RESUMEN Introducción: La adolescencia es una etapa de trascendental importancia en la vida del ser humano. Una adecuada formación de la autoestima y autovaloración conllevan al crecimiento de adolescentes estables, sanos y con herramientas adecuadas para asumir cambios propios del periodo evolutivo. Objetivo: Realizar una propuesta de intervención psicoeducativa para potenciar autovaloración y autoestima en un grupo de adolescentes de la Secundaria «Camilo Cienfuegos» en el municipio Cifuentes, Villa Clara. Métodos: Se utilizó una metodología con paradigma mixto, predominantemente cualitativa, de tipo exploratorio-descriptivo con diseño transversal. Fueron empleados para el estudio de las variables autovaloración y autoestima, métodos y técnicas del nivel teórico y empírico, fundamentalmente técnicas psicométricas y proyectivas. Se tuvieron en cuenta criterios de exclusión e inclusión para la selección de la muestra, así como, el juicio de especialistas para la valoración de la propuesta psicoeducativa, en la cual se utilizaron tres grupos de técnicas: de teatro, cognitivo-conductuales y desactivación psicofisiológica. Resultados: Los adolescentes identificados con dificultades en las formaciones motivacionales complejas (autovaloración y autoestima) experimentan problemas en las relaciones interpersonales, carencia afectiva, sentimientos de inconformidad, hipersensibilidad a la crítica, además de sobresalir rasgos de autosuficiencia, entre otros. Los especialistas seleccionados coincidieron en la factibilidad de la propuesta psicoeducativa para potenciar indicadores adecuados de autovaloración y autoestima. Conclusiones: Sobre la base del diagnóstico realizado, se diseñó una propuesta de intervención psicoeducativ con sesiones de carácter grupal, con el fin de cumplir con el objetivo propuesto.

ABSTRACT Introduction: adolescence is a stage of transcendental importance in the life of the human being. An adequate formation of self-esteem and self-assessment lead to the growth of stable and healthy adolescents with adequate tools to assume changes typical of the evolutionary period. Objective: to carry out a proposal for a psychoeducational intervention to enhance self-esteem and self-assessment in a group of adolescents from "Camilo Cienfuegos" High School in Cifuentes municipality, Villa Clara. Methods: a mixed qualitative study with an exploratory, descriptive and cross-sectional design was used. Theoretical and empirical methods and techniques, specifically psychometric and projective techniques, were used to study the self-assessment and self-esteem variables. Exclusion and inclusion criteria were taken into account for the selection of the sample as well as the judgment of specialists for the assessment of the psychoeducational proposal, in which three groups of techniques were used such as theater, cognitive-behavioural and psychophysiological deactivation. Results: adolescents identified with difficulties in complex motivational formations (self-assessment and self-esteem) experience problems in interpersonal relationships, affective lack, feelings of nonconformity, hypersensitivity to criticism, in addition to highlighting self-sufficiency traits, among others. The specialists in the field agreed on the feasibility of the psychoeducational proposal to promote adequate indicators of self-assessment and self-esteem. Conclusions: a psychoeducational intervention proposal based on the diagnosis was designed with group sessions in order to meet the proposed objective.

ABSTRACT Background: Intersectoral health promotion initiatives in Chile to address obesity and non- communicable diseases have had a long history in Chile, but also a high degree of changes in their design, implementation, and financing. Aim: To analyze the “Choose a Healthy Lifestyle” enacted by Law 20,670 under Sabatier's “Advocacy Coalition Framework” (ACF), addressing the political discussion and its execution in the subsequent governing coalitions (2011-2022). Material and Methods: The ACF components are the following: external events, coalitions, policy subsystem (health promotion), and policy brokers. Policy change and learning occurs when a certain level of conflict exists between coalitions. We carried out a bibliographic and literature review, including history of the Law and notes in the media. Results: We identified two coalitions. The first is pro-individual freedom and aims to solve the problem with education and health promotion. The second one defines the problem as structural and related to social determinants and health inequity. The first coalition launched the “Choose Healthy Liferstyle” program in 2011 when they were in executive power. After criticism from the opposition and the participation of policy brokers, the Program was institutionalized with an intersectoral vision. The lack of permanent financing affected the continuity of the policy, especially after a change in the governing coalition. Conclusions: Law 20,670 falls within the ACF. However, policy learning slowed down because the problem involved social aspects, conflict between deep beliefs of both coalitions, and lack of permanent funding, thus affecting the continuity of the policy.

Antecedentes: Las iniciativas intersectoriales de promoción de salud en Chile han tenido una larga historia en el país, pero también un alto grado de cambios en su diseño, implementación y financiamiento. Objetivos: Analizar el “Sistema Elige Vivir Sano” (Ley 20.670) bajo el marco de “Coaliciones de Causa” (ACF), abordando la discusión política y su ejecución durante cambios de coaliciones gobernantes (2011-2022). Material y Métodos: Los componentes de ACF incluyen eventos externos, coaliciones, subsistema de políticas (promoción de salud) e intermediarios de políticas. El cambio y aprendizaje de políticas ocurre cuando existe cierto nivel de conflicto entre coaliciones. Realizamos una revisión de literatura, incluyendo historia de la Ley y notas en los medios de comunicación. Resultados: Identificamos dos coaliciones. La primera es pro-libertad individual y pretende resolver el problema con educación y promoción de la salud. La segunda es pro-determinantes sociales y define el problema como estructural. La primera coalición lanzó el programa “Elige Vivir Sano” en 2011 cuando estaban en el poder ejecutivo. Luego de las críticas de la oposición y la participación de intermediarios de políticas, el Programa se institucionalizó con una visión intersectorial. La falta de financiamiento permanente afecta la continuidad de la política, especialmente luego de un cambio en la coalición gobernante. Conclusiones: La Ley 20.670 se enmarca dentro de la ACF. Sin embargo, el aprendizaje de políticas se ralentizó porque el problema involucra aspectos sociales, conflicto entre creencias profundas de ambas coaliciones y falta de financiamiento permanente, afectando la continuidad de la política.

ABSTRACT Body mass is known to affect muscle strength and the outcome of some functional tests, so that heavier and taller people will be stronger than lighter and smaller ones. Ratio standard (RS) has been widely used to remove the body mass effect, despite long date criticism due to its inadequacy. Allometry (ALLO), in turn, has been applied as an efficient method for normalizing muscular strength. As the bench press (BP) is a well-recognized strength and conditioning exercise for older adults, the aim of the present study was to verify the influence of body mass on the performance assessment of a group of older men in the BP, by comparing the absolute, RS and ALLO approaches. Sixteen healthy old men (65.5±5.13 years old; 75.42±9.78Kg; 1.73±5.98m; 25.11±2.71 kg/m2; 24.76±4.10 %fat) volunteered to participate in the study. Maximum dynamic load was verified by individual one-repetition maximum (1-RM) tests. Comparisons of means revealed that significant 1-RM difference between lighter (54.9±8.85Kg) and heavier (66.2±8.86Kg) participants was identified only in absolute approach (p<0.05; ES=0.57). RS failed in completely remove the body mass effect, allowing correlation between normalized muscular strength and BM (r=0.23), in contraire of ALLO (r=0.03 and 0.06). Kendall's concordance coefficient revealed an absolute lack of agreement between approaches when compared their respective ordinal classifications (kw=0.003; p>0.05). In line with previous research, ALLO has shown to be the only suitable method to remove adequately the body mass effect and to provide appropriated performance scores for the older men evaluated in this study. tests ones (RS inadequacy ALLO, , (ALLO) turn BP (BP wellrecognized well recognized adults 65.5±5.13 655513 65 5 13 (65.5±5.1 75.42±9.78Kg 7542978Kg Kg 75 42 9 78Kg 1.73±5.98m 173598m m 1 73 98m 2511271 25 11 2 71 25.11±2.7 kg/m2 kgm2 kgm kg m2 2476410 24 76 4 10 24.76±4.1 %fat fat onerepetition one repetition 1RM RM (1-RM 54.9±8.85Kg 549885Kg 54 8 85Kg (54.9±8.85Kg 66.2±8.86Kg 662886Kg 66 86Kg (66.2±8.86Kg p<0.05 p005 p 0 05 (p<0.05 ES=0.57. ES057 ES ES=0.57 . 57 ES=0.57) r=0.23, r023 r r=0.23 23 (r=0.23) r=0.03 r003 03 (r=0.0 0.06. 006 0.06 06 0.06) Kendalls Kendall s kw=0.003 kw0003 kw 003 (kw=0.003 p>0.05. p>0.05 p>0.05) research (ALLO 65.5±5.1 65551 6 (65.5±5. 7 251127 25.11±2. kg/m 247641 24.76±4. p<0.0 p00 (p<0.0 ES05 ES=0.5 r02 r=0.2 (r=0.23 r=0.0 r00 (r=0. 00 0.0 kw=0.00 kw000 (kw=0.00 p>0.0 65.5±5. 6555 (65.5±5 25112 25.11±2 24764 24.76±4 p<0. p0 (p<0. ES0 ES=0. r0 r=0. (r=0.2 (r=0 0. kw=0.0 kw00 (kw=0.0 p>0. 65.5±5 655 (65.5± 2511 25.11± 2476 24.76± p<0 (p<0 ES=0 r=0 (r= kw=0. kw0 (kw=0. p>0 65.5± (65.5 251 25.11 247 24.76 p< (p< ES= r= (r kw=0 (kw=0 p> 65.5 (65. 25.1 24.7 (p kw= (kw= 65. (65 25. 24. (kw (6 (

RESUMO Sabe-se que a massa corporal afeta a força muscular e o resultado de alguns testes funcionais, de modo que pessoas mais pesadas e altas serão mais fortes que as mais leves e menores. A razão-padrão (RP) tem sido largamente utilizada para remover o efeito da massa corporal, apesar de críticas conhecidas há muito tempo devido sua inadequação. Alometria (ALO), do contrário, tem sido aplicada como um método eficiente para normalizar a força muscular. Como o supino é um exercício de força e condicionamento bem reconhecido para idosos, o objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a influência da massa corporal sobre a avaliação do desempenho de um grupo de idosos no supino, comparando as abordagens absoluta (AB), RP e ALO. Dezesseis idosos saudáveis (65,5±5,13 anos de idade; 75,42±9,78Kg; 1,73±5,98m; 25,11±2,71 kg/m2; 24,76±4,10 %gordura) se voluntariaram para participar no estudo. A máxima carga dinâmica foi verificada pelos testes de 1 repetição máxima (1RM). Na comparação das médias, a diferença significante do 1RM entre os participantes leves (54,9±8,85Kg) e pesados (66,2±8,86Kg) foi identificada apenas na abordagem ABS (p<0,05; ES=0,57). A RP falhou em remover completamente o efeito da massa corporal, permitindo correlação entre a força muscular e a massa corporal normalizadas (r=0,23), ao contrário da ALO (r=0,23 e 0,06). O coeficiente de Kendall revelou ausência de concordância entre as abordagens quando comparadas as suas respectivas classificações ordinais (kw=0,003; p>0,05). Em linha com pesquisas anteriores, ALO tem se mostrado como o único método viável para remover adequadamente o efeito da MC e para oferecer escores de desempenho mais apropriados para homens idosos, como os avaliados por este estudo. Sabese Sabe funcionais menores razãopadrão razão padrão (RP inadequação ALO, , (ALO) AB, AB (AB) 65,5±5,13 655513 65 5 13 (65,5±5,1 idade 75,42±9,78Kg 7542978Kg Kg 75 42 9 78Kg 1,73±5,98m 173598m m 73 98m 2511271 25 11 2 71 25,11±2,7 kg/m2 kgm2 kgm kg m2 2476410 24 76 4 10 24,76±4,1 %gordura gordura 1RM. RM . (1RM) médias 54,9±8,85Kg 549885Kg 54 8 85Kg (54,9±8,85Kg 66,2±8,86Kg 662886Kg 66 86Kg (66,2±8,86Kg p<0,05 p005 p 0 05 (p<0,05 ES=0,57. ES057 ES ES=0,57 57 ES=0,57) r=0,23, r023 r r=0,23 23 (r=0,23) (r=0,2 0,06. 006 0,06 06 0,06) kw=0,003 kw0003 kw 003 (kw=0,003 p>0,05. p>0,05 p>0,05) anteriores (ALO (AB 65,5±5,1 65551 6 (65,5±5, 7 251127 25,11±2, kg/m 247641 24,76±4, (1RM p<0,0 p00 (p<0,0 ES05 ES=0,5 r02 r=0,2 (r=0, 00 0,0 kw=0,00 kw000 (kw=0,00 p>0,0 65,5±5, 6555 (65,5±5 25112 25,11±2 24764 24,76±4 p<0, p0 (p<0, ES0 ES=0, r0 r=0, (r=0 0, kw=0,0 kw00 (kw=0,0 p>0, 65,5±5 655 (65,5± 2511 25,11± 2476 24,76± p<0 (p<0 ES=0 r=0 (r= kw=0, kw0 (kw=0, p>0 65,5± (65,5 251 25,11 247 24,76 p< (p< ES= r= (r kw=0 (kw=0 p> 65,5 (65, 25,1 24,7 (p kw= (kw= 65, (65 25, 24, (kw (6 (

Abstract The restrictive and formalistic interpretation that the courts have given to the Employment Annulment Appeal as an instrument of control of what was decided by a first level monocratic judge, has, in fact, created a large portion of uncontrollable decisions, affecting not only of the right of access to an appeal remedy established in the ordinary legislation, but also to the prohibition of the overflow of the powers of a lone sentenced in the sense that they mark the limits imposed by respect for the so-called rules of healthy criticism and the duty to motivate failures. Starting by overcoming of the mirage of judicial infallibility, we hereby review the excessively restrictive and formalistic interpretative criteria found in a series of representative Courts of Appeal decisions, on hearing and deciding Employment Annulment Appeals. In this paper, we propose a diverse, balanced, and proportional solution to the one that the judicial praxis has established so the cause related to sound criticism stays inoperative and reduced to a formal control devoid of real content.

Resumen La restrictiva y formalista interpretación que las Cortes han dado al recurso de nulidad laboral en cuanto instrumento de control de lo decidido por un juez monocrático de primer grado, en los hechos ha tornado en incontrolables buena parte de las sentencias, con clara afectación no solo del reconocimiento que debe darse al derecho de acceso a un recurso previsto en la legislación ordinaria, sino que también de la interdicción del desborde de las atribuciones de un sentenciador solitario en el sentido que marcan los límites que imponen el respeto a las llamadas reglas de la sana crítica y el deber de motivación de los fallos. Partiendo de la necesaria superación del espejismo de la infalibilidad judicial, se revisan los criterios interpretativos excesivamente restrictivos y formalistas que se han instalado en una serie de cortes de apelaciones representativas, al momento de conocer y resolver respecto de los recursos de nulidad laboral, y se propone una salida diversa, equilibrada y proporcional a la que la praxis judicial ha instalado con la finalidad que la causal relativa a la sana crítica quede inoperante y reducida a un control vacío de contenido efectivo y formalista.

Resumen Este artículo describe la forma como se abordó la modernización del Estado durante el Frente Nacional (1958-1974). Intencionalidad vista como una necesidad para construir un futuro mejor por medio de la inversión en desarrollo social, posibilitar una democracia saludable y solucionar por esta vía el conflicto presente en Colombia. Lo anterior en el contexto de la Guerra Fría y el encuentro de los proyectos políticos de las potencias mundiales. Los diferentes periodos presidenciales que tuvo el Frente Nacional se analizan, sus apuestas y reformas, además de las relaciones que tuvieron con Estados Unidos y el lugar que ocuparon los militares y la clase media, mostrando así, la respuesta que tales medidas suscitaron en la fuerza pública y la población civil. Se concluye entonces que, un periodo de apertura y oportunidades sociales enmarcadas en un proyecto como el de la modernización de Estado, liderado por Estados Unidos, alteró los ánimos de la sociedad e hizo que se presentaran críticas a la capacidad que tenían las instituciones estatales para brindar mejores condiciones de vida.

Abstract This article describes how the State was modernized during the National Front (1958-1974). This intention was seen as a necessity to build a better future through investing in social development, to make a healthy democracy possible, and to solve in this manner the conflict present in Colombia. This happened in the context of the Cold War and the encounter of the political projects of world powers. We analyze the different presidential terms of the National Front, their bids and reforms, as well as their relationships with the United States and the place occupied by the military and the middle class, thus showing how the public forces and the civilian population responded to these measures. We conclude, therefore, that a period of openness and social opportunities framed by a project such as State modernization, led by the US, affected society's spirits and caused criticism against the ability of state institutions to bring about better living conditions.

Resumo Este artigo descreve a forma como a modernização do Estado foi abordada durante a Frente Nacional (1958-1974). A intencionalidade vista como uma necessidade para construir um futuro melhor por meio do investimento no desenvolvimento social, possibilitar uma democracia saudável e resolver desta forma o conflito presente na Colômbia. O exposto no contexto da Guerra Fria e do encontro dos projetos políticos das potências mundiais. São analisados os diferentes períodos presidenciais que teve a Frente Nacional, suas apostas e reformas, além das relações que mantiveram com os Estados Unidos e o lugar ocupado pelos militares e pela classe média, mostrando assim a resposta que tais medidas suscitaram na força pública e a população civil. Conclui-se então que um período de abertura e oportunidades sociais enquadradas em um projeto como o da modernização do Estado, liderado pelos Estados Unidos, alterou o ânimo da sociedade e gerou críticas à capacidade das instituições estatais de proporcionar melhores condições de vida.

RESUMO Objetivo O trabalho teve como objetivo investigar práticas alimentares de universitários(as) após uma ação de promoção de alimentação adequada e saudável. Métodos Trata-se de relato do curso de educação a distância “Comida de República”, promovido pela Universidade Federal de São Paulo, como espaço educativo para compartilhamento e troca de conhecimentos, experiências e reflexões sobre alimentação no contexto universitário, especialmente em moradias estudantis (repúblicas). Questionários online avaliaram o perfil dos participantes e as mudanças na percepção e relação com a alimentação. Adotou-se o Teste t pareado para comparar percepções antes e depois da intervenção e análise de conteúdo para os dados qualitativos. Resultados O curso contou com 201 iniciantes e 82 concluintes, sendo que 35,4% viviam em repúblicas. Antes do curso, 89,6% dos concluintes apontaram a necessidade de melhorar a alimentação e 57,3% classificaram sua alimentação como “regular”. Houve significativa mudança de percepção após o curso: 58,5% dos concluintes classificaram a alimentação como “boa”. As mudanças alimentares foram categorizadas em dois temas: “visão sobre produção e distribuição de alimentos” e “consumo de alimentos e refeições”. Os códigos emergentes mostraram uma maior consciência e criticidade sobre sistemas alimentares e uma maior valorização do ato de cozinhar, da comensalidade e de alimentos in natura e minimamente processados. Os participantes encontraram barreiras (67,1%) ambientais, pessoais e interpessoais para efetivar mudanças alimentares. O curso emergiu como um facilitador dessas mudanças. Conclusão Essa intervenção mostrou-se um relevante instrumento de educação para promoção da alimentação adequada e saudável, além de contribuir com o planejamento e execução de políticas de permanência estudantil e de segurança alimentar e nutricional.

ABSTRACT Objective The work aimed to investigate dietary practices of university students after an action aiming to promote adequate and healthy food. Methods The article reports the experience of the distance education course Comida da República, promoted by the Universidade Federal de São Paulo as an educational space for sharing and exchanging knowledge, experiences, and thoughts on eating in the university context, especially in student homes or fraternities (repúblicas). Online questionnaires assessed the profile of participants and changes in their perception or relationship with food. The Students’ t-test was adopted to compare perceptions before and after the intervention, and content analysis for qualitative data. Results The course had 201 students enrolled and 82 who concluded it, with 35.4% living in repúblicas. Before the course, 89.6% of those who completed the course indicated the need to improve their diets, and 57.3% classified their diets as “regular”. There was a significant change in perception after the course: 58.5% of those who completed it rated their food as “good”. Dietary changes were categorized into two themes: “vision on food production and distribution” and “food and meal consumption”. The emerging codes show a greater awareness and criticism about food systems and a greater appreciation of cooking, commensality, and unprocessed and minimally processed foods. Participants identified environmental, personal, and interpersonal barriers (67.1%) to dietary changes. The course emerged as a facilitator of these changes. Conclusions This intervention proved to be an important educational tool to promote adequate and healthy eating, in addition to contributing to the planning and execution of student affairs and food security policies.

According to St. Augustine's (354-430) literal reading of the myth of Adam's "fall", sin is transmitted to all humanity and leaves an uncontrollable inclination to sin. Salvation from this "original sin" can be achieved only by the grace of God, but the grace of God was mediated exclusively by the orthodox Roman church through the administration of the sacraments. One of the so-called "heretics" who was prepared to speak out against this authoritarian form of church "orthodoxy" was the Celtic monk Pelagius (360-c.420). He denied that sin is transmitted at birth. He claimed that sin was the result of an act of the will, choosing evil over good - and that divine grace cannot perfect humankind's sanctity without the exercise of one's own free will. Even though science and biblical textual criticism have prompted a new search for coherence between modernity and the life, death, and resurrection of Jesus Christ, some or other form of the doctrine of original sin is still being propounded in most Christian denominations today. In view of the tragic baggage that Christianity must bear, the question is raised regarding whether Pelagius's insistence on the choice to exercise free will for good through a Christ-like life would not have led to a more psychologically healthy and effective Christianity? This article employs a History-of-Religion's methodology to probe the politico-cultural historical context during St. Augustine's lifetime to understand how it came about that the doctrine of original sin was established. This article hypothesizes that the possibility (as claimed by Rowan Williams) of a "normative" Christianity containing "an interwoven plurality of perspectives on what was transacted in Jerusalem " is only achievable if the pre-Darwinian doctrine of inborn sin is relinquished in favour of Pelagius's insistence on accountability through an effort of will for good sustained by the grace of God.

Resumen El objetivo de esta investigación es determinar los principales alcances y las limitaciones de la evaluación psicológica forense en casos de Abuso Sexual Infantil (ASI) en Colombia, haciendo uso de la evidencia demostrativa y la prueba novel en juicio oral. En la metodología, se realizó un análisis de contenido por medio de tablas de revisión de categorías en 53 expedientes de ASI. Los resultados muestran serias falencias en el abordaje de los principales constructos teóricos, con base en la opinión pericial al momento de la sustentación en juicio oral, al no hacer uso de la evidencia demostrativa y la prueba novel. Asimismo, se encontró que el protocolo de la Asociación Creemos en Ti no cuenta con la debida publicación, las evidencias científicas ni técnicas para su utilización en Colombia. El estudio estableció que el instrumento más utilizado es la entrevista forense, dejando de lado otras fuentes de información, como el análisis de documentos judiciales, entrevistas colaterales, metodología observacional, técnicas de credibilidad del testimonio y las pruebas psicométricas y psicodiagnósticas propias de esta área. En conclusión, se encuentra que los procesos metodológicos utilizados no cumplen con los criterios para establecer la validez y fiabilidad técnica científica, como apoyo a la sana crítica reglada de jueces y tribunales especiales en Colombia.

Abstract The objective of this research is to determine the main scopes and limitations of the forensic psychological evaluation in cases of Child Sexual Abuse (ASI) in Colombia, making use of the demonstrative evidence and the novel trial in oral proceedings. In the methodology, a content analysis was carried out by means of category review tables in 53 ASI files. Results show serious flaws in the approach of the main theoretical constructs, based on the expert opinion at the time of the oral trial, by not making use of the demonstrative evidence and the novel evidence. Likewise, it was found that the protocol of the “Creemos en Ti” (“We Believe in Thou”) Association does neither have the proper publication nor scientific or technical evidence for its use in Colombia. The study has established that most used instrument is the forensic interview, leaving aside other sources of information such as the analysis of judicial documents, collateral interviews, observational methodology, credibility techniques in the testimonies, and the psychometrical and psychodiagnosis testing proper to this area. In conclusion, it has been found that the methodological processes used do not meet the criteria to establish validity and scientific technical reliability, as a support to the sound and healthy regulated criticism of judges and special courts in Colombia.

Resumo O objetivo desta pesquisa é determinar os alcances principais e as limitações da avaliação psicológica forense nos casos do Abuso Sexual Infantil (ASI) na Colômbia, fazendo o uso da evidência demonstrativa e o teste novel no julgamento oral. Na metodologia, uma análise do índice do conteúdo por meio das tabelas da revisão das categorias em 53 registros de ASI foi feita. Os resultados indicam sérias falências na abordagem dos principais constructos teóricos, com base na opinião perita no momento da sustentação no julgamento oral, ao não empregar a evidência demonstrativa e o teste novel. Também, achou-se que o protocolo da Associação “Creemos en Ti” não dispor da publicação devida, nas evidências científicas nem técnicas para seu uso na Colômbia. O estudo estabeleceu que o instrumento mais usado é a entrevista forense, deixando do lado outras fontes da informação, como a análise de documentos judiciais, entrevistas colaterais, metodologia observacional, técnicas de credibilidade do testemunho e testes psicométricos e psicodiagnósticos próprios desta área. Em conclusão, os processos metodológicos usados não cumprem os critérios para estabelecer a validez e a confiabilidade técnica científica, como a sustentação à crítica adequada regulada dos juízes e das cortes especiais na Colômbia.

Biblical criticism regards biblical books as fundamental texts expressing and embodying the core of faith and practice of a believing community. Thus, in line with canonical criticism, this article assumes the Book of Deuteronomy as a basic text, cherished and believed by those who practice the Jewish and Christian faiths. Primarily, the article analyses the text of Deuteronomy 15:1-11 against the background of its social vision for community living in ancient Israel. The potential significance of this humanitarian and/or brotherly ethics and its associated benefits are the secondary concerns of the article. The article, however, does not preclude reflection on scholarly discussions regarding Deuteronomy's compositional history, though with limited focus. The article holds that a practical understanding and appropriation of Deuteronomy's radical humanitarian vision will not only help in raising a healthy community which functions as an alternative to poverty but also reinvigorate commitment to a mission of social responsibility for God's people living in covenant and/or faith communities.

O artigo reflete sobre como as temáticas fome, consumo de refrigerantes e consumo de feijão com arroz são enfocadas na música popular brasileira. Investigamos os anos de ditadura militar (1964-1985). O foco da análise é a chamada canção de protesto, gênero musical caracterizado por críticas estético-cultural, político-ideológica e social aos governos militares. Tomando como referencial teórico os estudos de ideologia e filosofia da linguagem de Mikhail Bakhtin, evidenciamos que a canção de protesto retratou elementos dos contextos econômico, político e social, e propiciou a difusão de hábitos e ideologias alimentares saudáveis ou não saudáveis, contribuindo para a construção da identidade alimentar brasileira.

The article reflects on how the themes of hunger, consumption of soft drinks and consumption of beans and rice are addressed in Brazilian popular music. We investigate the years of military dictatorship (1964-1985). The focus of the analysis is on the so-called protest song, a musical genre characterized by aesthetic, cultural, political, ideological and social criticism to military rule. The study of the ideology and philosophy of language of Mikhail Bakhtin is the theoretical reference; especially his concepts of “ideological sign” and “word.” Analysis reveals that the protest song portrayed elements of the economic, political and social contexts and led to the diffusion of healthy or unhealthy eating habits or ideologies, contributing to the construction of the Brazilian dietary identity.

Resumo: Infecção ocasionada por Escherichia coli (E. coli) é uma enfermidade comum na indústria avícola. O uso de antibióticos para tratar doenças bacterianas vem enfrentando sérias críticas e preocupações. As plantas medicinais podem ser alternativas eficazes por causa de suas atividades sinérgicas. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar os efeitos do extrato de canela sobre os níveis de as enzimas hepáticas bem como sobre a expressão dos genes relativos, fator de necrose tumoral-alfa (TNF-α) e fator nuclear -kappa B (NF-κB) em fígado de frangos de corte infectados com E. coli. Noventa frangos Ross-308 foram divididos em grupos saudáveis ou infectados com E. coli, que receberam dietas controle ou com suplementação contendo extrato de canela (em concentrações de 100 ou 200 mg/kg de alimento). Suspensão de E. coli (108UFC) foi injetado por via subcutânea, após 12 dias de administração do extrato de canela. Setenta e duas horas após a injeção de E. coli, amostras de sangue foram colhidas para análise bioquímica das enzimas do fígado no soro (espectrofotometria), e amostras de tecido de fígado foram obtidas para a determinação da expressão de genes de marcadores inflamatórios TNF-α e NF-κB, através PCR em tempo real. A infecção com E. coli aumentou significativamente os níveis de expressão dos genes TNF-α e NF-κB, assim como algumas enzimas hepáticas, incluindo creatina-quinase (CK), lactato-desidrogenase (LDH), alanina-transferase (ALT) e aspartato-transferase (AST), em comparação com o grupo de controle (P<0.05). A pré-administração do extrato de canela na dieta dos frangos (em ambas as concentrações) reduziu significativamente os níveis de expressão tecidual de TNF-α e NF-kB, da mesma forma que das enzimas CK e ALT no soro de frangos infectados com E. coli, em comparação com o grupos somente infectado com E. coli (P<0.05 e P<0.01). Os níveis de LDH e AST foram significativamente menores apenas para o grupo suplementado com extrato de canela na concentração de 200mg/kg. O nível de fosfatase alcalina (ALP) não foi afetado em nenhum grupo. A pré-administração do extrato de canela em rações para frangos infectados com E. coli pode reduzir significativamente os níveis de mediadores pró-inflamatórios e as atividades das enzimas hepáticas, desse modo protegendo o fígado contra esta condição patológica.

Abstract: Infection with Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a common disease in poultry industry. The use of antibiotics to treat diseases is facing serious criticism and concerns. The medicinal plants may be effective alternatives because of their multiplex activities. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of cinnamon extract on the levels of liver enzymes, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) gene expressions in liver of broiler chickens infected with E. coli. Ninety Ross-308 broilers were divided into healthy or E. coli-infected groups, receiving normal or cinnamon extract (in concentrations of 100 or 200mg/kg of food) supplemented diets. E. coli suspension (108cfu) was injected subcutaneously after 12 days cinnamon administration. Seventy-two hours after E. coli injection, the blood samples were taken for biochemical analysis of liver enzymes in serum (spectrophotometrically), and liver tissue samples were obtained for detection of gene expression of inflammatory markers TNF-α and NF-κB, using real-time PCR. Infection with E. coli significantly increased the levels of TNF-α and NF-κB gene expressions as well as some liver enzymes including creatine-kinase (CK), lactate-dehydrogenase (LDH), alanine-transferase (ALT) and aspartate-transferase (AST) as compared with control group (P<0.05). Pre-administration of cinnamon extract in broilers diet (in both concentrations) significantly reduced the tissue levels of TNF-α and NF-κB gene expressions and enzymes CK and ALT in serum of broiler chickens inoculated with E. coli in comparison with E. coli group (P<0.05 and P<0.01). The levels of LDH and AST were significantly decreased only by 200mg/kg cinnamon extract in infected broilers. The level of alkaline-phosphatase (ALP) was not affected in any groups. Pre-administration of cinnamon extract in diets of broiler chickens inoculated with E. coli could significantly reduce the gene expression levels of pro-inflammatory mediators and liver enzymes activities, thereby protecting the liver against this pathologic condition.

The article describes the development of adolescents for a sense of self in a lesbian home, in order to compile guidelines for lesbian parents as well as pastoral counsellors to help and guide adolescents to develop a healthy sense of self. From the research results, it appears that there are certain positive and negative aspects of a lesbian home that influence adolescents' sense of self. Where both parents are involved with the adolescents, share household duties equally and have a quality relationship with each other and the adolescents, the adolescents are generally well-adapted, happy and able to handle challenges in order to develop a healthy sense of self. The positive influence that Christian religious certainty has on the overall development of the adolescents was also confirmed by this study. On the other hand, adolescents experience particular aspects as challenging and impeding in their development of a healthy sense of self: Conflict and criticism from the companion parents are humiliating and destructive. Stigmatising, teasing and rejection from the hetero-normative society, as a result of their parents' sexual orientation, appear to be the largest obstacles in their psychosocial development. They react in a shy, negative and evasive way to the stigmatisation and withdraw themselves from situations that could be painful and humiliating. It also appears that the absence of a father figure and financial tension in lesbian families are impeding the adolescents' healthy development of a sense of self.

In a recent publication, Die ander een is ek (2013) - translatable as "I am the other", or, more literally, "The other is I" - the renowned Afrikaans poet, T.T. Cloete, is ofthe opinion that man's ability to create words and poetry constitutes an exemplary activity ofthe mind. Following Cloete, it is argued in this paper that poetry, in its conscious exploitation of words and language, actualises a way of thinking, or uniquely demonstrates an intensified activity of the mind. A scrutiny of Cloete's sustained contemplation of poetic thought should reveal the relevance of literary studies in general and ofpoetic language in particular in keeping alive man's "faculty of wonder". The point of departure of Cloete's Die ander een is ek is grounded in personal convictions, and although the book was inspired by the suffering and death of his wife, whom he acknowledges as "the poet within himself", Cloete's views are substantiated throughout the study with reference to the meaning of philosophers, psychologists, or neurologists; the work of poets and other artists; or the lives of exemplary people such as Helen Keller. In this manner, the belief that man's creativity results in transcendence - that is, becoming "an other" by overcoming bodily limitations such as illness or old age - goes beyond personal experience or conviction only and attains a more universal attestation. To complement Cloete's views on poetic thought, reference is also made to a younger Afrikaans poet, Marlene van Niekerk. The detailed analysis of ekphrasis, the translation of image into word, in Marlene Dumas's "The painter" (depicting a young child besmudged with paint), would appear to substantiate Cloete's characterisation of ekphrasis as an instance of "multiple transcendence". At the same time, extracts of poems from her most recent anthology convincingly show how Cloete's definition of poetry as "unusual experience and non-routine language" ("ongeroetineerde ervaring en ongeroetineerde taal") is concretised in poems depicting both personal experience (poems on the beloved or the frailty of an aged father) and political criticism (poverty, crime or (inter) national corruption). The gist of the argument in this paper, that poetic thought (consciousness, feeling, conscience) constitutes an intensified activity of the mind, is therefore substantiatedfrom divergent points of view in Afrikaans poetry. Cloete explores the phenomenon of how disabled, crippled or frail bodies are apparently capable oftranscending able and healthy bodies in productivity - an inverse order of bodily strength and creativity. In this regard, Helen Keller remains the ultimate example of a disabled body (blind, deaf and mute) nevertheless being able to share her thoughts and feelings by means of "the language of her hands" - the only "language" available to her, according to Cloete. Artistic activity, both the act of creation by a poet, or the act of reception by a reader similarly results in transcendence. Cloete is, however, not only concerned with mind, as a distinguishing feature of man as "first primate", but also fascinated by the "miracle" of the body. In this regard every possible aspect of the body is scrutinised. Having first explored the miracle of old, sick or crippled bodies still being able to produce poetry or music, thus demonstrating man's ability to transcend bodily limitations, he argues that the body itself nevertheless is essential in enabling man to engage in activities such as writing poetry. In an, as yet, unpublished poem he stresses that every part of his body played an essential part in the creation of the poem - from his brain, his intestines, to his hand and fingers. It is hoped that poetry's unique contribution to the continuing debate about the necessity, or otherwise,of a sustained focus on the humanities and social studies (as opposed to the natural sciences, economics or technology) in tertiary education will become evident through a reading of both the theoretical probing and the poetic practice elaborately scrutinised in Cloete's remarkable book Die ander een is ek ("I am the other").

Die verhouding tussen gees en liggaam, en veral die verskynsel van poëtiese denke as 'n manifestasie van bewussyn, gevoel en (ge)wete, word bespreek na aanleiding van T.T. Cloete se besinning oor digterskap in Die ander een is ek (2013) en Marlene van Niekerk se jongste digbundel Kaar (2013; te verskyn).

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo comparar los niveles de ira, y sus componentes, entre un grupo de personas con Cardiopatía Isquémica y un grupo control sin esta enfermedad. Participaron 90 pacientes con cardiopatía isquémica de la Clínica Cardiovascular en Medellín y 78 controles sin la enfermedad. A cada uno de los participantes de les administró la prueba del STAXI- 2. Los resultados muestran que, comparado con los controles, los pacientes con cardiopatía isquémica tuvieron niveles significativamente más altos de ira como rasgo (p < 0.01), específicamente en la subescala reacción de ira (p < 0.05), y expresión interna de ira (p < 0.05). Los pacientes con cardiopatía isquémica experimentan más frecuentemente sentimientos de ira (ira rasgo), aparentemente debido a que son más sensibles a las críticas de los demás (reacción de ira), pero tienden a suprimir la expresión de esta emoción (expresión de ira interna). Estos datos confirman la necesidad de implementar programas dirigidos al manejo adecuado de la ira en estos pacientes y entender mejor las implicaciones que pueda tener la ira en la progresión de su enfermedad.

Objective: To compare levels of anger, and its components, between a group of Colombians individuals with coronary heart disease and a healthy control group. Measures: Each participant was administered the STAXI-2. Results: Compared to controls, patients with coronary artery disease had significantly higher Trait Anger (p < 0.01), specifically the Angry Reaction sub-scale (p < 0.05), and Anger Expression-In (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Patients with coronary artery disease experience more frequent feelings of anger (trait anger), apparently because they are more sensitive to criticism (angry reaction), but they tend to suppress the expression of their anger (anger expression -in). These results confirm the need for implementing anger management programs with these patients and gain a better understanding of how anger/hostility might influence the progression of their disease.

En la presente investigación se analizaron las normas rectoras que regulan la valoración de pruebas en el proceso laboral venezolano, para establecer el alcance y límites del Juez Laboral. La investigación fue de tipo descriptiva, documental, observacional y no experimental, partiendo de las sentencias dictadas por la Sala de Casación Social del Tribunal Supremo de Justicia. Como resultado se obtuvo que la sana crítica como sistema de valoración de prueba adoptado por el legislador, constituye una adaptación del ordenamiento jurídico venezolano a las concepciones modernas, en la cual el juzgador en su actividad valorativa debe emplear al lado de la razón y la lógica, la psicología y otros conocimientos científicos y técnicos, lo cual facilita su labor de reconstrucción de hechos pasados y examen de las pruebas en su conjunto, para razonar y motivar sus decisiones, con el fin de que el justiciable pueda ejercer el control legal de la sentencia. Se concluyó que el éxito de este sistema depende de la preparación y formación de los jueces en la administración de justicia.

The norms that regulate the validation of evidence in Venezuelan labor proceedings were analyzed to determine the scope and limits of the labor judge.The research was of a descriptive, documentary, observational and non-experimental type, based on verdicts issued by the Social Cassation Court of the Supreme Court of Justice. Results indicated that healthy criticism as a system for the validation of evidence adopted by the legislator, constitutes an adaptation of Venezuelan judicial ordinance to modern conceptions, in which the judge in this evaluative activity, must use reason and logic, psychology as well as other scientific and technical knowledge, which facilitate his task of reconstructing past events and examining the evidence as a whole, to reason out and motivate his decisions, so that he can exercise legal control of the sentence. Conclusions were that the success of this system depends on the preparation and training of competent and capable judges for the administration of justice.