Abstract: Forty species of helminths (trematodes, cestodes and nematodes) have been recorded parasitizing domestic ruminants in Uruguay. One of them (Fasciola hepatica) parasitizes cattle, sheep and goats, 14 species parasitize both cattle and sheep, 12 species have been recorded only in cattle, and 13 species only in sheep. Other taxa have been identified only at the genus level (three in cattle, one in sheep and eight in goats) and one at the subfamily level (in goats).

Resumen: Un total de 40 especies de helmintos (trematodos, cestodos y nematodos) han sido registradas parasitando a los rumiantes domésticos en Uruguay. Una de las especies (Fasciola hepatica) parasita tanto a bovinos como a ovinos y a caprinos, 14 especies parasitan tanto a bovinos como a ovinos, 12 especies han sido registradas solo en vacunos y 13 especies solo en lanares. Otros taxones han sido identificados solamente a nivel de género (tres en bovinos, uno en ovinos y ocho en caprinos) y uno a nivel de subfamilia (en caprinos).

Resumo: Um total de 40 espécies de helmintos (trematóides, cestóides e nematóides) foram registradas parasitando ruminantes domésticos no Uruguai. Uma das espécies (Fasciola hepatica) parasita bovinos, ovinos e caprinos, 14 espécies parasitam bovinos e ovinos, 12 espécies foram registadas apenas em bovinos e 13 espécies apenas em ovinos. Outros taxa foram identificados apenas ao nível do género (três em bovinos, um em ovinos e oito em caprinos) e um ao nível da subfamília (em caprinos).

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe the first known case of human Bertiellosis in Paraná (Brazil). Case description: A 6-year-old male residing in the Brazilian state of Paraná was suffering from intermittent nonspecific abdominal pain and abdominal distension, associated with expulsion of live tapeworms in his feces for 7 months. He had a history of interaction with monkeys on an island. His first feces analysis was inconclusive, with an initial hypothesis of an atypical Taenia. However, after additional research, the parasitologist identified pregnant proglottids of Bertiella sp. The patient was initially treated with an unknown dosage of albendazole and nitazoxanide, as it was believed he had been infected with Taenia sp. Since the symptoms persisted, praziquantel 10 mg/kg was prescribed without further proglottids elimination. Comments: Human Bertiellosis is a rare zoonosis, with less than one hundred cases reported. However, it is a cause of chronic abdominal pain and should be kept as a differential diagnosis, especially in cases reporting recurrent tapeworm expulsion in feces and refractory treatment with albendazole.

RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever o primeiro caso conhecido de bertielose humana no Paraná, Brasil. Descrição do caso: Criança de seis anos do sexo masculino, residente no Paraná, Brasil, apresentava dor abdominal inespecífica intermitente e distensão abdominal, associadas à expulsão de helmintos vivos em suas fezes havia sete meses. Tinha um histórico de interação com macacos em uma ilha. Sua primeira análise de fezes foi inconclusiva, com hipótese inicial de uma Taenia atípica. No entanto, após pesquisas adicionais, o parasitologista identificou proglótides gravídicas de Bertiella sp. O paciente foi inicialmente tratado com uma dosagem desconhecida de albendazol e nitazoxanida, pois se acreditava que havia sido infectado por Taenia sp. Diante da persistência dos sintomas, foi prescrito praziquantel 10 mg/kg, sem mais eliminação de proglótides. Comentários: A bertielose humana é uma zoonose rara, com menos de cem casos relatados. No entanto, é uma causa de dor abdominal crônica e deve ser mantida como diagnóstico diferencial, principalmente nos casos que relatam expulsão recorrente de helmintos nas fezes e que são refratários ao tratamento com albendazol.

Resumen La producción y consumo de tilapias (Cichlidae) es muy popular en el mundo, por lo que debe asegurarse la inocuidad de la carne producida ante el riesgo potencial de la transmisión zoonótica de parásitos; por ello, el objetivo de este trabajo fue realizar una revisión bibliográfica sobre la prevalencia, distribución y hospederos que intervienen en el ciclo de vida de los helmintos trematodos que pueden transmitirse de manera zoonótica en el consumo de la tilapia. La revisión bibliográfica se llevó a cabo con seis motores de búsqueda especializada. Se analizaron 1,044 artículos, de los cuales 113 incluían datos epidemiológicos. La tilapia fue reportada como el hospedero intermediario de 15 especies de trematodos que afectan al humano, 6 parásitos se reportaron a nivel de género y 2 parásitos a nivel de familia. Los trematodos descritos pertenecen a las familias Heterophyidae y Opisthorchiidae. Las prevalencias reportadas oscilan de 1% en infecciones por Haplorchis pumilio y Centrocestus formosanus hasta 93.64% en infecciones multiparasitarias de Haplorchis yokogawi, Pygidiopsis genata y Phagicola ascolonga. Aunque la biodiversidad de helmintos documentados en la tilapia es abundante, aún es insuficiente la información disponible, situando a la tilapia como un transmisor potencial de estos helmintos en el humano.

Abstract The production and consumption of tilapia (Cichlidae) is very popular in the world, so the safety of the meat produced must be ensured given the potential risk of zoonotic transmission of parasites; For this reason, the objective of this work was to carry out a bibliographic review on the prevalence, distribution and hosts that intervene in the life cycle of trematode helminths that can be transmitted zoonotically in the consumption of tilapia. The bibliographic review was carried out with six specialized search engines. 1,044 articles were analyzed, of which 113 included epidemiological data. Tilapia was reported as the intermediate host of 15 species of trematodes that affect humans, 6 parasites were reported at the genus level and 2 parasites at the family level. The described flukes belong to the families Heterophyidae and Opisthorchiidae. Reported prevalences range from 1% in infections by Haplorchis pumilio and Centrocestus formosanus to 93.64% in multiparasitic infections by Haplorchis yokogawi, Pygidiopsis genata and Phagicola ascolonga. Although the biodiversity of documented helminths in tilapia is abundant, the available information is still insufficient, situating tilapia as a potential transmitter of these helminths in humans.

ABSTRACT The aim of this work was to evaluate the helminth fauna present in continental commercial fish from the provinces of Guayas (Daule and Salitre) and Los Ríos (Vinces and Babahoyo). In total, 2317 individuals from 11 fish species were analysed. Fifteen species of parasitic helminths were identified, these being the digenean trematodes: Clinostomum complanatum, Clinostomum sp1, Clinostomum sp2, Clinostomum sp3, Cladorchiidae sp1, Cladorchiidae sp2, Cladorchiidae sp3, the cestodes: Nominoscolex sp y Proteocephalus sp, the nematodes: Contracaecum sp, Cucullanus sp, Procamallanus sp1, Procamallanus sp2, y Rhabdochona sp and acanthocephalan Acanthocephalus sp. The locality and the fish with the highest balance in terms of parasitic abundance was Vinces and Andinoacara rivulatus, respectively. The anisakid parasite Contracaecum sp presented the highest values of prevalence, mean abundance and mean intensity in the four locations and in all the fish except for A. rivulatus, which registered Clinostomun sp1 as the helminth with the highest prevalence among the parasites reported for this fish.

RESUMEN El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la helmintofauna presente en peces comerciales continentales de las provincias del Guayas (Daule y Salitre) y Los Ríos (Vinces y Babahoyo). Se analizaron 2317 individuos a partir de 11 especies de peces. Se identificaron 15 especies de helmintos parásitos siendo estas los trematodos digeneos: Clinostomum complanatum, Clinostomum sp1, Clinostomum sp2, Clinostomum sp3, Cladorchiidae sp1, Cladorchiidae sp2, Cladorchiidae sp3, los cestodos: Nominoscolex sp y Proteocephalus sp, los nematodos: Contracaecum sp Cucullanus sp Procamallanus sp1, Procamallanus sp2, y Rhabdochona sp y el acantocéfalo Acanthocephalus sp. Se determinó que la localidad y el pez con mayor equilibrio en cuanto abundancia parasitaria fue en Vinces y Andinoacara rivulatus, respectivamente. El parasito anisákido Contracaecum sp presentó los valores más altos de prevalencia, abundancia media, e intensidad media en las cuatro localidades y en todos los peces a excepción de A. rivulatus que registró a Clinostomun sp1 como el helminto con mayor prevalencia entre los parásitos reportados para este pez.

ABSTRACT Background. The Veracruz coastal zone in Mexico has a vast coastline where different tourist (use of beaches), economic (urban-port, commercial, and gastronomic), social, cultural, and sports activities are carried out. In Mexico, the only regulation that refers to the quality of beaches is NMX-AA-120-SCFI-2016, in which the absence of fecal matter is determined as an indicator of its sanitary quality. However, the inadequate management of fecal material in recreational beaches compromises public health and contributes to water and sand quality deterioration. Objective. To evaluate the presence of parasitic forms of zoonotic importance in the sand of the beaches of the Veracruz-Boca del Río metropolitan area that affect the Veracruz Reef System National Park. Methods. A total of 100 samples of beach sand and 19 samples of fecal matter were taken in the period from June to October 2021. The analyzes were carried out at the Boca del Río Technological Institute/Aquatic Resources Research Laboratory by the Willis flotation technique and cup sedimentation. The presence of helminths was identified and quantified as bioindicators of fecal matter contamination. Results. Of the sand samples, 28 % were positive for parasitic forms with a recovery of 112 parasitic forms, of which 67.85 % correspond to parasites of the genus Strongyloides sp. and Hookworms. 32.35 % corresponds to non-pathogenic parasites for humans. Of the fecal matter samples collected, only 42.1 % showed positivity to the parasitized forms mentioned above. Conclusions. The presence of parasitic pathogenic forms in the sand samples indicates fecal contamination, which compromises the sanitary and environmental quality of the beach sand of the Veracruz-Boca del Río metropolitan area and the Veracruz Reef System National Park.

RESUMEN Antecedentes. La zona costera de Veracruz cuenta con un amplio litoral en donde se realizan diferentes actividades turísticas (uso de playas), económicas (urbano-portuario, comercial y gastronómico), sociales, culturales y deportivas. En México, la única norma que hace referencia a la calidad de playas es la NMX-AA-120-SCFI-2016, en la cual se determina la ausencia de materia fecal como indicador de su calidad sanitaria; sin embargo, el inadecuado manejo de la materia fecal canina en playas recreativas compromete la salud pública y contribuye al deterioro de la calidad del agua y arena. Objetivo. Evaluar la presencia de formas parasitarias de importancia zoonótica en arena de playas de la zona conurbada Veracruz-Boca del Río que inciden en el Parque Nacional Sistema Arrecifal Veracruzano. Métodos. Se tomaron en total 100 muestras de arena de playa y 19 muestras de materia fecal en el período comprendido de junio a octubre de 2021. Los análisis se realizaron en el Instituto Tecnológico de Boca del Río/Laboratorio de Investigación de Recursos Acuáticos, por la técnica de flotación de Willis y sedimentación en copa. Se identificó y cuantificó la presencia de helmintos como bioindicadores de contaminación por materia fecal. Resultados. 28 % de las muestras fueron positivas a formas parasitarias con una recuperación de 112 formas parasitarias, de las cuales el 67.74 % corresponden a parásitos del género Strongyloides sp. y anquilostomídeos. El 32.35 % corresponde a parásitos no patógenos para el hombre. De las muestras de materia fecal recolectadas solo 42.1 % mostraron positividad a formas parasitadas mencionadas anteriormente. Conclusiones. La presencia de formas parasitarias patógenas en las muestras de arena es un indicio de contaminación fecal que pone en riesgo la calidad sanitaria y ambiental de las playas arenosas de la zona conurbada Veracruz-Boca del Río y del Parque Nacional Sistema Arrecifal Veracruzano.

Resumo Parasitos zoonóticos caninos têm sido reconhecidos como um importante problema de saúde pública, especialmente em países em desenvolvimento com condições socioambientais vulneráveis. No contexto de “One Health” o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o domínio animal pela avaliação de enteroparasitas zoonóticos caninos associados a um Índice de Vulnerabilidade Parasitária (PVI) em comunidades periféricas (PC) e urbanas (UC) de Mar del Plata cidade. O PVI foi elaborado em trabalho anterior como indicador de vulnerabilidade a doenças parasitárias, em relação às condições socioambientais levantadas nas comunidades nas seguintes dimensões: moradia, saneamento, higiene, educação e trabalho. Um estudo coproparasitológico foi realizado para estabelecer a presença e a riqueza de parasitas caninos no ambiente em ambas as comunidades. O PC evidenciou domicílios com maior número médio de amostras fecais caninas (CFS) com parasitas do que o UC, apresentando também a maior riqueza específica parasitária com helmintos e protozoários. As frequências de Ancilostomídeos, Capillariids e Toxocara canis foram maiores no PC, mas as frequências de Trichuris vulpis e o teste de coproantígeno positivo para detectar Echinococcus granulosus, foram semelhantes entre as comunidades. O CP evidenciou associação com variáveis relacionadas à posse de cães (ausência de atendimento veterinário e não vermifugação adequada), com a presença de SFC com parasitas e o teste de coproantígeno positivo. Famílias com PVI médio e alto do PC evidenciaram forte associação com a presença de SFC com parasitos e também com alta riqueza parasitária, enquanto famílias da UC com baixo PVI evidenciaram SFC sem parasitos. Esses resultados revelaram um cenário vulnerável para a permanência e transmissão de parasitoses zoonóticas caninas na maioria das famílias do PC, destacando o valor das características socioambientais como preditores de parasitoses.

Resumen Los parásitos zoonóticos caninos han sido reconocidos como un importante problema de salud pública, especialmente en países en desarrollo con condiciones socioambientales vulnerables. En el contexto de “Una Salud” el objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el dominio animal mediante la evaluación de enteroparásitos zoonóticos caninos asociados a un Índice de Vulnerabilidad Parasitaria (IVP) en comunidades periféricas (CP) y urbanas (CU) de la ciudad de Mar del Plata. El IPV fue elaborado en un trabajo anterior como un indicador de vulnerabilidad de enfermedades parasitarias, en relación a las condiciones socioambientales relevadas en las comunidades sobre las siguientes dimensiones: vivienda, saneamiento, higiene, educación y trabajo. Se realizó un estudio coproparasitológico para establecer la presencia y la riqueza de parásitos caninos en el ambiente de ambas comunidades. La CP evidenció hogares con mayor número medio de muestras fecales caninas (MFC) con parásitos que la CU, mostrando también la mayor riqueza específica parasitaria con helmintos y protozoos. Las frecuencias de Ancylostomids, Capillariids y Toxocara canis fueron mayores en la CP, pero las frecuencias de Trichuris vulpis y la prueba de coproantígeno positivo para detectar Echinococcus granulosus, fueron similares entre comunidades. La CP evidenció asociación de variables relacionadas con la tenencia de perros (ausencia de atención veterinaria y desparasitación no adecuada), con la presencia de MFC con parásitos y la prueba de coproantígeno positiva. Las familias con IVP medio y alto de la CP evidenciaron una fuerte asociación con la presencia de MFC con parásitos y también con alta riqueza parasitaria, mientras que las familias de la CU con IVP bajo evidenciaron MFC sin parásitos. Estos resultados revelaron un escenario vulnerable para la permanencia y la transmisión de parásitos zoonóticos caninos en la mayoría de las familias de la CP, destacando el valor de las características socio ambientales como predictores de parasitosis.

Abstract Canine zoonotic parasites have been recognized as a significant public health problem especially in developing countries with vulnerable socio-environmental conditions. In the context of “One Health” the aim of this work was to assess the animal domain by the evaluation of canine zoonotic enteroparasites associated to a Parasite Vulnerability Index (PVI) in peripheral (PC) and urban communities (UC) from Mar del Plata city. The PVI was elaborated in a previous work as a vulnerability indicator of parasite diseases, in relation to socio-environmental conditions surveyed in the communities about the next dimensions: house, sanitation, hygiene, education and work. A coproparasitological study was performed to establish the presence and the richness of canine parasites in the environment in both communities. The PC evidenced homes with a higher mean number of canine fecal samples (CFS) with parasites than the UC, showing also the highest parasite specific richness with helminths and protozoan. Frequencies of Ancylostomids, Capillariids and Toxocara canis were higher in the PC, but Trichuris vulpis frequencies and the positive coproantigen test to detect Echinococcus granulosus, were similar between communities. The PC evidenced association to variables related to dogs’ ownership (absence of veterinary attention and not adequate deworming), with the presence of CFS with parasites and the positive coproantigen test. Families with medium and high PVI from the PC evidenced a strong association with the presence of CFS with parasites and also with high parasitic richness, while families from the UC with low PVI evidenced CFS without parasites. These results revealed a vulnerable scenario for the permanence and the transmission of canine zoonotic parasites in most families from the PC, highlighting the value of the socio-environmental features as predictors of parasitoses.

Resumen Con el fin de investigar el efecto de cuatro biosólidos de las industrias láctea, maltera, jabonera y papelera sobre el crecimiento y producción de biomasa de plántulas de Vicia faba L., se realizaron mezclas de biosólido:suelo en proporciones 20:80, 40:60 y 60:40. Se realizaron análisis fisicoquímicos y microbiológicos a cada biosólido y las mezclas. Los biosólidos mostraron diferencias en la presencia (NMP) de coliformes fecales de 3 a 1 100 Salmonella sp., de 2 a 3 y de 0 a 16 huevos de helmintos por g de sólidos totales. La concentración (mg kg-1) de metales pesados en cobre fue de 0.7 a 1.9, cromo de 0.8 a 2.4, cadmio de 0 a 0.6, zinc de 4.3 a 8.6, níquel 1.2 a 3.8 y plomo 1.3 a 5.7, sin arsénico y mercurio. Los contaminantes fueron inferiores a los límites permisibles según la SEMARNAT (2002), además, entre los biosólidos el pH varió de 7 a 9.8 y la materia orgánica (MO) de 0.3 a 6.2%. Los biosólidos de la industria láctea y malta incorporados al suelo modificaron el pH de 8.1 a 7.4, incrementaron la MO de 1.2 a 3.5%, el nitrógeno total de 7 a 35 mg kg-1 y el fósforo disponible de 5 a 25 mg kg-1. A 30 días después de la siembra en invernadero, las plántulas de V. faba que crecieron en suelo con el biosólido de la industria láctea en la mayor proporción incrementaron la producción de biomasa en 1 145% y la longitud en 342%.

Abstract In order to investigate the effect of four biosolids from the dairy, malt, soap and paper industries on the growth and production of biomass of Vicia faba L. seedlings, biosolid:soil mixtures were made in ratios 20:80, 40:60 and 60:40. Physicochemical and microbiological analyses were performed on each biosolid and mixtures. Biosolids showed differences in the presence (MPN) of fecal coliforms from 3 to 1 100, Salmonella sp., from 2 to 3 and from 0 to 16 helminth eggs per g of total solids. The concentration (mg kg-1) of heavy metals in copper was from 0.7 to 1.9, chromium from 0.8 to 2.4, cadmium from 0 to 0.6, zinc from 4.3 to 8.6, nickel from 1.2 to 3.8 and lead from 1.3 to 5.7, without arsenic and mercury. The contaminants were below the permissible limits according to SEMARNAT (2002), in addition, among biosolids the pH varied from 7 to 9.8 and organic material (OM) from 0.3 to 6.2%. Biosolids from the dairy and malt industries incorporated into the soil modified the pH from 8.1 to 7.4, increased OM from 1.2 to 3.5%, the total nitrogen from 7 to 35 mg kg-1 and the available phosphorus from 5 to 25 mg kg-1. At 30 days after sowing in the greenhouse, V. faba seedlings grown in soil with the biosolid from the dairy industry in the highest ratio increased biomass production by 1 145% and length by 342%.

ABSTRACT The presence of potentially zoonotic intestinal parasites was determined from the faeces of dogs with owner in the city of Talca, Chile, through convenience sampling (n=100) between July and December 2020. The samples were analysed using the modified technique of diphasic sedimentation with formol-diethyl ether. An 18% prevalence of samples positive for intestinal parasites was found. Two species were identified: Toxocara canis (14%) and Trichuris vulpis (5%), both with zoonotic potential. In addition, three epidemiological variables were evaluated: age, confinement and health status using the Chi-square tests, Fisher's exact test and Odds ratio, finding statistical significance for the variables age (p<0.05) and confinement (p=0.001). Given that sampled dogs have owner, the results show the importance of responsible pet ownership, correct deworming, and the role of veterinarians in educating the population regarding the importance of animal health care and the associated risks of transmission of zoonotic parasites from pets to humans.

RESUMEN Se determinó la presencia de parásitos intestinales potencialmente zoonóticos a partir de heces de perros con dueño de la ciudad de Talca, Chile, mediante un muestreo por conveniencia (n=100) entre julio y diciembre de 2020. Las muestras se analizaron mediante la técnica modificada de sedimentación difásica con formol-éter dietílico (SAF). Se encontró una prevalencia de 18% de muestras positivas a parásitos intestinales. Se identificaron dos especies: Toxocara canis (14%) y Trichuris vulpis (5%), ambas con potencial zoonótico. Además, se evaluaron tres variables epidemiológicas: edad, confinamiento y estado sanitario mediante las pruebas de Chi cuadrado, prueba exacta de Fisher y Odds ratio encontrando significancia estadística para las variables edad (p<0.05) y confinamiento (p=0.001). Dado que los perros muestreados tienen dueño, los resultados ponen en evidencia la importancia de la tenencia responsable de mascotas, la correcta desparasitación, y la educación a la población por médicos veterinarios respecto al cuidado de la salud animal y los riesgos asociados de la transmisión de parásitos zoonóticos desde las mascotas a los humanos.

ABSTRACT Hookworm infection was first described by Dubini in 1838. It is an intestinal helminth infection caused by Necator americanus and/or Ancylostoma duodenale. They are frequently endemic to tropical and subtropical areas and affect both children and adults. Transmission increases when there are socio-cultural and demographic environments that favor fecal contamination; therefore, it is a public health problem worldwide. We describe the case of a 20-year-old male patient who presented to the emergency department with asthenia, adynamia, tachycardia, and generalized mucocutaneous pallor. The blood test showed severe anemia and eosinophilia. Transfusion of 4 IU of red blood cells and ferrous sulphate was required. The coprological test showed infection by Necator americanus, which was treated with albendazole. Afterwards, the patient was discharged from the health institution. Hookworm infection is a neglected cause of gastrointestinal bleeding and anemia by the clinician. Therefore, the present study highlights this parasitosis as an important cause in the differential diagnosis. In addition, greater importance is given to preventive strategies such as training the health professionals, reinforcement of hygiene techniques, decrease of contamination and increase of proper personal hygiene.

RESUMEN La uncinariasis fue descrita por primera vez por Dubini en 1838. Es una helmintiasis intestinal causada por el Necator americanus y/o Ancylostoma duodenale. Frecuentemente son endémicas de áreas tropicales y subtropicales; afecta tanto a niños como a adultos. La transmisión asciende cuando existen entornos socioculturales y demográficos que favorecen la contaminación fecal, por lo que es considerado un problema de salud pública en el mundo. Se presenta el caso de un paciente masculino de 20 años que acudió a urgencias por astenia, adinamia, taquicardia y palidez mucocutánea generalizada; el hemograma reportó anemia severa y eosinofilia. Se requirió transfusión de 4 UI de glóbulos rojos y sulfato ferroso. El examen coprológico mostró infección por Necator americanus, que fue tratada con albendazol y, posteriormente, fue egresado de la institución sanitaria. La infección por uncinarias constituye una causa olvidada para el clínico de hemorragia de las vías digestivas y desarrollo de anemia. Por tanto, el presente estudio destaca que esta parasitosis es una causa importante en el diagnóstico diferencial. Además, se ofrece mayor importancia a las estrategias preventivas como la capacitación a profesionales de salud, el refuerzo de técnicas de aseo, la disminución de la contaminación y el aumento de la higiene personal.

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION: Neurocysticercosis is an infection of the central nervous system caused by the larval stage of the cestode Taenia solium, it has been estimated to produce up to 30% of the cases in countries where this parasitosis is endemic. The objective of this study was to determine the frequency of patients who presented epilepsy as a sequel of neurocysticercosis in a university hospital in Popayán. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted with all patients with a diagnosis of neurocysticercosis who were admitted to the Hospital Universitario San José between January 2014 and December 2018 who met the inclusion criteria. RESULTS: We found 50 patients, 40 (80%) of which were readmitted and 37 (74%) presented epilepsy as sequela. The most affected age-group was 41 to 60 years; 48 (96%) were from the department of Cauca, especially Mercaderes, and 33 (66%) from rural areas. Convulsive syndrome was the most frequent clinical manifestation on admission. CT was the imaging technique of choice. CONCLUSION: The department of Cauca is considered as an endemic area for neurocysticercosis, and secondary epilepsy was a common consequence.

RESUMEN INTRODUCCIÓN: La neurocisticercosis es una infección del sistema nervioso central causada por el estadio larvario del cestodo Taenia solium, y se estima que puede ocasionar hasta 30% de los casos de epilepsia en los países donde esta parasitosis es endémica. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la frecuencia de pacientes que presentaron epilepsia como secuela de neurocisticercosis en un hospital universitario en Popayán. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo con todos los pacientes con diagnóstico de neurocisticercosis que ingresaron al Hospital Universitario San José entre enero 2014 y diciembre 2018 que cumplieron los criterios de inclusión. RESULTADOS: Se encontraron 50 pacientes, de estos, 40 (80%) reingresaron, encontrándose que 37 (74%) presentaron epilepsia como secuela. Las edades más afectadas fueron la de 41 a 60 años; 48 (96%) provenían del departamento del Cauca en especial de Mercaderes, y 33 (66%) de área rural. El síndrome convulsivo fue la manifestación clínica de ingreso más frecuente. La TAC fue la técnica de imagen de elección. CONCLUSIÓN: El departamento del Cauca se considera como una de las áreas endémicas para neurocisticercosis en Colombia, y la epilepsia secundaria es un secuela común.

ABSTRACT Cerdocyon thous is considered the most common wild canid in Rio Grande do Sul, and can serve as a host for several parasites, playing an important role in maintaining the biological cycle. Despite being a widespread and abundant species, they have a relatively little-known fauna of endo and ectoparasites, mainly focusing on the different regions of their occurrence. With this work, the objective was to report the multiparasitism in a specimen of C. thous in the Brazilian Pampa. Using modified Centrifuge-Flotation and Spontaneous Sedimentation techniques, a high taxonomic diversity of parasites was observed, and the finding of eggs compatible with Lagochilascaris spp. in C. thous in Brazil, in addition to Uncinaria spp. eggs and Cystoisospora spp. oocysts in the same host in the south of the country. The presence of eggs of different helminths in the feces of C. thous is extremely important, mainly for public health, but also for the knowledge of the biodiversity of parasites present in wild populations of canids, until then little studied, thus allowing the implementation of control programs.

RESUMO Cerdocyon thous é considerado o canídeo silvestre mais comum no Rio Grande do Sul e pode servir como hospedeiro de diversos parasitos, desempenhando papel importante na manutenção do ciclo biológico. Mesmo sendo uma espécie difundida e abundante, têm uma fauna de endo e ectoparasitos relativamente pouco conhecida, principalmente enfocando as diferentes regiões de sua ocorrência. Com este trabalho, objetivou-se relatar o multiparasitismo em um espécime de C. thous no Pampa brasileiro. Por meio das técnicas de centrifugo-flutuação modificada e sedimentação espontânea, observou-se uma alta diversidade taxonômica de parasitos, sendo relatado, pela primeira vez, o achado de ovos compatíveis com Lagochilascaris spp. em C. thous no Brasil, além de ovos de Uncinaria spp. e oocistos de Cystoisospora spp. no mesmo hospedeiro, no sul do país. A presença de ovos de diferentes helmintos nas fezes de C. thous é de extrema importância, principalmente na saúde pública, mas também para o conhecimento da biodiversidade de parasitos presentes em populações silvestres de canídeos, até então pouco estudados, permitindo, assim, a implementação de programas de controle.

ABSTRACT Sea turtles are endangered animals that present cosmopolitan distribution. Anthropic actions have been considered important causes for the reduction of sea turtle population, but natural aspects such as parasitism may also contribute to their decline. This study aimed to report the occurrence of parasites in stranded dead sea turtles found in an area known as Potiguar Basin, northeastern Brazil, from 2010 to 2019. They were identified and classified according to the carapace length. At post-mortem analyses all organs were examined, parasites collected and morphologically identified. Ecological parasitic indexes as prevalence (P), mean intensity (MI) and mean abundance (MA) were calculated. A total of 80 Chelonia mydas and 5 Eretmochelys imbricata were assessed. Neoctangium travassosi was detected in both species presenting P = 20%, MI = 4.19 and MA = 0.84 for C. mydas and P = 60%, MI = 1.67 and MA = 1.0 for E. imbricata. This is the first report of N. travassosi parasitizing E. imbricata in South America. Finally, the retrieval of these parasites is a warning regarding the need for further studies to assess the impact of this parasitism on the health and conservation of sea turtles.

RESUMO As tartarugas marinhas são animais ameaçados de extinção que apresentam distribuição cosmopolita. Ações antrópicas têm sido consideradas causas importantes para a redução da população de tartarugas marinhas, mas aspectos naturais, como o parasitismo, também, podem contribuir para o seu declínio. Este estudo objetivou relatar a ocorrência de parasitos em tartarugas marinhas, encalhadas mortas, encontradas em uma área conhecida como Bacia Potiguar, nordeste do Brasil, de 2010 a 2019. Essas foram identificadas e classificadas de acordo com o comprimento da carapaça. Nas análises post mortem, todos os órgãos foram examinados, e os parasitos coletados e identificados morfologicamente. Foram calculados índices parasitários ecológicos, como prevalência (P), intensidade média (IM) e abundância média (AM). Um total de 80 Chelonia mydas e cinco Eretmochelys imbricata foi estudado. Neoctangium travassosi foi detectado em ambas as espécies, apresentando P = 20%, MI = 4,19 e MA = 0,84 para C. mydas e P = 60%, IM = 1,67 e AM = 1,0 para E. imbricata. Este é o primeiro relato de N. travassossi parasitando E. imbricata na América do Sul. Conclui-se que a recuperação desses parasitos soa como um alerta para a necessidade de mais estudos para avaliar o impacto desse parasitismo na saúde e na conservação das tartarugas marinhas.

Resumen Los helmintos transmitidos a través del suelo pueden afectar el desempeño educativo y desenvolvimiento normal de los niños. Objetivo: comparar cinco técnicas coproparasitológicas para el diagnóstico de geohelmintos intestinales en niños lambayecanos. Métodos: estudio descriptivo de corte transversal. Se recolectaron 150 muestras de materia fecal de niños que residían en los distritos de Túcume y Lambayeque en el departamento de Lambayeque (Perú), durante el año 2021. Los niños y niñas tenían entre 4 y 12 años de edad. Previo a la recolección, se les explicó a los padres de familia y apoderados de los menores las condiciones preclínicas adecuadas. Se calculó la sensibilidad, especificidad, concordancia, valor predictivo positivo y negativo de las técnicas de Baerman, sedimentación rápida, Willis Molloy, Sheathers Sugar y examen directo de heces. Los padres y apoderados autorizaron la participación de los menores en el estudio. El estudio contó con la aprobación del comité de ética de la Universidad Nacional de Jaén. Resultados: la prevalencia geohelmintos intestinales fue del 20,7%, 19,3% y 18,0% con las técnicas de Baerman, sedimentación rápida y examen directo, respectivamente. Además, las técnicas de Baerman y de sedimentación rápida reportaron mayor sensibilidad, especificidad, valor predictivo positivo y negativo. Se obtuvo alto índice de concordancia para las técnicas de Baerman (0,894) y sedimentación rápida (0,891). Conclusiones: las técnicas de Baerman y de sedimentación rápida permitieron mayor recuperación de parásitos, respecto al examen directo. Además, las especies de geohelmintos intestinales más identificadas en niños lambayecanos fueron Ascaris lumbricoides, Hymenolepis nana y Ancilostomideos.

Abstract Helminths transmitted through the soil can affect the educational performance and normal development of children. Objective: to compare five coproparasitological techniques for the diagnosis of intestinal geohelminths in Lambayecan children. Methods: Descriptive cross-sectional study. 150 stool samples were collected from children residing in the districts of Túcume and Lambayeque in the department of Lambayeque (Peru), during the year 2021. The boys and girls included were between 4 and 12 years of age. Prior to the collection, the appropriate preclinical conditions are explained to the parents and guardians of the minors. The sensitivity, specificity, concordance, positive and negative predictive value of the Baerman, rapid sedimentation, Willis Molloy, Sheathers Sugar and direct stool examination techniques were calculated. Parents and guardians authorized the participation of minors in the study. The study was approved by the ethics committee of the National University of Jaén. Results: the prevalence of intestinal geohelminths was 20,7%, 19,3% and 18,0% with the Baerman, rapid sedimentation and direct examination techniques, respectively. In addition, the Baerman and rapid sedimentation techniques reported higher sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value. A high concordance index was obtained for the Baerman (0,894) and rapid sedimentation (0,891) techniques. Conclusions: the Baerman and rapid sedimentation techniques allowed greater recovery of parasites compared to direct stool examination. In addition, the species of intestinal geohelminths most identified in children from Lambaye were Ascaris lumbricoides, Hymenolepis nana and Ancilostomideos.

Resumen Se estudió la comunidad de helmintos de Lithobates spectabilis (n =77) de Las Pilas (altitud baja) y Metznoxtla (altitud alta), Reserva de la Biosfera Barranca de Metztitlán, Hidalgo, México. Se comparó la diversidad de especies mediante los números de Hill a nivel de la infracomunidad y del componente de comunidad, y se calculó la diversidad beta. Se encontraron 5 especies de Digenea, 5 de Nematoda y 2 de Acanthocephala en las ranas de las 2 localidades. La riqueza de especies de parásitos en Las Pilas (9 especies) fue mayor que la de Metznoxtla (7 especies). La comunidad de helmintos en Las Pilas estuvo dominada por nemátodos y en Metznoxtla por digéneos. La especie más prevalente en Las Pilas fue Foleyellides cf. flexicauda (65% de las ranas estaban infectadas) y en Metznoxtla fue Megalodiscus americanus (76% estaban infectadas). Glypthelmins quieta fue la especie con mayor abundancia media en ambas localidades (Las Pilas = 4.5; Metznoxtla = 11.0). La diferencia en la composición de especies entre las 2 localidades fue significativa (Anosim; R = 0.54, p > 0.05). Las diferencias en la composición de especies de helmintos entre las 2 localidades sugieren que las condiciones ambientales locales son diferentes, lo que puede reflejar diferencias en la dieta de los hospederos a nivel local.

Abstract The helminth community of Lithobates spectabilis (n =77) was studied from Las Pilas (low altitude) and Metznoxtla (high altitude), Biosphere Reserve Barranca de Metztitlán, Hidalgo, Mexico. Species diversity was compared at the infracommunity and the component community level using Hill numbers, and the beta diversity was calculated. Five species of Digenea, 5 of Nematoda, and 2 of Acanthocephala were found in the frogs from the 2 localities. The species richness of parasites in Las Pilas (9 species) was higher than that of Metznoxtla (7 species). The helminth community in Las Pilas was dominated by nematodes and, in Metznoxtla, it was dominated by digeneans. The most prevalent species in Las Pilas was Foleyellides cf. flexicauda (65% of frogs were infected) and, in Metznoxtla, it was Megalodiscus americanus (76% were infected). Glypthelmins quieta was the species with the highest mean abundance in both localities (Las Pilas = 4.5; Metznoxtla = 11.0). The difference in species composition between the 2 localities was significant (Anosim; R = 0.54, p < 0.05). The differences in the composition of species of helminths between the 2 localities suggest that local environmental conditions are different, which may reflect differences in local host diet.

Abstract The main goal of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a propolis hydroalcoholic solution with glycine on the reduction of microorganisms and helminth eggs removal in lettuce leaves. Three experimental groups were evaluated in triplicate or replicates: microbiological (ME), parasitological (PE), and microbiological and parasitological (MPE). Before the experiments, the initial concentration of the native microbiota was assessed by counting mesophilic aerobes, molds and yeasts, using conventional microbiological techniques. Lettuce leaves were washed in tap water and subjected to different immersion treatments: propolis hydroalcoholic solution (PHS), propolis hydroalcoholic solution at pH 5.5 (PHS2), and propolis hydroalcoholic solution with glycine (PHS-glycine). In ME, propolis hydroalcoholic solution combined or not with glycine, was evaluated on the reduction of native microbiota. Residual microbiological contamination was assessed. In the PE, the effect of PHS2 and PHS-glycine was evaluated on the removal of a known number of Ascaris suum eggs on leaves artificially contaminated. In MPE, PHS-glycine was evaluated on the reduction of native microbiota and removal of eggs. A reduction of more than 2 log CFU/g was observed in ME. In PE, PHS-glycine removed 37.22% of eggs. In MPE, the PHS-glycine reduced 3.3 CFU/g of mesophilic aerobes, 5.0 log CFU/g of fungi, and 35.53% of eggs from vegetables. The results highlighted the solution’s efficiency in reducing or eliminating different contaminants in vegetables and reinforced the need for the development of hygiene methods that do not harm human health and are reproducible at the household level.

Resumo O principal objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a eficácia da solução hidroalcoólica de própolis com glicina na redução de microrganismos e na remoção de ovos de helmintos em folhas de alface. Três grupos experimentais foram avaliados em triplicata ou réplicas: microbiológico (ME), parasitológico (PE) e microbiológico e parasitológico (MPE). Antes dos experimentos, a concentração inicial da microbiota nativa foi avaliada quanto à contagem de aeróbios mesófilos, fungos e leveduras, usando técnicas microbiológicas convencionais. As folhas de alface foram lavadas em água da torneira e submetidas a diferentes tratamentos de imersão: em solução hidroalcoólica de própolis (SHP), em solução hidroalcoólica de própolis com pH 5,5 (SHP2) e em solução hidroalcoólica de própolis com glicina (SHP-glicina). No ME, a solução hidroalcoólica de própolis combinada ou não com glicina foi avaliada na redução da microbiota nativa. A contaminação microbiológica residual foi avaliada. No PE, o efeito de SHP2 e SHP-glicina foi avaliado na remoção de um número conhecido de ovos de Ascaris suum em folhas artificialmente contaminadas. No MPE, a SHP-glicina foi avaliada na redução da microbiota nativa e na remoção de ovos. Uma redução de mais de 2 log UFC/g foi observada no ME. No PE, SHP-glicina removeu 37,22% dos ovos. No MPE, a SHP-glicina reduziu 3,3 UFC/g de aeróbios mesófilos, 5,0 log UFC/g de fungos e 35,53% dos ovos nos vegetais. Os resultados destacam a eficiência da solução na redução ou eliminação de diferentes contaminantes em vegetais e reforçam a necessidade do desenvolvimento de métodos de higienização que não prejudiquem a saúde humana e sejam reproduzíveis em nível doméstico.