BACKGROUND: The work environment presents major challenges for breastfeeding mothers through the physical separation of the mother and the baby post maternity leave OBJECTIVE: To explore the experiences of employed breastfeeding mothers from designated workplaces (with more than 50 employees) in Worcester, South Africa METHOD: This qualitative study was conducted using focus group discussions (FDGs). Employed breastfeeding mothers from designated retail, manufacturing and public workplaces were recruited from local communities. Eligible participants were those who had exclusively or predominantly breastfed their children for up to 6 months and had given birth within the last 24 months. A community fieldworker recruited participants and coordinated scheduling for the FDGs RESULTS: Five FDGs (N=24) were conducted. The mothers described returning to work as emotionally and logistically challenging. Those who continued breastfeeding while working demonstrated a strong commitment to and belief in breastfeeding. Consistent enabling factors and main sources of support mentioned included immediate family members, such as grandmothers, siblings and spouses. The challenges identified were a lack of private spaces and time to express breastmilk at work, an unsupportive workplace culture and a lack of work-life balance. The support needs identified for a successful return to work while breastfeeding included flexible schedules, designated private spaces for expressing milk, supportive colleagues and managers and active engagement with senior management on breastfeeding support CONCLUSION: There is a need for psychosocial support for breastfeeding mothers to manage the emotional demands of returning to work and logistical support, such as providing breastfeeding spaces and time for expressing breastmilk. Human resource managers, occupational health nurses and wellness officials should inform mothers about the recommendation to provide breastfeeding breaks at work. Engagement and advocacy efforts with workplaces and these stakeholders on the importance of breastfeeding support should be initiated

RESUMEN El presente artículo busca determinar el índice de investigación fiscal y punición del delito de aborto en Arequipa, Perú, en el período de 2008 al 2020. A partir de ello, se busca analizar el delito y su tratamiento ante las autoridades jurisdiccionales y policiales locales a fin de establecer si este puede considerarse un delito simbólico. Para ello se ha recolectado información en los repositorios institucionales y se han efectuado entrevistas a funcionarios y agentes involucrados con el tratamiento judicial del aborto, así como a activistas y profesionales de la salud ligados con esa problemática. Con él se sugiere la noción de derecho penal simbólico de hecho, es decir, a aquella voluntad deliberada de las autoridades jurisdiccionales y policiales dirigida a no punir una acción típica.

ABSTRACT The present investigation seeks to determine the index of judicial and police investigation and punishment of the abortion crime in Arequipa, Peru, between 2008 and 2020. It seeks to analyze the crime and its treatment before the local judicial and police authorities to establish whether this can be considered a symbolic crime. To this end, information was collected from institutional repositories and officials and agents involved in the judicial treatment of abortion, as well as activists and health professionals linked to this problem were interviewed. Results suggest the notion of symbolic criminal law is a fact, that is, the deliberate will of the jurisdictional and police authorities aimed at not punishing a typical action.

RESUMO A presente investigação busca determinar o índice de investigação fiscal e punição do crime de aborto em Arequipa, Peru, no período de 2008 a 2020. A partir disso, busca-se analisar o crime e seu tratamento perante as autoridades jurisdicionais e policiais locais para determinar se isto pode ser considerado um crime simbólico. Para tanto, foram coletadas informações em repositórios institucionais e realizadas entrevistas com autoridades e agentes envolvidos no tratamento judicial do aborto, bem como com ativistas e profissionais de saúde ligados a esta problemática. Com isso, sugere-se a noção de direito penal simbólico de fato, ou seja, a vontade deliberada das autoridades jurisdicionais e policiais visando não punir uma ação típica.

RESUMEN Introducción: En 2020, Colombia adoptó diferentes medidas para mitigar el impacto de la pandemia por Covid-19, principalmente medidas de aislamiento social y fortalecimiento en la prestación de servicios hospitalarios. Sin embargo, el país no contempló acciones para abordar los otros problemas en salud, como tampoco consideró la relevancia de la Atención Primaria en Salud (APS) para responder a la pandemia. Por lo cual se realizó una investigación para indagar por la oferta y posicionamiento de la APS entre los tomadores de decisiones para atender la emergencia de Covid-19 durante la primera ola de la pandemia y los aprendizajes para las siguientes. Metodología: De abril a junio de 2020 se realizó un estudio descriptivo exploratorio mixto en 2 fases: (1) Encuesta a tomadores de decisiones, prestadores y académicos, y (2) Grupo focal a informantes clave. Resultados: La encuesta fue respondida por 227 participantes, 41 % académicos, 34.8 % prestadores y 17.6 % funcionarios de direcciones locales de salud; el 28.2 % consideró que la APS estuvo adaptada en los territorios para diferentes programas de salud por ciclo vital y entre el 80 al 98 % que la APS debía instaurarse en el territorio para vigilancia de casos, atención ambulatoria, manejo de pacientes crónicos, atención de otros programas y educación sanitaria. En el grupo focal participaron 12 informantes claves, quienes concluyeron que desde la autoridad sanitaria se debía promover la integración de la APS de forma urgente en los territorios, y garantizar una gobernanza eficaz para lograrlo; igualmente, recomendaron intensificar la alfabetización en salud y el empoderamiento de la población para la adopción de medidas individuales y colectivas. Conclusiones: Se concluye que la APS era una oportunidad para responder a la primera ola de la pandemia, como también para subsanar los problemas actuales y anticiparse a problemas futuros. Por lo cual, la APS debe convertirse en una política de Estado.

ABSTRACT Introduction: In 2020, Colombia adopted different measures to mitigate the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic, social isolation measures and strengthening the provision of hospital services. However, the country did not contemplate actions to address other health problems, nor did it consider the relevance of Primary Health Care (PHC) to respond to the pandemic. Therefore, an investigation was done to investigate the offer and positioning of PHC among decision-makers to address the Covid-19 emergency during the first wave of the pandemic and the learning for the following ones. Methodology: From April to June 2020, a mixed exploratory descriptive study was conducted in two phases: (1) a survey of decision-makers, providers, and academics, and (2) a focus group of key informants. Results: The survey was answered by 227 participants, 41 % academics, 34.8 % providers, and 17.6 % officials from local health directorates; 28.2 % considered that PHC was adapted in the territories for different life cycle health programs, and between 80 and 98 % that PHC should be established in the territory for case surveillance, outpatient care, management of chronic patients, care of other programs and health education. Twelve key informants participated in the focus group, who concluded that the health authority should urgently promote the integration of PHC in the territories, and guarantee effective governance to achieve it; Likewise, they recommended intensifying health literacy and the empowerment of the population for the adoption of individual and collective measures. Conclusions: It is concluded that PHC was an opportunity to respond to the first wave of the pandemic, as well as to correct current problems and anticipate future problems. Therefore, PHC must become a state policy.

Abstract X The aim of this study was to analyse the socio-demographic, methodological and diagnostic characteristics of the expert reports in psychiatry and psychology carried out at the Centre for Law and Health Studies between 2011 and 2020. We opted for a quantitative, descriptive approach with analytical, cross-sectional, retrospective design. The information obtained from 145 expert opinions was analysed. A univariate analysis was carried out for all sociodemographic, methodological and diagnostic variables in the expert reports, according to their qualitative or quantitative nature, and a bivariate analysis through contingency tables for the aforementioned variables, with confidence intervals of 95 % for each of the prevalence measures. It was found that the majority of expert opinions were requested by the area of contentious-administrative law. The most prevalent diagnoses were adjustment disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder and depressive disorder. Although the reports reviewed comply with the minimum legal guidelines, there were some shortcomings related to the absence of information. It is hoped that these findings will allow for reflection on the part of justice officials on the requirements of expert reports with a view to the humanisation of justice and support for legal decision-making.

Resumo X O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar as características sociodemográficas, metodológicas e diagnósticas dos laudos periciais em psiquiatria e psicologia realizados no Centro de Estudos em Direito e Saúde entre 2011 e 2020. Optou-se por uma abordagem quantitativa e descritiva com desenho analítico, transversal e retrospectivo. Foram analisadas as informações obtidas de 145 pareceres de especialistas. Foi realizada uma análise univariada para todas as variáveis sociodemográficas, metodológicas e diagnósticas dos laudos periciais, de acordo com sua natureza qualitativa ou quantitativa, e uma análise bivariada por meio de tabelas de contingência para as variáveis mencionadas, com intervalos de confiança de 95 % para cada uma das medidas de prevalência. Verificou-se que a maioria dos pareceres foi solicitada pela área de direito contencioso-administrativo. Os diagnósticos mais prevalentes foram transtorno de ajustamento, transtorno de estresse pós-traumático e transtorno depressivo. Embora os relatórios analisados estejam em conformidade com as diretrizes legais mínimas, houve algumas deficiências relacionadas à ausência de informações. Esperase que esses resultados permitam uma reflexão por parte dos nvolvidos no sistema judiciário sobre os requisitos dos laudos periciais, com vistas à humanização da justiça e ao apoio à tomada de decisões legais.

Resumen X El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar las características sociodemográficas, metodológicas y diagnósticas de los informes periciales en psiquiatría y psicología realizados en el Centro de Estudios en Derecho y Salud entre 2011 y 2020. Se optó por un enfoque cuantitativo, descriptivo con intención analítica, transversal, con diseño retrospectivo. Se analizó la información obtenida en 145 peritajes. Se adelantó un análisis univariado para todas las variables sociodemográficas, metodológicas y diagnósticas de los informes periciales, según su naturaleza cualitativa o cuantitativa, y un análisis bivariado a través de tablas de contingencia para las variables mencionadas, con intervalos de confianza del 95 % para cada una de las medidas de prevalencia. Se encontró que la mayoría de peritajes fueron solicitados por el área del derecho contencioso-administrativo. Los diagnósticos más prevalentes fueron el trastorno adaptativo, el trastorno por estrés postraumático y el trastorno depresivo. Si bien los informes revisados cumplen con los lineamientos mínimos de ley, se encontraron algunas falencias relacionadas con la ausencia de información. Se espera que estos hallazgos permitan la reflexión por parte de los auxiliares de la justicia sobre los requerimientos de los informes periciales con miras a la humanización de la justicia y el apoyo a la toma de decisiones legales.

Abstract: This article seeks to analyze the process of in(in)securitization of health mobilities defined as "transplant tourism.” It focusses on the emergence and circulation of the "transplant tourism" category, as well as certain political uses of the concept in transplant and migration regulations in Argentina. It argues that "transplant tourism" was constructed as a problem of (in)security associated with the dangers and threats posed by certain types of mobilities to the "national order" of transplants and “international security,” because of its association with illicit forms of organ extraction and commercialization. The article uses a qualitative methodology combining the analysis of documentary sources with interviews with government officials in the Argentinean context.

Resumen: El objetivo de este artículo es analizar el proceso de (in)securitización de las movilidades por salud definidas como “turismo de trasplante”. Específicamente indaga el surgimiento y circulación de la categoría “turismo de trasplantes”, así como ciertos usos políticos del concepto en regulaciones sobre trasplante y migración en Argentina. Sostiene que el “turismo de trasplantes” fue construido como un problema de (in)seguridad asociado a los peligros y amenazas que determinadas movilidades representan para el “orden nacional” de los trasplantes y para la “seguridad internacional” a partir de su asociación con modalidades ilícitas de extracción y comercialización de órganos. El artículo adopta una metodología cualitativa que articula análisis de diversas fuentes documentales y entrevistas con funcionarias/os de gobierno del contexto argentino.

BACKGROUND: The study explored factors influencing implementation of simulation-based education (SBE) in nursing and midwifery education in Malawi. AIM: This study aimed to identify factors influencing nursing and midwifery educators in selected training institutions and clinical sites. SETTING: The study covered one district and four central hospitals, five professional training institutions, Ministry of Health and Nurses and Midwives Council of Malawi officials. METHODS: Using mixed-methods approach, quantitative data were gathered from 293 participants, including 149 final-year nursing and midwifery students, and 144 clinical instructors. Qualitative data were obtained from 24 faculty members, 11 clinical instructors and two key informants. Researchers conducted 37 in-depth interviews, 10 focus group discussions and eight desk reviews. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse the quantitative data, while content analysis was used for qualitative findings. RESULTS: Five themes emerged from qualitative data: absence of simulation in regulatory body syllabi, insufficient formal training, demand for knowledgeable clinical instructors, inadequate human and material resources, and resistance to change. Survey results indicated that 83% of the participants had theoretical SBE knowledge but lacked practical skills, with only 13% considering SBE as a current teaching method. Educators emphasised lack of infrastructure, skills laboratories, teaching hospitals, equipment, and a deficit in formal training as critical barriers to SBE implementation. CONCLUSION: The study concluded that skilled educators, appropriate infrastructure and resources could facilitate SBE implementation in Malawi. CONTRIBUTION: Recommendations included regulatory body support, formal training for educators, utilisation of low-fidelity simulators, and establishment of SBE centres and corners in health facilities.

BACKGROUND: Health research is typically disseminated through peer-reviewed journals and academic forums. However, evidence suggests limited exploration of alternative communication methods for effective knowledge dissemination. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to determine the extent to which policymakers in Malawi consult health researchers while translating their knowledge. This study aimed to determine the post-research endeavours of Malawian health researchers to incorporate research findings into policy and decision making. METHOD: Conducted at Kamuzu University of Health Sciences (KUHeS), this cross-sectional study employed a 5-point Likert scale survey to collect data from researchers, offering a snapshot view without indicating temporal changes or causality. RESULTS: Researchers rarely created suggestions, take-home messages, or actionable instructions for use by health officials. They seldom give users access to a searchable database of papers, studies, and syntheses that summarise recommendations for policymakers in the field of health. They seldom send reprints of papers from scientific publications to decision-makers. Few researchers have created summaries of articles or systematic reviews for health officials' use. CONCLUSION: Traditional channels, such as journals and conferences, dominate the dissemination of health research. However, limited evidence suggests the need for broader communication strategies. The current landscape lacks effective products and methods, urging researchers to produce accessible formats with clear, key messages to address policy questions. CONTRIBUTION: Researchers should develop research products in compelling formats by using clear key messages. The summarised evidence should answer important policy questions. Researchers should involve the media to communicate their research outputs.

BACKGROUND: Zimbabwean undocumented migrants rely on the South African public health care system for treatment of non-communicable and communicable diseases, surgery and medical emergency services. A gap remains to understand undocumented migrant experiences at a time when accessing public healthcare has been topical in South Africa AIM: This article aimed to describe and understand the experiences, challenges and health-seeking alternatives of undocumented Zimbabwean migrants in accessing healthcare services in Nellmapius in Pretoria SETTING: The study was conducted at Nellmapius in Pretoria METHODS: A qualitative descriptive research design was used. Structured interviews with 13 undocumented migrants were conducted by applying purposive and snowballing sampling techniques. The data were thematically analysed RESULTS: Migrants reported that the attitudes by healthcare officials suggest unwillingness to provide services to undocumented migrants, aggravating their vulnerability and perennial illness. Migrants faced challenges of discrimination, a lack of professional service delivery, a lack of financial capacity to pay for services and a lack of documentation evoking health-seeking alternatives CONCLUSION: Migrants continue to face challenges while accessing subsidised health care. This study confirms that medical xenophobia is generally present in the public health care centres, at least for the sampled undocumented Zimbabwean migrants. The majority of undocumented migrants cannot afford to pay for private healthcare CONTRIBUTION: The findings of this study inform national, provincial and local healthcare facilities to be ethical and provide dignified quality healthcare to undocumented migrants in line with international practices

Resumo Os debates sobre os efeitos da covid-19 na dinâmica dos sistemas alimentares abundaram nos últimos anos. Análises preliminares projetaram mudanças expressivas nesta dinâmica devido, entre outras coisas, à digitalização dos mercados. Com base em dados coletados entre 2020 e 2023 por meio de observação direta e 64 entrevistas semiestruturadas com agricultores, extensionistas rurais, gestores públicos e lideranças sociais no âmbito de um estudo de múltiplos casos, e em diálogo com a literatura sociológica sobre mudança institucional e construção social de mercados, este artigo analisa iniciativas de digitalização de mercados da agricultura familiar em duas regiões (Litoral Norte e Médio-Alto Uruguai) do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. As descobertas sugerem que a pandemia promoveu uma janela de oportunidade bloqueada para iniciativas de mercados alimentares alternativos. No final de 2023, meio ano depois a Organização Mundial de Saúde ter declarado “com grande esperança” o fim da covid-19, não parecia haver muita esperança para estas iniciativas. Isto porque nem a pandemia provou ser uma “conjuntura crítica” que abriu espaço para mudanças institucionais significativas nestas regiões, nem os atores desafiantes no campo foram capazes de se tornarem “empreendedores institucionais” destas mudanças. covid19 covid 19 covid-1 anos devido coisas 202 6 agricultores rurais casos Litoral MédioAlto Médio Alto Uruguai Sul Brasil alternativos covid19, 19, conjuntura crítica empreendedores covid1 1 covid- 20 2

Abstract Debates about the effects of covid-19 on the dynamics of food systems abounded in the last years. Initial analyses projected major changes in these dynamics due to, among other things, the digitisation of markets. Based on data collected between 2020 e 2023 by means of direct observations and 64 semi-structured interviews with farmers, rural extensionists, public officials, and community leaders in the scope of a multi-case study, and in dialogue with the sociological literature on institutional change and social construction of markets, this article analyses grassroots initiatives of market digitisation in two regions (Litoral Norte and Médio-Alto Uruguai) of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Findings suggest that the pandemic promoted a barred window of opportunity for social movements’ initiatives of alternative food markets. By the end of 2023, half a year after the World Health Organization declared “with great hope” an end to covid-19, it did not seem to be much hope for these initiatives. This is because neither the pandemic proved to be a “critical juncture” that opened the space for significant institutional changes, nor the challenging actors in the field were able to become “institutional entrepreneurs” of these changes. covid19 covid 19 covid-1 years things markets 202 6 semistructured semi structured farmers extensionists officials multicase multi case study Litoral MédioAlto Médio Alto Uruguai Sul Brazil movements covid19, 19, critical juncture entrepreneurs covid1 1 covid- 20 2

RESUMO: Objetivo: compreender a perspectiva da criança sobre o território em que ela vive. Método: estudo qualitativo realizado em uma universidade pública do nordeste do Brasil, em julho/2023. Entrevistas com 15 crianças de sete a 12 anos foram conduzidas após a autorização dos pais e o consentimento das crianças. Análise de Conteúdo tomou como referencial teórico o modelo das Dimensões de Impacto do Território: Física, Socioeconômica, Serviços, Rede Social e Governança. Resultados: as crianças reconhecem a pobreza (Dimensão Socioeconômica), a violência (Dimensão Rede Social) e a precariedade da estrutura física dos bairros (Dimensão Física). Conviver com vizinhos/amigos (Dimensão Rede Social), a escola (Dimensão Serviços) e os parquinhos (Dimensão Física) amenizam o enfrentamento dos problemas. Elas pedem maior esforço dos governantes para as melhorias no território. Considerações finais: considerar a perspectiva da criança demonstra respeito, e incentiva seu papel ativo no planejamento de ações estratégicas, favorecendo a efetividade das ações de promoção da saúde infantil. RESUMO Objetivo vive Método Brasil julho2023 julho 2023 julho/2023 1 Território Física Socioeconômica Serviços Governança Resultados Dimensão , Socioeconômica) Física. . vizinhosamigos vizinhos amigos Social, problemas finais respeito estratégicas infantil julho202 202 julho/202 julho20 20 julho/20 julho2 2 julho/2 julho/

ABSTRACT Objective: to understand children’s perspective on the territory in which they live. Method: a qualitative study carried out at a public university in northeastern Brazil in July 2023. Interviews with 15 children aged between seven and 12 were conducted after parental authorization and the children’s consent. Content analysis used the Territorial Impact Dimensions model as a theoretical framework: Physical, Socioeconomic, Services, Social Network, and Governance. Results: the children recognize poverty (Socioeconomic Dimension), violence (Social Network Dimension), and the precariousness of the physical structure of the neighborhoods (Physical Dimension). Living with neighbors/friends (Social Network Dimension), the school (Services Dimension), and the playgrounds (Physical Dimension) make it easier to cope with the problems. They call for greater efforts from government officials to improve the area. Final considerations: considering the child’s perspective shows respect and encourages their active role in planning strategic actions, favoring the effectiveness of actions to promote child health. Objective childrens s live Method 2023 1 consent framework Physical Socioeconomic Services Governance Results Dimension, Dimension , Dimension. . neighborsfriends neighbors friends problems area considerations childs health 202 20 2

RESUMEN Objetivo: comprender la perspectiva del niño sobre el territorio en el que vive. Método: estudio cualitativo realizado en una universidad pública del noreste de Brasil, en julio/2023. Se realizaron entrevistas con 15 niños de siete a 12 años después del permiso de los padres y el consentimiento de los niños. El Análisis de Contenido tomó como referente teórico el modelo de Dimensiones de Impacto Territorial: Física, Socioeconómica, Servicios, Red Social y Gobernanza. Resultados: los niños reconocen la pobreza (Dimensión Socioeconómica), la violencia (Dimensión Red Social) y la precariedad de la estructura física de los barrios (Dimensión Física). Vivir con vecinos/amigos (Dimensión de Red Social), la escuela (Dimensión de Servicios) y los parques infantiles (Dimensión Fisica) facilita afrontar los problemas. Piden mayor esfuerzo a los gobiernos para mejorar el territorio. Consideraciones finales: considerar la perspectiva del niño demuestra respeto y fomenta su papel activo en la planificación de acciones estratégicas, favoreciendo la eficacia de las acciones de promoción de la salud infantil. Objetivo vive Método Brasil julio2023 julio 2023 julio/2023 1 Territorial Física Socioeconómica Servicios Gobernanza Resultados Dimensión , Socioeconómica) Física. . Física) vecinosamigos vecinos amigos Social, Fisica problemas finales estratégicas infantil julio202 202 julio/202 julio20 20 julio/20 julio2 2 julio/2 julio/

Resumen: El alquiler de vientres es una modalidad de explotación reproductiva que afecta a las mujeres rurales empobrecidas. Tabasco legalizó la figura de “madre subrogada” en 1997. Esta práctica es muy cuestionada por grupos feministas abolicionistas. El presente artículo analiza cómo se realiza y qué consecuencias tiene para las mujeres rurales de Tabasco. El marco teórico utilizado es la perspectiva de género feminista. Las herramientas metodológicas fueron cualitativas: “bola de nieve”, entrevistas a profundidad, estudios de caso, revisión documental, consulta de Facebook y chats de WhatsApp. Las informantes fueron mujeres que alquilaron su vientre, así como abogadas, psicólogas, feministas, funcionarias, además del esposo de una mujer gestante y un periodista. Las conclusiones muestran fuertes intereses económicos, peligrosos vacíos legales y negativos efectos en la salud física y emocional de las mujeres.

Abstract: Surrogacy is a form of reproductive exploitation that impacts impoverished rural women. Tabasco legalized the practice of "surrogate mother" in 1997. This practice is highly questioned by abolitionist feminists. This article analyzes its implementation and its consequences for rural women in Tabasco. The theoretical framework used is the feminist gender perspective. Methodological include qualitative approaches such snowball sampling, in-depth interviews, case studies, documentary review, Facebook consultations and WhatsApp chats. Informants included women who served as surrogates, as well as lawyers, psychologists, feminists, gobernment officials, the husband of a surrogate and a journalist. The conclusions reveal strong economic interests, dangerous legal loopholes, and negative effects on the physical and emotional health of women.

Abstract Introduction: several sources confirm the overrepresentation of women in the consumption of psychotropic drugs, as well as specific differences in the patterns of prescription to women who experience violence. This is a public health issue that deserves an interdisciplinary analysis that integrates the gender approach. Objective: to explore the perspective of institutional officials regarding the prescription of psychotropic drugs to women treated for situations of violence. Methodology: an exploratory-descriptive study was developed based on qualitative research methods that integrated documentary sources and consultation with experts through the semi-structured interview technique. Results: the use of antidepressants and anxiolytics is frequent in this population, whose main routes of access are prescription at the first level of health care and self-medication. There are various nuances about the role of psychotropic drugs in the critical path of women affected by violence, but there is a consensus that this should be only one of the possible health interventions. Conclusions: the findings suggest that in addressing the impact of violence against women by the sector, a traditional paradigm prevails, whose main response is pharmacological intervention. Gender-based violence must be considered within the social determinants of mental health, recognizing the risks posed by its medicalization.

Resumen Introducción: Diversas fuentes confirman la sobrerrepresentación de las mujeres en el consumo de psicofármacos, así como diferencias particulares en los patrones de prescripción a mujeres que experimentan violencia. Se trata de un asunto de salud pública que amerita un análisis interdisciplinario junto con un enfoque de género. Objetivo: Explorar la perspectiva de funcionarias institucionales en torno a la prescripción de psicofármacos a mujeres atendidas por situaciones de violencia. Metodología: El estudio es de tipo exploratorio-descriptivo basado en métodos cualitativos de investigación, se integraron fuentes documentales y se consultó a personas expertas mediante la técnica de entrevista semiestructurada. Resultados: El tratamiento con antidepresivos y ansiolíticos es frecuente en mujeres, cuyas principales vías de abastecimiento son la orden médica en el primer nivel de atención en salud y la automedicación. Dicho consumo se relaciona con las consecuencias de la violencia, y las mujeres desconocen la información sobre el uso adecuado de los psicofármacos. Existen diversos matices sobre el rol de los psicofármacos en la ruta crítica de las mujeres afectadas por la violencia, pero existe consenso en que debería ser sólo una de las intervenciones posibles en salud. Conclusiones: Los hallazgos sugieren que en el abordaje del impacto de la violencia contra las mujeres prevalece un paradigma tradicional por parte del sector, pues su principal respuesta es la intervención farmacológica. La violencia por razones de género debe contemplarse dentro de los determinantes sociales de la salud mental y se deben reconocer los riesgos vinculados a su medicalización.

Abstract The health emergency facing the world due to COVID-19 presents challenges and risks for organizations. This research explains the effect of organizational commitment, job stress, and work-family reconciliation on job satisfaction in employees of a Chilean municipality, before and during the pandemic. Through a survey, a sample of 264 participants was obtained. For the statistical study, a cluster analysis was used that allowed the identification of three segments of individuals, where for the year 2019 they declared a medium perception in the variables and a medium-low perception in the year 2020. On the other hand, the regression models confirm that the independent variables significantly affect job satisfaction, contributing 60% in 2019 and 70% in 2020 in explaining its variability. The results obtained confirm that there is a change in the perception of the variables under study, from one year to the next, revealing the impact of the pandemic on public officials.

Resumen La emergencia sanitaria que enfrenta el mundo por COVID-19, presenta desafíos y riesgos para las organizaciones. Esta investigación explica el efecto del compromiso organizacional, estrés laboral y conciliación trabajo-familia sobre la satisfacción laboral en funcionarios de una municipalidad chilena, antes y durante la pandemia. Por medio de una encuesta se obtuvo una muestra de 264 participantes. Para el estudio estadístico se utilizó un análisis de conglomerados que permitió identificar tres segmentos de individuos, donde para el año 2019 declaraban una percepción media en las variables y una percepción media-baja al año 2020. Por otro lado, los modelos de regresión confirman que las variables independientes afectan significativamente a la satisfacción laboral, contribuyendo en un 60% el año 2019 y 70% el año 2020 en explicar su variabilidad. Los resultados obtenidos confirman que existe un cambio en la percepción de las variables en estudio, entre un año y otro, quedando en manifiesto el impacto de la pandemia en los funcionarios públicos.

ABSTRACT Occupational risks constitute a health problem that affects the economically active population, generates disability, affects the perception of quality of life and personal and government economic expenses. They are recognized as a cause of early retirement and loss of economically active years. Among them, ergonomic risks include repetition of movements and adoption of postures or actions that are harmful to health. The Ecuadorian Pedagogy Network includes a large number of workers who carry out administrative activities, which is why they are exposed to ergonomic risks and effects on their health status. The objective of this research was to identify the ergonomic risks to which administrative workers of the Ecuadorian Pedagogy Network are exposed. For this, a basic, non-experimental, field, descriptive and transversal research was carried out. The main results obtained are directly related to the identification of ergonomic alterations present in the jobs of the Ecuadorian Pedagogy Network; the description of the main health effects that could be related to the identified ergonomic risks and the proposal of possible actions to implement to minimize the presence of risks or their impact on the health of workers. It is concluded that the administrative workers of the Ecuadorian Pedagogy Network are exposed to various types of occupational risks with a frequency of daily exposure that causes a high risk of the appearance of mainly musculoskeletal diseases. Actions are proposed aimed at minimizing the presence and expression of ergonomic risks.

RESUMEN Los riesgos laborares constituyen un problema de salud que afecta a población económicamente activa, genera discapacidad, afectación de la percepción de calidad de vida y gastos económicos personales y gubernamentales. Son reconocidos como causa de jubilación adelantada y pérdida de años económicamente activos. Dentro de ellos los riesgos ergonómicos incluyen repetición de movimientos y adopción de posturas o acciones perjudiciales para la salud. La Red Ecuatoriana de Pedagogía incluye gran número de trabajadores que realizan actividades administrativas por lo cual están expuesta a riesgos ergonómicos y afectación de su estado de salud. El objetivo de esta investigación fue identificar los riesgos ergonómicos a los que se exponen los trabajadores administrativos de la Red Ecuatoriana de Pedagogía. Para esto se realizó una investigación básica, no experimental, de campo, descriptiva y transversal. Los principales resultados obtenidos se relacionan directamente con la identificación de alteraciones ergonómicas presentes en los puestos de trabajo de la Red Ecuatoriana de Pedagogía; la descripción de las principales afectaciones a la salud que pudieran estar relacionadas con los riesgos ergonómicos identificados y la proposición de posibles acciones a implementar para minimizar la presencia de riesgos o su afectación a la salud de los trabajadores. Se concluye que los trabajadores administrativos de la Red Ecuatoriana de Pedagogía se encuentran expuestos a varios tipos de riesgos laborales con una frecuencia de exposición diaria que condiciona un elevado riesgo de aparición de enfermedades musculoesqueléticas principalmente. Se proponen acciones orientadas a minimizar la presencia y expresión de los riesgos ergonómicos.

Abstract News coverage can play a vital role during public health crises, raising awareness about potential risks, informing about response efforts, and encouraging preventive behaviors. However, the COVID-19 pandemic has increased the precariousness of journalists while introducing new challenges in their work. This article presents the results of a thematic analysis of 612 news articles about the initial stages of the COVID-19 outbreak in Portugal, published in a Portuguese quality newspaper from January to March 2020. Results show the relevance of geographical and cultural proximity as news values in international coverage. While the quantification of cases and deaths was a prominent theme in international and domestic coverage, specific cases of infection were frequent in domestic news, while general epidemiological indicators were more often the main theme in international coverage. News about events in Portugal was also more focused on specific containment and mitigation measures, while international coverage found states of emergency and lockdowns more newsworthy. As for news sources, there was a clear dependence on public officials and press releases from Direção-Geral de Saúde as information sources. The experiences and opinions of people speaking as individuals and not on behalf of organizations were much less frequent.

Resumo A cobertura noticiosa pode desempenhar um importante papel durante crises de saúde pública, alertando para os potenciais riscos, informando sobre medidas de resposta e encorajando comportamentos preventivos. No entanto, a pandemia COVID-19 aumentou a precariedade dos jornalistas, ao mesmo tempo introduzindo novos desafios no seu trabalho. Este artigo apresenta os resultados de uma análise temática a 612 notícias sobre o período inicial do surto de COVID-19 em Portugal, publicadas num jornal português de referência, de janeiro a março de 2020. Os resultados mostram a relevância da proximidade geográfica e cultural como valores-notícia da cobertura internacional. Ainda que a quantificação de casos e mortes tenha sido um tema proeminente tanto em notícias internacionais como nacionais, a cobertura doméstica deu maior relevo a casos específicos de infeção, enquanto os indicadores epidemiológicos gerais foram mais frequentemente o tema principal da cobertura de outros países. Notícias sobre eventos em Portugal focaram mais frequentemente medidas específicas de contenção e mitigação, ao contrário da cobertura internacional, que valorizou antes os estados de emergência e quarentenas. Relativamente a fontes de informação, houve uma clara dependência de representantes do Estado e comunicados de imprensa da Direção-Geral de Saúde. As experiências e opiniões de pessoas que falam a título individual, e não em representação de uma instituição, foram muito menos frequentes.