ABSTRACT Introduction/framework/objectives: Training in Occupational Health and Security, even though employers must provide 40 hours per year to each worker, is not valued or fulfilled, in most cases, even using the most classic techniques. In recent years, Virtual Reality has evolved a lot and has developed content that can be used in this context. This review attempted to gather data on the most recent publications on the topic, even though the bibliography is reasonably scarce. Methodology: This is a Bibliographic Review, initiated through a search carried out in April 2023 in the databases “CINALH plus with full text, Medline with full text, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Methodology Register, Nursing and Allied Health Collection: comprehensive, MedicLatina and RCAAP”. Content: Some authors distinguish Virtual from Augmented Reality, the latter consist in adding details in the moment; it is already used in Civil Construction, Health, as well as Emergency/Help/Firefighters. In the first, it will be possible to enter a non-real context, with the illusion of seeing, hearing and/or feeling in different ways, in three dimensions. Both can be used in a work context, although in terms of Occupational Health and Safety this is still little explored. Some researchers consider that the classic (and, in a certain way, passive) methodology of carrying out education and promotion in the context of Occupational Health and Safety is increasingly less appropriate. Virtual Reality technology can make the experience more appealing, didactic and interactive, even in complex and dangerous sectors, such as construction and various industrial sectors, and without participants taking real risks. Attention, memory and concentration are enhanced; as well as motivation, satisfaction and confidence, and generally more quickly. In practice, employees start to perform tasks faster, with fewer errors and with less learning time. Discussion and Conclusions: There seems to be no doubt that most individuals consider it more interesting to learn through techniques included in Virtual and/or Augmented Reality, versus classical methodologies, so it is assumed that this will be the evolution that will occur, especially when this technology becomes more accessible and economical; at least as long as there are jobs for a reasonable part of the population, if the most catastrophic predictions associated with Artificial Intelligence do not became real. It would be interesting to quantify how many companies in the country already use Virtual Reality, as well as with what specific objectives and results, publishing such summaries in specialized magazine.

RESUMO Introdução/enquadramento/objetivos: A formação no setor da Saúde e Segurança Ocupacionais, ainda que os empregadores tenham de proporcionar 40 horas anuais a cada trabalhador, não é valorizada, nem cumprida, na maioria dos casos, mesmo utilizando as técnicas mais clássicas. Nos últimos anos a Realidade Virtual tem evoluído bastante e tem desenvolvido conteúdos que poderão ser utilizados neste contexto. Tentou-se com esta revisão reunir dados do que mais recente se publicou sobre o tema, ainda que a bibliografia seja razoavelmente escassa. Metodologia: Trata-se de uma Revisão Bibliográfica, iniciada através de uma pesquisa realizada em abril de 2023 nas bases de dados “CINALH plus with full text, Medline with full text, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Methodology Register, Nursing and Allied Health Collection: comprehensive, MedicLatina e RCAAP”. Conteúdo: Alguns autores distinguem Realidade Virtual de Aumentada, na medida em que esta última parte do que realmente está ao alcance visual e acrescenta informação adicional, no momento; já é utilizada a nível de Construção Civil, Saúde, bem como Emergência/Socorro/atividades no setor dos Bombeiros. Na primeira será possível entrar num contexto não real, com a ilusão de estar a ver, ouvir e/ou sentir de formas diversas, a três dimensões. Ambas podem ser utilizadas em contexto laboral, ainda que a nível de Saúde e Segurança Ocupacionais tal ainda esteja pouco explorado. Alguns investigadores consideram que a metodologia clássica (e, de certa forma, passiva) de realizar educação e promoção, em contexto de Saúde e Segurança Ocupacionais está cada vez menos adequada. A Realidade Virtual consegue tornar a experiência mais apelativa, didática e interativa, mesmo em setores complexos e perigosos, como a construção civil e indústria, e sem que os participantes corram riscos reais. Potencia-se a atenção, memória e concentração; bem como motivação, satisfação e confiança, e geralmente de forma mais célere. Na prática os funcionários passam a executar as tarefas de forma mais rápida, com menos erros e com menos tempo de aprendizagem. Discussão e Conclusões: Não parecem existir dúvidas que a generalidade dos indivíduos considera mais interessante realizar aprendizagem através de técnicas inseridas na Realidade Virtual e/ou Aumentada, versus as metodologias clássicas, pelo que se supõe que será essa a evolução a ocorrer, sobretudo quando esta tecnologia se tornar mais acessível e económica; pelo menos enquanto existirem postos de trabalho para parte razoável da população, caso as previsões mais catastróficas associadas à Inteligência Artificial não se concretizem. Seria interessante quantificar quantas empresas no país já utilizam a Realidade Virtual, com que objetivos e resultados específicos, publicando tais sínteses em revista especializada.

Abstract Introduction: Positive mental health involves a mix of personal and psychosocial resources, as well as attitudes, affections, and positive behaviors that allow the person to face the challenges that arise in life, at a personal, family, social, and school level. Objective: Determine the association between personal factors and positive mental health in high school students during COVID-19. Methodology: Descriptive correlational study. Intentional non-probabilistic sampling. The sample consisted of 210 students of both sexes, ages 15 to 19, enrolled in cycle 2022-1 of the morning shift. Adolescents with visual conditions were excluded. A personal factors study and Positive Mental Health Scale were applied, with prior assent and informed consent. The statistical analysis was descriptive and inferential Results: The students were 64.8% female, 76.1% were under 17 years of age, 53.3% were in the sixth semester, 42% presented COVID-19 and 45% reported losses due to COVID-19. Global positive mental health was low in 50.5% of students. There was a significant positive statistical association in overall positive mental health with sex p=0.01, and a negative one with suffering from a mental illness p=0.01 and having family members who suffered from a mental illness p=0.05. Conclusion: Mental health of young people was not very positive. It needs to be studied to generate nursing interventions for promotion and prevention of school health to result in effective stress management of young people who are in high school when considering the family, society, and the educational field.

Abstrato Introdução: A saúde mental positiva envolve um conjunto de recursos pessoais e psicossociais, atitudes, afetos e comportamentos positivos que permitem à pessoa enfrentar os desafios que surgem na vida, a nível pessoal, familiar, social e escolar. Objetivo: Determinar a associação entre fatores pessoais e saúde mental positiva em estudantes do ensino médio em tempos de COVID-19. Metodologia: Estudo descritivo, preditivo e correlacional. Amostragem não probabilística intencional, amostra 210 estudantes de ambos os sexos, com idades entre 15 e 19 anos, matriculados no ciclo 2022-1 do turno da manhã. Foram excluídos os adolescentes com problemas visuais. Foram aplicados inquérito de fatores pessoais e Escala de Saúde Mental Positiva, com prévio assentimento e consentimento informado. A análise estatística foi descritiva e inferencial. Resultados: Os alunos eram 64,8% do sexo feminino, 76,1% tinham menos de 17 anos, 53,3% estavam no sexto semestre, 42% apresentaram COVID-19 e 45% relataram perdas por COVID-19. A saúde mental positiva global foi baixa em 50,5% dos estudantes. Houve associação estatística positiva significativa na saúde mental geral positiva com sexo p=0,01, e negativa com sofrer de doença mental p=0,01 e ter familiares que sofriam de doença mental p=0,05. Conclusão: A saúde mental positiva dos jovens foi baixa, necessita ser estudada para gerar intervenções de enfermagem na promoção e prevenção da saúde escolar para promover o enfrentamento eficaz do manejo do estresse dos jovens que estão no ensino médio quando se considera a família, a sociedade e o campo educacional.

Resumen Introducción: La salud mental positiva involucra una mezcla de recursos personales y psicosociales, actitudes, afectos y comportamientos positivos que permiten a la persona enfrentar los retos que se le presentan en la vida, a nivel personal, familiar, social y escolar. Objetivo: Determinar la asociación entre factores personales y la salud mental positiva en estudiantes de bachillerato en tiempos de COVID-19. Metodología: Estudio descriptivo correlacional. Muestreo intencional no probabilístico, en una muestra de 210 estudiantes de ambos sexos, edades de 15 a 19 años, inscritos en ciclo 2022-1 del turno matutino. Se excluyeron adolescentes con afecciones visuales. Se aplicó encuesta de factores personales y Escala de Salud Mental Positiva, previo asentimiento y consentimiento informado. El análisis estadístico fue descriptivo e inferencial. Resultados: Los estudiantes fueron 64.8 % del sexo femenino, 76.1 % eran menores de 17 años, 53.3 % cursaban sexto semestre, 42 % presentó COVID-19 y 45 % manifestó pérdidas por Covid-19. La salud mental positiva global fue baja en 50.5 % de los estudiantes. Hubo asociación estadística significativa positiva en salud mental positiva global con sexo p=0.01, y negativa con padecer alguna enfermedad mental p=0.01 y contar con familiares que padecían alguna enfermedad mental p=0.05. Conclusión: La salud mental positiva de los jóvenes fue baja, se requiere ser estudiada para generar intervenciones de enfermería en promoción y prevención de la salud escolar para favorecer un afrontamiento efectivo del manejo el estrés de los jóvenes que cursan bachillerato al considerar a la familia, la sociedad y al ámbito educativo.

Abstract Introduction: The awareness concept can be associated with the decision-making process of young people regarding their health. Currently, there is not much precision in the literature on the use of empirical indicators that would help to understand their relevance in the field of health care. Nursing plays an important role by using objective tools that help promote healthy behaviors based on consciousness. Objective: Identify, through a systematic bibliographic search, the reliability and validity of measurement instruments based on consciousness seen as a cognitive process, perception, comprehension and projection in young people. Methodology: Systematic review according to the criteria established by PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses); the search was carried out in Pubmed, Scopus, Web of Science, Science Citation Index, Social Sciences Citation Index and Ovid. It took place in the period ranged by June-September 2022, using the descriptors Adolescent and Tools and Awareness. From 923 potential articles found, a sample of 10 were selected, published in Spanish and English that addressed consciousness or one of its levels. Results: The articles were of a methodological type that made reference to the first level of consciousness, that is, perception. No studies were found that addressed comprehension and projection, substantive elements to know the state of consciousness in the health area. Conclusion: There is a need to have measurement tools that address consciousness in a comprehensive manner, that is, as a cognitive process that includes perception, comprehension and projection, essential elements for making decisions in young people with respect to their health.

Abstrato Introdução: O conceito de consciencialização pode ser relacionado com o processo de tomada de decisão dos jovens relativamente à sua saúde. Atualmente, não existe muita precisão na literatura sobre a utilização de indicadores empíricos que ajudem a compreender a sua relevância no domínio dos cuidados de saúde. A enfermagem desempenha um papel importante ao utilizar ferramentas objetivas que ajudam a promover comportamentos saudáveis baseados na consciência. Objetivo: Identificar, através de uma pesquisa bibliográfica sistemática, a fiabilidade e a validade dos instrumentos de medida baseados na consciência vista como um processo cognitivo, perceção, compreensão e projeção nos jovens. Metodologia: Revisão sistemática de acordo com os critérios estabelecidos pelo PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses); a busca foi realizada nas bases Pubmed, Scopus, Web of Science, Science Citation Index, Social Sciences Citation Index e Ovid. Foi realizada no período de junho a setembro de 2022, utilizando os descritores Adolescent e Tools and Awareness. Dos 923 artigos potenciais encontrados, foi selecionada uma amostra de 10, publicados em espanhol e inglês, que abordavam a consciência ou um de seus níveis. Resultados: Os artigos eram do tipo metodológico que faziam referência ao primeiro nível de consciência, que é a perceção. Não foram encontrados estudos que abordassem a compreensão e a projeção, elementos substantivos para conhecer o estado de consciência na área da saúde. Conclusão: É necessário dispor de instrumentos de medição que abordem a consciência de uma forma abrangente, ou seja, como um processo cognitivo que inclui a perceção, a compreensão e a projeção, elementos essenciais para a tomada de decisões dos jovens em relação à sua saúde.

Resumen Introducción: La conciencia puede estar relacionada con la toma de decisiones de los jóvenes respecto a su salud, en la actualidad existe poca claridad en la literatura sobre uso de indicadores empíricos que ayuden a esclarecer su pertinencia en el ámbito de la salud. Enfermería cumple un papel importante al utilizar herramientas objetivas que ayuden a promover conductas saludables basadas en la conciencia. Objetivo: Identificar mediante búsqueda bibliográfica sistemática, confiabilidad y validez de instrumentos de medida basados en la conciencia visto como proceso cognitivo percepción, comprensión y proyección en jóvenes. Metodología: Revisión sistemática de acuerdo con los criterios establecidos por la declaración Preferred Reporting Items for Sistematyc Reviews and Meta-analyses; la búsqueda se realizó en Pubmed, Scopus, Web of Science Science Citation Index y Social Sciences Citation Indexy Ovid. En el periodo junio -septiembre 2022, utilizando descriptores: Adolescent and tools and awareness. De 923 artículos potenciales publicados en español e inglés que abordaran conciencia o alguno de sus niveles, se seleccionó una muestra de 10. Resultados: Los artículos fueron de tipo metodológico, hacían referencia al primer nivel de la conciencia: percepción. No se encontraron estudios que abordaran comprensión y proyección, elementos sustantivos para conocer el estado de la conciencia en el área de salud. Conclusión: Existe la necesidad de contar con herramientas de medida que aborden la conciencia de manera integral, es decir como un proceso cognitivo el cual se incluya percepción, comprensión y proyección, elementos indispensables para la toma de las decisiones en los jóvenes respecto a su salud.

Abstract Introduction: Health promotion is fundamental to help people to acquire personal skills, abilities, and behaviors that facilitate the acquisition of a healthy lifestyle. Objective: To analyze what qualitative evidence indicates about the perception of health promotion by adults and health professionals to contribute to lifestyle changes. Methodology: We used qualitative metasynthesis and metadata analysis with Sandelowski and Barros's proposal in descriptive or interpretative primary studies from 2008 to 2019, considering the perceptions of adults and health professionals regarding health promotion and lifestyle. Different databases, descriptors such as health promotion, healthy behaviors, healthy lifestyle, nursing and qualitative research and Boolean operators AND, OR, with various possible combinations, were used. Quantitative articles, pediatric population and people with health problems were excluded. Ten articles were analyzed according to Lincoln and Guba's scientific rigor criteria. Results: People perceived the macro and micro social context and some barriers in the implementation of health promotion actions by health personnel, which directly influenced behavioral changes. Health professionals recognized health promotion as a mediation strategy between people and their environment to influence the adoption of a healthy lifestyle. Conclusions: Health promotion remains an ideal strategy to encourage actions for the benefit of people's health.

Abstrato Introdução: ¿ Introdução: A promoção da saúde é essencial para ajudar as pessoas a adquirir competências, habilidades e comportamentos pessoais que facilitem a aquisição de um estilo de vida saudável. Objetivo: ¿ Explorar o que as evidências qualitativas sobre a percepção da promoção da saúde de adultos e profissionais de saúde indicam para contribuir para a modificação do estilo de vida. Metodologia: Metássíntese qualitativa com análise de metadados proposta por Sandelowski e Barroso, em estudos primários descritivos ou interpretativos de 2008 a 2019, considerando percepções de adultos e profissionais de saúde sobre promoção da saúde e estilo de vida, utilizando diferentes bases de dados, descritores e booleanos: promoção da saúde, comportamentos saudáveis, estilo de vida saudável, adultos e pesquisas qualitativas, em diversas combinações possíveis, com AND e OR, excluindo artigos quantitativos, população pediátrica e pessoas com problemas de saúde, foram analisados 10 artigos segundo os critérios de rigor científico de Lincoln e Guba. Resultados: As pessoas perceberam o contexto macro e microssocial e algumas barreiras na implementação de ações de promoção da saúde pelos profissionais de saúde que influenciaram diretamente nas mudanças comportamentais. Os profissionais de saúde reconheceram a promoção da saúde como uma estratégia de mediação entre as pessoas e o seu ambiente para influenciar a adoção de um estilo de vida saudável. Conclusões: A promoção da saúde continua sendo uma estratégia ideal para incentivar ações que beneficiem a saúde das pessoas.

Resumen Introducción: La promoción de la salud es primordial para modificar que las personas adquieran aptitudes, habilidades y comportamientos personales que faciliten la adquisición de un estilo de vida saludable. Objetivo: Explorar que señala la evidencia cualitativa sobre percepción de la promoción de la salud de personas adultas y profesionales de la salud para contribuir a modificar el estilo de vida. Metodología: Metasíntesis cualitativa, análisis de metadatos con propuesta de Sandelowski y Barroso, en estudios primarios descriptivos o interpretativos de 2008 a 2019, considerando las percepciones de personas adultas y profesionales de la salud con respecto a la promoción de la salud y estilo de vida, empleando diferentes bases de datos, descriptores y boleanos: promoción de la salud, conductas saludables, estilo de vida saludable, adulto e investigación cualitativa, en diversas combinaciones posibles, con AND y OR, excluyendo artículos cuantitativos, población pediátrica y personas con problemas de salud, se analizaron 10 artículos según criterios de rigor científico de Lincoln y Guba. Resultados: Las personas percibieron el contexto macro y microsocial y algunas barreras en la implementación de acciones de promoción de la salud por parte del personal de salud que influyó directamente en los cambios de conducta. Los profesionales de la salud reconocieron la promoción de la salud como una estrategia de mediación entre las personas y su entorno para incidir en la adopción de un estilo de vida saludable. Conclusiones: La promoción de la salud sigue siendo una estrategia idónea para incentivar acciones en beneficio de la salud de las personas.

Resumo: O ensaio aborda a importância da Educação Física na educação pré-escolar, enfatizando o seu papel no desenvolvimento integral das crianças. A obrigatoriedade da Educação Física é enfatizada de acordo com a Lei 7800 da Costa Rica, bem como a exigência de ter pessoal docente especializado para ministrar esta matéria. São também discutidos os benefícios disto na infância, incluindo o desenvolvimento de destrezas motoras, cog- nitivas e sociais, e é feito um apelo para que se dê mais atenção a esta área ao nível pré-escolar para fomentar hábitos saudáveis desde tenra idade. Além disso, menciona-se que a falta de atividade física na meninice pode ter consequências negativas para a saúde a longo prazo, por isso é recomendável ter infraestrutura adequada para ministrá-la na pré-escola. Da mesma forma, destaca-se a importância de contar com professores capacita- dos para promover o desenvolvimento ótimo na infância, visto que a Educação Física nesta etapa é crucial para o desenvolvimento motor, cognitivo, social e emocional. Conclui-se que a Educação Física na idade pré-escolar é importante para o desenvolvimento integral da meninice, promovendo hábitos saudáveis e contribuindo para o seu bem-estar ao longo da vida.

Resumen: En el ensayo se aborda la importancia de la Educación Física en la educación preescolar, enfatizando su papel en el desarrollo integral de las personas infantes. Se recalca la obligatoriedad de la Educación Física de acuerdo con la Ley 7800 en Costa Rica, así como el requerimiento de contar con personal docente especializado para impartir esta asignatura. También se discuten los beneficios de esta en la infancia, incluyendo el desarrollo de destrezas motoras, cognitivas y sociales, y se hace un llamado a prestar más atención a esta área a nivel de pre- escolar para fomentar hábitos saludables desde temprana edad. Además, se menciona que la falta de actividad física en la niñez puede tener consecuencias negativas en la salud a largo plazo, por lo que se recomienda contar con infraestructura adecuada para impartirla en preescolar. Así mismo, se destaca la importancia de contar con profesorado capacitado para promover un desarrollo óptimo en la infancia, dado que la Educación Física en esta etapa es crucial para el desarrollo motor, cognitivo, social y emocional. Se concluye que la Educación Física en la edad preescolar es importante para el desarrollo integral de la niñez, promoviendo hábitos saludables y contribuyendo a su bienestar a lo largo de su vida.

Abstract: The essay addresses the importance of physical education in preschool and emphasizes the role it plays in the integral development of young children. It discusses Law 7800 and the mandatory nature of physical education in Costa Rica and the requirement to have specialized teachers to teach this subject. It also discusses the benefits of physical education in childhood, which include the development of motor, cognitive and social skills, and urges more attention to this area in order to promote healthy habits from an early age, starting in preschool. It also highlights the long-term negative health effects that lack of physical activity can have on children and recommends that the infrastructure be appropriate for preschool age. It also stresses the importance of teachers being properly qualified to promote optimal child development, as this period is crucial for motor, cognitive, social and emotional development. The paper concludes that preschool physical education is important for the holistic development of children, promoting healthy habits and contributing to their well-being throughout their lives.

Resumo: Objetivo: Analisar as práticas de cuidar produzidas pelos enfermeiros da atenção primária com as famílias na perspectiva da promoção da saúde. Método: Estudo exploratório-descritivo com abordagem qualitativa fenomenológica, realizado em quinze unidades básicas de saúde situadas no município de Boa Vista, Roraima, Brasil. Foram incluídos quinze enfermeiros com prática clínica especializada em saúde da família. O desenho da entrevista semiestruturada contou com treze questões que versam sobre a atuação dos enfermeiros na unidade básica de saúde e suas práticas de cuidado direcionadas às famílias. As entrevistas tiveram duração média de trinta minutos, ocorreram em ambientes reservados, representados por consultórios de enfermagem e salas de reuniões dos serviços de saúde selecionados. Foi realizado manualmente análise de conteúdo orientada pelo referencial de Laurence Bardin em três momentos específicos, a saber: pré-análise, tratamento dos dados e interpretação. Resultados: No âmbito das práticas de cuidar protagonizadas por enfermeiros da atenção primária junto às famílias houve uma valorização dos vínculos como elemento crucial para a promoção da saúde. Os aspectos humanísticos envolvidos na educação em saúde melhoram a participação ativa das famílias no autocuidado e promovem resultados satisfatórios em saúde Conclusão: Os enfermeiros reconhecem no âmbito prático da promoção da saúde com as famílias o acolhimento, a escuta qualificada, a integralidade, a humanização, o diálogo e as relações humanas como sendo indispensáveis à produção de cuidados educacionais em saúde e obtenção de resultados favoráveis em saúde na atenção primária.

Resumen: Objetivo: Analizar las prácticas de cuidado producidas por enfermeros de atención primaria con familias desde una perspectiva de promoción de la salud. Método: Estudio exploratorio-descriptivo con abordaje cualitativo fenomenológico, realizado en quince unidades básicas de salud localizadas en el municipio de Boa Vista, Roraima, Brasil. Fueron incluidas quince enfermeras con práctica clínica especializada en salud familiar. El diseño de las entrevistas semiestructuradas incluyó trece preguntas que abordan el papel del enfermero en la unidad básica y sus prácticas de cuidado dirigidas a las familias. Las entrevistas tuvieron una duración promedio de treinta minutos y se desarrollaron en ambientes privados, representados por consultorios de enfermería y salas de reuniones de los servicios de salud seleccionados. Se realizó manualmente un análisis de contenido guiado por el marco de Laurence Bardin en tres momentos: preanálisis, procesamiento de datos e interpretación. Resultados: En el ámbito de las prácticas de cuidado realizadas por enfermeros de atención primaria con las familias, los vínculos fueron valorados como un elemento crucial para la promoción de la salud. Los aspectos humanísticos involucrados en la educación para la salud mejoran la participación activa de las familias en el autocuidado y promueven resultados de salud satisfactorios. Conclusión: Los enfermeros reconocen, en el ámbito práctico de la promoción de la salud con las familias, la acogida, la escucha calificada, la integralidad, la humanización, el diálogo y las relaciones humanas como esenciales para la producción de la atención educativa en salud y la obtención de resultados favorables en salud en la atención primaria.

Abstract: Objective: To analyze the care practices produced by nurses in primary care with families from the perspective of health promotion. Method: An exploratory descriptive study with a qualitative phenomenological approach was conducted in 15 Basic Health Units located in the municipality of Boa Vista, Roraima, Brazil. Fifteen nurses with specialized clinical practice in family health were included. The semi-structured interview design included thirteen questions that address the performance of nurses in the primary health unit and their care practices directed at families. The interviews lasted an average of thirty minutes and took place in private environments, represented by nursing offices and meeting rooms of the selected health services. Content analysis was conducted manually, guided by Laurence Bardin’s framework in three specific stages, namely: pre-analysis, data processing, and interpretation. Results: Within the scope of the care practices carried out by primary care nurses with families, there was an appreciation of bonds as a crucial element for health promotion. The humanistic aspects involved in health education improve the active participation of families in self-care and promote satisfactory health outcomes. Conclusion: Nurses recognize in the practical scope of health promotion with families the welcoming, qualified listening, comprehensiveness, humanization, dialogue and human relationships as being indispensable to the production of educational health care and obtaining favorable health outcomes in primary care.

SUMMARY: The teaching of human anatomy plays a fundamental role for both students and health professionals; understanding the structure of the human body is essential for accurate diagnosis and effective treatment. In this context, this systematic review article focused on answering the following main question: What are the most effective methodological strategies for teaching human anatomy? To address this question, an exhaustive investigation was carried out involving the consultation of recognized databases such as Web of Science (Wos), PubMed and Scopus, covering the period from 2013 to 2023. It was concluded that effective teaching of human anatomy is achieved through various methodological strategies, including the use of information and communication technologies (ICTs), practice in dissection laboratories, active learning methods, teacher training factors, evaluation of student performance and promotion of collaborative learning.

RESUMEN: La enseñanza de la anatomía humana desempeña un papel fundamental tanto para estudiantes como para profesionales del ámbito de la salud; comprender la estructura del cuerpo humano resulta esencial para realizar diagnósticos precisos y llevar a cabo tratamientos efectivos. En este contexto, el presente artículo de revisión sistemática se enfocó en responder a la siguiente pregunta principal: ¿Cuáles son las estrategias metodológicas más efectivas para la enseñanza de la anatomía humana?. Para abordar esta cuestión, se llevó a cabo una exhaustiva investigación que incluyó la consulta de bases de datos reconocidas como Web of Science (Wos), PubMed y Scopus, abarcando el periodo comprendido entre 2013 y 2023. Se concluyó que la enseñanza efectiva de la anatomía humana se alcanza a través de diversas estrategias metodológicas, entre las que se incluyen el uso de tecnologías de la información y comunicación (TICs), la realización de prácticas en laboratorios de disección, métodos de aprendizaje activo, factores de formación docente, la evaluación del desempeño estudiantil y la promoción del aprendizaje colaborativo.

BACKGROUND: Despite benefits, structured mentorship needs to be better recognised within health profession training institutions (HPI) in Southern Africa (SA). Given the need to transform faculties and retain skilled personnel, mentoring programmes can be used to address these needs and warrant further exploration OBJECTIVE: To explore mentorship models within HPI in SA METHODS: During the annual South African Health Educationalists Conference (SAAHE) in 2022, five academics from HPIs in the region conducted an interactive national workshop on mentorship in health professions education. Following a presentation on mentorship models, participants were allowed to share their perspectives on current mentorship practices, gaps and recommendations for enhancing mentorship. Key concepts and themes generated are reported RESULTS: Three key approaches to mentorship models were identified during the workshop. These were 'top-down', 'ad-hoc' and 'supportive' approaches. Mentorship models were largely self-initiated and followed a traditional dyadic style with little innovation. Mandatory 'top-down', over-regulated programmes compared with 'grassroots' approaches were the two extremes reflected on the spectrum of models. While the benefits of mentorship were recognised, institution-wide implementation is lacking, reflecting varied or no widescale adoption. Mentorship could serve as a focused, formal strategy to ensure the demographic transformation of HPIs. Recommendations were made to measure the effectiveness of mentorship programmes against academic promotion criteria and research outputs CONCLUSION: While mentorship is positively viewed as a means to ensure improved equity and outputs, practical implementation is lacking. Mentorship programmes require further exploration of models and processes to facilitate successful implementation

Abstract Introduction: The black population in Brazil was the most severely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, both in terms of incidence and the lethality of the disease. Structural racism presents significant barriers to access to healthcare services for the black immigrant population. There is a lack of information regarding how structural racism impacted access, welcoming, and healthcare practices for black immigrants during the COVID-19 pandemic. Goals and Methods: This study aimed to identify how healthcare professionals received and provided care to black immigrants who sought healthcare during the COVID-19 pandemic. It employed qualitative exploratory and descriptive research, utilizing the conceptual framework of structural racism. Data was collected between October 2020 and January 2021 through semi-structured interviews with a script created by the researchers. Twenty-one professionals from the multidisciplinary health team in ten Primary Health Care Units in a southern Brazilian city participated. The statements were audio-recorded, transcribed, and subjected to content analysis with the support of MaxQDA software®. Results: Two empirical categories emerged from the analysis: structural racism concealed in the discourse of health professionals; and structural racism as a social determinant and its impact on the health of the black immigrant population. Final Considerations: The study highlighted that racial and social issues exacerbate the health condition of the black immigrant population. Thus, health professionals need awareness regarding how structural racism determines access to healthcare for the black immigrant population. Therefore, the promotion of training focused on recognizing the impact of structural racism on the health of this population is an essential step in countering the trivialization of the topic and promoting anti-racist actions.

Abstract Introduction: Organizational management models influence supervisory activity in nursing. Collaborative practice between students and health professionals in the provision of person- and family-centred care allows them to evolve in the process of autonomy and knowledge transfer. However, this does not guarantee the acquisition of supervisory practices and inter-organisational interaction between the hospital and the academy, which are necessary for carrying out safe and qualified clinical procedures. However, this does not guarantee efficient acquisition of supervisory practices and inter-organizational interaction between hospital and academia, which are necessary to provide safe and effective clinical procedures. Objectives: The aim is to understand the possible dimensions of inter-organisational collaborative practice (academic and hospital), identifying its possible processes and results capable of guaranteeing the safety and quality of clinical procedures. Methods: This study emerges from a first mixed research intervention with N=50 nurse supervisors, non-randomized, using the snowball technique. We will, nevertheless, focus on its qualitative, exploratory, and descriptive approach, using the Focus Group technique in which seven nurse supervisors took part. By using Bardin's assumptions, we conducted the content analysis of the participants' speech. Results: The content analysis allowed us to recognise the Processes of Inter-Collaborative Supervision in Nursing as the main dimension of analysis. The results identify, on the one hand, potential threats, highlighted by the time dedicated to supervision and access to information in the hospital context and, on the other hand, opportunities for articulation, highlighted by the importance of involving the various actors in each context, both in planning training programmes and in using supervisory strategies. Conclusion: This study explores the collaborative processes of nursing supervision between academia and hospitals, highlighting common elements of care and education. It reveals the influence of both bureaucratic and anarchic models in shaping these relationships. The findings underscore the importance of inter-organizational coordination, which plays a critical role in effective health promotion practices.

Resumen Los estudiantes universitarios comúnmente se ven sometidos a situaciones estresantes que repercuten directa e indirectamente en el desarrollo de conductas saludables. Esta investigación tiene como objetivo determinar la influencia del estrés académico sobre la conducta de salud en los estudiantes de un centro universitario de Lima Metropolitana. Se realizó un estudio no experimental, cuantitativo y correlacional, en donde se aplicó el Cuestionario de Conductas de Salud en Jóvenes Universitarios (CEV-JU) y el Inventario SISCO-21 de estrés académico, a 708 estudiantes. Los resultados mostraron que los síntomas de estrés, las estrategias de afrontamiento y los estresores se asociaron significativamente con la conducta de salud a nivel general y algunas dimensiones. Asimismo, se halló que los predictores de los resultados más significativos de la conducta de salud fueron las estrategias de afrontamiento y las dimensiones de síntomas. Esto muestra la importancia de diseñar y aplicar programas e intervenciones dirigidas a gestionar adecuadamente el estrés para fomentar hábitos saludables en los universitarios.

Abstract University students are commonly subjected to stressful situations that have a direct and indirect impact on the development of healthy behaviors. This research aims to determine the influence of academic stress on health behavior in students at a university center in Metropolitan Lima. A non-experimental, quantitative and correlational study was carried out, where the Health Behavior Questionnaire in Young University Students (CEV-JU) and the SISCO-21 Inventory of academic stress were applied to 708 students. The results showed that stress symptoms, coping strategies and stressors were significantly associated with health behavior at a general level and some dimensions. Likewise, it was found that the predictors of the most significant health behavior outcomes were coping strategies and symptom dimensions. This shows the importance of designing and applying programs and interventions aimed at adequately managing stress to promote healthy habits in university students.

Resumen El estudio se ha orientado desde el enfoque cuantitativo, el objetivo fue determinar si existe dependencia entre las variables sociodemográficas como grado de instrucción, religión, estado civil, carga familiar, género y rango de edad con la variable felicidad, la población considerada para el estudio fue la del último censo nacional peruano conformado por 179096 ciudadanos cuyas edades oscilan entre los 18 y 60 años; el muestreo probabilístico fue de tipo estratificado y cuenta con un nivel de confianza del 97 %. Se obtuvo una muestra de 1035 sujetos, se ha aplicado la escala de la felicidad de Lima (EFL); arrojando un indicador de 0.893 según el alfa de Cronbach con un coeficiente de alta confiabilidad. Se ha considerado las normas éticas y el consentimiento informado para esta investigación. A través de la prueba Chi cuadrada se pudo conocer la dependencia de las variables y se ha logrado obtener como resultado que el 40% de la población se encuentra en un nivel de baja felicidad; del mismo modo, se determinó la relación de dependencia entre las variables religión, estado civil, ausencia de dependencia con respecto a la carga familiar, género, rango de edad y grado de instrucción. La rigurosidad del estudio permite la extrapolación con poblaciones con las que se realizaron estudios similares.

Abstract The study has been oriented from the quantitative approach, the objective was to determine if there is dependence between sociodemographic variables such as educational level, religion, marital status, family burden, gender and age range with the happiness variable, the population considered for the study was that of the last Peruvian national census made up of 179096 citizens whose ages range between 18 and 60 years; the probability sampling was stratified and has a confidence level of 97%. A sample of 1035 subjects was obtained, the Lima Happiness Scale (EFL) was applied, yielding an indicator of 0.893 according to Cronbach's alpha with a high reliability coefficient. Ethical standards and informed consent were considered for this research. The Chi-square test was used to determine the dependence of the variables and the result was that 40% of the population is at a low level of happiness; likewise, the relationship of dependence between the variables religion, marital status, absence of dependence with respect to family burden, gender, age range and degree of education was determined. The rigor of the study allows extrapolation with populations with which similar studies were carried out.

Resumen El presente artículo reconstruye el nacimiento y funcionamiento del proyecto de divulgación higiénica organizado por las autoridades de Yucatán entre 1915 y 1930, y reflexiona sobre si la educación y la propaganda higiénica cobraron importancia en las estrategias seguidas por las autoridades revolucionarias para salvaguardar la salud de los habitantes del estado. También describe el proceso de transformación de las instituciones de salubridad que desembocó en la creación de organismos como las delegaciones sanitarias en diversas áreas de Yucatán.

Abstract This article reconstructs the creation and functionality of the hygienic dissemination project, organized by the Yucatan authorities between 1915 and 1930, and ponders on whether hygienic education and propaganda became important for revolutionary authorities in their quest to safeguard the state’s citizens’ health. This paper also describes the transformation process of health institutions that led to the creation of organizations such as health delegations in various areas of Yucatán.

RESUMEN Introducción: La covid-19 alteró la situación laboral y el proceso docente educativo de las universidades médicas. Además, hubo un impacto muy negativo en todas las esferas económicas y sociales del país. En el sector de la salud se reorganizaron los servicios y recursos humanos, se afectó la producción del cuadro básico de medicamentos, aumentaron las presiones sobre el sistema de salud pública y asistencia social con el correspondiente incremento de los costos de salud pública y gastos públicos. Objetivo: Describir los efectos sociales, económicos y académicos de la covid-19 en la Facultad de Medicina No. 1 de la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas en Santiago de Cuba. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo, retrospectivo, durante rebrotes de covid-19 en el periodo de enero a julio de 2021 en trabajadores disponibles y estudiantes de primero a quinto año de la facultad. Se evaluaron características generales y socioeconómicas para cada grupo, como certificados médicos y causas, días afectados, resultados de la pesquisa, y actividad formativa. Se utilizó la estadística descriptiva para el análisis y presentación de los resultados. Resultados: La incidencia de casos positivos fue baja, pero generó miles de días de incapacidad, por aislamientos e ingreso en el hogar. Se pesquisaron más de 5 000 personas sospechosas de la enfermedad, de ellos 19,9 % resultó positivo. La promoción superó 95 % en todos los años de la carrera y fue mayor al de etapa prepidémica, al igual que la eficiencia vertical. Conclusiones: Aunque hubo efectos sociales, económicos y académicos negativos, el trabajo comunitario integral contribuyó a la preservación de la salud de la población y se desarrolló el aprendizaje a distancia.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The COVID-19 altered the employment situation and the educational teaching process of medical universities. In addition, there was a very negative impact on all economic and social areas of the country. In the health sector, services and human resources were reorganized, the production of basic medicines was affected, pressures on the public health and social welfare system increased with corresponding rise in public health costs and expenditures. Objective: To describe the social, economic and academic effects of COVID-19 in the Medical Faculty No. 1 of the Medical Science University in Santiago de Cuba. Methods: An observational, descriptive, retrospective study was conducted during the reoutbreaks of COVID-19 in the period from January to July 2021 in available workers and students from the first to the fifth year of the faculty. General and socio-economic characteristics were evaluated for each group, such as medical certificates and causes, affected days, research results and training activity. Descriptive statistics were used for the analysis and presentation of results. Results: The incidence of positive cases was low, but generated thousands of days of disability due to isolation and home intake. More than 5 000 people suspected pf the disease were surveyed, 19.9 % of them positive. The promotion exceeded 95 % in all years of the major and was higher than the pre-epidemic stage, as well as the vertical efficiency. Conclusions: Although there were negative social, economic and academic effects, the integral community work contributed to the preservation of the population´s health and online classes were developed.

RESUMEN Introducción: la obesidad, la edad, el estilo de vida sedentario y los antecedentes familiares de diabetes mellitus se han descrito como factores de riesgo para la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2). Objetivo: determinar el riesgo probable de desarrollar DM2 en los próximos 10 años en mujeres trabajadoras de un hospital de referencia en Asunción, Paraguay. Metodología: este estudio descriptivo observacional de corte transversal se llevó a cabo entre médicos, enfermeras y personal administrativo. Se recopilaron datos durante tres meses utilizando la prueba FINDRISK para evaluar el riesgo de diabetes, la cual consta de ocho preguntas sobre la edad, el índice de masa corporal, el perímetro de la cintura, la actividad física, el consumo de frutas y verduras, antecedentes de presión arterial alta y glucosa elevada, y diabetes diagnosticada en familiares. Para el análisis de los datos se utilizaron estadísticas descriptivas en forma de frecuencias y porcentajes, así como estadísticas analíticas con la prueba de Mann Whitney y Kruskal Wallis. Resultados: un total de 112 mujeres participaron en el estudio, con más del 40% en el rango de edad de 31 a 40 años. El perímetro de cintura de 80-88 cm. fue el más común, con 38,4%. Se encontró que el 33% de las participantes tenían sobrepeso. Casi el 60% no realizaba actividad física diaria. Más del 38% tenían antecedentes de diabetes en familiares de primer grado. El 67,9% de las encuestadas tenían algún riesgo de desarrollar DM2 en los próximos 10 años, y 22 de ellas presentaron un riesgo alto o muy alto según la prueba FINDRISK. Las participantes de 35 años o más tenían un riesgo significativamente mayor (Chi; p=0,008). Conclusión: se detectó una alta prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad, siendo el 67,9% de las encuestadas quienes mostraron algún grado de riesgo de desarrollar DM2 en los próximos 10 años, de los cuales casi el 20% presentaban un riesgo categorizado como alto o muy alto.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Obesity, age, sedentary lifestyle, and family history of diabetes mellitus are risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Objective: determine the probable risk of developing T2DM in the next 10 years in working women at a reference hospital in Asunción, Paraguay. Methodology: This cross-sectional observational descriptive study was conducted with physicians, nurses, and administrative staff. Data were collected over three months using the FINDRISK test to assess diabetes risk, which consists of eight questions about age, body mass index, waist circumference, physical activity, fruit and vegetable consumption, history of blood pressure, high blood pressure and high glucose, and diabetes diagnosed in family members. Descriptive statistics in the form of frequencies and percentages, as well as analytical statistics using the Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests, were used to analyze the data. Results: A total of 112 women participated in the study, with more than 40% in the age range of 31-40 years. The waist circumference of 80-88 cm was the most common (38.4%). It was found that 33% of participants were overweight. Almost 60% of the participants did not perform daily physical activities. More than 38% of the first-degree relatives had a history of diabetes. Of the surveyed participants, 67.9%had some risk of developing T2DM in the next 10 years and 22 had a high or very high risk according to the FINDRISK test. Participants aged 35 years had a significantly higher risk (p=0.008). Conclusion: A high prevalence of overweight and obesity was observed, with 67.9% of the respondents showing some degree of risk for developing T2DM in the next 10 years, of which nearly 20% were categorized as high or very high risk.