Palygoskite pellets were synthesized with lignin and WAX® and subjected to technological characterization for application in the remediation of Pb ions contained in aqueous effluents. X-ray diffraction (XRD) characterization of the palygorskite:lignin:WAX® material in a proportion of 70:15:15 revealed that the heat treatment of the pellets did not compromise the crystalline structure of the palygoskite. Texture analyses demonstrated that the surface area increased after synthesis and heat treatment, thus increasing the adsorption capacity. Regarding porosity, X-ray microtomography revealed that the pellets exhibit an irregular and porous spherical morphology with interconnected pores. Adsorption tests showed a removal of 73% of PbII contained in aqueous effluents after 15 min, with equilibrium reached in 60 min (88.36%). After the adsorption process, the presence of lead in the material was qualitatively confirmed through scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) images. The produced pellets exhibit promising adsorbent qualities, such as strength and effective PbII ion adsorption. WAX Xray X ray XRD (XRD palygorskiteligninWAX® palygorskiteligninWAX palygorskite palygorskite:lignin:WAX 701515 70 70:15:1 palygoskite capacity porosity pores 73 1 6 88.36%. 8836 88.36% . 88 36 (88.36%) process energydispersive energy dispersive SEMEDS SEM EDS (SEM-EDS images qualities 70151 7 70:15: 883 88.36 8 3 (88.36% 7015 70:15 88.3 (88.36 701 70:1 88. (88.3 70: (88. (88 (8 (

Abstract Introduction. Heavy metal pollution is a growing problem due to human activities. Plants can remove, destroy, or transform contaminants from soil, water, and air. By using plant growth regulators and chelating agents, heavy metal toxicity can be reduced. Objective. To evaluate the effect of applying a mixture of oligogalacturonides on peroxidase activity and the contents of malondialdehyde, total protein, and chlorophylls in tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum L.) var. Amalia subjected to high levels of heavy metals. Materials and methods. Soil contaminated with Cu, Cd, and Fe was collected from the Adalberto Vidal White Ceramic Company in Mayabeque, Cuba, in 2020. The experiment was conducted in 7 kg capacity bags using tomato plants, under semi-controlled conditions at the Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Agrícolas (INCA), with a completely randomized experimental design with each treatment having ten replicates. The treatments with the oligogalacturonides (Ogal) were soil application (30 mg kg-1); foliar spray (20 mg L-1), the combination of these application forms, and a control. Peroxidase activity and the contents of malondialdehyde, total protein, and chlorophylls were determined at 35 and 56 days after the plant’s emergence. Results. The effect of Cu, Cd, and Fe on the seedlings was attenuated by all the use of the Ogal mixture variants use, indicating that they have developed adaptation mechanisms to high metal concentrations which allows to withstand abiotic stress. Conclusions. The Ogal mixture attenuated the effect of heavy metals on peroxidase activity, malondialdehyde content, total proteins, and chlorophylls in Amalia tomato plants.

Resumen Introducción. La contaminación por metales pesados es un problema que ha ido en aumento, debido a las actividades antrópicas. Las plantas pueden eliminar, destruir o transformar contaminantes del suelo, agua y aire. Con el empleo de reguladores del crecimiento vegetal y agentes quelantes se puede reducir la toxicidad por metales pesados. Objetivo. Evaluar el efecto de la aplicación de una mezcla de oligogalacturónidos sobre la actividad peroxidasa y los contenidos de malondialdehido, proteinas totales y clorofilas, en plantas de tomate (Solanum lycopersicum L.) var. Amalia sometidas a altos niveles de metales pesados. Materiales y métodos. Se colectó suelo contaminado con Cu, Cd y el Fe, en la Empresa cerámica blanca Adalberto Vidal de Mayabeque, Cuba en el año 2020. El experimento se desarrolló en bolsas de 7 kg de capacidad y se utilizaron plantas de tomate, en condiciones semi controladas en áreas del Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Agrícolas (INCA), con un diseño experimental completamente aleatorizado con siete tratamientos y diez réplicas. Los tratamientos del producto a base de oligogalacturónidos (Ogal) fueron: aplicación al suelo (30 mg kg-1); aspersión foliar (20 mg L-1), la combinación de estas formas de aplicación y un testigo. A los 35 y 56 días de emergidas las plantas, se determinó la actividad peroxidasa y los contenidos de malondialdehido, proteinas totales y clorofilas. Resultados. El efecto que provocan el Cu, Cd y el Fe en las plántulas, fue atenuado por todas las variantes de uso de la mezcla Ogal, por lo que las mismas han desarrollado mecanismos de adaptación ante las altas concentraciones metálicas que le permiten subsistir al estrés abiótico. Conclusiones. La mezcla de Ogal atenuó el efecto que provocan los metales pesados en la actividad peroxidasa, el contenido malondialdehido, proteínas totales y clorofilas en plantas de tomate var. Amalia.

Resumen:La demanda creciente del sector vivienda en la ciudad de Machala-Ecuador convirtió a las invasiones en el modelo común de crecimiento desorganizado de esta ciudad, donde utilizan el estero “El Macho” para la eliminación de desechos y aguas negras. Estudios preliminares respecto al contenido de metales pesados en este estero concluyen que las concentraciones de metales como el cadmio son superiores a los límites establecidos en la normativa del Texto Unificado de Legislación Secundaria del Ministerio del Ambiente. En la presente investigación se evaluó la remoción de cadmio de muestras de aguas del estero “El Macho” utilizando espuma de poliuretano activada con nanopartículas de plata como adsorbente. Para la recolección de los datos de adsorción se diseñó de un reactor tubular vertical, utilizando 1,560 g de adsorbente de poliuretano modificado con nanopartículas de plata, pH 8 y tamaño de la espuma de poliuretano de forma cubica de 0,5 cm de lado. Se cuantificó las concentraciones de cadmio mediante espectroscopia de absorción atómica, en muestras de aguas del Estero antes y después de su paso por el reactor. Se concluye que la espuma de poliuretano activada con nanopartículas de plata, como adsorbente, alcanzó un porcentaje de remoción de 48,75% y, por lo tanto, es efectivo para el tratamiento de aguas contaminadas con cadmio.

Abstract:The growing demand of the housing sector in the city of Machala-Ecuador turned invasions into the common model of disorganized growth of this city, where they use the “El Macho” estuary for the disposal of waste and sewage. Preliminary studies regarding the content of heavy metals in this estuary conclude that the concentrations of metals such as cadmium are higher than the limits established in the regulations of the Unified Text of Secondary Legislation of the Ministry of the Environment. In the present investigation, the removal of cadmium from water samples of the “El Macho” estuary was evaluated using polyurethane foam activated with silver nanoparticles as an adsorbent. To collect adsorption data, a vertical tubular reactor was designed, using 1,560 g of polyurethane adsorbent modified with silver nanoparticles, pH 8 and cubic-shaped polyurethane foam size of 0.5 cm of side. Cadmium concentrations were quantified by atomic absorption spectroscopy in samples of Estero water before and after passing through the reactor. It is concluded that the polyurethane foam activated with silver nanoparticles, as an adsorbent, reached a removal percentage of 48.75% and therefore, it is effective for the treatment of water contaminated with cadmium.

ABSTRACT Soil contamination with toxic metals brings along severe environmental issues. Among these metals, copper (Cu) is harmful to plant development when it reaches high contamination levels in the soil. Thus, identifying species capable of resisting this contamination type helps these sites’ revegetation and decontamination processes. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the tolerance of Cedrela fissilis plants to excess Cu through morphophysiological and biochemical variables. C. fissilis seedlings were subjected to five concentrations of Cu (0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 mg L-1). The experimental design was completely randomized, with five treatments and four repetitions. Morphophysiological (number of leaves, shoot height, root length, dry weight, morphological variables of the root system, and leaf area) and biochemical (antioxidant enzymes, lipid peroxidation, hydrogen peroxide concentration, and photosynthetic pigments) traits and Cu accumulated in roots and shoot were evaluated. High concentrations of Cu had a negative effect on the shoot and root dry weight, photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate. Overall, Cu increased the activity of the antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation. Therefore, Cu incidence in the nutrient solution has negatively influenced the biochemical and physiological traits of C. fissilis seedlings to the detriment of their growth. Thus, it was possible to identify sensitive behavior by the investigated species. Because of these features, C. fissilis seedlings can be used as markers for copper-contaminated areas. issues (Cu soil Thus sites processes Therefore C 0, 0 (0 2 4 6 L1. L1 L 1 . L-1) randomized repetitions number leaves height length weight system area peroxidation concentration pigments evaluated rate conductance Overall growth features coppercontaminated contaminated areas ( L-1 L-

RESUMO A contaminação do solo com metais tóxicos traz consigo graves problemas ambientais. Dentre esses metais, o cobre (Cu) é prejudicial ao desenvolvimento das plantas quando atinge elevados níveis de contaminação no solo. Assim, identificar espécies capazes de resistir a esse tipo de contaminação auxilia nos processos de revegetação e descontaminação desses locais. Portanto, o presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar a tolerância de plantas de Cedrela fissilis ao excesso de Cu através de variáveis morfofisiológicas e bioquímicas. Mudas de C. fissilis foram submetidas a cinco concentrações de Cu (0, 2, 4, 6 e 8 mg L-1). O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com cinco tratamentos e quatro repetições. Características morfofisiológicas (número de folhas, altura da parte aérea, comprimento da raiz, massa seca, variáveis morfológicas do sistema radicular e área foliar) e bioquímicas (enzimas antioxidantes, peroxidação lipídica, concentração de peróxido de hidrogênio e pigmentos fotossintéticos) e Cu acumulado nas raízes e folhas foram avaliados. Altas concentrações de Cu tiveram efeito negativo no peso seco da parte aérea e das raízes, na taxa fotossintética, na condutância estomática e na taxa transpiratória. No geral, o Cu aumentou a atividade das enzimas antioxidantes e a peroxidação lipídica. Portanto, a incidência de Cu na solução nutritiva influenciou negativamente as características bioquímicas e fisiológicas das mudas de C. fissilis em detrimento do seu crescimento. Assim, foi possível identificar o comportamento sensível da espécie investigada. Devido a essas características, mudas de C. fissilis podem ser utilizadas como bioindicadoras de áreas contaminadas por cobre. ambientais (Cu Assim locais Portanto C 0, 0 (0 2 4 L1. L1 L 1 . L-1) casualizado repetições número raiz seca foliar lipídica fotossintéticos avaliados fotossintética transpiratória geral crescimento investigada ( L-1 L-

In this study, the analysis of metals in tap, river, wastewater, and sludge samples was conducted using ICP-OES after hotplate- or microwave-assisted digestion. Both digestion methods produced a good degree of accuracy, indicating their suitability for the analysis of the studied metals in water samples. From method development studies, 100 mL of HNO3 was found to be the optimum sample volume and acid type for digestion. The average concentrations obtained ranged from 4.9-410.8 μg/L, 5.9-465.0 μg/L, 3.6-425.4 μg/L, 16.1-647 μg/L and 9.7-784 μg/L in tap water, river, influent, effluent, and sludge samples, respectively. All metals were below their maximum permissible limits, with the exception of Mn in all sludge samples and Pb in all tap water, Umhlathuzana River, and Northern Works influent samples. Comparable recoveries and metal concentrations were obtained by microwave and hotplate methods, suggesting that the cheaper hotplate method can be used as an effective digestion method for daily analysis. Common anion concentrations obtained ranged from 0.03-23.5 mg/L, 0.02-3 064.67 mg/L, and 0.32-175.67 mg/L for tap, river, and wastewater samples, respectively. The anion concentrations were found to be below the maximum acceptable limits indicating no negative health effect on human and aquatic life, with the exception of Cl- and SO4(2-) in Amanzimtoti and Northern River water, respectively.

Abstract The objective of this study was to compare the effect of different types of inoculants (control, vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae fungi [VAMF], phosphate-solubilizing bacteria [PSB], and co-inoculant [VAMF-PSB]) on root colonization, plant growth, macronutrient (P and N) uptake, and metal element uptake under heavy metal-contaminated soil conditions. Three species of vegetable plants, namely tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. cv. Ratna), red chili (Capsicum annuum L. cv. Gada), and hot chili (Capsicum frutescens L. cv. Pusaka Brengolo), were grown in heavy metal (Zn, Ca, Ni and Cd) -contaminated soil for eight weeks. Plants co-inoculated with VAMF-PSB showed significantly higher root colonization by VAMF as well as P and N concentrations in shoot and root than plants inoculated with only VAMF or PSB; consequently, the plant biomass also increased. In heavy metal-contaminated soil, VAMF colonization and PSB application could significantly improve the essential metal concentration (Cu and Zn) in the shoot, although there were no significant effects on the roots. On the contrary, co-inoculation with VAMF-PSB could significantly decrease Cd and Ni concentrations in the shoot, although Cd and Ni concentrations did not show a significant difference in the root. The concentrations of Cu, Zn, Cd, and Ni were higher in the roots than in the shoots of the three plant species tested. The type of inoculant used in this study selectively discriminated between plant essential (Cu, Zn) and non-essential elements (Cd, Ni).

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar el efecto de diferentes inóculos (testigo, hongos micorrícicos vesiculares arbusculares [HMVA], bacterias solubilizadoras de fosfatos [BSF] y co-inoculación [HMVA-BSF]) sobre la colonización de raíces, crecimiento vegetal, absorción de macronutrientes (P y N) y absorción de elementos metálicos en suelo contaminado con metales pesados. Durante ocho semanas se cultivaron tres especies de plantas hortícolas: tomate (Solanum lycopersicum L. cv. Ratna), chile rojo (Capsicum annuum L. cv. Gada) y chile piquín (Capsicum frutescens L. cv. Pusaka Brengolo), en suelo contaminado con Zn, Ca, Ni y Cd. Las plantas co-inoculadas con HMVA-BSF mostraron una colonización de raíces por HMVA significativamente más elevada, así como una mayor concentración de P y N en brotes y raíces que las plantas inoculadas solamente con HMVA o BSF; en consecuencia, incrementó la biomasa vegetal. El suelo contaminado con metales pesados, la colonización con HMVA y la aplicación de BSF incrementaron significativamente la concentración de metales esenciales (Cu y Zn) en los brotes, aunque sin efectos significativos en las raíces. Por el contrario, la co-inoculación con HMVA-BSF disminuyó las concentraciones de Cd y Ni en los brotes, pero sin diferencia significativa en las raíces. Las concentraciones de Cu, Zn, Cd y Ni fueron más elevadas en las raíces que en los brotes en las tres especies vegetales evaluadas. El tipo de inoculación discriminó selectivamente entre los elementos esenciales (Cu, Zn) y no esenciales (Cd, Ni).

ABSTRACT Finding sustainable methods for utilizing biosolids, also known as municipal sewage sludge (SS), presents a pressing challenge in modern waste management practices. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the impact of SS amendment on growth, biochemical, proximate, and heavy metal bioaccumulation parameters of berseem clover (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) fodder crop under field conditions. Trifolium alexandrinum was cultivated using different rates of SS mixing (i.e., T0: 0% as control with no SS application, T1: 5%, and T2: 10%). The results obtained showed a significant (p < 0.05) increment in growth, biochemical, and proximate parameters of T. alexandrinum with an increasing SS mixing rate. The highest productivity of T. alexandrinum fodder (1.92 kg m-2 fw) was observed in the T2 treatment as compared to the control treatment. The heavy metal analysis of shoot and root parts of T. alexandrinum showed that the contents (mg kg-1) of eight elements (Cd 0.02-0.13, Co 0.04-0.08, Cu 5.94-0.05, Cr 0.43-1.68, Fe 7.08-15.93, Ni 0.89-2.90, Mn 1.62-5.38, and Zn 3.30-7.04) increased significantly (p < 0.05) with SS mixing rate. The bioaccumulation factor (BAF) was below 1 except for Cu and Zn exhibiting their rapid uptake by plants from SS-treated soils. However, dietary intake modeling (DIM < 1) and health risk index (HRI < 1) studies showed that the levels of heavy metals did not exceed the permissible limits in any SS treatment. Overall, SS amendment has a positive impact on the growth, biochemical, proximate, and heavy metal characteristics of T. alexandrinum. Therefore, this study suggested a strategy for low-cost soil fertilization and fodder crop production which could sustainably benefit waste recycling.

Abstract: The study was conducted at the Jalpan de Serra dam, Querétaro, Mexico. In a mountain watershed with a history of artisanal mining activity in the upper part, runoff feeds the reservoir, transporting mining tailings. The Jalpan dam has been used for drinking water supply, agricultural irrigation activities and recreational purposes as a Ramsar site. The reason for the study has been the relevance and social impact of the reservoir sediments as a source of diffuse pollution. The objective was to determine the concentration of arsenic, cadmium and lead in the sediment and to evaluate the level of risk to human health and the environment. The methodology consists of the analysis by atomic absorption carried out in three sites sampled in the superficial layer of 10 cm depth, samples obtained with a PVC tube of 7 cm diameter, identified, preserved for transfer and digested with nitric acid. The results show mean arsenic concentrations of 4.278 mg/kg, cadmium 0.323 mg/kg and lead 4.873 mg/kg. In conclusion, the sediment analyzed does not represent a risk to human health or the environment of the reservoir according to NOM-147-SEMARNAT/SSA1-2004. This investigation demonstrates the lack of a policy or standard that establishes permissible limits for heavy metals in sediment.

Resumen: El estudio ha sido realizado en la presa Jalpan de Serra, Querétaro, México. En una cuenca de montaña con antecedentes de actividad minera artesanal en la parte alta, la escorrentía alimenta el embalse, transportando relaves mineros. La presa Jalpan se ha empleado para abastecimiento de agua de consumo humano, actividades de riego agrícola y fines recreativos como sitio Ramsar. El motivo de estudio ha sido la relevancia e impacto social que tienen los sedimentos del embalse como fuente de contaminación difusa. El objetivo ha sido conocer la concentración de arsénico, cadmio y plomo en el sedimento y evaluar el nivel de riesgo para la salud humana y del ambiente. La metodología consiste en el análisis por absorción atómica realizada en tres sitios muestreados en la capa superficial de 10 cm de profundidad, muestras obtenidas con un tubo de PVC de 7 cm de diámetro, identificadas, conservadas para su traslado y digeridas con ácido nítrico. Los resultados muestran concentraciones medias en arsénico de 4.278 mg/kg, cadmio 0.323 mg/kg y plomo 4.873 mg/kg. En conclusión, el sedimento analizado no representa riesgo para la salud humana o entorno del embalse según la norma NOM-147-SEMARNAT/SSA1-2004. Esta investigación evidencia la falta de una política o norma que establezca los límites permisibles de metales pesados en sedimentos.

Pesticide residues and heavy metal content of cassava, yam, cocoyam, potato, water yam and carrot were evaluated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and atomic absorption spectroscopy. The detected pesticide residues in the samples were 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, glyphosate, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), dichlorobiphenyl, aldrin, endosulfan, profenofos, g-chlordane, carbofuran, biphenyl, heptachlor, lindane and t-Nonachlor. The concentration of HCB ranged between 0.0799 ± 0.06 mg/kg and 0.1596 ± 0.00 mg/kg, which was greater than the permitted maximum limit of 0.5 mg/kg established by the US Environmental Protection Agency. The concentration of aldrin and profenofos detected was lower than the predetermined maximum allowed limits. Endosulfan concentrations in cocoyam (0.2500 mg/kg) and potato (0.3265 mg/kg) were higher than the limits allowed by the Canadian Department of Industrial Research. The heavy metals detected in these samples include cobalt, nickel, lead, manganese, chromium, arsenic and mercury in at least one of the samples evaluated. There was not much difference between the concentration of cobalt in yam (0.036 mg/kg) and the maximum allowed concentration (0.043 mg/kg). Lead was detected in potatoes and carrots but was below detectable concentration in cassava, yam, cocoyam and water yam. Similarly, cocoyam was found to have a significant mercury content (0.658 mg/kg), but mercury content was below detectable concentrations in cassava, yam and water yam. SIGNIFICANCE: Heavy metal pollutants and pesticide residues can impair human health, and their presence in food can cause various illnesses and health issues. It is important to prevent exposure to these contaminants and ensure that food is safe by identifying and monitoring them. Farmers may provide consumers with more assurance that their products are safe by identifying and monitoring pesticide residues and heavy metal contamination in these food crops. Overall, it is crucial to find and monitor pesticide residues and heavy metal contamination in food to safeguard customer confidence, ensure legal compliance and preserve human health.

RESUMEN En la Amazonía ecuatoriana, cada día son mayores los desafíos para la identificación de especies fitorremediadoras que disminuyan la contaminación por metales pesados producto de la actividad minera. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el potencial bioacumulador de metales pesados de tres especies forestales de rápido crecimiento (Ochroma pyramidale, Piptocoma discolor y Bambusa vulgaris) en un área de extracción minera, en la comunidad Yutzupino, Napo para la restauración. Se recolectaron muestras de hoja y suelo para determinar la concentración de metales pesados (Cd, Pb, Fe y Ni), mediante espectrometría de absorción atómica y se calculó el factor de bioconcentración (FBC). Los análisis foliares mostraron que B. vulgaris presentó mayor concentración de Ni (6,89 mg kg-1) y Fe (156,33 mg kg-1) y P. discolor contenía Cd (0,35 mg kg-1) y Pb (55,67 mg kg -1). Los análisis de suelos mostraron un patrón de variación en B. vulgaris superior en Cd, Ni y Pb y en O. pyramidale para Fe. El factor de bioconcentración permitió identificar la capacidad acumuladora de las especies, lo que sugiere que P. discolor puede ser utilizada como especie fitorremediadora para sitios contaminadas por Cd y Pb, O. pyramidale para Ni y B. vulgaris para Fe.

RESUMO Na Amazônia equatoriana, os desafios para a identificação de espécies de fitorremediação para reduzir a contaminação por metais pesados provenientes de atividades de mineração aumentam a cada dia. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o potencial bioacumulativo de metais pesados de três espécies florestais de crescimento rápido (Ochroma pyramidale, Piptocoma discolor e Bambusa vulgaris) em uma área de extração de mineração na comunidade de Yutzupino, Napo, para restauração. Amostras de folhas e de solo foram coletadas para determinar a concentração de metais pesados (Cd, Pb, Fe e Ni) por espectrometria de absorção atômica e o fator de bioconcentração (BCF) foi calculado. A análise das folhas mostrou que a B. vulgaris tinha concentrações mais altas de Ni (6,89 mg kg-1) e Fe (156,33 mg kg-1) e a P. discolor continha Cd (0,35 mg kg-1) e Pb (55,67 mg kg -1). As análises do solo mostraram um padrão de variação em B. vulgaris maior em Cd, Ni e Pb e em O. pyramidale para Fe. O fator de bioconcentração identificou a capacidade de acumulação das espécies, sugerindo que P. discolor pode ser usada como uma espécie de fitorremediação para locais contaminados com Cd e Pb, O. pyramidale para Ni e B. vulgaris para Fe.

ABSTRACT In the Ecuadorian Amazon, the challenges for identifying, phytoremediation species that reduce heavy metal contamination resulting from mining activity are increasing every day. The objective of this work was to evaluate the bioaccumulator potential of heavy metals of three fast-growing forest species (Ochroma pyramidale, Piptocoma discolor and Bambusa vulgaris) in a mining extraction area, in the Yutzupino community, Napo for restoration. Leaf and soil samples were collected to determine the concentration of heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Fe and Ni) using atomic absorption spectrometry and the bioconcentration factor (BCF) was calculated. Leaf analyzes showed that B. vulgaris presented a higher concentration of Ni (6.89 mg kg-1 ) and Fe (156.33 mg kg-1 ) and P. discolor contained Cd (0.35 mg kg-1 ) and Pb (55.67 mg kg -1 ). Soil analyzes showed a pattern of variation in B. vulgaris superior in Cd, Ni and Pb and in O. pyramidale for Fe. The bioconcentration factor allowed identifying the accumulating capacity of the species, which suggests that P. discolor may be used as a phytoremediation species for sites contaminated by Cd and Pb, O. pyramidale for Ni and B. vulgaris for Fe.

Resumen: La alta demanda de materiales plásticos ha sido una tendencia post Covid-19 debido a la necesidad de materiales de protección y empaquetado para productos sanitarios y alimentarios. Sin embargo, esta situación ha agravado la problemática medioambiental asociada a la contaminación por residuos plásticos, debido a su largo tiempo de vida, por lo que en los últimos años se ha intensificado la búsqueda de alternativas de su reciclaje. De igual manera, la disposición final de los catalizadores utilizados en la petroquímica representa un importante desafío, puesto que estos terminan en vertederos, siendo un gran foco de contención por su alto contenido de metales pesados. Con este enfoque, el presente estudio tiene como objetivo la evaluación del uso de catalizadores regenerados FCC provenientes de procesos petroquímicos y su aplicación en el proceso de despolimerización mediante glicólisis del poli-(tereftalato de etileno). El catalizador fue regenerado mediante tratamiento térmico y químico, el mismo que posterior a su análisis fue evaluado en el proceso de glicólisis en cantidades del uno y dos por ciento en masa, comparándolo con otros catalizadores convencionales como el acetato de zinc y la zeolita ZSM-5 en la obtención de bis-hidroxi etilen tereftalato (BHET). Los resultados mostraron un rendimiento muy significativo comparado con los otros catalizadores, así también se demostró que la cantidad de catalizador no presenta influencia significativa en el proceso de despolimerización. Resultados que se muestran como una opción prometedora para combatir la problemática de la aglomeración de materiales plásticos.

Abstract: The high demand for plastic materials has been a post-Covid-19 trend due to the need for protective and packaging materials for sanitary and food products. However, this situation has exacerbated the environmental problem associated with plastic waste pollution, which has led to intensified efforts to find recycling alternatives in recent years. The final disposal of catalysts used in petrochemicals also represents a significant challenge, as they end up in landfills and are a major source of contamination due to their high heavy metal content. This study aims to evaluate the use of regenerated FCC catalysts from petrochemical processes in the depolymerization process of poly-(ethylene terephthalate) by glycolysis. The results showed that the regenerated catalyst had a significant performance compared to conventional catalysts such as zinc acetate and ZSM-5 zeolite in obtaining bis (hydroxyethyl terephthalate) (BHET), and the amount of catalyst did not significantly affect the depolymerization process. These results show a promising option for addressing the problem of plastic waste.

ABSTRACT Copper is an essential element for beet; however, it needs to be made available in adequate quantities since this nutrient, which is a heavy metal, can cause toxicity to plants and/or humans. This study aimed to evaluate the agronomic performance of beet fertigated with copper in a semi-arid region of Brazil. Two experiments were carried out in complete randomized blocks, with five treatments (0, 1.5, 3.0, 4.0, and 6.0 kg ha-1 of copper) and four replicates. In 2019, the copper content was within the adequate range for beet. In 2021, fertigation with copper above 0.8 kg ha-1 led to contents in the phytotoxicity range, which may explain the reduction in total and tuberous root dry mass accumulation. Fertilization with copper increased marketable yield in 2019 (17.32 t ha-1 at the dose of 3.9 kg ha-1 of copper), while, in 2021, there was no fit of the equations. Copper fertilization altered the tuberous root pH but did not influence the other tuberous root quality components. Plants fertilized with copper accumulated more copper in the leaves than in the tuberous root, with a maximum accumulation of 6.0 kg ha-1 of copper in 2019 and 2021. Fertilization with 3.9 kg ha-1 suits soils with low copper content. however nutrient metal andor or humans semiarid semi arid Brazil blocks 0, 0 (0 15 1 5 1.5 30 3 3.0 40 4 4.0 60 6 6. ha1 ha ha- replicates 2021 08 8 0. 201 17.32 1732 17 32 (17.3 39 9 3. copper, , while equations components ( 1. 4. 202 20 17.3 173 (17. 2 17. (17 (1

RESUMO O cobre é um elemento essencial à beterraba, no entanto, é necessário disponibilizá-lo em quantidade adequada uma vez que esse nutriente, que é um metal pesado, pode causar toxicidade às plantas e, ou, ao ser humano. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar o desempenho agronômico de beterraba fertirrigada com cobre em uma região semiárida do Brasil. Foram conduzidos dois experimentos em delineados em blocos casualizados ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos (0, 1.5, 3.0, 4.5 e 6.0 kg ha-1 de cobre) e quatro repetições. Em 2019, o teor de cobre estava dentro da faixa adequada para a beterraba. Em 2021, a fertirrigação com cobre acima de 0.8 kg ha-1 proporcionou teores na faixa de fitotoxicidade, o que pode explicar a redução no acúmulo de massa seca total e de raízes tuberosas. A adubação com cobre aumentou a produtividade comercial em 2019 (17.32 t ha-1 na dose de 3.9 kg ha-1 de cobre) enquanto que, em 2021, não houve modelo ajustado. A adubação alterou o pH da raiz tuberosa, mas não influenciou nos demais atributos de qualidade pós-colheita da raiz tuberosa. Plantas adubadas com cobre acumularam mais cobre nas folhas do que na raiz tuberosa, com máxima acumulada em 2019 e em 2021, na dose 6.0 kg ha-1 de cobre. A adubação com 3.9 kg ha-1 é adequada para solos com baixo teor de cobre. entanto disponibilizálo disponibilizá lo nutriente pesado ou humano Brasil acaso 0, 0 (0 15 1 5 1.5 30 3 3.0 45 4 4. 60 6 6. ha1 ha ha- repetições 2021 08 8 0. fitotoxicidade tuberosas 201 17.32 1732 17 32 (17.3 39 9 3. ajustado tuberosa póscolheita pós colheita ( 1. 202 20 17.3 173 (17. 2 17. (17 (1

Abstract As a result of intensive anthropogenic impact in the biosphere there is a rapid process of accumulation of heavy metal salts. They have led to the aggravation of problems associated with the pollution of ecosystems and basic food products of plant and animal origin. Environmental pollution by these compounds is caused by their persistence in environmental objects, migration ability, accumulation by plants. This contributes to their accumulation in the human environment. A number of studies have shown that heavy metals have mutagenic, toxic effects and affect the intensity of biochemical processes. Therefore, the presence of heavy metals in the environment is extremely undesirable. Moreover, the ecological state of the environment is directly related to changes in the human internal environment. Deficiency or excess of certain bioelements in soils and drinking water or non-compliance with its stable chemical composition causes the development of dysmicroelementosis. The ecological situation of the Carpathian region is closely related to the state of soils and water resources. In this regard, it is advisable to study and control the level of cadmium compounds in the environment of the region. The study of the effect of cadmium intoxication on the macro- and microelement composition of the brain and myocardium of experimental animals is also worthwhile. Materials and methods. Soils and drinking water of the plain, foothill and mountainous zones of the region, as well as organs and tissues of experimental animals served as the object of research. Cadmium levels in drinking water and myocardial tissues and brain of experimental animals have been measured by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Results and discussion. The study of soils in the Prykarpattia region has revealed an increase in the toxic element cadmium. Its content is 1.1-1.5 times higher than background levels. The analysis of drinking water allowed to establish that a significant number of people living in the plain and foothill zone of the region consume water with a high content of cadmium. The main stages of cadmium intake and accumulation in plants have been analyzed. Significant disorders in the body of experimental animals under conditions of excessive intake of cadmium compounds have been revealed. It was accompanied by the accumulation of cadmium in the myocardium and brain, on the background of redistribution of vital macronutrients calcium and magnesium along with micronutrients copper and zinc. Thus, excessive intake of cadmium salts causes the development of dysmicroelementosis, which is accompanied by a violation of the homeostasis of a living organism. It is suggested to conduct continuous monitoring of the level of toxicants in the ecosystem as an integral component of environmental monitoring. origin objects ability mutagenic processes Therefore undesirable Moreover noncompliance non compliance dysmicroelementosis resources regard macro worthwhile methods research spectroscopy discussion 1.11.5 1115 1.1 1.5 1 5 1.1-1. analyzed zinc Thus organism 11 1.11. 111 1. 15 1.1-1 1.11 1.1-

Resumo Como consequência do intenso impacto antrópico na biosfera, um rápido processo de acúmulo de sais de metais pesados ocorre. Esse processo tem é um agravante para os problemas associados à poluição dos ecossistemas e dos produtos alimentares básicos de origem vegetal e animal. A poluição ambiental por esses compostos é causada por sua persistência em objetos ambientais, capacidade de migração, acúmulo pelas plantas. Isso contribui para o seu acúmulo no ambiente humano. Vários estudos mostraram que os metais pesados têm efeitos mutagênicos, tóxicos e afetam a intensidade dos processos bioquímicos. Portanto, a presença de metais pesados no meio ambiente é extremamente indesejável. Além disso, o estado ecológico do meio ambiente está diretamente relacionado às mudanças no ambiente interno humano. A deficiência ou excesso de certos bioelementos nos solos e na água potável ou o não cumprimento de sua composição química estável provoca o desenvolvimento da dismicroelementose. A situação ecológica da região dos Cárpatos está intimamente relacionada com o estado dos solos e dos recursos hídricos. Nesse sentido, é aconselhável estudar e controlar o nível de compostos de cádmio no ambiente da região. O estudo do efeito da intoxicação por cádmio na composição de macro e microelementos do cérebro e miocárdio de indivíduos experimentais também devem ser analisados. Solos e água potável das zonas plana, sopé e montanhosa da região, bem como órgãos e tecidos de indivíduos experimentais serviram de objeto de pesquisa. Os níveis de cádmio na água potável e nos tecidos do miocárdio e cérebro de indivíduos experimentais foram medidos por espectroscopia de absorção atômica. Nesse sentido, o estudo dos solos da região de Prykarpattia revelou um aumento do elemento tóxico cádmio. Seu conteúdo é 1,1-1,5 vezes maior que os níveis de fundo. A análise da água potável permitiu constatar que um número significativo de pessoas residentes na zona de planície e sopé da região consome água com elevado teor de cádmio. As principais etapas da ingestão e acúmulo de cádmio nas plantas foram analisadas. Distúrbios significativos no corpo de indivíduos experimentais sob condições de ingestão excessiva de compostos de cádmio foram revelados, acompanhados pelo acúmulo desse elemento no miocárdio e no cérebro, no contexto da redistribuição dos macronutrientes cálcio e magnésio, juntamente com os micronutrientes cobre e zinco. Assim, a ingestão excessiva de sais de cádmio causa o desenvolvimento de dismicroelementose acompanhada por uma violação da homeostase de um organismo vivo. Sugere-se a realização de monitoramento contínuo do nível de tóxicos no ecossistema como um componente integral do monitoramento ambiental. biosfera ocorre animal ambientais migração humano mutagênicos bioquímicos Portanto indesejável disso hídricos sentido analisados plana pesquisa atômica 1,11,5 1115 1,1 1,5 1 5 1,1-1, fundo analisadas revelados magnésio zinco Assim vivo Sugerese Sugere se 11 1,11, 111 1, 15 1,1-1 1,11 1,1-

Abstract In the last few years, there has been an increasing interest in solutions for sustainable agriculture to reduce negative impacts on the environment resulting from modern agricultural practices. The use of environmentally beneficial bacteria, like Pseudomonas, which can increase plant productivity by reducing growth time, is a promising opportunity for sustainable agriculture. Pseudomonas is a gram-negative bacterium genus, commonly present in soils, plants, and irrigation water. Pseudomonas has a wide range of metabolic routes that could benefit agriculture, such as nutrient uptake, pathogen suppression, heavy metal solubilization, drought tolerance, and high salt concentration tolerance. Pseudomonas may even be proposed as a potential tool for future agriculture on other planets, where the use of microorganisms would be essential for crop development in hostile and inhospitable environments. Hence, the present review discusses the potential use of Pseudomonas in sustainable agriculture on planet Earth and potentially on Mars, highlighting its role in plant growth enhancement and plant protection from pathogenic microorganisms. years practices bacteria time gramnegative gram genus soils plants water uptake suppression solubilization tolerance planets environments Hence Mars

Resumo Nos últimos anos, tem havido um interesse crescente em soluções para que a agricultura sustentável reduza os impactos negativos no ambiente, resultantes de práticas agrícolas modernas. A utilização de bactérias ambientalmente benéficas, como Pseudomonas, que podem aumentar a produtividade das plantas ao reduzir o tempo de crescimento, é uma oportunidade de investigação promissora para a agricultura sustentável. Pseudomonas são um gênero de bactérias Gram-negativas, comumente presentes em solos, plantas e água irrigada. Essas bactérias possuem uma gama de rotas metabólicas que podem beneficiar a agricultura, como absorção de nutrientes, supressão de patógenos, solubilização de metais pesados, tolerância à seca e a altas concentrações de sal. Pseudomonas podem até ser propostas como ferramenta potencial para a agricultura futura em outros planetas, onde o uso de microrganismos seria essencial para o desenvolvimento de culturas em ambientes hostis e inóspitos. Assim, a presente revisão discute o uso potencial de Pseudomonas na agricultura sustentável no planeta Terra e potencialmente em Marte, destacando o seu papel na melhoria do crescimento das plantas e na proteção delas contra microrganismos patogênicos. anos ambiente modernas benéficas Gramnegativas, Gramnegativas Gram negativas, negativas Gram-negativas solos irrigada nutrientes patógenos pesados sal planetas inóspitos Assim Marte patogênicos

Resumo A contaminação ambiental com metais pesados é uma ameaça aos organismos devido à sua toxicidade, persistência e bioacumulação nas cadeias alimentares. O estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito do Cd sobre o nível de Ca em ossos de peixes de água doce Channa gachua. Quarenta e dois indivíduos de peixes foram mantidos em seis aquários; marcado aq. 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 e 5 no laboratório para tratamento. Aq. 0 foi o grupo controle e aq. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 foram experimentais com solução de tratamento de Cd 0, 0,1 ppm, 0,5 ppm, 1 ppm, 2,5 ppm e 5 ppm respectivamente por três meses. Após a exposição, o tecido ósseo foi examinado quanto ao acúmulo de Cd e concentração de Ca. O maior acúmulo de Cd foi registrado em aq. 5 com média de 46,86 ± 0,46 mgkg-1 e o menor no grupo controle com média de 0,61 ± 0,06 mgkg-1. A ordem de bioacumulação de Cd nos ossos foi aq. 5 > aq. 4 > aq. 3 > aq. 2 > aq. 1 > aq. 0. A concentração mais alta de Ca foi observada em aq. 0 (grupo controle) média de 7.888,06 ± 4.827,22 mgkg-1 e a mais baixa foi de 1.132,36 ± 203,73 mgkg-1 em aq. 5 (a 5,0 ppm). Geralmente um padrão de diminuição do nível de Ca foi observado com cada aumento da bioacumulação de Cd aq. 0 > aq. 1 > aq. 2 > aq. 3 > aq. 4 > aq. 5. O estudo atual indicou que o acúmulo de Cd tem efeito substancial no nível de Ca nos ossos e, portanto, no sistema esquelético. Regras estritas devem ser implementadas pelo governo para controlar a poluição por metais e a exploração da biota.

Abstract Environmental contamination with heavy metals is a threat to the organisms due to their toxicity, persistence and bioaccumulation in food chains. The study was aimed to assess cadmium (Cd) effect on calcium (Ca) level in bones of a freshwater fish Channa gachua. 42 fish individuals were kept into six (6) aquaria; labelled aq.0, 1, 2, 3,4 and 5 in the laboratory for treatment. Aq.0 was control group and aq.1, 2,3,4,5 were experimental with treatment solution of Cd 0, 0.1ppm, 0.5ppm, 1ppm, 2.5ppm and 5ppm respectively for three months. After exposure, bones tissue were examined for Cd accumulation and Ca concentration. Highest accumulation of Cd were recorded in aq.5 mean 46.86 ± 0.46 mgkg-1 .and lowest in the control group with mean 0.61 ± 0.06 mgkg-1. The order of Cd bioaccumulation in bones were aq.5 > aq.4 >aq.3 > aq.2 > aq.1 > aq.0. Highest concentration of Ca were noted in aq.0 (Control group) mean 7888.06 ± 4827.22 mgkg-1 and lowest were 1132.36 ± 203.73 mgkg-1 in aq.5 (at 5.0 ppm). Generally a pattern of decreasing Ca level were observed with each rise of Cd bioaccumulation aq.0 > aq.1 > aq.2 > aq.3 > aq.4 > aq.5. Current study indicated that Cd accumulation have substantial effect on Ca level in bones and hence on skeleton system. Strict rules must be implemented by government to control metals pollution and exploitations of biota.