Groundwater is considered an important source of water aid for human consumption. However, this water can be contaminated by impurities, such contamination spots that might reach the water tables. The aim of this study was to investigate the quality of shallow groundwater in Flores neighborhood, located in the municipality of Benevides, within Belém metropolitan region, State of Pará, Brazil. Recommendations described in Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Wastewater were followed at the time to determine physical-chemical parameters such as potential hydrogen (pH), electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), apparent color, turbidity, total hardness (TH), ions and trace elements. Multivariate statistical analysis has shown that most predictive water-quality parameters set for human consumption are associated with natural events involving weathering and leaching processes. Nevertheless, parameters of nitrate, phosphate, EC, TDS and pH are also influenced by anthropic conditions in the surroundings, mainly phosphate and nitrate ions. Therefore, it can be concluded that shallow groundwaters in Flores neighborhood are unsuitable for human consumption, making it necessary for municipal public authorities to take action to solve the problem of water shortage in the borough, thus preventing the population from use those shallow groundwaters, as their consumption can bring health problems. However impurities tables Benevides region Pará Brazil physicalchemical physical chemical pH, , (pH) EC (EC) TDS, (TDS) color turbidity TH, TH (TH) elements waterquality processes Nevertheless surroundings Therefore borough problems (pH (EC (TDS (TH

ABSTRACT Introduction/framework/objectives: There have always been employers, managers and/or co-workers with less correct and disruptive behaviors, with possible consequences in terms of physical and emotional health, in addition to direct intervention in work parameters (such as performance, satisfaction, productivity and profit). Within this dimension there is a very wide variation between more subtle and possibly less serious situations, to the opposite. The aim of this review is to address the softer part of this spectrum and, possibly, more discreet and frequent, in order to provide Occupational Health and Safety Professionals with more weapons, to better guide the situation. Methodology: This is a Bibliographic Review, initiated through a search carried out in April 2023 in the databases “CINALH plus with full text, Medline with full text, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Methodology Register, Nursing and Allied Health Collection: comprehensive, MedicLatina and RCAAP”. Content: Civility can be defined as tolerance, respect and concern for others; with the possibility of sharing and disagreeing in a polite and cooperative way, based on treating with dignity; which can mitigate the effects of workload on employees’ mental health. Incivility occurs when an individual violates respect for others by being rude and/or condescending, leading to disrespect, conflict and anxiety. In other words, it is a deviant behavior that is not very intense, violating the rules of good work conduct. This review also mentions data relating to possible classifications of Incivility, elements that can commit it, factors that increase or mitigate the risk of being a target of this phenomenon, professional areas most affected, some international statistics; as well as personal and work consequences and ways to mitigate the problem. Discussion and Conclusions: Addressing and drawing attention to Workplace Incivility will certainly make everyone involved more aware and capable of mitigating or eliminating it, contributing to the construction of healthier cultures and work environments (physically and emotionally); creating more competitive and profitable institutions. It would be interesting to see if, at a national level, there are employers who have already studied the topic inside (or intend to do so in the future), summarizing the respective incidences/prevalence of the different subtypes of uncivilized behavior, socio-demographic-professional characteristics of the aggressors and attacked workers, measures taken and their effectiveness, publishing this in a specialized magazine.

RESUMO Introdução/enquadramento/objetivos: Desde sempre que existiram empregadores, chefias e/ou colegas de trabalho com comportamentos menos corretos e perturbadores, com eventuais consequências a nível da saúde física e emocional, para além da interação com parâmetros laborais (como desempenho, satisfação, produtividade e lucro). Dentro desta dimensão existe uma variação muito ampla entre situações mais subtis e eventualmente menos graves, até o oposto. Pretende-se com esta revisão abordar a parte mais suave deste espetro e, eventualmente, mais discreta e frequente, de forma a dotar os Profissionais da Saúde e Segurança Ocupacionais de mais armas, para melhor orientarem a situação. Metodologia: Trata-se de uma Revisão Bibliográfica, iniciada através de uma pesquisa realizada em abril de 2023 nas bases de dados “CINALH plus with full text, Medline with full text, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Methodology Register, Nursing and Allied Health Collection: comprehensive, MedicLatina e RCAAP”. Conteúdo: Civilidade pode ser definida como tolerância, respeito e preocupação pelos outros; com possibilidade de partilhar e discordar de uma forma educada, cooperando, baseada no trato com dignidade; podendo atenuar os efeitos da carga de trabalho na saúde mental dos funcionários. Incivilidade ocorre quando um indivíduo viola o respeito por terceiros, sendo rude e/ou condescendente, levando a um ambiente de conflito e ansiedade. Ou seja, é um comportamento desviante não muito intenso, mas violando as normas/condutas de trabalho. Nesta revisão são ainda mencionados dados relativos a eventuais classificações de Incivilidade, elementos que a podem cometer, fatores que potenciam ou atenuam o risco de ser alvo deste fenómeno, áreas profissionais mais atingidas e algumas estatísticas internacionais, consequências pessoais e laborais e forma de atenuar o problema. Discussão e Conclusões: Abordar e chamar a atenção para a Incivilidade Laboral certamente conseguirá que todos os envolvidos ficam mais atentos e capazes de a atenuar ou eliminar, contribuindo para a construção de culturas e ambientes de trabalho mais saudáveis (física e emocionalmente); criando instituições mais competitivas e lucrativas. Seria curioso perceber se a nível nacional existem empregadores que já tenham estudado o tema dentro de suas portas (ou pretendam fazê-lo futuramente), resumindo as respetivas incidências/prevalências dos diversos subtipos de comportamentos incivilizados, caraterísticas socio-demográfico-profissionais dos agressores e agredidos, medidas tomadas e eficácia das mesmas, divulgando tal em revista especializada.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Leprosy (Hansen's disease) is a neglected infectious disease that affects skin and peripheral nerves, triggering neuropathies and complications such as deformities and disabilities. Objective: determine epidemiological and clinical characteristics of patients with Leprosy in the Dermatological Specialties Center of the Ministry of Public Health and Social Welfare of Paraguay, from January 2021 to December 2022. Methodology: descriptive, observational, retrospective, cross-sectional study. Data management and analysis was carried out in an electronic spreadsheet (Excel from Microsoft Office 365 version 2405), then descriptive statistics were performed. Results: 123 cases of leprosy were diagnosed, 45 (36.58 %) were women and 78 (63.42 %) were men; the ages were between 17 and 86 years, the most affected range was 41 to 50 years. 112 cases (91.06 %) were multibacillary leprosy. The most frequent sign was infiltrated plaque, present in 88 cases (71.54 %). 58 patients (47.15 %) presented lepromatous reactions, 31 cases of type 1 (53.45 %). 34 cases (27.64 %) presented grade 1 disability and 10 cases (8.13 %) grade 2 disability. Conclusion: The profile of the patient with leprosy was male between 41 and 50 years, the majority being multibacillary cases. Early diagnosis and adequate treatment are essential to reduce the burden of the disease and disabilities.

RESUMEN Introducción: lepra (enfermedad de Hansen) es una patología infecciosa desatendida que afecta piel y nervios periféricos, desencadenando neuropatías y complicaciones como deformidades y discapacidades. Objetivos: determinar características epidemiológicas y clínicas de pacientes con lepra en el Centro de Especialidades Dermatológicas del Ministerio de Salud Pública y Bienestar Social de Paraguay, de enero 2021 a diciembre 2022. Metodología: estudio descriptivo, observacional, retrospectivo, de corte transversal. La gestión y análisis de datos se realizó en planilla electrónica (Excel del programa Microsoft Office 365 versión 2405), luego se realizó estadística descriptiva. Resultados: se diagnosticaron 123 casos de lepra, 45 (36,58 %) eran mujeres y 78 (63,42 %) varones; las edades estaban entre 17 y 86 años, el rango más afectado fue de 41 a 50 años. Eran lepra multibacilar 112 casos (91,06%). El signo más frecuente fue la placa infiltrada, presentada en 88 casos (71,54%). 58 pacientes (47,15%) presentaron reacciones lepromatosas, siendo, 31 casos de tipo 1 (53,45 %). 34 casos (27,64%) presentaron discapacidad grado 1 y 10 casos (8,13%) discapacidad grado 2. Conclusión: el perfil del paciente con lepra fue del sexo masculino entre 41 a 50 años, siendo la mayoría casos multibacilares. Es fundamentales el diagnóstico precoz y el tratamiento adecuado para reducir la carga de la enfermedad y las discapacidades.

Resumen El acercamiento econométrico que propone este artículo a indicadores sociodemográficos del Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos, como nacimientos, defunciones y egresos hospitalarios de la población venezolana en Ecuador entre 2015 y 2022, muestra un impacto notable en el saldo migratorio de esta comunidad. El crecimiento sostenido de migrantes venezolanos en el país subraya la importancia de diseñar políticas públicas que atiendan la evidencia de los datos obtenidos y apliquen un enfoque en derechos humanos. El estudio muestra que una de las necesidades más urgentes de esta población es el acceso a la salud pública.

Abstract This article's econometric approach to socio-demographic indicators from the National Institute of Statistics and Census, such as births, deaths and hospital discharges of the Venezuelan population in Ecuador between 2015 and 2022, shows a notable impact on the migratory balance of this community. The sustained growth of Venezuelan migrants in the country underlines the importance of designing public policies that address the evidence of the data obtained and apply a human rights approach. The study shows that one of the most urgent needs of this population is access to public health.

RESUMEN Los estudiantes universitarios muestran diversas actitudes hacia la investigación y la estadística, influenciadas por experiencias previas y expectativas académicas. En este contexto, el software estadístico Jamovi puede simplificar el análisis de datos, siendo el objetivo determinar la relación entre las actitudes hacia la investigación y el uso de Jamovi. El diseño del estudio fue no experimental, nivel correlacional y de corte transversal, participaron 120 estudiantes de la carrera de Psicología Clínica con una media de edad 22.8. El primer instrumento utilizado fue la Escala de Actitudes hacia la Investigación conformada por 28 ítems y el segundo cuestionario sobre la utilización del software Jamovi diseñado ad hoc. Los resultados indican una relación positiva leve entre las variables de estudio (rho=0.188*). Además, se puede evidenciar que existe una diferencia significativa entre los semestres y el uso del Jamovi (p=0.09), principalmente en los estudiantes de cuarto, séptimo y octavo semestre con las medias de puntuación más elevadas en comparación a los otros. Los estudiantes con actitudes positivas en investigación ven en Jamovi una herramienta valiosa que agiliza el proceso, permitiéndoles centrarse en la interpretación de resultados. La integración de Jamovi en la educación universitaria fortalece habilidades metodológicas y estadísticas esenciales para profesionales de la salud.

ABSTRACT University students show diverse attitudes towards research and statistics, influenced by previous experiences and academic expectations. In this context, the statistical software Jamovi can simplify data analysis. The objective was to determine the relationship between attitudes towards research and the use of Jamovi. The study design was non-experimental, correlational and cross-sectional. 120 students from the Clinical Psychology program participated, with a mean age of 22.8. The first instrument used was the Attitudes towards Research Scale made up of 28 items and the second questionnaire on the use of the Jamovi software designed ad hoc. The results indicate a slight positive relationship between the study variables (rho=0.188*). In addition, it can be evidenced that there is a significant difference between semesters and the use of Jamovi (p=0.09), mainly in the fourth, seventh and eighth semester students with the highest mean scores compared to the others. Students with positive research attitudes see Jamovi as a valuable tool that streamlines the process, allowing them to focus on the interpretation of results. Integrating Jamovi into undergraduate education strengthens essential methodological and statistical skills for health professionals.

Abstract Objective: Expose the complexity of looking after patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD), as well as the relevance of opening a space in academic research so that the voice of female caregivers resonates, through methodologies to encourage epistemic justice. Methodology: It is an autoethnography based on the narrative of one author going through the experience of looking after her father, who suffered AD. Additionally, it was necessary to carry out a systematic literature review regarding the narratives of caregivers of AD patients. Argument: AD implies focusing on caregivers, who assume the responsibility of making decisions and taking actions to safeguard the integrity and dignity of their patients. AD care process requires full time and attention to basic needs. Caregivers compromise physical, emotional, and economic health, as well as their creativity and experience. However, caregiver’s voice is in isolation, they are rarely heard in research, in addition, they have little access to the information generated in research institutions, which produces diverse epistemic injustices. Findings: Caregivers of AD patients in Mexico are -essentially- women and, in the different stages of the pathological process, they generate relevant knowledge about the bond and care. However, in published academic research, the voice of caregivers is not clear; on the contrary, the voice of women as the protagonists of caregiving is usually diluted. Furthermore, the concept of “caregiver”, in Spanish, is referred predominantly to males, even though statistics indicate that, most of the times, women perform this unpaid work. This irreplaceable work, as a health issue, should be responsibility of the government, through public institutions.

Resumen Objetivo: Mostrar la complejidad del cuidado de pacientes con la enfermedad de Alzheimer (EA), así como la relevancia de abrir espacio en las investigaciones académicas para que resuene la voz de las mujeres cuidadoras, mediante metodologías que favorezcan a la justicia epistémica. Metodología: Es una autoetnografía a partir de la narrativa de la experiencia de una de las autoras, tras atravesar por el cuidado y atención de su padre quien padeció la EA. Para ello, fue necesario realizar una revisión de literatura sistemática con respecto de las narrativas de personas cuidadoras de pacientes de la EA. Argumento: La EA convoca a focalizar la atención en las personas cuidadoras, quienes asumen la responsabilidad de tomar decisiones y actuar para salvaguardar la integridad de sus pacientes, cuyo proceso de cuidado precisa tiempo completo y atención de las necesidades básicas. Con ello, generan condiciones de dignidad de quienes padecen la EA. Las personas cuidadoras comprometen salud física, emocional y económica, además de su creatividad y experiencia. No obstante, existe aislamiento de la voz de las personas cuidadoras, que rara vez se escucha en las investigaciones y, además, tienen poco acceso a la información que se genera en las instituciones de investigación, esto produce diferentes injusticias epistémicas. Hallazgos: Las personas cuidadoras de pacientes de la EA en México son -esencialmente- mujeres y en las diferentes etapas del proceso patológico generan saberes relevantes en torno al vínculo y atención. Empero, en las investigaciones académicas publicadas, la voz de las personas cuidadoras no es manifiesta, por el contrario, se suele diluir la voz de las mujeres como las protagonistas del cuidado. Además, predomina el concepto de “cuidador”, en masculino, pese a que las estadísticas refieren que son las mujeres quienes se hacen cargo de este trabajo no remunerado, en la mayoría de las circunstancias. Esa irremplazable labor correspondería principalmente al Estado por ser un asunto de salud.

ABSTRACT In order to describe the incidence rates per 100 000 population of foodborne disease (FBD) cases during the period 2015-2020 in Ecuador, we carried out a secondary analysis of epidemiological surveillance records and population projections from the National Institute of Statistics and Census. A total of 113,695 cases were reported with an incidence of more than 100 cases per 100 000 population (2015-2019). In 2020, the records are considerably lower than those reported in previous years. Most cases were reported as “other food poisoning”. The highest incidence rates of FBD were found in the Amazon region. In general, there is a marked annual variability in the incidence of FBD according to the geographic regions of Ecuador. In conclusion, FBD represent a public health problem in Ecuador. Comprehensive preventive strategies should be designed with special emphasis on the Amazon region.

RESUMEN Con el objetivo de describir las tasas de incidencia por cada 100 000 habitantes de los casos de enfermedades transmitidas por alimentos (ETA) durante el periodo 2015-2020 en Ecuador se realizó un análisis secundario de los registros de vigilancia epidemiológica y de las proyecciones poblacionales del Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos. Se reportaron 113 695 casos con una incidencia superior a los 100 casos por cada 100 000 habitantes (2015-2019). En el 2020 los registros son considerablemente inferiores a los reportes de años anteriores. La mayoría de los casos se reportaron como «otras intoxicaciones alimentarias». Las tasas de incidencia de ETA más altas se observaron en la región amazónica. En general existe una marcada variabilidad anual en la incidencia de las ETA según las regiones geográficas del Ecuador. En conclusión, las ETA representan un problema de salud pública en el Ecuador. Se deben diseñar estrategias preventivas integrales con especial énfasis en la región amazónica.

RESUMEN Introducción: La covid-19 alteró la situación laboral y el proceso docente educativo de las universidades médicas. Además, hubo un impacto muy negativo en todas las esferas económicas y sociales del país. En el sector de la salud se reorganizaron los servicios y recursos humanos, se afectó la producción del cuadro básico de medicamentos, aumentaron las presiones sobre el sistema de salud pública y asistencia social con el correspondiente incremento de los costos de salud pública y gastos públicos. Objetivo: Describir los efectos sociales, económicos y académicos de la covid-19 en la Facultad de Medicina No. 1 de la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas en Santiago de Cuba. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo, retrospectivo, durante rebrotes de covid-19 en el periodo de enero a julio de 2021 en trabajadores disponibles y estudiantes de primero a quinto año de la facultad. Se evaluaron características generales y socioeconómicas para cada grupo, como certificados médicos y causas, días afectados, resultados de la pesquisa, y actividad formativa. Se utilizó la estadística descriptiva para el análisis y presentación de los resultados. Resultados: La incidencia de casos positivos fue baja, pero generó miles de días de incapacidad, por aislamientos e ingreso en el hogar. Se pesquisaron más de 5 000 personas sospechosas de la enfermedad, de ellos 19,9 % resultó positivo. La promoción superó 95 % en todos los años de la carrera y fue mayor al de etapa prepidémica, al igual que la eficiencia vertical. Conclusiones: Aunque hubo efectos sociales, económicos y académicos negativos, el trabajo comunitario integral contribuyó a la preservación de la salud de la población y se desarrolló el aprendizaje a distancia.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The COVID-19 altered the employment situation and the educational teaching process of medical universities. In addition, there was a very negative impact on all economic and social areas of the country. In the health sector, services and human resources were reorganized, the production of basic medicines was affected, pressures on the public health and social welfare system increased with corresponding rise in public health costs and expenditures. Objective: To describe the social, economic and academic effects of COVID-19 in the Medical Faculty No. 1 of the Medical Science University in Santiago de Cuba. Methods: An observational, descriptive, retrospective study was conducted during the reoutbreaks of COVID-19 in the period from January to July 2021 in available workers and students from the first to the fifth year of the faculty. General and socio-economic characteristics were evaluated for each group, such as medical certificates and causes, affected days, research results and training activity. Descriptive statistics were used for the analysis and presentation of results. Results: The incidence of positive cases was low, but generated thousands of days of disability due to isolation and home intake. More than 5 000 people suspected pf the disease were surveyed, 19.9 % of them positive. The promotion exceeded 95 % in all years of the major and was higher than the pre-epidemic stage, as well as the vertical efficiency. Conclusions: Although there were negative social, economic and academic effects, the integral community work contributed to the preservation of the population´s health and online classes were developed.

RESUMEN Introducción: la obesidad, la edad, el estilo de vida sedentario y los antecedentes familiares de diabetes mellitus se han descrito como factores de riesgo para la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2). Objetivo: determinar el riesgo probable de desarrollar DM2 en los próximos 10 años en mujeres trabajadoras de un hospital de referencia en Asunción, Paraguay. Metodología: este estudio descriptivo observacional de corte transversal se llevó a cabo entre médicos, enfermeras y personal administrativo. Se recopilaron datos durante tres meses utilizando la prueba FINDRISK para evaluar el riesgo de diabetes, la cual consta de ocho preguntas sobre la edad, el índice de masa corporal, el perímetro de la cintura, la actividad física, el consumo de frutas y verduras, antecedentes de presión arterial alta y glucosa elevada, y diabetes diagnosticada en familiares. Para el análisis de los datos se utilizaron estadísticas descriptivas en forma de frecuencias y porcentajes, así como estadísticas analíticas con la prueba de Mann Whitney y Kruskal Wallis. Resultados: un total de 112 mujeres participaron en el estudio, con más del 40% en el rango de edad de 31 a 40 años. El perímetro de cintura de 80-88 cm. fue el más común, con 38,4%. Se encontró que el 33% de las participantes tenían sobrepeso. Casi el 60% no realizaba actividad física diaria. Más del 38% tenían antecedentes de diabetes en familiares de primer grado. El 67,9% de las encuestadas tenían algún riesgo de desarrollar DM2 en los próximos 10 años, y 22 de ellas presentaron un riesgo alto o muy alto según la prueba FINDRISK. Las participantes de 35 años o más tenían un riesgo significativamente mayor (Chi; p=0,008). Conclusión: se detectó una alta prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad, siendo el 67,9% de las encuestadas quienes mostraron algún grado de riesgo de desarrollar DM2 en los próximos 10 años, de los cuales casi el 20% presentaban un riesgo categorizado como alto o muy alto.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Obesity, age, sedentary lifestyle, and family history of diabetes mellitus are risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Objective: determine the probable risk of developing T2DM in the next 10 years in working women at a reference hospital in Asunción, Paraguay. Methodology: This cross-sectional observational descriptive study was conducted with physicians, nurses, and administrative staff. Data were collected over three months using the FINDRISK test to assess diabetes risk, which consists of eight questions about age, body mass index, waist circumference, physical activity, fruit and vegetable consumption, history of blood pressure, high blood pressure and high glucose, and diabetes diagnosed in family members. Descriptive statistics in the form of frequencies and percentages, as well as analytical statistics using the Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests, were used to analyze the data. Results: A total of 112 women participated in the study, with more than 40% in the age range of 31-40 years. The waist circumference of 80-88 cm was the most common (38.4%). It was found that 33% of participants were overweight. Almost 60% of the participants did not perform daily physical activities. More than 38% of the first-degree relatives had a history of diabetes. Of the surveyed participants, 67.9%had some risk of developing T2DM in the next 10 years and 22 had a high or very high risk according to the FINDRISK test. Participants aged 35 years had a significantly higher risk (p=0.008). Conclusion: A high prevalence of overweight and obesity was observed, with 67.9% of the respondents showing some degree of risk for developing T2DM in the next 10 years, of which nearly 20% were categorized as high or very high risk.

Resumen Los reportes del exceso de mortalidad durante la pandemia por COVID-19 en Argentina han sido parcia les y fragmentados hasta el momento. Este estudio se propuso cuantificar el exceso de muertes y explorar su distribución demográfica, temporal y geográfica durante el periodo 2020-2022. Utilizando datos de 1 192 963 registros de muertes de estadísticas vitales y proyecciones poblacionales, se estimó la mortalidad esperada mediante modelos de regresión. El exceso de muertes se calculó como la diferencia entre la mortalidad observada y la esperada. Se estimó un exceso de 160 676 muertes (IC 95% 146 861 a 174 491), representando una tasa de 116.9 muer tes (IC 95% 115.5 a 118.3) adicionales por cada 100 000 personas-año. Se verificó una significativa heterogenei dad entre las distintas provincias argentinas. Los resultados indican un impacto desigual de la pandemia, con mayores tasas de exceso de mortalidad en algunas regiones y grupos de edad más vulnerables. Estos patrones sugieren la necesidad de estrategias diferenciadas de respuesta sanitaria y apoyo a las poblaciones más vulnerables en escenarios de nuevas epidemias.

Abstract Reports of excess mortality during the COVID-19 pan demic in Argentina have been partial and fragmented so far. This study aimed to quantify excess deaths and explore their demographic, temporal, and geographic distribution during the period 2020-2022. Using data from 1 192 963 death records from vital statistics and population projections, expected mortality was estimated using regression models. Excess death was calculated as the difference between observed and expected mortality. An excess of 160 676 deaths (95% CI 146 861 to 174 491) was estimated, representing a rate of 116.9 (95% CI 115.5 to 118.3) additional deaths per 100 000 person-years. Significant heterogeneity was found among the different argentine provinces. The results indicate an uneven impact of the pan demic, with higher excess mortality rates in some re gions and more vulnerable age groups. These patterns suggest the need for differentiated strategies of health care response and support to the most vulnerable popu lations in scenarios of new epidemics.

RESUMEN Introducción: El trabajo en la industria de la construcción se considera precario, deficiente en medidas preventivas y con altas tasas de accidentes y enfermedades laborales; de tal modo que esta actividad es calificada por instituciones e investigadores como un trabajo peligroso. Objetivos: Estudiar el proceso laboral del montaje de estructuras metálicas por medio de una metodología cualitativa, para conocer los riesgos y exigencias existentes en las tareas y estructurar las medidas preventivas conducentes. Métodos: Para realizar esta investigación se utilizaron la Cédula de Información General de la Empresa y llos Diagramas Complejos de Salud en el Trabajo, que forman parte de la metodología llamada Modelo PROVERIFICA para la Verificación, Diagnóstico y Vigilancia de la Salud Laboral en las Empresas. Resultados: Se detectó una amplia gama de riesgos y exigencias en el montaje de estructuras metálicas: polvos de la construcción; radiaciones y humos de la soldadura eléctrica; posiciones incómodas y esfuerzo físico intenso; jornadas de trabajo intensivas y extensivas; y, sobre todo, la posibilidad de sufrir accidentes de trabajo en las maniobras de montaje y al trabajo en alturas. Conclusión: Los trabajadores son la parte fundamental de las empresas, por lo cual se deben efectuar las acciones necesarias para mantener un medio ambiente de trabajo exento de riesgos y exigencias que puedan dañar su salud. Así, es prioritario contar con estadísticas confiables, planes y programas de capacitación de carácter preventivo y estudios periódicos de salud laboral en las empresas, entre otras medidas.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The construction industry is considered dangerous, deficient in preventive measures, and one that has high rates of accidents and occupational illnesses, such that jobs in this industry are classified by institutions and researchers as «dangerous jobs». Objectives: To study, by means of a qualitative methodology, the workplace process of assembling metallic structures, to learn what the existing risks and demands of the tasks in this job are, in order to structure appropriate preventive measures. Methods: To carry out this study, the General Company Information Certificate and Complex Occupational Health Diagrams were used, which are part of the methodology called the PROVERIFICA Model for the Verification, Diagnosis and Surveillance of Occupational Health in Businesses. Results: A wide range of risks and requirements were detected in the assembly of metal structures: construction dust, radiation and fumes from electric welding, uncomfortable positions and intense physical exertion, intensive and long workdays, and above all, the potential for workplace accidents during assembly maneuvers, due to working at height. Conclusion: Workers are the fundamental component of businesses, which is why the necessary actions must be taken to maintain a work environment free of risks and demands that could harm their health. Thus, it is a priority to collect reliable statistics, implement preventive training plans and programs, and conduct periodic occupational health studies in businesses, among other measures.

RESUMEN Introducción: La tuberculosis es una enfermedad de interés en salud laboral y existe una mayor probabilidad de infección y enfermedad en los trabajadores de la salud que en la población general. Esto sucede como consecuencia de la exposición a factores de riesgo ocupacionales y al déficit de implementación de las medidas de control de tuberculosis. Objetivo: Determinar la relación de los factores sociodemográficos, ocupacionales, conocimientos y prácticas sobre la tuberculosis con el uso adecuado del respirador N95 en los trabajadores de la salud de un hospital de la ciudad de Bogotá, Colombia. Métodos: Estudio de tipo cuantitativo y diseño transversal. Se realizó un muestreo aleatorio simple estratificado por ocupación y área de trabajo. Se utilizaron estadísticos descriptivos y pruebas no-paramétricas que se evaluaron a un nivel significancia del 5 % (P< 0,05). Resultados: Participaron 250 trabajadores de la salud. Los niveles educativos de universitario y posgradual (P< 0,001), las ocupaciones de enfermero, médico especialista, médico general y bacteriólogo (P< 0,001), las áreas de trabajo de hospitalización, cuidado intensivo adultos y urgencias (P= 0,034), se asociaron con el uso adecuado del respirador N95. Los conocimientos correctos sobre la tuberculosis (P< 0,001), se relacionaron con el uso adecuado del respirador N95. Conclusiones: Mediante acciones educativas se recomienda fortalecer los conocimientos y prácticas de los trabajadores de la salud sobre la tuberculosis y el uso adecuado del respirador N95, en especial hacia las ocupaciones de auxiliar de enfermería y otros auxiliares y tecnólogos de la salud, dado que estadísticamente mostraron un menor uso adecuado del respirador N95.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Tuberculosis is a disease of interest in occupational health and there is a greater probability of infection and disease in health workers than in the general population. This happens as a consequence of exposure to occupational risk factors and the lack of implementation of tuberculosis control measures. Objective: Determine the relationship of sociodemographic, occupational factors, knowledge and practices about tuberculosis with the appropriate use of the N95 respirator in health workers in a hospital in the city of Bogotá, Colombia. Methods: Quantitative study and cross-sectional design. A simple random sampling stratified by occupation and work area was carried out. Descriptive statistics and non-parametric tests were used and were evaluated at a significance level of 5% (P < 0.05). Results: 250 health workers participated. The educational levels of university and postgraduate (P < 0.001), the occupations of nurse, specialist doctor, general practitioner and bacteriologist (P < 0.001), the work areas of hospitalization, adult intensive care and emergencies (P = 0.034), were associated with the proper use of the N95 respirator. Correct knowledge about tuberculosis (P < 0.001) was related to the proper use of the N95 respirator. Conclusions: Through educational actions, it´s recommended to strengthen the knowledge and practices of health workers about tuberculosis and the proper use of the N95 respirator, especially towards the occupations of nursing assistant and other health assistants and technologists, given that statistically showed less adequate use of the N95 respirator.

BACKGROUND: There was a need to investigate the appropriateness of the standard manual wheelchairfor occupational performance in Thulamela Municipality Vhembe District, Limpopo. METHODS: An observational cross-sectional descriptive design using simple random sampling was used to select n=60 wheelchair users who were issued with standard manual wheelchairs between 2014 and 2018. The Wheelchair Outcome Measure was used to investigate the participants' level of satisfaction in engagement in ADL and IADL and the suitability of the wheelchair in terms of the user's comfort and satisfaction with positioning and prevention of skin breakdown. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse the data. RESULTS: The wheelchair users viewed activity participation in the home as important and were generally satisfied with their standard manual wheelchairs while performing occupational activities at home and outside the home. A total of (n=46; 78%) of the participants felt comfortable in their wheelchair. CONCLUSIONS: Wheelchair prescription should take into consideration the occupational choices of the user. Further qualitative studies to explore the factors that determined the participants' choices for their activity participation goals should be undertaken. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE • Training of new occupational therapy staff in each facility in the Thulamela district to equip them with the skills to prescribe wheelchairs is necessary. • The level of importance that wheelchair participants attached to level of importance of activity participation inside and outside the home was high therefore there is a need to consider the client's occupational choices when prescribing wheelchairs. • The wheelchair needs to facilitate participation in a wide range of occupational choices ranging from self-care activities and watching TV in the home to visiting friends and family and attending events outside the home.

RESUMEN Introducción : La Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) efectuó recomendaciones en relación con la recopilación y notificación de datos agregados semanales de COVID-19. Objetivo : Investigar el grado de cumplimiento de las recomendaciones elaboradas por la OMS para la notificación de casos y muertes de COVID-19 en la Argentina durante el año 2020 a 2022, y comparar la notificación de muertes con el número de defunciones por COVID-19 consolidadas en el registro de estadísticas vitales del país. Materiales y métodos : Estudio cuantitativo descriptivo, basado en revisión documental y en fuentes de datos secundarias. Se utilizó los reportes diarios de información epidemiológica y la base de datos Dataset, COVID-19 casos registrados en la República Argentina. Adicionalmente, para estimar la omisión en los registros epidemiológicos de fallecimientos por COVID-19 en los años 2020 y 2021, se cotejaron los resultados de las bases de datos Dataset COVID-19 con la base de las Estadísticas vitales de mortalidad por causa de defunción, proporcionadas por la Dirección de Estadísticas e Información en Salud (DEIS). Se analizaron las variables recomendadas por la OMS para la notificación de casos y muertes por COVID-19. En cuanto a las consideraciones éticas relacionadas con el uso de la información utilizada en este trabajo, las bases de datos cumplen con lo estipulado por la Ley Nacional N° 17.622 de Resguardo del Secreto Estadístico, garantizando que la información mantiene el carácter confidencial y reservado del informante. Resultados: Del análisis de los reportes diarios, durante 2020 se observó que, de los 13 indicadores recomendados, 9 presentan datos algunos meses y los 4 restantes no se relevaron; en 2021 solo 7 indicadores presentaron datos algunos meses, y en 2022 solo 3 indicadores se continuaron informando. Respecto al análisis de la base de datos Dataset COVID-19, la mayoría fueron captadas. Respecto a la comparación de los valores de las defunciones registradas por el sistema de vigilancia epidemiológica y por la DEIS para los años 2020 y 2021, las muertes registradas fueron superiores en el registro de la DEIS (9,6% y 14,2%). Conclusiones : El Estado argentino cumplió con gran parte de las recomendaciones que establece la OMS para la notificación de los casos de COVID-19. Estudios posteriores deberían analizar otros componentes de la calidad de los datos, así como la oportunidad de los registros de defunciones, característica necesaria para la toma de decisiones en salud pública.

ABSTRACT Introduction : The World Health Organization (WHO) establishes recommendations regarding the collection and reporting of weekly aggregated data on COVID-19. Objective : To investigate the degree of compliance with the recommendations made by the WHO for the reporting of COVID-19 cases and deaths in Argentina during the years 2020 to 2022, and to compare death notifications with the number of COVID-19 deaths recorded in the country's vital statistics registry. Materials and methods : Descriptive quantitative study, based on a documentary review and secondary data sources. Daily reports of epidemiological information and the Dataset database containing registered COVID-19 cases in the Argentine Republic were used. Additionally, to estimate the omission in the epidemiological records of COVID-19 deaths in the years 2020 and 2021, the results of the Dataset COVID-19 databases were compared with the vital statistics death registry on cause of death, provided by the Directorate of Statistics and Health Information (DEIS, by its acronym in Spanish). The variables recommended by the WHO for the reporting of COVID-19 cases and deaths were analyzed. As for the ethical considerations related to the use of the information in this study, the databases comply with the provisions of National Law 17,622 on the Protection of Statistical Secrecy, ensuring that the information remains confidential and reserved for the informant. Results : From the analysis of daily reports, it was observed that in 2020, out of the 13 recommended indicators, 9 had data for some months, and the remaining 4 were not reported. In 2021 only 7 indicators had data for some months, and in 2022 only 3 indicators continued to be reported. Regarding the analysis of the Dataset COVID-19 database, most data were captured. In comparing the values of deaths recorded by the epidemiological surveillance system and by the DEIS for the years 2020 and 2021, the deaths recorded were higher in the DEIS registry (9.6% and 14.2%). Conclusions : The Argentine state largely complied with the recommendations established by the WHO for the reporting of COVID-19 cases. Subsequent studies should analyze other components of data quality, as well as the timeliness of death records, a necessary characteristic for public health decision-making.

Abstract Background The treatment for atopic dermatitis (AD) has been the focus of clinical research, and behavioral intervention is considered an indispensable treatment method. To our knowledge, no relevant meta-analysis has evaluated the effects of behavioral interventions on atopic dermatitis. Objectives To evaluate the effects of behavioral interventions on atopic dermatitis. Methods The authors searched PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane CENTRAL to retrieve relevant RCTs (up to Feb 2022). The search strategy involved a combination of related keywords. The Cochrane Q and I2 statistics were used to assess heterogeneity. Results Six RCTs involving seven reports with 246 patients were included. The results suggested that behavioral interventions could relieve eczema severity (correlation coefficient [r = −0.39]; p < 0.001) and scratching severity significantly (r = −0.19; p = 0.017), while not affect itching intensity (r = −0.02; p = 0.840). A sensitivity analysis confirmed the robustness of the results. Study limitations An important limitation of this study was the insufficient number of RCTs and the limited sample size. In addition, the study lacked a control group receiving a type of intervention other than the experimental protocol. Another limitation was the short duration of follow-up. Conclusions This study suggests that behavioral interventions could be effective in treating atopic dermatitis by reducing eczema and scratching severity. Additionally, habit-reversal behavioral therapy may be more effective for treating atopic dermatitis. AD (AD research method knowledge metaanalysis meta PubMed EMBASE up 2022. 2022 . 2022) keywords I heterogeneity 24 included correlation r −0.39 039 0 39 −0.39] 0.001 0001 001 −0.19 019 19 0.017, 0017 0.017 , 017 0.017) −0.02 002 02 0.840. 0840 0.840 840 0.840) size addition protocol followup. followup follow up. follow-up Additionally habitreversal habit reversal 202 2 −0.3 03 3 0.00 000 00 −0.1 01 1 0.01 −0.0 084 0.84 84 20 −0. 0.0 08 0.8 8 −0 0. −