida no selectivo y desecante. Este compuesto puede causar intoxicación aguda por todas las vías de exposición. En el momento, no hay un antídoto conocido y los tratamientos disponibles, incluidos los pediátricos, se basan en contrarrestar su absorción y propiciar su remoción oportuna. Se describe una serie de casos de 14 pacientes pediátricos, procedentes en su mayoría del departamento del Cauca, con intoxicación aguda por ingestión de paraquat. Los pacientes fueron remitidos y atendidos en un hospital de mediana a alta complejidad en el suroccidente colombiano, con un protocolo institucional para el manejo de la intoxicación aguda por el herbicida. La intoxicación aguda con paraquat por vía oral se asocia con una alta tasa de mortalidad, aún con atención médica oportuna, pues fácilmente se alcanzan concentraciones sistémicas para ser fulminante. Basado en la literatura disponible, el Hospital Universitario San José ha propuesto un protocolo clínico -adecuado para la intoxicación aguda por paraquat en población pediátrica- que incluye manejo estándar temprano, tratamiento inmunosupresor y antioxidante, y técnicas para su remoción sistémica

Abstract Paraquat®, or N,N‘-dimethyl-4,4‘-bipyridinium dichloride, is a bipyridyl compound used as a non-selective herbicide and desiccant that can cause acute poisoning through all routes of exposure. There is no known antidote, and the available treatments are based on avoiding its absorption and timely removing it, in adults and children. We describe a case series of 14 pediatric patients from the department of Cauca, Colombia, with acute intoxication after oral intake of paraquat. Patients were referred to a medium-high complexity hospital in southwestern Colombia and treated according to an institutional protocol for acute paraquat poisoning. Acute paraquat poisoning after oral ingestion is associated with a high mortality rate, even with timely medical attention, as the compound has no known antidote and quickly reaches systemic concentrations for fulminant poisoning. Based on the available literature, our center has proposed a clinical protocol including early standard management, immunosuppressive and antioxidant treatments, and systemic removal techniques. This protocol suggests an adequate approach to acute paraquat poisoning in the pediatric population.

Resumen Chloris truncata R. Br es una gramínea perenne con vía fotosintética C4. Es originaria de Australia, pero actualmente se distribuye en otras regiones subtropicales del mundo. En España se considera una especie alóctona naturalizada, en márgenes de carretera, principalmente en Extremadura y Cataluña. Actualmente, se han reportado fallos en su control con glifosato. Estudios previos reportan que la resistencia a herbicidas se basa en la amplificación del gen EPSPS. En 2022 se recolectaron semillas de plantas de campo supervivientes a tratamientos con glifosato en Talayuela - Extremadura (CTT-R); como material sensible de referencia se usó una población procedente de Australia (CTA-S). Se realizaron pruebas preliminares (invernadero) en plántulas con cuatro hojas (BBCH 14), con dosis de (1.5 y 3 L ha-1) 540 y 1080 g i.a. ha-1 de glifosato, sobreviviendo un 100%. En el mismo año, se llevaron a cabo, ensayos de dosis - respuesta con un rango de dosis entre 270 y 8,640 g i.a. ha-1. A los 28 días después del tratamiento (DAT), se evaluó el porcentaje de supervivencia y se determinaron valores de: 1.146,7 y 321,34 g i.a. ha-1 para la GR50 con un Factor de Resistencia (RF) de 3,7 veces; para LD50, 1.882,9 y 712.5 g i.a. ha-1 con un RF de 2.6 para las poblaciones CTT-R y CTA-S, respectivamente. Actualmente se llevan a cabo experimentos complementarios de dosis-respuesta con nuevas poblaciones recolectadas en Extremadura y Cataluña, para confirmar o no, la presencia de otros biotipos resistentes al glifosato y dilucidar el mecanismo de resistencia involucrado.

Abstract Chloris truncata R. Br is a perennial grass with a C4 photosynthetic pathway. It is native to Australia, but it is currently distributed in other subtropical regions of the world. In Spain, it is considered a naturalized allochthonous species, mainly in Extremadura and Catalonia. Currently, there have been reported failures in its control with glyphosate. Previous studies report that herbicide resistance is based on EPSPS gene amplification. In 2022, seeds were collected from field plant survivors of glyphosate treatments in Talayuela - Extremadura (CTT-R); a population from Australia (CTA-S) was used as sensitive reference material. Preliminary tests (greenhouse) were carried out on seedlings with four leaves (BBCH 14), with doses of (1.5 and 3 L ha-1) 540 and 1080 g a.i. ha-1 of glyphosate, with 100% survival. In the same year, dose-response trials were carried out with a dose range between 270 and 8,640 g a.i. ha-1. At 28 days after treatment (DAT), the survival percentage was evaluated and values of: 1,146.7 and 321.34 g a.i. ha-1 were determined with a Resistance Factor (RF) of 3.7 times according to GR50; for LD50, 1,882.9 and 712.5 g a.i. ha-1 with RF of 2.6 for the CTT-R and CTA-S populations, respectively. Complementary dose-response experiments are currently being carried out with new populations collected in Extremadura and Catalonia, to confirm or not, the presence of other glyphosate-resistant biotypes and to elucidate the resistance mechanism involved.

Resumen Gracias a su capacidad alelopática, la investigación de aceites esenciales (AE) como alternativas sostenibles para el control de malas hierbas ha despertado un considerable interés a lo largo de los últimos años. En este estudio, se ha evaluado la capacidad fitotóxica del AE extraído de Carlina acaulis L. (Apiaceae) en la mala hierba Bidens pilosa L. Este aceite, principalmente compuesto de óxido de carlina (98%), ha exhibido notables efectos fitotóxicos en el metabolismo de Bidens pilosa. Estos efectos incluyen necrosis en las hojas, reducción en el contenido relativo de agua y área foliar total, y un aumento en la relación peso seco/peso fresco, indicando una posible alteración en el estado hídrico de la planta. El análisis del sistema fotosintético reveló una significativa disminución en la eficiencia fotoquímica del fotosistema II (Φ II) y en la eficiencia cuántica máxima del fotosistema II (F v /F m ) tras la aplicación del AE. En contraste, la energía disipada en forma de calor (Φ NPQ) aumentó significativamente. El daño al fotosistema II coincidió con una disminución en las concentraciones de manganeso y calcio, sugiriendo una alteración en el clúster Mn4Ca del fotosistema II. El análisis metabolómico reveló acumulación de isoleucina y valina, asociadas comúnmente con estrés osmótico, y una disminución general en el contenido de azúcares. Nuestros resultados indican que el AE de C. acaulis es un producto natural prometedor con un fuerte potencial fitotóxico contra Bidens pilosa, y se sugiere la exploración de sus efectos en otras malas hierbas.

Abstract Due to its allelopathic capability, the investigation of essential oils (EO) as sustainable alternatives for weed control has gained considerable interest in the last years. In this study, we investigated the phytotoxic capacity of the essential oil extracted from Carlina acaulis L. (Apiaceae) on the weed Bidens pilosa L. This essential oil, mainly composed of carlina oxide (98%), has demonstrated remarkable phytotoxic effects on the metabolism of Bidens pilosa. These effects include leaf necrosis, a reduction in relative water content and total leaf area, and an increase in the dry weight/fresh weight ratio, indicating possible alteration in the plant's water status. After EO short-exposition, analysis of the photosynthetic system revealed a significant decrease in the photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (Φ II) and the maximum photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (F v /F m ). In contrast, the energy dissipated as heat (Φ NPQ) increased significantly. Damage to photosystem II was accompanied by a decrease in manganese and calcium concentrations, suggesting an alteration in the Mn4Ca cluster of photosystem II. Metabolomics analysis revealed a general decrease in sugar content and an accumulation of isoleucine and valine, commonly associated with osmotic stress situations. Our results indicate that the EO of C. acaulis is a promising natural product with strong phytotoxic potential against Bidens pilosa, and the exploration of its effects on other weeds is suggested.

Resumen Amaranthus palmeri es una mala hierba invasora presente en territorio español. Se han descrito poblaciones resistentes a los inhibidores de la ALS y a los de la EPSPS. Se sospecha la presencia de resistencia múltiple a los dos modos de acción en unas mismas poblaciones. En este trabajo se ensaya la respuesta a estos modos de acción (MoA) en de dos poblaciones de margen de carretera procedentes de Catalunya. En un ensayo dosis respuesta la mayoría de las plantas tratadas con 540 g i.a./ha de glifosato sobrevivía en las dos poblaciones y algunos individuos incluso a la dosis de campo de 1080g/ha. Tratamientos con dosis única con inhibidores de la ALS destacan una alta resistencia a thifensulfuron-metil (6 g a.i. ha−1) y baja a imazamox (40 g a.i. ha−1) en ambas poblaciones. El mecanismo de resistencia target-site se ha descrito como la principal causa de supervivencia para las dos poblaciones a los dos modos de acción. Las plantas supervivientes a glifosato muestran un aumento en el número de copias del gen EPSPS y ninguna mutación en la proteína diana. Sorprendentemente, las supervivientes a tratamiento con inhibidores de la ALS presentan distintas mutaciones génicas en la diana de los herbicidas: Pro-197-Ser, Pro-197-Thr, Asp-376-Glu y Trp-574-Leu. Dado el historial de presión de selección y la alta incidencia de mutaciones detectadas, es razonable suponer que ambas poblaciones hayan desarrollado dicha resistencias ex situ. Este escenario plantea un desafío importante para la agricultura española, ya que supone una continua introducción de poblaciones de A. palmeri con resistencia múltiple, complicando su manejo en campo.

Abstract Amaranthus palmeri is an invasive weed present in Spanish territory. Populations resistant to ALS and EPSPS inhibitors have been described. It is suspected that the accumulation of multiple resistance to both modes of action (MoA) within the same population. In this study we evaluate the herbicide responses in two roadside populations of A.palmeri from Catalonia. In a dose-response essay, most of the plants treated with 540 g a.i./ha of glyphosate survived in both populations, and some individuals even survived the field dose of 1080 g/ha. Single-dose treatments with ALS inhibitors reveal high resistance to thifensulfuron-methyl (6 g a.i. ha-1) and low resistance to imazamox (40 g a.i. ha-1) in both populations. Target-site resistance mechanisms are identified as the primary cause of survival for both modes of action in both populations. Glyphosate survivors show increased EPSPS gene copies but no mutations in the target protein. Surprisingly, survivors of ALS inhibitor treatment have multiple allelic mutations at codon: Pro-197-Ser, Pro-197-Thr, Asp-376-Glu, and Trp-574-Leu. Given the selection pressure history and the high incidence of detected mutations, it is reasonable to assume an ex situ selection of these populations to these MoA. This scenario presents a significant challenge for Spanish agriculture, indicating the ongoing introduction of A. palmeri populations with multiple resistance, complicating field management.

Resumen Benzobiciclón es un herbicida perteneciente al grupo de inhibidores de la enzima HPPD (grupo 27), un modo de acción nuevo dentro de los utilizados en la actualidad para el cultivo del arroz en la Unión Europea. El gen HPPD Inhibitor Sensitive 1 (HIS1) es responsable de la tolerancia en el arroz. La sensibilidad a benzobiciclon en ciertos cultivares de arroz viene principalmente dada por diferentes mutaciones que pueden ocasionar pérdida de función de este gen (alelo his1). El arroz salvaje es una mala hierba problemática en el cultivo del arroz, cuyo control en la actualidad depende en gran medida del uso de variedades de arroz resistentes a herbicidas. Estudios previos realizados en zonas arroceras de EE.UU. han mostrado que el benzobiciclón tiene cierto potencial para ser una pieza complementaria del programa de control de arroz salvaje, dependiendo su efectividad en gran medida de la frecuencia de alelos HIS1/his1 de la accesión. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la respuesta a benzobiciclón en diferentes accesiones de arroz salvaje en Extremadura, genotipando el gen HIS1, para detectar la presencia de diferentes cambios en dicho gen relacionados con la sensibilidad al herbicida (presencia de alelo his1). De las 30 accesiones evaluadas, 1 de ellas mostro la mutación T1510G, 4 presentaron el genotipo denominado como his1/his1 y 2 el genotipo denominado HIS1/his1. Por lo tanto, en general, no se debe esperar que benzobiciclón proporcione un control aceptable del arroz salvaje, pero basándonos en nuestros resultados, benzobiciclón puede proporcionar cierto grado de supresión en plantas, proporcionando un control complementario a los utilizados en la actualidad. Estudios adicionales necesitan ser realizados, incluyendo un mayor número de accesiones.

Abstract Benzobicyclon is an herbicide belonging to the group of HPPD enzyme inhibitors (group 27), a new mode of action among those currently used for rice cultivation in the EU. The HPPD Inhibitor Sensitive 1 (HIS1) gene is responsible for tolerance in rice. Sensitivity to benzobicyclon in certain rice cultivars is mainly due to different mutations that can cause loss of function of this gene (his1 allele). Wild rice is a problematic weed in rice cultivation, the control of which currently depends largely on the use of herbicide-resistant rice varieties. Previous studies in U.S. rice growing areas have shown that benzobicyclon has some potential to be a complementary piece of the wild rice control program, with its effectiveness depending largely on the frequency of HIS1/his1 alleles in the accession. The objective of this study was to evaluate the response to benzobicyclon in different wild rice accessions in Extremadura, genotyping the HIS1 gene to detect the presence of different changes in this gene related to herbicide sensitivity (presence of his1 allele). Of the 30 accessions evaluated, 1 of them showed the T1510G mutation, 4 showed the his1/his1 genotype and 2 the HIS1/his1 genotype. Therefore, in general, benzobicyclon should not be expected to provide acceptable control of wild rice, but based on our results, benzobicyclon may provide some degree of suppression in plants, providing complementary control to those currently used. Further studies need to be conducted, including a larger number of accessions.

Resumen La necesidad de obtener herbicidas de nueva generación basados en aleloquímicos ha impulsado en los últimos años el uso de productos naturales más sostenibles, como pueden ser los aceites esenciales de plantas. El estudio evaluó el impacto del estado fenológico de la planta sobre la composición química y el potencial bioherbicida del aceite esencial de Cistus ladanifer L. El aceite esencial fue extraído por hidrodestilación y analizado por cromatografía de gases acoplada a espectrometría de masas (GC-MS). La composición química varió en función del estado fenológico de la planta, pero el grupo más representativo de compuestos del aceite esencial fueron los sesquiterpenos oxigenados. El efecto herbicida se testó in vitro sobre la mala hierba Echinochloa crus-galli y en dos de sus respectivos cultivos asociados (arroz y tomate). Se ensayaron tres dosis crecientes de aceite esencial (0,022; 0,044 y 0,088 μl/mL de espacio libre en la placa Petri) y un control con agua destilada. Se prepararon 5 repeticiones por estado fenológico, dosis y especie, con 10 semillas en cada repetición. El análisis Anova de Rangos Alineados mostró un efecto significativo para los tres factores analizados (estado fenológico, dosis y especie). Sin embargo, este efecto fitotóxico dependiente de la dosis fue significativamente mayor sobre Echinochloa crus-galli en comparación con arroz y tomate a dosis medias y bajas (0,022 y 0,044 µl/ml). Además, el aceite esencial obtenido en octubre, con un mayor porcentaje de monoterpenos hidrocarbonados, mostró un efecto fitotóxico significativamente mayor que aquel obtenido en agosto. Por tanto, estos resultados muestran el elevado potencial del aceite esencial de C. ladanifer para su empleo como bioherbicida en agricultura.

Abstract The need to obtain new generation herbicides based on allelochemicals has prompted in recent years the use of more sustainable natural products, such as plant essential oils. This study evaluated the impact of plant phenological stage on the chemical composition and bioherbicidal potential of Cistus ladanifer L. essential oil. The essential oil was extracted by hydrodistillation and analysed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The oxygenated sesquiterpenes were the most representative group of the essential oil and the chemical composition varied according to the plant phenological stage. The bioherbicidal effect was tested in vitro on the weed Echinochloa crus-galli and two of its respective associated crops (rice and tomato). We tested three increasing doses of essential oil (0.022; 0.044 and 0.088 μl/mL of headspace in the Petri dish) and a control with distilled water. Five replicates per phenological stage, dose and species were prepared, with 10 seeds in each replicate. The Aligned Ranks Anova analysis showed a significant effect for the three factors analysed (phenological stage, dose and species). However, the dose-dependent phytotoxic effect was significantly higher on Echinochloa crus-galli compared to rice and tomato at medium and low doses (0.022 and 0.044 µl/ml). Furthermore, the essential oil extracted in October, with a higher percentage of hydrocarbon monoterpenes, showed a significantly higher phytotoxic effect than that obtained in August. Therefore, these results show the high potential of C. ladanifer essential oil for use as a bioherbicide in agriculture.

Resumen La detección precisa y la identificación de malas hierbas son esenciales en la implementación de la Agricultura de Precisión (AP). En este estudio, se abordó la detección y la clasificación de malas hierbas en maíz y tomate en sus etapas tempranas de crecimiento mediante la integración de imágenes adquiridas desde drones y análisis basado en avanzadas redes neuronales convolucionales. Posteriormente, el objetivo de esta investigación fue la creación de mapas georreferenciados que permitieran una gestión en post-emergencia localizada y selectiva de las especies de malas hierbas. Nuestros resultados indican que la combinación de imágenes captadas por drones y un análisis de las mismas basado en algoritmos de aprendizaje profundo proporciona una solución efectiva para este propósito. La precisión y eficiencia alcanzadas en la identificación de malas hierbas en su etapa temprana fueron prometedoras, tanto en el conjunto de especies presentes en el cultivo como en especies individuales. Este avance es de gran relevancia en el ámbito de la AP, ya que permitiría una gestión más eficiente de las malas hierbas mediante la selección del herbicida según el tipo de mala hierba presente, reduciendo el uso de herbicidas y, en última instancia, contribuyendo a la sostenibilidad y la rentabilidad de la agricultura. Además, la generación de mapas georreferenciados facilita la toma de decisiones en tiempo real. En resumen, este estudio sugiere que la combinación de tecnologías emergentes, como drones y redes neuronales profundas, pueden ser herramientas aplicables en el manejo localizado de malas hierbas en el contexto de la AP.

Abstract Accurate detection and identification of weeds are essential in the implementation of Precision Agriculture (PA). In this study, we addressed the detection and classification of weeds in maize and tomato in their early growth stages by integrating images acquired from UAVs and analysis based on advanced convolutional neural networks. Subsequently, the objective of this research was the creation of geo-referenced maps that would allow localized and selective post-emergence management of weed species. Our results indicate that the combination of UAV-captured imagery and deep learning algorithm-based image analysis provides an effective solution for this purpose. The accuracy and efficiency achieved in the identification of weeds in their early stage were promising, both in the set of species present in the crop and in individual species. This advance is of great relevance in the field of PA, as it would allow a more efficient management of weeds by selecting the herbicide according to the type of weed present, reducing the use of herbicides and ultimately contributing to the sustainability and profitability of agriculture. In addition, the generation of geo-referenced maps facilitates real-time decision making. In summary, this study suggests that the combination of emerging technologies, such as drones and deep neural networks, may be applicable tools in localized weed management in the context of PA.