Abstract The organic composition of 65 °% of urban solid waste of the Metropolitan District of Quito originates from food waste, which has negative environmental effects. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the factors related to food waste in homes in the capital and characterize urban solid waste management. The study is quantitative and exploratory. An association analysis was performed for the main categorical variables through calculation of statistical chi squared and an assessment of polychoric relation. A descriptive and multi-scale statistical analyses were performed for focus of the social metabolism to characterize waste management. A noteworthy element was the relation between expenses for purchase of food and non-alcoholic beverages in the last month-household income in the last month (p value < 5 %). Between 2012-2021, the most representative median for waste generation corresponded to the Eugenio Espejo administration, with 141470 t/ year, with a metabolic waste rate of 2.45E-05 (t/year). On the other hand, the Tumbaco administration obtained 30217 t/year and 1.22E-05 t/year, respectively.

Resumen La composición orgánica del 65 % de residuos sólidos urbanos del Distrito Metropolitano de Quito proviene de restos de alimentos, lo que provoca efectos medioambientales negativos. El propósito de esta investigación es evaluar los factores que inciden en el desperdicio de alimentos en los hogares capitalinos y caracterizar la gestión de sus residuos sólidos urbanos. La investigación es cuantitativa de tipo exploratoria. Se realizó un análisis de asociación entre las principales variables categóricas mediante el cálculo del estadístico chi-cuadrado y una evaluación de correlación policórica. Se aplicaron análisis estadístico descriptivo y multiescala del enfoque del metabolismo social para caracterizar la gestión de residuos. Destaca la relación entre el gasto en compra de alimentos y bebidas no alcohólicas en el último mes -ingreso del hogar en el último mes (p valor < 5 %). Entre 2012-2021, la mediana más representativa de generación de residuos corresponde a la administración Eugenio Espejo, con 141 470 t/año, y su tasa metabólica de residuos de 2,45E-05 t/año. En contraste, la administración Tumbaco obtuvo 30 217 t/año y 1,22E-05 t/año, respectivamente.

Resumo A composição orgânica do 65 °% dos resíduos sólidos urbanos do Distrito Metropolitano de Quito provém de restos de alimentos, o qual provoca efeitos negativos ao meio ambiente. O objetivo dessa investigação foi avaliar os fatores incidentes no desperdício de alimentos nos lares da capital e caracterizar a gestão dos resíduos sólidos urbanos. A pesquisa foi quantitativa e exploratória. Fez-se uma análise de associação das variáveis principais com o cálculo do chi-quadrado estatístico e uma avaliação da correlação policórica. Usaram-se análises estadísticos descritivos e multiescala do foco do metabolismo social para caracterizar a gestão dos resíduos. Destacou-se a relação do gasto para a compra de alimentos e bebidas não alcoólicas no último mês -rendas do lar no último mês (p valor < 5 %). Entre os anos 2012-2021, a mediana mais representativa de geração de resíduos foi da administração Eugenio Espejo, com 141 470 t/ano, e uma taxa metabólica de resíduos de 2,45E-05 t/ano. Em contraste, a administração Tumbaco teve 30 217 t/ano e 1,22E-05 t/ano, respetivamente.

Globally, the demand for mineral products is ever increasing. Extraction of these mineral resources results in the continuous production of a huge volume of waste material, including tailing dumps. The mass of tailings usually exceeds the actual resource and often contains hazardous contaminants. This study investigated the effects of tailings disposal on soil, water, and air quality in the Nampundwe area. Water, soil, and dust samples were collected from different locations in the surrounding communities. The constituents analysed in the samples included copper, cobalt, iron, sulfate, and silica. According to the results obtained, some seepages occurred from the tailings impoundment to the shallow aquifer in the area. However, the general water quality meets the Zambia Environmental Management Agency (ZEMA) statutory limits. Recorded concentrations of sulfate (1500 mg/l), copper (1.5 mg/l), cobalt (1.0 mg/l), iron (2.0 mg/l), and silica were between 0.003 mg/l and 705 mg/l, which is far below ZEMA's statutory limit. Silica concentration was also evident in the air. The highest concentration recorded was 260 ppcc (particle per cubic centimeter) recorded in July 2019 from the northern direction of the tailings dam. The concentration was below the statutory limit of 350 ppcc. The topsoil from the northern part of the tailings recorded a silica dust concentration of 39.9 ppcc. Iron was evident in the underground soil with a concentration of 8.01 ppcc, cobalt 0.005 ppcc, copper 0.051 ppcc, while sulfate was recorded as 0.41 ppcc.

ABSTRACT This work determined the ecological footprint of the National Center for Applied Electromagnetism, a science institution attached at the Universidad de Oriente, Santiago de Cuba. The categories analyzed to carry out the calculations of CO2 emissions and the ecological footprint were: Water, Built surface, Electricity Consumption, Mobility, Paper, Non-hazardous solid waste, Hazardous waste, Food, Services and Production of Magnetic Conditioners. The methodology of Doménech (2009) and the methodology for calculating the ecological footprint in universities of López Álvarez et al. (2009) of the Sustainable Development Office, University of Santiago de Compostela were used as a basis. The results obtained for the year 2022 reflect that the National Center for Applied Electromagnetism needs an area of 52,984 ha/year of forest to regenerate the natural resources that the center uses for the satisfaction of it social demand. Similarly, it requires 89,096 hag standard forest to assimilate CO2 emissions.

RESUMEN El presente trabajo desarrolló el cálculo de la huella ecológica del Centro Nacional de Electromagnetismo Aplicado, entidad de ciencia adscrita a la Universidad de Oriente, Santiago de Cuba. Las categorías analizadas para realizar los cálculos de las emisiones de CO2 y de la huella ecológica fueron: Agua, Superficie construida, Consumo de Electricidad, Movilidad, Papel, Residuos sólidos no peligrosos, Residuos peligrosos, Alimentos, Servicios y Producción de Acondicionadores Magnéticos. Se utilizó como base la metodología de Doménech (2009) y la metodología para el cálculo de la huella ecológica en universidades de López Álvarez y colaboradores (2009) de la Oficina de Desarrollo Sostenible, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela. Los resultados obtenidos para el año 2022 reflejan que el Centro Nacional de Electromagnetismo Aplicado necesita un área de bosques de 52,984 ha/año para regenerar los recursos naturales que se demandan por el centro para satisfacer su objeto social. Asimismo, requiere de 89,096 hag de bosque estándar mundial para asimilar las emisiones de CO2 generadas.

Resumo O objetivo do presente estudo foi definir as competências e disciplinas profissionais do eixo conservação e proteção ambiental do novo modelo educacional da carreira de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade Autônoma de Zacatecas, que estabelece que o educador e o aluno conheçam o competências por eixos, com o objetivo de tornar os seus processos educativos mais eficientes numa perspectiva global. Para o que trabalhamos com um núcleo académico constituído por docentes da Unidade Académica, que se apoiaram numa metodologia bibliográfica, de síntese e análise, bem como na compreensão de documentos analisados da medicina veterinária. Como resultado do trabalho em equipe de 50 professores e 2 especialistas em educação veterinária durante oficinas e com base na revisão documental de artigos de pesquisa em educação veterinária por meio da busca nas bases de dados Scopus, Web of Sciences, Google Schoolar e Dialnet, foram definidas as seguintes competências no eixo de conservação e proteção do meio ambiente onde o aluno deve ter competência na realização de gestão e destinação adequada de resíduos biológicos infecciosos perigosos (RPBI), bem como de resíduos biológicos corrosivos, reativos, explosivos, tóxicos, inflamáveis e infecciosos (CRETIB) gerados pela atividade médica e agrícola para evitar a contaminação ambiental e promover a boa saúde pública. Da mesma forma, deve ter capacidade para realizar a gestão integrada dos resíduos produzidos pela actividade agrícola para aproveitá-los e evitar a contaminação ambiental, bem como conceber e aplicar a metodologia de conservação e aproveitamento dos recursos naturais. recursos. As disciplinas constantes do plano curricular são definidas a partir destas competências.

Abstract The purpose of the present study was to define the professional competencies and subjects of the conservation and environmental protection axis of the new educational model of the Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics career of the Autonomous University of Zacatecas, which establishes that the teacher and the student know the competencies by axes in order to make their educational processes more efficient from a global perspective. To do this, we worked with a core academic core of teachers from the academic unit, who were supported by a bibliographic methodology, synthesis and analysis, as well as the understanding of analyzed documents from the field of veterinary medicine. As a result of the teamwork of 50 teachers and 2 specialists in veterinary education, during workshops and based on the documentary review of research articles in veterinary education, through searching in databases such as Scopus, Web of Sciences , Google Schoolar and Dialnet, the following competencies were defined in the axis of conservation and protection of the environment, where the student must be competent in carrying out adequate management and disposal of hazardous infectious biological waste (RPBI), as well as corrosive, reactive, explosive, toxic, flammable and biological material infectious (CRETIB) generated by medical and agricultural activity to avoid environmental contamination and promote good public health. In addition, it must have the capacity to carry out integrated management of the waste produced as a result of agricultural activity to take advantage of it and avoid environmental contamination, as well as design and apply the methodology for the conservation and use of natural resources. The subjects contained in the curricular plan were defined from these competencies.

Resumen El propósito del presente estudio fue definir las competencias profesionales y las materias del eje de conservación y protección al medio ambiente del nuevo modelo educativo de la carrera de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia de la Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, la cual establece que el docente y el educando conozcan las competencias por ejes con la finalidad de hacer mas eficientes sus procesos educativos desde una óptica global. Para ello, se trabajó con un núcleo académico base de docentes de la unidad académica, los cuales se apoyaron en una metodología bibliográfica, síntesis y análisis, así como en la comprensión de documentos analizados del ámbito de la medicina veterinaria. Como resultado del trabajo en equipo de 50 docentes y 2 especialistas en educación veterinaria, durante talleres de trabajo y con base en la revisión documental de artículos de investigación en educación veterinaria, a través de la búsqueda en bases de datos como Scopus, Web of Sciences, Google Schoolar y Dialnet, se definieron las siguientes competencias en el eje de conservación y protección al ambiente, donde el estudiante debe de ser competente en la realización de un manejo y disposición adecuada de los residuos peligrosos biológico infecciosos (RPBI), así como de material corrosivo, reactivo, explosivo, tóxico, inflamable y biológico infeccioso (CRETIB) generados por la actividad médica y agropecuaria para evitar la contaminación del ambiente y propiciar una buena salud pública. Además, debe tener la capacidad de realizar un manejo integrado de los residuos producidos como resultado por la actividad agropecuaria para aprovecharlos y evitar la contaminación del ambiente, así como diseñar y aplicar la metodología para la conservación y aprovechamiento de los recursos naturales. De estas competencias se definieron las asignaturas contenidas en el plan curricular.

ABSTRACT Introduction . The World Health Organization recommends three basic principles on waste management: reducing unnecessary waste, separating ordinary waste from hazardous waste and properly treating it to reduce risks. Objective. To determine the level of knowledge that nursing staff have about the management of hospital waste at the Caazapá Regional Hospital. Materials and methods. A cross-sectional study was carried out among the nursing staff in 2023. The level of knowledge about waste management was measured by a validated questionnaire. Results A total of 168 nursing staff were included, 58% from rural areas, 75% female, 60% aged 31 to 50, 45% nursing technicians and 54% under permanent contract. 75% had a high level of knowledge in the management of general hospital solid waste, 76.2% in the management of biocontaminated hospital solid waste and 68.5% in the management of common hospital waste. Being from a rural area and with a temporary contract were significantly associated with a lower level of general knowledge, with lower knowledge of special waste management and with lower knowledge of common waste management. Lower level of knowledge in the management of biocontaminated waste was related to being from a rural area. Conclusion. The level of knowledge in the nursing staff was high and associated with origin and employment status.

RESUMEN Introducción. La Organización Mundial de la Salud recomienda tres principios básicos para el manejo de residuos: reducir la generación de residuos innecesarios, separar los residuos ordinarios de los peligrosos, y tratarlos adecuadamente para minimizar los riesgos asociados. Objetivo. Determinar el nivel de conocimiento sobre el manejo de residuos hospitalarios del personal de enfermería del Hospital Regional de Caazapá. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó una investigación de corte transversal en el 2023 en el personal de enfermería. Se midió el nivel de conocimientos sobre manejo de residuos con la aplicación de un cuestionario validado. Resultados. Se incluyeron 168 personal de enfermería, 58% procedente de la zona rural, 75% de sexo femenino, 60% de 31 a 50 años de edad, 45% técnico en enfermería y 54% nombrado. El 75% tenía alto nivel de conocimiento en el manejo de residuos sólidos hospitalarios generales, 76,2% en el manejo de residuos sólidos hospitalarios bio-contaminados y 68,5% en el manejo de residuos hospitalarios comunes. La procedencia de zona rural y la condición de ser contratado se asociaron significativamente con niveles más bajos de conocimiento general, manejo de residuos especiales y manejo de residuos comunes. El menor nivel de conocimiento sobre manejo de residuos bio-contaminados también se relacionó con la procedencia rural. Conclusión. El nivel de conocimiento sobre manejo de residuo hospitalario en el personal de enfermería fue alto y estuvo relacionado con la procedencia y la condición laboral.

This article gives an overview of the jurisdiction of the proposed African Court of Justice and Human Rights (African Court) over the transnational crime of trafficking in hazardous wastes as provided for in Article 28 L of the Malabo Protocol. It asserts that Article 28 L ought to be considered as emancipatory in view of the factors which motivated its inclusion in the Protocol; and that it is a significant innovation not only for the African Union but for the field of international criminal justice as a whole. The article concludes that the criminalisation of trafficking in hazardous waste through the Malabo Protocol is necessary as Article 28 L will help to fill the gap created by the ineffectiveness of the domestic implementation of the Bamako Convention, and the potential ineffectiveness of the Basel Ban Amendment, which entered into force in December 2019.

RESUMEN La gestión inadecuada de los residuos sólidos agrícolas resulta perjudicial tanto para la salud de los seres vivos como para las propiedades del suelo, resultando en la infertilidad de los terrenos contaminados. Dado que la agricultura es la principal generadora de residuos sólidos, tanto peligrosos como no peligrosos, resulta crucial implementar una gestión adecuada en las áreas rurales. El objetivo de este estudio radica en analizar la gestión de los residuos sólidos agrícolas en la parroquia de Pimocha, ubicada en el cantón Babahoyo de la provincia de Los Ríos, Ecuador. La investigación se basa en el enfoque cualitativo, recopilando información no estandarizada mediante encuestas y entrevistas no experimentales realizadas a los residentes de las zonas rurales de la Parroquia Pimocha. Los resultados de este estudio subrayan los riesgos y desafíos asociados con la gestión inadecuada de los residuos agrícolas, incluyendo la contaminación ambiental, el incumplimiento de normativas, la falta de conocimiento sobre el tratamiento apropiado de los desechos y la baja tasa de reciclaje. Es de vital importancia promover una gestión adecuada de estos residuos, fomentando la prevención, la reutilización, el reciclaje y el cumplimiento de las normas establecidas para salvaguardar el medio ambiente y la salud pública.

ABSTRACT Inadequate management of agricultural solid waste is detrimental to both the health of living beings and the properties of the soil, resulting in the infertility of contaminated land. Since agriculture is the main generator of solid waste, both hazardous and non-hazardous, it is crucial to implement proper management in rural areas. The objective of this study is to analyze the management of agricultural solid waste in the parish of Pimocha, located in the Babahoyo canton of Los Ríos province, Ecuador. The research is based on the qualitative approach, collecting non-standardized information through surveys and non-experimental interviews conducted with residents of the rural areas of Pimocha Parish. The results of this study highlight the risks and challenges associated with inadequate management of agricultural waste, including environmental contamination, non-compliance with regulations, lack of knowledge about proper waste treatment, and low recycling rate. It is of vital importance to promote proper management of these wastes, encouraging prevention, reuse, recycling and compliance with established regulations to safeguard the environment and public health.

RESUMEN La introducción de nuevas formulaciones de fluidos de perforación en la extracción del crudo en Cuba, requiere contar con metodologías ambientales viables, de bajos costos y facilidades de manejo, para evitar el impacto negativo sobre el medio ambiente del almacenamiento de grandes cantidades de residuos peligrosos sin disposición final. El nivel de contaminación de los cortes de perforación impregnados con fluido, depende del tipo de lodo que se use y de las condiciones existentes en el lugar donde se encuentra el pozo. El objetivo del presente trabajo es evaluar a escala de banco un proceso de estabilización química-biológica, mediante la utilización de sulfato de calcio y la aplicación de un proceso de biorremediación en el tratamiento y disposición final de cortes de perforación contaminados por el uso de lodos con combustible diésel. En la biorremediación se evaluaron dos productos acondicionadores orgánicos con alta carga de nutrientes. El proceso se corresponde con un diseño experimental multifactorial categórico con dos variables respuesta. Se lograron alcanzar niveles de concentración por debajo de la normativa de referencia, con la aplicación del proceso y variantes experimentales realizadas. La utilización del producto mejorador de suelos en la estabilización biológica permitió alcanzar eficiencias de biodegradación de 68 % de grasas y aceites y 71 % de hidrocarburos totales. Estos resultados permiten asegurar un correcto manejo y disposición final de estos residuos en el medio ambiente.

ABSTRACT The introduction of new formulations of drilling fluids in the extraction of crude oil at Cuba requires viable environmental methodologies, low costs and handling facilities, to avoid the negative impact on the environment of storing large amounts of hazardous waste without final disposal. The level of contamination of fluid-impregnated drilling cuttings depends on the type of mud used and conditions at the site of the oil field. The objective of this work is to evaluate a chemical-biological stabilization process at bench scale, through the use of calcium sulfate and the application of a bioremediation process in the treatment and final disposal of drilling cuttings contaminated by the use of muds with diesel fuel. In bioremediation, two organic conditioning products with a high nutrient load evaluated. The process corresponds to a categorical multifactorial experimental design with two response variables. It was possible to reach concentration levels below the reference regulations, with the application of the process and experimental variants carried out. The use of the soil improver product in biological stabilization allowed reaching biodegradation efficiencies of 68 % of greases and oils, and 71 % of total hydrocarbons. These results make it possible to ensure correct handling and final disposal of these residues in the environment.

ABSTRACT The risk analysis evaluates the probability of occurrence with the impact of said risks. In the hydrocarbon sector, an environmental liability is an improperly abandoned facility, soil contaminated by spills or others. The objective of this work is to define a risk management plan. The characterization of the residue and the area was carried out. Hazardous events were identified: overflow spill, soil contamination by infiltration, as well as radiant heat and suffocating and toxic fumes from a fire. The matrix method was applied considering the probability of occurrence against vulnerability. The danger of infiltration implied a high level of risk. The risk management plan was drawn up, its main action being the liquidation of the pool and the sanitation of the area.

RESUMEN El análisis de riesgos evalúa la probabilidad de ocurrencia con el impacto de dichos riesgos. En el sector de hidrocarburos, un pasivo ambiental es una instalación abandonada inadecuadamente, suelo contaminado por derrames u otros. El objetivo de este trabajo es definir un plan de gestión de riesgo. Se realizó la caracterización del residuo y de la zona. Se identificaron los eventos peligrosos: derrame por desborde, contaminación del suelo por infiltración, así como calor por radiación y humos sofocantes y tóxicos de un incendio. Se aplicó el método de las matrices considerando la probabilidad de ocurrencia contra la vulnerabilidad. El peligro de infiltración implicó un nivel alto de riesgo. Se elaboró el plan de gestión de riesgo siendo su principal acción la liquidación de la piscina y el saneamiento del área.

The determination of total organic carbon in soils, fertilizers, sewage sludge, sediments, and humic extracts is widely performed by chemical oxidation methods with K2Cr2O7. The Yeomans-Bremner (YB) method is currently the one that stands out the most. The drawback of these methods is the large amount of concentrated H2SO4 used, which generates a large amount of hazardous waste. This work proposes using KMnO4 as an alternative to K2Cr2O7 for a lower consumption of H2SO4. The method uses the back titration of Fe2+ added to consume both the MnO2 produced and the excess KMnO4 that was not consumed in the OM oxidation. A non-trivial and yet not explored stoichiometry was applied for this purpose, providing a success not yet achieved in using permanganate to determine TOC by titration. The ideal condition for the oxidation of OC was determined by the analysis of a potassium hydrogen phthalate standard and involved the use of 0.125 mol L-1 H2SO4 and temperature of 70 °C, obtaining a significant advantage over the YB method (concentrated H2SO4 and 170 °C). The proposed method was applied to the analysis of soil samples, producing conversion factors for soil organic carbon that varied between 0.652 and 1.12. soils fertilizers sludge sediments KCrO K Cr O YeomansBremner Yeomans Bremner (YB most HSO H SO H2SO used waste KMnO K2Cr2O Fe2 Fe MnO nontrivial non trivial purpose 0125 0 125 0.12 L1 L 1 L- 7 C °C 17 °C. . °C) samples 0652 652 0.65 112 12 1.12 012 0.1 065 65 0.6 11 1.1 01 0. 06 6 1.

Abstract This review describes the instrumental use that the central power of Mexico makes of the territory of Hidalgo state, which is a consequence of colonialism, the intense metabolism of Mexico City (CDMX), and the neoliberal policies derived from the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). To do this, the term “garbagization” was used to describe the subaltern position of Hidalgo state in relation to the interests of CDMX and the processes of capital accumulation. The consequences of this phenomenon, evident in the environmental degradation caused by mining, the cement industry, and sewage from CDMX, are presented. The concepts of “sacrifice zones” and “environmental hells” are used to explain community actions against the deterioration of air quality in the Apaxco-Tula-Atotonilco corridor, the construction of a hazardous waste landfill in Zimapán, the Tula de Allende Water Plan, and the construction of a sanitary landfill in Atitalaquia. The paper concludes that these actions respond to the historical garbagization of the affected communities and summarizes some key factors to reverse it.

Resumen En esta revisión se describe el uso instrumental que el poder central de México hace del territorio del estado de Hidalgo, como consecuencia del colonialismo, del metabolismo extremo de la Ciudad de México (CDMX) y de las políticas neoliberales derivadas del Tratado de Libre Comercio de América del Norte. Se recurre al término “basurización” para designar la posición subalterna del estado de Hidalgo frente a los intereses de la CDMX y a los procesos de acumulación del capital. Se exponen las consecuencias de este fenómeno, evidente en la degradación ambiental causada por la minería, la industria cementera y las aguas residuales de la CDMX. Asimismo, se emplean los conceptos de “zonas de sacrificio” e “infiernos ambientales” para explicar la acción comunitaria contra el deterioro de la calidad del aire en el corredor Apaxco-Tula-Atotonilco, la construcción de un confinamiento de residuos peligrosos en Zimapán, el Plan Hídrico de Tula de Allende, y la construcción de un relleno sanitario en Atitalaquia. Se concluye que esas acciones responden a la basurización histórica de las comunidades afectadas, y se resumen algunos factores clave para revertirla.

ABSTRACT This study targets six North Asia and African hospitals that provide clinical treatment, diagnostic, and consultation services. The study revealed a lack in the selected hospitals’ infrastructure to support implementation successfully Environmental Management Systems (EMS). A factor analysis was performed based on five factors; EMS efficiency, the hospital’s culture, support from top management, legislation, and time and budget controls. Out of 23 sub-factors tested, it has been found that 7 of them can control the differentiation of the factors. The results highlight human errors in chemical and medical materials that lead to environmental pollution. It was followed by a sub-factor that indicated that controls of hospital activities and correction of its performance depend on the feedback received from the environmental information system. The study’s main conclusion is that recovering green hospital systems depends on successfully carrying out the ISO 14001: 2015 standard. treatment diagnostic services EMS. . (EMS) factors efficiency s culture management legislation 2 subfactors sub tested pollution subfactor system studys 14001 201 standard (EMS 1400 20 140 14 1

Abstract Studies that focus on the microbiological composition of water treatment plants (WTP) sludge, as well as its pathogenicity, are extremely necessary, especially with regard to environmental regulations, where the microbiological characterization of WTP waste can encourage new policies related to its management. In Brazil, few studies address WTP sludge, which, in general, is classified as non-hazardous and non-inert waste, with the microbiological characterization of this material being little explored. This case study performed the microbiological characterization of sludge samples from two WTPs located in the state of São Paulo, before and after the centrifugation process. The determination of microbial density and morphology, Gram staining, and the identification of the presence of total and thermotolerant coliforms were performed with samples produced in two different years, in WTPs that used different coagulants (liquid aluminum sulfate or polyaluminum chloride and ferric chloride). Results were evaluated along with the physicochemical analysis of the composition of this waste. The presence of microalgae and protozoa in non-centrifuged WTP sludge and the presence of total and thermotolerant coliforms in WTP sludge before and after centrifugation are among the main results of this study. (WTP pathogenicity necessary regulations management Brazil which general nonhazardous non hazardous noninert inert explored Paulo process morphology staining years liquid chloride. . chloride) noncentrifuged centrifuged

Resumo Estudos que tenham como foco a composição microbiológica do lodo de Estação de Tratamento de Água (ETA), bem como sua patogenicidade, são extremamente necessários, principalmente em relação às regulamentações ambientais, onde a caracterização microbiológica dos resíduos de ETAs podem incentivar novas políticas relacionadas ao seu gerenciamento. No Brasil, poucos estudos abordam o lodo de ETA, que, em geral, é classificado como resíduo não perigoso e não inerte, sendo pouco explorada a caracterização microbiológica desse material. Nesse sentido, este estudo teve como objetivo, realizar a caracterização microbiológica de amostras de lodo de duas ETAs localizadas no estado de São Paulo, antes e após o processo de centrifugação. A determinação da densidade e morfologia microbiana, coloração de Gram e a identificação da presença de coliformes totais e termotolerantes foram realizadas com amostras produzidas em dois anos distintos, em ETAs que utilizaram diferentes coagulantes (cloreto férrico e sulfato e alumínio). Os resultados foram avaliados juntamente com a análise físico-química da composição deste resíduo. A presença de microalgas e protozoários no lodo não centrifugado da ETA e a presença de coliformes totais e termotolerantes no lodo da ETA antes e após a centrifugação estão entre os principais resultados deste estudo. , (ETA) patogenicidade necessários ambientais gerenciamento Brasil geral inerte material sentido objetivo Paulo microbiana distintos cloreto alumínio. alumínio . alumínio) físicoquímica físico química (ETA

WASTE MANAGEMENT IN THE LABORATORIES OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ÉVORA (2007-2021). Waste generated in university laboratories is an important component of university waste management, especially regarding their hazardousness and, also, the cost involved in their forwarding. To make a good management of this waste, it is essential to know the amount generated and the composition. However, this type of information remains scarce. In this work, waste from the laboratories of the University of Évora (Portugal) was surveyed from 2007 to 2021, using existing records. In the 15 years under analysis, the laboratories of the University of Évora generated about 61 tonnes of waste, 88% of which were hazardous and 66% were in the liquid state. In addition, only 3% of this waste was subjected to recovery operations. Moreover, the COVID-19 pandemic contributed to a double increase in hospital waste generated and to a substantially decreased of hazardous liquid waste from the laboratory activity, especially in the first year of the pandemic. In 2021, the second year of the pandemic, there was a “return to normality”, reaching the highest value of waste generated in the laboratories, of 8.6 tonnes. Finally, possible solutions for improving laboratory waste management were also discussed. 20072021. 20072021 2021 . (2007-2021) forwarding composition However scarce work Portugal (Portugal 200 records 1 analysis 6 88 66 state addition 3 operations Moreover COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 activity return normality, normality , normality” 86 8 8. Finally discussed 2007202 202 (2007-2021 20 COVID1 COVID- 200720 (2007-202 2 20072 (2007-20 (2007-2 (2007- (2007 (200 (20 (2 (

BACKGROUND: Sharps waste is hazardous, and it should be disposed of in a proper manner, as it can contribute to transmission of diseases and create a negative impact on the environment. The aim of this investigation was to determine the knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding sharps waste disposal of diabetic patients who inject themselves at home in uMzinyathi District Municipality, a rural area in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa METHODS: A quantitative, descriptive cross-sectional study design was adopted using a self-administered questionnaire. Consecutive sampling with a sample size of 308 insulin-dependent diabetic patients from five selected health facilities of uMzinyathi District Municipality was used RESULTS: The majority of respondents (62.3%) lacked knowledge regarding proper sharps waste disposal. The vast majority of respondents (90.6%) recognised that sharps waste should be separated from general waste. Among those who acknowledged that someone in their home had been injured by a needle, 53.3% stated that they were motivated to change their method of sharps waste disposal CONCLUSION: The study findings indicated that the majority of the respondents lacked knowledge regarding proper disposal of sharps waste because they were not taught proper methods of sharps waste disposal. There was a general lack of awareness on proper disposal of sharps waste by diabetic patients in the home setting. The study recommended that healthcare workers must place more emphasis on the awareness of proper sharps waste disposal in order to equip diabetic patients with relevant information regarding sharps waste disposal