Resumo O cálcio (Ca) é um mineral essencial para a formação da casca do ovo e a contração muscular. Sua falta pode resultar em má qualidade do ovo e diminuição da produção de ovos em patas poedeiras. Este estudo tem como objetivo verificar como a adição do mineral Ca em uma ração contendo farinha de cabeça de camarão e cabeça de peixe Bilis afeta o desempenho de postura e a qualidade dos ovos para incubação em patos Mojosari. Um total de 105 patos Mojosari fêmeas e 15 machos, com idade de 78 semanas, foram criados durante três meses e divididos aleatoriamente em 15 bandos (cada bando contendo sete fêmeas e um pato macho). Foram realizados três tipos de tratamento: P0 (controle, sem mineral), P1 (proporção de farinha de cabeça de camarão e cabeça de peixe Bilis 2:1 + 1% mineral) e P2 (relação farinha de cabeça de camarão e cabeça de peixe Bilis 1:2 + 1% mineral). Os resultados revelaram que a adição do mineral Ca à ração, incluindo farinha de cabeça de camarão e cabeça de peixe Bilis, não teve influência significativa (p>0,05) sobre o desempenho de poedeiras em termos de consumo de ração, produção de ovos, peso dos ovos, qualidade dos ovos, patinhos produzidos e renda sobre o custo da ração (IOFC). Além disso, a adição de Ca na ração não resultou em aumentos substanciais (p>0,05) em fertilidade e eclodibilidade, ou características de tamanho dos ovos. Com base nos resultados deste estudo, a alimentação com farinha de cabeça de camarão e cabeça de peixe Bilis pode ser usada como uma formulação alternativa de ração livre de cálcio. (Ca muscular 10 1 machos 7 semanas cada macho. macho . macho) tratamento P controle, controle (controle mineral, , proporção 21 2 2: relação 12 1: mineral. p>0,05 p005 p 0 05 (p>0,05 IOFC. IOFC (IOFC) disso eclodibilidade p>0,0 p00 (p>0,0 (IOFC p>0, p0 (p>0, p>0 (p>0 p> (p> (p

Abstract Calcium (Ca) is an essential mineral for eggshell formation and muscle contraction, and a lack of it can result in poor egg quality and decreased egg output in laying ducks. This study aims to see how feeding the mineral Ca in a ration containing Shrimp head meal and Bilis fish head affects the laying performance and quality of hatching eggs in Mojosari ducks. A total of 105 female and 15 male Mojosari ducks, aged 78 weeks, were raised for three months and randomly divided into 15 flocks (each flock containing seven females and one male duck). There were three kinds of treatment, namely P0 (control, without mineral), P1 (ratio of Shrimp head meal and Bilis fish head 2:1 + 1% mineral), and P2 ((ratio of Shrimp head meal and Bilis fish head 1:2 + 1% mineral). The findings revealed that adding mineral Ca to feed, including Shrimp head meal and Bilis fish head, had no significant influence (P>0.05) on laying Mojosari duck performance in terms of feed intake, egg production, egg weight, egg quality, ducklings produced, and income over feed cost (IOFC). Furthermore, Ca addition in the ration did not result in substantial increases (P>0.05) in fertility, hatchability, or egg size characteristics. Based on the findings of this study, feeding ducks with shrimp head meal and Bilis fish head can be used as an alternate calcium-free feed formulation. (Ca contraction 10 1 7 weeks each duck. . duck) treatment P control, control (control mineral, , mineral) ratio 21 2 2: 12 1: mineral. P>0.05 P005 0 05 (P>0.05 intake production weight produced IOFC. IOFC (IOFC) Furthermore fertility hatchability characteristics calciumfree calcium free formulation P>0.0 P00 (P>0.0 (IOFC P>0. (P>0. P>0 (P>0 P> (P> (P

ABSTRACT: The objectives of this study were to assess the effects of i) pre-incubation storage time of Pekin duck eggs on incubation parameters and ii) different levels of in ovo injection with maltodextrin on Pekin duckling weight. The study was divided into two experiments using hatching eggs of Cherry Valley SM2 hens with egg-laying ages between 31 and 40 weeks. In experiment I, 8,820 eggs were subjected to different periods of pre-incubation storage (one-seven days). For experiment II, 120 eggs weighing between 75 and 85 g were selected and inoculated with 250 µL of 0.75% saline solution with different concentrations of maltodextrin treatments (0%, 1.5%, 3.0%, and 4.5%). In relation to pre-incubation storage time, eggs stored for one day had lower hatching and hatchability rates and higher duckling mortality rates than eggs stored for longer periods (P < 0.05). In ovo injection with 3.0% maltodextrin in 0.75% saline solution significantly increased the hatching weight of Pekin ducklings (53.62 g) compared to that by other study treatments (P < 0.05). Therefore, Pekin duck eggs produced between 31 and 40 weeks of life may be stored between two and seven days without affecting hatchery productivity parameters. The hatching weight of Pekin ducks may be improved with in ovoinjection with 3.0% maltodextrin in 0.75% saline solution. ABSTRACT i preincubation pre ii SM egglaying egg laying 3 4 I 8820 8 820 8,82 oneseven days. . days) II 12 7 25 075 0 0.75 0%, (0% 15 1 5 1.5% 30 4.5%. 45 4.5% 4.5%) P 0.05. 005 0.05 05 0.05) 3.0 53.62 5362 53 62 (53.6 Therefore 882 82 8,8 2 07 0.7 0% (0 1.5 4.5 00 0.0 3. 53.6 536 6 (53. 88 8, 0. ( 1. 4. 53. (53 (5

RESUMO: Os objetivos deste estudo foram i) avaliar a influência do tempo de estocagem pré-incubação dos ovos de marrecos de Pequim sobre os parâmetros de incubação, e ii) avaliar o efeito de diferentes níveis de inclusão da maltodextrina in ovo sobre o peso inicial dos pintinhos de marrecos de Pequim. O estudo foi dividido em dois experimentos, onde foram utilizados ovos incubáveis de matrizes Cherry Valley SM2 com idade de postura entre 31 e 40 semanas. No experimento I 8.820 ovos foram submetidos a diferentes períodos de estocagem pré-incubação (um a sete dias). Para o experimento II, foram selecionados 120 ovos com peso entre 75 a 85 gramas, sendo inoculado 250 µL de solução salina 0,75% associada à maltodextrina em diferentes concentrações nos tratamentos (0%, 1,5%, 3,0% e 4,5%). Em relação ao tempo de estocagem pré-incubação, os ovos estocados por um dia apresentaram menores percentuais de eclosão e eclodibilidade e maior percentual de descarte ao nascimento quando comparado com os ovos estocados por mais tempo (P< 0,05). A inoculação de 3,0% maltodextrina em solução salina 0,75% in ovo resultou em maiores peso ao nascimento dos pintinhos (53,62g), diferindo dos demais tratamentos avaliados (P< 0,05). Portanto, ovos de marrecos produzidos entre as 31 e 40 semanas de vida das aves podem ficar estocados entre dois a sete dias em sala de estocagem sem influenciar os parâmetros de produtividade do incubatório e a inclusão de 3,0% de maltodextrina associada a solução salina 0,75% in ovo melhorou o peso ao nascimento de marrecos de Pequim. RESUMO i préincubação pré incubação ii experimentos SM 3 4 8820 8 820 8.82 dias. . dias) II 12 7 gramas 25 075 0 0,75 0%, (0% 15 1 5 1,5% 30 3,0 4,5%. 45 4,5% 4,5%) préincubação, P< P (P 0,05. 005 0,05 05 0,05) 53,62g, 5362g g 53,62g , 53 62g (53,62g) Portanto 882 82 8.8 2 07 0,7 0% (0 1,5 3, 4,5 00 0,0 (53,62g 88 8. 0, ( 1, 4,

ABSTRACT Eggs are a cornerstone of the food industry. They are a versatile ingredient used in a wide variety of products for their rich protein, vitamin and mineral contents. The use of efficient and high-quality eggs is of great importance in hatcheries, as well as in direct food consumption. The use of quality and efficient eggs in hatcheries has a strong impact on chick, egg, and white meat production. Artificial intelligence-based smart systems usage for product quality classification is growing steadily in productive sectors. In many of these systems, product images are used as input data. The use of such smart systems provides both fast and low-error quality control. Smart systems can quickly and accurately classify new products with algorithms trained by product images. In this study, an intelligent classification system using a machine learning algorithm, which is a subfield of artificial intelligence, was designed to classify the quality and efficiency of chick eggs in a chicken hatchery. Eggs are most commonly classified according to their size as either Large (L), Medium (M) or Small (S). In this study, 425 egg images were obtained using the image acquisition system designed on the hatchery belt system, and the data for each egg was recorded in a dataset. In the next stage, image processing methods (Morphological operations and Hough Transform) and the SVM machine learning algorithm were used together in the proposed model. According to our results, the classification of eggs into L, M, and S was successfully achieved at 98.0% using the SVM algorithm on the dataset. industry protein contents highquality high consumption production intelligencebased intelligence based sectors lowerror low error control study L , (L) M (M S. . (S) 42 dataset stage Morphological Transform model results 980 98 0 98.0 (L (S 4 9 98.

Abstract The reproductive cycle is an essential aspect of oyster farming. Understanding the period of each sexual stage aids in planning oyster harvest, seed collection with artificial collectors, and reproductive season for hatchery seed production. In this sense, this work evaluated the reproductive cycle of Crassostrea gasar oysters cultivated in three important oyster farming locations in the Estuarine Complex of Paranaguá, Rasa Island, Medeiros, and Ponta Oeste (Mel Island), with monthly oyster sampling in each sampling site. Temperature and salinity were recorded in loco at each sampling time. In the laboratory, oysters were identified and measured; tissue samples were collected for molecular identification of species; and histology was conducted for reproductive cycle analysis. Histological examination of the gonadal tissue was performed with slides stained with Harris hematoxylin and eosin. Salinity and temperature data showed no differences between the three sampling sites during the studied period. Molecular analysis showed that the oysters sampled were C. gasar (100%). Histological analysis showed intense spawning of C. gasar in December and February (26.72 °C) and June (20 °C). There was a resting stage in both males and females during winter. Some oysters (n = 21) were parasitized by Bucephalus sp., and it was impossible to determine oyster sex. harvest collectors production sense Paranaguá Island Medeiros Mel , Island) site time laboratory measured species eosin C 100%. 100 100% . (100%) 26.72 2672 26 72 (26.7 °C 20 (2 °C. winter n 21 sp sp. sex 10 (100% 26.7 267 2 7 (26. ( 1 (100 26. (26 (10 (1

ABSTRACT This study examined the impact of a 37.5 °C temperature on chick embryos during the hatching period (18-21 days of incubation) and its subsequent effect on hatchery results and the thermotolerance of broiler chicks from 28-40 days of rearing. For hatchery results, the study involved 16 trays per treatment. For performance, the study involved 360 broiler chicks from two distinct hatching temperature conditions: a control group (36.5 °C and 65% relative humidity (RH)) and a thermal manipulation group (37.5 °C/6 h/d from 18 to 21 days of incubation with 65% RH). The chicks were reared in a thermoneutral temperature until day 28. Subsequently, on day 28 post-hatch, the chicks were randomly assigned to a 2 × 2 arrangement to assess the differences in thermotolerance acquisition. The primary factors were embryo thermal manipulation in the hatcher and the thermal environmental rearing from day 28 until day 40 (thermoneutrality (at a constant 23.0 °C) or thermal environmental challenge (30.0 °C/6 h/d)). No effect was observed on hatchability, residual analysis of unhatched eggs, and chick quality. No interaction was observed between treatments for performance or cloacal temperature from day 28 to day 40. However, birds reared in a thermoneutral environment exhibited higher feed intake and body weight gain from day 28 to day 40 and a lower feed conversion ratio than the birds reared in a cyclic heat temperature environment. An increase of 1 °C/6 h/d in the hatcher from day 18-21 does not affect hatchery results or enhance the adaptability of broilers to a heat stress environment during the final rearing period 375 37 5 37. C 1821 (18-2 2840 28-4 treatment 36 conditions 36.5 365 (36. 65 RH (RH) (37. C6 6 °C/ hd h d RH. . RH) Subsequently posthatch, posthatch post hatch, hatch post-hatch acquisition 4 thermoneutrality at 230 23 0 23. 30.0 300 30 (30. h/d. h/d)) hatchability eggs quality However 18-2 3 182 (18- 284 28- 36. (36 (RH (37 30. (30 h/d) 18- (18 (3 (1 (

ABSTRACT The physical parameters of eggs significantly impact embryo development and hatching success. This study aimed to examine the influence of the egg shape index (SI), specific gravity (SG), weight loss (WL), and area-volume ratio (AV) on hatching eggs from brown-layer hen grandparents. A total of 7,500 eggs were randomly selected from two batches of Lohmann Brown grandparents at various ages (39, 44, 50, 58, and 66 weeks). SG was determined by flotation (1,070 to 1,090 g/L), while egg length, width, and weight were measured digitally. Each egg was tracked to determine hatching success, with unhatched eggs collected for embryonic diagnosis. Physical parameters were categorized into minor, intermediate, and major groups, based on viability frequency; and embryonic mortality was analyzed using the chi-square test and odds ratio (OR). The study found a lower probability of embryo death in eggs with intermediate SI (75.1% to 79%) and AV (1.01 cm²/cm³ to 1.04 cm²/cm³). No significant differences were observed between SG and WL groups. SI proved to be a reliable parameter for assessing egg quality and predicting hatchability. success SI, , (SI) SG, (SG) WL, (WL) areavolume area volume (AV brownlayer brown layer 7500 7 500 7,50 39, 39 (39 44 50 58 6 weeks. weeks . weeks) 1,070 1070 1 070 (1,07 1090 090 1,09 g/L, gL g/L g L g/L) length width digitally diagnosis minor groups frequency chisquare chi square OR. OR (OR) 75.1% 751 75 (75.1 79% 79 1.01 101 01 (1.0 cm²cm³ cmcm cm² cm³ cm cm²/cm 104 04 1.0 cm²/cm³. cm²/cm³) hatchability (SI (SG (WL 750 7,5 3 (3 4 5 1,07 107 07 (1,0 109 09 1,0 (OR 75.1 (75. 10 0 (1. cm²cm 1. 7, ( (1, 1, 75. (75 (1 (7

Abstract The technological development of tools that enable the spawning of different native species is paramount to enable ex situ conservation initiatives, as well as providing means for commercial hatchery of threatened fish which, in turn, relieve fisheries pressure over wild stocks. Neotropical migratory freshwater fish depend on hormonal induction for spawning in hatcheries, through expensive methods of limited efficiency. Salminus brasiliensis is one of the largest Neotropical freshwater fish, a piscivorous top-predator, prized in angling, highly valued in the market, and appreciated in gastronomy. Teleost fish have either, two or three GnRH paralogous genes: GnRH1, GnRH2 and the GnRH3. The expression products of these paralogous isoforms consist of a larger prepro-GnRH polypeptide, which undergoes post-translational proteolytic processing to yield the active decapeptide hormone. There is increasing interest in characterizing and understanding these neuropeptides, because of its practical application in hatchery spawning. We present the characterization of GnRH1’s coding sequence for the prepro-GnRH1 polypeptide of S. brasiliensis. An annotation from a genomic assembly was used for searching for GnRH paralogues, based on data from anonymous predicted transcripts. The sequence retrieved for GnRH1 was then used as a query for searching the uncharacterized GnRH paralogues from full genomes of Characiformes deposited at NCBI. The S. brasiliensis GnRH1 gene sequence retrieved was targeted for PCR and submitted to Sanger sequencing, allowing for its confirmation. It spans 423 bp (exon 1: 128 bp; intron: 161 bp; and exon 2: 1134 bp), with open reading frames coding for 264 and 88 amino acids, respectively. The different variants retrieved for the prepro-GnRH (1, 2 and 3) from Characiformes genomes and deposited sequences from NCBI grouped in three distinct clades in a neighbor joining tree, each forming a monophyletic branch and with the S. brasiliensis sequences nested within the expected groups. Here we observed a variation at a proteolytic site (GKR→GRR), reported as highly conserved in vertebrates up to now, that can potentially alter the cleavage site and modify the peptide topology. This work has characterized, for the first time, the sequence of the GnRH1 coding for its prepro-GnRH peptide, for a member of the Charaficormes order. This will help to promote research and development of tools for broodstock spawning and environmental management of S. brasiliensis and related migratory fish. initiatives turn stocks hatcheries efficiency toppredator, toppredator top predator, predator top-predator angling market gastronomy either genes GnRH3 preproGnRH prepro posttranslational post translational hormone neuropeptides GnRH1s GnRHs s preproGnRH1 S transcripts sequencing confirmation 42 1 12 intron 16 113 bp, , bp) 26 8 acids respectively 1, (1 3 tree groups GKR→GRR, GKRGRR GKR→GRR GKR GRR (GKR→GRR) now topology characterized time order 4 11 ( (GKR→GRR

Resumo O desenvolvimento tecnológico de ferramentas que possibilitem a reprodução de diferentes espécies nativas é fundamental para viabilizar iniciativas de conservação ex situ, bem como fornecer meios para produção comercial de peixes ameaçados que, por sua vez, aliviam a pressão pesqueira sobre os estoques selvagens. Peixes migratórios de água doce Neotropicais dependem de indução hormonal para desova em pisciculturas, com métodos caros e de eficiência limitada. Salminus brasiliensis é um dos maiores peixes de água doce Neotropicais, predador de topo piscívoro, admirado na pesca esportiva, muito valorizado no mercado e apreciado na gastronomia. O hormônio liberador de gonadotrofina (GnRH) é uma molécula-chave na reprodução em todos os vertebrados. Os peixes teleósteos possuem dois ou três genes parálogos de GnRH: GnRH1, GnRH2 e GnRH3. Os produtos de expressão gênica dessas isoformas parálogas consistem em um polipeptídeo maior, pré-pró-GnRH, que sofre processamento proteolítico pós-traducional para produzir o hormônio decapeptídeo ativo. Há um interesse crescente na caracterização e compreensão desses neuropeptídeos, devido à sua aplicação prática na reprodução em pisciculturas. Aqui apresentamos a caracterização da sequência codificadora de GnRH1 para o polipeptídeo pré-pŕo-GnRH1 de S. brasiliensis. Uma anotação de montagem genômica foi usada para procurar parálogos de GnRH, com base em dados de transcritos anônimos preditos em um arquivo de anotação gênica. A sequência recuperada para GnRH1 foi então usada como argumento de busca para procura de parálogos não caracterizados de GnRH, a partir de genomas completos de Characiformes depositados no NCBI. A sequência recuperada de S. brasiliensis do gene GnRH1 foi alvo de PCR e submetida ao sequenciamento Sanger, permitindo a sua confirmação. Esta abrange 423 pb (éxon 1: 128 pb; íntron: 161 pb; éxon 2: 134 pb), com janelas abertas de leitura que codificam para 264 e 88 aminoácidos, respectivamente. As diferentes variantes do pré-pró-GnRH (1, 2 e 3) recuperadas dos genomas completos e sequências depositadas de Characiformes no NCBI agruparam-se em três clados distintos, numa árvore de neighbour joining, cada um formando um ramo monofilético e com as sequências de S. brasiliensis aninhadas dentro dos grupos esperados. Aqui observamos uma variação em um sítio proteolítico (GKR→GRR), até então relatado como altamente conservado em vertebrados, que pode potencialmente alterar o sítio de clivagem e modificar a topologia do peptídeo. Este trabalho caracteriza, pela primeira vez, a sequência do gene GnRH1 que codifica para o peptídeo pré-pró-GnRH1, para um membro da ordem Characiformes. Isto ajudará a promover a pesquisa e o desenvolvimento de ferramentas para a reprodução em piscicultura e a gestão ambiental de S. brasiliensis e outros peixes migratórios relacionados. situ vez selvagens pisciculturas limitada piscívoro esportiva gastronomia GnRH (GnRH moléculachave molécula chave vertebrados GnRH3 maior prépróGnRH, prépróGnRH pré pró póstraducional pós traducional ativo neuropeptídeos prépŕoGnRH1 prépŕoGnRH pŕo pré-pŕo-GnRH S Sanger confirmação 42 1 12 íntron 16 13 pb, , pb) 26 8 aminoácidos respectivamente 1, (1 3 agruparamse agruparam se distintos joining esperados GKR→GRR, GKRGRR GKR→GRR GKR GRR (GKR→GRR) caracteriza prépróGnRH1, prépróGnRH1 pré-pró-GnRH1 relacionados 4 ( (GKR→GRR

Abstract. The reproductive and larval performance of Pteria sterna associated with anomalous environmental factors was evaluated, testing the hypothesis that the transition from La Niña to El Niño in 2008-2009 affected the “normal” periods in which ripe broodstock are collected and larvae are reared in a hatchery. Seasonal sampling included 2 reproductive periods (February and April 2009), 1 pre-reproductive period (November 2008), and 1 post-reproductive period (June 2009). Of the 40 oysters collected in each period, 20 were used for induced spawning and larval culture, while 20 were used to evaluate indices of reproductive performance. Water temperature, salinity, and seston content were monitored in each period. Sea surface temperature (SST) data associated with anomalous environmental conditions were obtained from the Aqua-MODIS satellite. Variations in SST affected reproductive performance more than larval performance in Pteria sterna. Spawning induction failed in November 2008 and succeeded in February, April, and June 2009, although only the larvae from April completed metamorphosis and settled, given the riper broodstock, larger oocytes, and favorable environmental conditions (21.80 °C; 31 mg·L-1 total seston; +0.50 °C SST). Positive SST anomalies (+0.50 to +1.10 °C) from August to December 2008 resulted in longer summer conditions that affected spawning in February 2009. In June 2009 (22.50 °C; 29.50 mg·L-1 total seston; +0.40 °C SST), when the percentages of ripe gonads and mature oocytes were small, the larvae were not viable, and few spat settled. In addition to collecting ripe broodstock in winter-spring for optimal larval and spat viability, we recommend including a brief conditioning period at the hatchery following the spawning peak and a second conditioning period in late autumn to promote nutrient recycling and natural gamete recovery.

Resumen. Se estudió el desempeño reproductivo y larvario de Pteria sterna en relación a factores ambientales anómalos, hipotetizando que la transición entre los eventos de La Niña y El Niño 2008-2009 afectó los periodos “normales” para recolectar reproductores maduros y cultivar larvas en laboratorio. Se realizaron muestreos estacionales en 2 periodos reproductivos (febrero y abril 2009), 1 periodo pre-reproductivo (noviembre 2008) y 1 periodo post-reproductivo (junio 2009). De las 40 ostras recolectadas en cada periodo, 20 se utilizaron para evaluar el desove y cultivo larvario y 20 para determinar indicadores de condición reproductiva. La temperatura, salinidad y contenido de seston se monitorearon en cada periodo. Los datos de temperatura superficial del mar (TSM) asociados a condiciones ambientales anómalas se obtuvieron del satélite Aqua-MODIS. Las variaciones en la TSM afectaron más el desempeño reproductivo que el desempeño larvario de Pteria sterna. La inducción al desove falló en noviembre 2008 y fue exitosa en febrero, abril y junio 2009, aunque solo en abril las larvas completaron la metamorfosis y se fijaron, a partir de reproductores más maduros, ovocitos más grandes y condiciones ambientales favorables (21.80 °C; ~31 mg·L-1 seston total; +0.50 °C TSM). Las anomalías positivas de TSM (+0.50 a +1.10 °C) de agosto a diciembre 2008 favorecieron un verano más largo que afectó el desove de febrero 2009. En junio 2009 (22.50 °C, 29.50 mg·L-1 seston total, +0.40 °C TSM), cuando los porcentajes de gónadas y ovocitos maduros eran bajos, las larvas no fueron viables y pocas semillas se fijaron. Además de recolectar reproductores maduros en invierno-primavera para una viabilidad óptima de las larvas y semillas, recomendamos incluir un breve periodo de acondicionamiento en el laboratorio después del pico de desove y un segundo a finales del otoño para promover el reciclaje de nutrientes y la recuperación natural de gametos.

Resumen Introducción: El Campamento Tortuguero de Cedeño ha sido el sitio menos investigado del Golfo de Fonseca, donde se protege a la tortuga golfina en Honduras desde 1975. Objetivo: Evaluar la anidación de la tortuga Golfina (Lepidochelys olivacea) durante la temporada de veda entre el 2011 y 2021 en Campamento Tortuguero Cedeño, Choluteca, Honduras. Métodos: Entre 2011 a 2021, se llevó a cabo el monitoreo diario de las actividades de anidación durante la veda del 1 al 25 de septiembre. Los patrullajes se realizaron entre las 6:00-18:00 h, y las 18:00-5:00 h. Se registró el número total de tortugas que anidaban y se recogieron sus huevos, que se transportaron al criadero, donde se tabularon los resultados de las puestas y las crías. Resultados: Se registró un total 1 065 tortugas de L. olivacea, 95 051 huevos recolectados, 1 065 nidos marcados en tres playas que fueron reubicados en viveros artificiales y una eclosión exitosa de 62 747 neonatos. La playa Las Doradas fue el sitio con el mayor número de tortugas anidadoras, seguido de Los Delgaditos y por último Cedeño. El promedio de la frecuencia de anidación fue de 96 nidos. Del 2011 al 2021 el esfuerzo de recolección de los nidos aumentó en un 91.6 %, pasando de 84 a 161 nidos. El número de personas patrullando se asoció con la cantidad de nidos detectados en las playas. Conclusión: Los esfuerzos de monitoreo y conservación para la especie han indicado que ha habido un incremento en la anidación de L. olivacea en las tres playas, con un mayor incremento en Playa Las Doradas. Este escenario comprueba la funcionalidad de la veda en esta zona.

Abstract Introduction: The Cedeño Turtle Camp has been the least researched site in the Fonseca Gulf, where Olive Ridley Turtles in Honduras have been protected since 1975. Objective: To evaluate the nesting of Olive Ridley turtles (Lepidochelys olivacea) during the closed season from 2011 to 2021 in Campamento Tortuguero Cedeño, Choluteca, Honduras. Methods: From 2011 to 2021, daily monitoring of nesting activities was conducted during the closed season from the 1st to 25th of September. Patrols were conducted between 6:00-18:00 h, and 18:00-5:00 h. The total number of nesting turtles was recorded, and their eggs were collected and transported to the hatchery, where clutch and hatchling performance were tabulated. Results: A total of 1 065 L. olivacea turtles were recorded, 95 051 eggs collected, 1 065 nests marked on three beaches that were relocated in artificial hatcheries and a successful hatching of 62 747 hatchlings. Las Doradas beach was the site with the highest number of nesting turtles, followed by Los Delgaditos and lastly Cedeño. The average nesting frequency was 96 nests. From 2011 to 2021 the nest collection effort increased by 91.6 %, from 84 to 161 nests. The number of people patrolling was associated with the number of nests detected on the beaches. Conclusion: Monitoring and conservation efforts for L. olivacea in the Campamento Tortuguero Cedeño show a positive trend in nesting with a greater increase in Playa Las Doradas. This scenario proves the functionality of the closed season in this area.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was a detection of different populations of Pacific white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei Boone, 1931) farmed broodstocks and to determine their genetic indexes in hatchery centers of Bushehr province. DNA was extracted from the muscle tissue of 30 broodstocks of 11 stocks using a commercial kit. The repeated sequences were amplified using ten specific primers by PCR in the Iranian Shrimp Center. The results showed that the number of alleles was 4.5-5.5 in the studied stocks. The most allele frequency was observed in the farmed broad stocks of the third stock in the H2 hatchery center, 5.2 ± 0/359. Also, the average of observed heterozygosity in the farmed broad stocks of the second stock in the H5 hatchery center obtained 0.669 ± 0.152, more than other stocks in all centers. Genetics indexes of the farmed broad stocks of the third stock in the H2 hatchery center were increased compared with other stocks in Bucher province. The inbreeding coefficients of the first stocks in the H1 and H3 hatchery centers were significantly more than others, respectively, 0.595 ± 0.105 and 0.547 ± 0.145. The increased inbreeding coefficients of the farmed broad stocks in these stocks can be referred to due to the small size of the founder population and biased selection programs. However, this amount is acceptable according to the information of the other hatchery centers in Bushehr province and other countries. Moreover, it was concluded that broodstock with higher diversity should be used to increase the genetic indicators in the hatchery centers.

Resumo O objetivo da aquicultura de Galaxias maculatus é produzir milhões de ovos. As fêmeas selvagens são pequenas (2 g) e têm maturidade sexual rápida e fecundidade média baixa (500 ovos/fêmea), necessitando de peixes maiores e com fecundidade superior. O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar experimentalmente o efeito dos níveis de proteínas, lipídios e energia da dieta sobre o aumento de peso em adultos. Cinco experimentos independentes foram realizados em diferentes períodos sequenciais de tempo no incubatório UCT, Chile. Os espécimes foram obtidos a partir de: a) capturas de espécimes de retorno do mar cristalino no estuário de Tolten (4-6 cm, 0,3-0,4 g); b) peixes de cultura em incubatório. Os peixes foram alimentados à mão ad libitum. Nos experimentos de 1 a 4, dietas peletizadas foram preparadas com três a cinco níveis de proteína (tratamentos 27 a 57%), tamanho do crumble, três repetições de tanques de fibra de 100 L. No experimento 5, o efeito de dois níveis de lipídios (8 e 21%) foi avaliado com dieta comercial isoproteica crumble 1 de Salmon Nutra Starter extrusada a 63%, replicada em quatro tanques. Os resultados mostram: uma tendência ao aumento de peso em todos os tamanhos, com um aumento do nível de proteína na dieta peletizada; um crescimento adulto máximo com uma dieta contendo um mínimo de 37% de proteína bruta, com 40% do valor ideal; uma porcentagem maior de proteína na dieta ou crescimento em peso com menor taxa de conversão alimentar. A taxa de conversão alimentar na dieta extrusada chega a 0,5, e na peletizada varia de 0,7 a 1,5. Peixes de 0,6 g alimentados com 63% de proteína e dieta comercial extrusada com dois níveis lipídicos diferentes (8 e 21%; 20,40 e 23,84 MJ kg-1; PE / TE 0,62 e 0,71) aumentaram de peso no primeiro mês em 67 e 105% cada, respectivamente. Foi estabelecido que dietas de alta energia com níveis ótimos de proteínas e lipídios são uma boa solução de curto prazo para obter G. maculatus de peso mais alto.

Abstract Galaxias maculatus aquaculture objectives is to produce millions of eggs. Wild females are small (2 g), have quick sexual maturity and low mean fecundity (500 eggs/female), requiring larger fishes with higher fecundity. This study aim is to evaluate experimentally the effect of the levels of protein, lipid and dietary energy on weight increases in adults. Five independent experiments were performed at different sequential time periods at the UCT hatchery, Chile. Specimens were obtained from a) Crystalline sea return specimen catches in the Tolten estuary (4 -6 cm, 0.3-0.4 g.). b) Hatchery cultured fish. Fish were fed by hand ad libitum. In experiments 1 to 4, pelleted diets were prepared with 3 to 5 levels of protein (treatments 27 up to 57%), crumble size, three 100 L fibre ponds replicates. In experiment 5 the effect of two lipid levels (8 and 21%) was evaluated with commercial extruded Salmon Nutra Starter isoproteic crumble 1 diet at 63%, replicated in 4 ponds. The results show: A tendency to increased weight in all sizes with an increased protein level in the pelleted diet.A maximal adult growth is obtained with a diet containing a minimum of 37% crude protein, with 40% the optimal value. A higher % protein in the diet or growth in weight lower feed conversion ratio. The feed conversion ratio in the extruded diet reaches up to 0.5 and in the pelleted vary from 0.7 to 1.5. Fish 0.6 g fed with 63% protein, extruded commercial diet with two different lipid levels (8 and 21%, 20.40 and 23.84 MJ kg-1, PE/TE 0.62 and 0.71) increased weight the first month 67 and 105% each. It has been established that high-energy diets with optimal levels of protein and lipid are a good short-term solution to obtain G. maculatus of higher weight.

Resumo Os parâmetros de qualidade da água de um viveiro de peixes são essenciais para um manejo adequado e sob controle para operações bem-sucedidas de piscicultura. O manejo inadequado da qualidade da água do tanque durante os estágios juvenis pode criar condições estressantes para a produção de várias doenças nocivas, o que pode diminuir a qualidade do peixe e resultar em baixos lucros. O presente estudo teve como objetivo monitorar importantes parâmetros de qualidade da água de viveiros de cultivo de Labeo rohita em incubadora de peixes Bannu. A duração do estudo foi de 75 dias, estendendo-se de 10 de junho a 24 de agosto de 2019 para o sucesso do cultivo dessa espécie que pode desempenhar papel significativo na época de reprodução. Além disso, a concentração de alguns metais pesados como cobre (Cu), níquel (Ni), manganês (Mn), ferro (Fe), cádmio (Cd) e zinco (Zn) na água do tanque e estágios de fritura dessa espécie também foram determinados. Os dados obtidos de todos os parâmetros de qualidade da água foram analisados expressos como faixa, média e desvio padrão usando o MS Excel 2013. Os resultados obtidos de 75 dias de estudo revelaram que o pH e temperatura da água, condutividade elétrica, sólidos totais dissolvidos (TDS) e total de oxigênio dissolvido (OD) das amostras de água do lago foram encontrados dentro de um limite tolerável, exceto salinidade e concentração de amônia dissolvida não eram permitidas para o crescimento dos peixes. A concentração média de metais pesados na água da lagoa apresentou ordem decrescente Fe > Ni > Mn > Zn > Cd > Ni, que foi encontrada em faixas aceitáveis. Já os valores médios dos metais pesados nos estágios de fritura foram da ordem de Zn > Fe > Ni > Cu > Cd > Mn, e encontrados dentro dos valores recomendados pela OMS/FAO. Assim, concluiu-se deste estudo que a boa qualidade da água é uma condição prévia, manter níveis equilibrados dos parâmetros de qualidade da água é fundamental para a saúde e crescimento da piscicultura, o que é bastante necessário para garantir o aumento da produtividade piscícola. Recomendam-se monitorar e avaliar os parâmetros de qualidade da água em uma base rotineira para promover a piscicultura saudável.

Abstract The water quality parameters of a fish pond are essential to be managing properly under control for successful operations of fish culture. Improper management of pond water quality during the juvenile stages can create stressful conditions to produce various harmful diseases, which may decrease the fish quality and results in low profits. The present study was aimed to monitored important water quality parameters of nursery ponds of Labeo rohita culturing in Bannu fish hatchery. The study duration was 75 days extends from 10th June to 24th August 2019 for the successful culture of this specie which can play a significant role in breeding season. Furthermore, the concentration of some heavy metals like copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), cadmium (Cd), and zinc (Zn) in pond water and fry stages of this species was also determined. The data obtained from all water quality parameters were analyzed expressed as range, mean and standard deviation using MS Excel 2013. The obtained results of 75 days study revealed that the water pH & temperature, electric conductivity, total dissolved solids (TDS), and total dissolved oxygen (DO) of pond water samples were found within a tolerable limit except salinity and dissolved ammonia concentration were not permissible for fish growth. The average concentration of heavy metals in pond water exhibited descending order Fe>Ni>Mn>Zn>Cd>Ni, which was found in acceptable ranges. Whereas, the average values of heavy metals in fry stages were in the order of Zn>Fe>Ni>Cu>Cd>Mn, and found within the recommended values of WHO/FAO. Thus, it was concluded from this study that good water quality is a precondition, maintaining balanced levels of water quality parameters is fundamental for both the health and growth of fish culture which is quite necessary for assuring increased fish productivity. It is recommended to monitor and assess water quality parameters on a routine basis for promoting healthy fish culture.

Resumo A presente investigação teve como objetivo examinar as concentrações de metais traço, incluindo cobre (Cu), manganês (Mn), níquel (Ni) e zinco (Zn) em amostras de água coletadas de viveiro de carpa-capim (Ctenopharyngodon idella) em Incubatório de Bannu de Khyber Pakhtunkhwa durante o período de abril de 2018 a janeiro de 2019. A temperatura e o pH de cada amostra de água foram medidos durante todo o período do estudo. A concentração de cobre (Cu), manganês (Mn), níquel (Ni) e zinco (Zn) nas amostras de água coletadas foi medida em mg / litro usando espectrofotômetro de absorção atômica. As soluções em branco e padrão para as soluções padrão de calibração do dispositivo, ou seja, 2,0 mg, 4,0 mg e 6,0, foram usadas para medir a concentração desses metais em amostras de água para verificar as medições. Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente em estatística descritiva (estimativa de proporções e desvio padrão) usada para resumir a concentração média. Os resultados obtidos tanto de temperatura quanto de pH das amostras de água variaram de 10 a 36 0C e 7,0 a 8,44, enquanto o tamanho dos estágios de alevinos variou de 4,0 a 56,0 mm no comprimento total. Os resultados dos metais investigados encontrados em amostras de água de lagoas são da ordem de Zn > Mn > Ni > Cu, respectivamente. A temperatura e o pH ótimos para a carpa-capim foram principalmente entre 15 0C e 30 0C e pH 6,5 a 8,0. Concluiu-se, a partir dos resultados obtidos, que temperatura, pH e traços de metais foram considerados adequados para o crescimento de Ctenopharyngodon idella desde os estágios de alevinos até alevinos, mas a maior quantidade de zinco pode causar sua mortalidade. É um estudo preliminar sobre a cultura da carpa-capim em incubatório de peixes Bannu, portanto forneceria informações úteis para modelo de unidade de produção de sementes de peixes em um incubatório.

Abstract The present investigation was aimed to examine the concentrations of trace metals including e.g copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), and zinc (Zn) in water samples collected from nursery pond of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) in Bannu Hatchery of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa during the period from April 2018 to January 2019. The temperature and pH of each water sample were measured for the whole study duration. The concentration of Copper (Cu), Manganese (Mn), Nickel (Ni), and Zinc (Zn) in collected water samples were measured in mg/liter by using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The blank and standard solutions for device calibration Standard solutions i.e., 2.0 mg, 4.0 mg, and 6.0 were used to measure the concentration of these metals in water samples to verify the measurements. The data was statistically analyzed on descriptive statistics (estimation of proportions and standard deviation) used to summarize mean concentration. The results obtained of both temperature and pH of water samples were found in ranged 10 to 36 0C and 7.0 to 8.44; whereas the size of fry stages was ranged from 4.0 to 56.0 mm in total length. The results of investigated metals found in pond water samples are in order of Zn>Mn>Ni>Cu, respectively. As optimum temperature and pH for grass carp were mostly between 15 0C and 30 0C and pH 6.5 to 8.0. It was concluded from obtained results that temperature, pH, and trace metals were found appropriate for the growth of Ctenopharyngodon idella from fry to fingerling stages, but the highest amount of zinc can cause its mortality. It is a preliminary study on grass carp culturing in Bannu fish hatchery so, it would provide useful information for model fish seed production unit in a hatchery.

ABSTRACT An experiment was carried out to study the effect of different eubiotics on productive characteristics, intestinal integrity, as well as the content of enterobacteria in the cecum of broiler chickens. A completely randomized design with five treatments and 8 replicates of 25 birds each was used. In total 1000 mixed broiler chickens from Ross308 strain, one day old were obtained from a commercial hatchery. The birds were housed on concrete floors in a conventional house. A sorghum+soybean meal control diet was used, to which the additives under study were added. The treatments were distributed as follows: T1 = Control diet without antibiotic or eubiotic; T2 = T1 + bacteriophages; T3 = T1 + antibiotic; T4 = T1 + probiotic; T5 = T1 + symbiotic. The results obtained at 49 days of age for weight gain and feed conversion rate improved (p<0.05) with the addition of the antibiotic and eubiotics. A lower (p<0.05) intestinal density was observed with the probiotic. The height, width, and area of villi in duodenum was higher (p<0.05) when antibiotic and eubiotics were included. In the histological score, in duodenum, the antibiotic and eubiotics resulted with a higher score (p<0.05), associated to a physiological and controlled inflammation response that allowed improving productivity. Finally, the relative expression of enterobacteria, such as Lactobacillus salivarius, allowed associating positive changes in the microbiome and better productive parameters when including the symbiotic, with comparable results to the antibiotic when including the eubiotics. characteristics integrity 2 used 100 Ross Ross30 strain hatchery house sorghumsoybean sorghum soybean added follows T eubiotic bacteriophages probiotic symbiotic 4 p<0.05 p005 p 0 05 (p<0.05 height width included p<0.05, , productivity Finally salivarius 10 Ross3 p<0.0 p00 (p<0.0 1 p<0. p0 (p<0. p<0 (p<0 p< (p< (p

Abstract The aim of this study was to predict production indicators and to determine their potential economic impact on a poultry integration system using artificial neural networks (ANN) models. Forty zootechnical and production parameters from broiler breeder farms, one hatchery, broiler production flocks, and one slaughterhouse were selected as variables. The ANN models were established for four output variables: “saleable hatching”, “weight at the end of week 5,” “partial condemnation,” and “total condemnation” and were analyzed in relation to the coefficient of multiple determination (R2), correlation coefficient (R), mean error (E), mean squared error (MSE), and root mean square error (RMSE). The production scenarios were simulated and the economic impacts were estimated. The ANN models were suitable for simulating production scenarios after validation. For “saleable hatching”, incubator and egg storage period are likely to increase the financial gains. For “weight at the end of the week 5” the lineage (A) is important to increase revenues. However, broiler weight at the end of the first week may not have a significant influence. Flock sex (female) may influence the “partial condemnation” rates, while chick weight at first day may not. For “total condemnation”, flock sex and type of chick may not influence condemnation rates, but mortality rates and broiler weight may have a significant impact. (ANN farms hatchery flocks variables saleable hatching, hatching , hatching” 5, 5 partial condemnation, total R2, R2 R (R2) R, (R) E, E (E) MSE, MSE (MSE) RMSE. RMSE . (RMSE) estimated validation gains A (A revenues However female (female (R2 (R (E (MSE (RMSE

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi predizer os indicadores de produção e determinar o seu potencial impacto econômico em um sistema de integração utilizando as redes neurais artificiais (RNA). Quarenta parâmetros zootécnicos e de produção de granjas de matrizes e de frango de corte, um incubatório e um abatedouro foram selecionados como variáveis. Os modelos de RNA foram estabelecidos para quatro variáveis de saída (“eclosão vendável”, “peso ao final da quinta semana”, “condenações parciais” e “condenações totais”) e foram analisados em relação ao coeficiente de determinação múltipla (R2), coeficiente de correlação (R), erro médio (E), erro quadrático médio (EQM) e raiz do erro quadrático médio (REQM). Os cenários produtivos foram simulados e os impactos foram estimados. Os modelos de RNA gerados foram adequados para simular diferentes cenários produtivos após o treinamento. Para “eclosão vendável”, o modelo de incubadora e o período de incubação aumentaram os ganhos financeiros. Para “peso ao final da quinta semana”, a linhagem também demonstrou influencia no retorno financeiro, o que não aconteceu com o peso ao final da primeira semana. O sexo do lote possui influência nas taxas de “condenação parcial”, ao contrário do peso do frango no primeiro dia. As taxas de mortalidade e o peso do frango apresentaram influência na “condenação total”, mas o sexo do lote e o tipo de pinto não tiverem influência. RNA. . (RNA) corte eclosão vendável, vendável , vendável” semana, semana semana” condenações parciais totais totais” R2, R2 R (R2) R, (R) E, E (E) EQM (EQM REQM. REQM (REQM) estimados treinamento financeiros financeiro condenação parcial, parcial parcial” dia total, total total” (RNA (R2 (R (E (REQM