ABSTRACT Urbanization may significantly impact wild population dynamics, even in protected green spaces. From 2016 to 2018, we accessed an assemblage of freshwater turtles isolated in an urban remnant of the Atlantic Forest, southern Brazil. We captured turtles by active search, hookless fishing, and funnel trap, and we marked them individually. Using a capture-mark-recapture method, we estimated population density, and movement, including home range size and habitat selection. Home ranges were estimated using the 100% minimum convex polygon method and habitat selections through eigenanalysis. We captured 41 specimens of Phrynops geoffroanus (Schweigger, 1812), 35 Trachemys dorbigni (Duméril & Bibron, 1835), and 20 Trachemys scripta elegans (Wied-Neuwied, 1839). The invasive T. dorbigni showed the highest density (1.72 individual/ha), followed by the native P. geoffroanus (1.36 individual/ha) and the invasive T. scripta elegans (0.87 individual/ha). Home range sizes for P. geoffroanus and T. dorbigni ranged between 0.04-0.48 ha, with the latter species covering the longest distance (525.8 m). All three species showed a preference for habitats influenced by human presence (walkways). Our findings highlight the anthropic influence on the movement of the freshwater turtle assemblage and underscore the need for enhanced protection of native species and control of invasive turtles. This study provides essential baseline data for future researches and management of urban areas.

Resumen Introducción: Los bosques amazónicos con diferentes grados de perturbación antrópica en proceso de regeneración natural albergan gran cantidad de especies de primates en simpatría. Sin embargo, aún es carente el estudio de su uso por primates. Objetivos: Estudiar la dinámica espacial y temporal dentro de la comunidad de primates en un bosque en regeneración en la Reserva de Biosfera del Manu. Métodos: Se analizaron dos sets de datos históricos de Crees Foundation for Manu que comprenden registros desde enero 2011 hasta febrero 2023 y corresponden a datos incidentales y transectos lineales terrestres en tres tipos de bosque con diferente grado de perturbación histórica. Resultados: Lagothrix lagothricha y Ateles chamek mostraron preferencia por bosques menos perturbados; Plecturocebus toppini, por bosques más perturbados; y las demás especies no mostraron una preferencia clara. En cuanto a la estratificación vertical, A. chamek, L. lagothricha y Alouatta sara mostraron preferencia por el estrato alto; P. toppini, Saimiri boliviensis y Sapajus macrocephalus mostraron preferencia por los estratos medio y alto, y Leontocebus weddelli y Aotus nigriceps, por el estrato medio. De acuerdo con la frecuencia horaria de cada especie se observó que siete especies (A. chamek, S. macrocephalus, S. boliviensis, P. toppini, L. lagothricha, Leontocebus weddelli y A. sara) fueron observadas durante el día, cuatro fueron similares. Conclusiones: En el estudio, la comunidad de primates cambió en el gradiente de perturbación debido a las preferencias de algunas especies. Los primates registrados hacen un uso diferenciado de los estratos verticales y la mayoría de ellos mostraron períodos de actividad diurnos.

Abstract Introduction: Amazonian forests with varying degrees of anthropogenic disturbance in the process of natural regeneration harbour many sympatric primate species. However, studies on their usage by primates are still lacking. Objective: To comprehensively study the spatial and temporal dynamics within the primate community in a regenerating forest within the Manu Biosphere Reserve. Methods: Two sets of historical data from Crees Foundation for Manu were analyzed, comprising records from January 2011 to February 2023 and corresponding to data obtained through incidental data and Terrestrial In-line Transects in three types of forest with different degrees of historical disturbance. Results: Lagothrix lagothricha and Ateles chamek showed a preference for less disturbed forests; Plecturocebus toppini, for more disturbed forests; and the other species did not show a clear preference. Regarding vertical stratification, A. chamek, L. lagothricha and Alouatta sara showed a preference for the upper stratum, P. toppini, Saimiri boliviensis and Sapajus macrocephalus showed a preference for the middle and upper strata and Leontocebus weddelli and Aotus nigriceps, for the middle stratum. According to the temporal activity of each species, seven species (A. chamek, S. macrocephalus, S. boliviensis, P. toppini, L. lagothricha, L. weddelli, and A. sara) were observed during the day, four were similar. Conclusions: The primate community varies according to disturbance gradient due to the preferences of some species. The recorded primates make a differentiated use of the vertical strata and most of them show diurnal activity.

Resumen Se registró la presencia de Microlophus tigris en los alrededores del Parque Ecológico de La Molina, registrándose patrones de distribución y comportamiento. Los machos mostraron preferencia por zonas cercanas al parque, mientras que las hembras se ubicaron distantes junto a otros machos. La preferencia de hábitats sugiere patrones territoriales y adaptativos. Se destacó la presencia de machos en comparación con las hembras, indicando una posible disparidad de sexos en la población. Estos resultados proporcionan información clave para la gestión y conservación de la especie, enfatizando la necesidad de enfoques integrales y futuras investigaciones sobre interacciones sociales y aspectos reproductivos.

Abstract The presence of Microlophus tigris in the surroundings of the Parque Ecológico de La Molina was registered, and distribution and behavioral patterns were recorded. Males showed a preference for areas close to the park, while females were more distant with other males. Habitat preference suggests territorial and adaptive patterns. The presence of males was pronounced compared to females, suggesting a possible sex imbalance in the population. These results provide important information for the management and conservation of the species, emphasizing the need for comprehensive approaches and future research on social interactions and reproductive aspects.

RESUMO O objetivo da pesquisa a seguir foi realizar um estudo de campo para descobrir a percepção térmica dos usuários de habitações vernaculares no clima frio da região dos Altos Andes peruanos. As unidades analisadas foram moradias construídas em “totora” da comunidade Uro. O estudo de campo consistiu em caracterizar o desempenho térmico da habitação, determinar a área de superfície corporal e o isolamento das roupas, avaliar a sensação, preferência e aceitabilidade térmica, determinar as estratégias de ajuste pessoal e calcular a temperatura neutra. Setenta e oito questionários válidos foram coletados em dois períodos sazonais (verão e inverno). Os resultados revelam que os usuários da residência não se sentem confortáveis. A preferência é por ambientes mais quentes e secos. A temperatura neutra no verão foi de 19,62 ºC e de 21,98 ºC no inverno. Os habitantes do local evidenciaram a expectativa de que o ambiente possa ser melhorado termicamente com mais isolamento.

ABSTRACT The objective of this work was to conduct a field study to determine the thermal perception of users of vernacular housing in the cold climate of the Peruvian High Andean region. The units analyzed were houses built by the Uro community using “totora” (bulrush reeds). The field study characterized the dwelling’s thermal performance, determined body surface area and clothing insulation, assessed thermal sensation, preference, and acceptability, determined personal adjustment strategies, and calculated the neutral temperature. Seventy-eight valid surveys were collected in two periods (summer and winter). The results reveal that the dwelling’s users are uncomfortable. The preference points to warmer and drier environments. The neutral temperature was 19.62 ºC in summer and 21.98 ºC in winter. However, the inhabitants had the expectation that the environment could be thermally improved with more insulation.

RESUMEN El objetivo de la siguiente investigación fue realizar un estudio de campo, para conocer la percepción térmica de los usuarios de la vivienda vernácula en clima frío de la región Altoandina peruana. Las unidades analizadas fueron viviendas construidas en base a “totora” de la comunidad Uro. El estudio de campo desarrollado consistió en caracterizar el desempeño térmico de la vivienda, determinar la superficie corporal y aislamiento de ropa, valorar la sensación, preferencia y aceptabilidad térmica, determinar las estrategias de ajustes personales y calcular la temperatura neutra. Se recogieron 78 encuestas válidas en dos períodos estacionarios (verano e invierno). Los resultados revelan que, los usuarios de la vivienda se encuentran incómodos. La preferencia apunta a ambientes más cálidos y secos. La temperatura neutra en verano fue de 19.62 ºC y en invierno de 21.98 ºC. Los habitantes del lugar evidenciaron tener la expectativa que el ambiente puede mejorarse térmicamente con mayor aislamiento.

SUMMARY Fencing to contain livestock movement, demarcate properties, and protect economic assets has been one of the main factors restricting wildlife movement. However, research assessing the impact of fences on large mammals in southern South America is scarce. We modified livestock fences by clipping the bottom wire to enable endangered huemul deer (Hippocamelus bisulcus) to cross in and out of forest plantations. Huemul showed a preference for crossing through areas where bottom wire strands had been removed. There was also a greater crossing frequency for fences located at lower elevation. Implementation of this simple management technique increased the availability of crossing areas, thereby facilitating huemul movement. Further fence modifications must seek to improve conditions of intervening habitat where huemul live and move, and thus prevent further population decline of this threatened species.

RESUMEN Los cercos para contener el movimiento del ganado, delimitar propiedades y proteger bienes económicos es uno de los principales factores que restringen los movimientos de la fauna silvestre. Sin embargo, son pocas las investigaciones que evalúen el impacto de los cercos en grandes mamíferos en el sur de Sudamérica. En el presente estudio modificamos cercos ganaderos cortando el alambre inferior para permitir que el huemul (Hippocamelus bisulcus), un ciervo en peligro de extinción, cruce hacia y desde plantaciones forestales. Los huemules mostraron preferencia por cruzar en zonas en las que se habían retirado las hebras de alambre inferior. Además, existió una mayor frecuencia de cruce en cercos situados a baja elevación. La aplicación de esta sencilla técnica de manejo aumentó la disponibilidad de zonas de cruce, facilitando los movimientos del huemul. Modificaciones de cercos adicionales deben tratar de mejorar las condiciones del hábitat intermedio donde vive y se mueve el huemul, y evitar así un mayor declive de esta especie amenazada.

Resumo Epífitas são consideradas indicadores de integridade ecológica em florestas, mas os fatores que explicam sua abundância ainda não são bem compreendidos. Neste estudo, avaliamos a colonização por epífitas em antigos talhões monoespecíficos de Astronium urundeuva (M.Allemão) Engl. (Anacardiaceae) e Eucalyptus saligna Sm. (Myrtaceae), em comparação com um fragmento vizinho de floresta estacional semidecidual sob condições ambientais semelhantes. Em cada tipologia florestal, identificamos e medimos todas as árvores (plantadas e que colonizaram os locais) a partir de 5 cm de diâmetro à altura padrão, em cinco parcelas de 200 m². Nelas, também quantificamos todas as epífitas vasculares por árvore. Em busca de uma explicação funcional para as diferenças entre espécies, utilizamos rugosidade da casca, deciduidade da copa e taxa de crescimento como atributos potencialmente relevantes. A abundância das epífitas e a frequência de forófitos foi maior no talhão de A. urundeuva do que na floresta nativa, com o talhão de E. saligna ocupando uma posição intermediária. Encontramos evidências, também, de que os atributos dos forófitos influenciaram a abundância de epífitas em seus troncos. Os forófitos apresentaram maior perímetro médio e altura que as árvores não hospedeiras, o que indica que a colonização é mais provável de ocorrer em árvores mais velhas. A abundância média de epífitas por árvore foi maior em espécies com casca rugosa, mas nem a deciduidade da copa, nem a velocidade de crescimento exerceram efeito neste aspecto. Evidenciamos, portanto que, plantações florestais, ainda que monoespecíficas, podem prover habitat para epífitas. Contudo, em nível de comunidade, o sucesso da colonização, seja em florestas nativas ou restauradas, depende da abundância relativa de espécies cujo tipo de casca favorece o estabelecimento de epífitas. compreendidos estudo M.Allemão MAllemão M Allemão (M.Allemão Engl Anacardiaceae (Anacardiaceae Sm Myrtaceae, Myrtaceae , (Myrtaceae) semelhantes florestal plantadas locais padrão 20 m² m Nelas relevantes nativa E intermediária evidências troncos hospedeiras velhas rugosa aspecto Evidenciamos florestais monoespecíficas Contudo comunidade restauradas (Myrtaceae 2

Abstract Epiphytes are considered indicators of forest ecological integrity, but the factors that explain their abundance are still not well understood. We here evaluated tree colonization by epiphytes in old-growth monospecific reforestation stands of Astronium urundeuva (M.Allemão) Engl. (Anacardiaceae) and Eucalyptus saligna Sm. (Myrtaceae), in comparison to a neighbor seasonal tropical forest fragment under similar environmental conditions. In each forest type, we identified and measured all trees (planted and colonizers) from 5-cm stem diameter in five 200 m² plots and quantified all vascular epiphytes per tree. Tree species were categorized by bark roughness, canopy deciduousness and growth rate. The abundance of epiphytes and the frequency of host trees were higher in the A. urundeuva plantation than in the native forest, with the E. saligna stand in an intermediate position. Also, we found that host traits influenced the abundance of epiphytes in their trunks. Host trees had average stem perimeter and height both higher than non-hosts, which indicates that colonization is more likely to occur in older trees. The average abundance of epiphytes per tree was higher in species with rough bark, but no relationship was found with canopy deciduousness or tree growth rate. We evidenced, therefore, that forest plantations, even if monospecific, can provide habitat for epiphytes. However, at community level, colonization success, either in native or restored forest, depends on the relative abundance of species whose bark type favors epiphytes establishment. integrity understood oldgrowth old M.Allemão MAllemão M Allemão (M.Allemão Engl Anacardiaceae (Anacardiaceae Sm Myrtaceae, Myrtaceae , (Myrtaceae) conditions planted colonizers 5cm cm 5 20 m roughness rate A E position Also trunks nonhosts, nonhosts non hosts, hosts non-hosts evidenced therefore plantations However level success establishment (Myrtaceae 2

Resumo Os sistemas costeiros abrangem uma variedade de ecótonos que são importantes para as espécies de peixes, fornecendo diversos micro-habitats e áreas para alimentação, proteção contra predação, reprodução e áreas para recrutamento. No entanto, a maioria desses sistemas enfrenta grandes ameaças de atividades humanas. Considerando os níveis crescentes de perturbação humana nos ecossistemas costeiros, a compreensão das associações peixe-habitat pode fornecer informações importantes sobre os padrões de ocorrência e distribuição de espécies em sistemas afetados pelo homem, que podem apoiar o desenvolvimento de medidas eficazes de conservação e gestão. Neste contexto, investigamos a relação entre os cavalos-marinhos (Hippocampus reidi) e a complexidade do habitat e diferentes espécies de fixação, para determinar a possível variação entre locais e entre estações do ano. Os dados foram obtidos nos recifes rochosos das baías de Guanabara (Praia da Urca) e Sepetiba (Ilha das Duas Irmãs), no sudeste do Brasil, por mergulho livre ao longo de transectos fixos. Os cavalos-marinhos foram contados, e o substrato usado por cada indivíduo foi registrado e identificado como espécie ou atribuído a um grupo morfofuncional. As praias diferiram quanto à composição e grupos morfofuncionais, embora compartilhando alguns grupos morfofuncionais. Os cavalos-marinhos foram mais frequentemente associados a substratos arborescentes/ramificados em ambos os locais, a foliáceos e maciços. A associação com algas foi particularmente encontrada na Urca, enquanto o coral Carijoa riisei na Ilha de Duas Irmãs. peixes microhabitats micro habitats alimentação predação recrutamento entanto humanas peixehabitat peixe homem gestão contexto cavalosmarinhos cavalos marinhos Hippocampus reidi fixação ano Praia Urca Irmãs, Irmãs , Irmãs) Brasil fixos contados morfofuncional morfofuncionais arborescentesramificados arborescentes ramificados maciços

Abstract Coastal systems encompass a range of ecotones that are important for fish species, providing diverse micro-habitats and grounds for foraging, protection from predation, reproduction and areas for recruitment. However, most of these systems face major threats from human activities. Considering the increasing levels of human disturbance in coastal ecosystems, understanding fish-habitat associations may provide important insights into patterns of species occurrence and distribution in human-impacted systems, which can support the development of effective conservation and management measures. In this context, we investigated the relationship between seahorses (Hippocampus reidi) and both habitat complexity and different holdfast species, to determine possible variation between locations and among seasons. Data were obtained from the rocky reefs of Guanabara (Urca Beach) and Sepetiba (Duas Irmãs Island) bays, in southeastern Brazil. Seahorses were counted, and the holdfast being used by each individual was recorded and identified to species or assigned to a morphofunctional group. The beaches differed in holdfast composition and morphofunctional groups, yet sharing some morphofunctional groups. Seahorses were more frequently associated with branching holdfasts at both sites, and also with foliaceous and massive. Association with algae were particularly found in Urca, while the coral Carijoa riisei in Duas Irmãs Island. microhabitats micro habitats foraging predation recruitment However activities ecosystems fishhabitat humanimpacted impacted measures context Hippocampus reidi seasons Urca Beach Island bays Brazil counted group groups sites massive

Abstract Coastal habitats are important feeding grounds for migratory shorebirds, which turns the coast of Piauí State into an important region for birds’ migration cycle. This study aimed to identify migratory shorebirds, analyze their patterns of habitat preference on coastal Piauí State, Brazil, and identify classes of invertebrates found in foraging sites. In total, 23,829 records of migratory shorebirds belonging to 15 species were found at feeding sites, presenting significant segregation between different foraging substrates (F1,23 = 8.41; p = 0.001). Limnodromus griseus (56.5±98.42; p > 0.001), Numenius hudsonicus (35.96±37.37; p > 0.001), and Calidris canutus (34.4±80.84; p < 0. 001) were the species accounting for the highest densities in muddy substrate. Calidris pusilla (77.37±178.02; p > 0.001), Charadrius semipalmatus (66±142.17: p > 0.001), and Calidris alba (56.5±181.24; p > 0.001) were the most significant species in sandy-muddy substrate. Birds’ lowest density was observed in sandy habitat, but C. alba (22.41±40.9) recorded the highest density in this substrate. Overall, most shorebirds (92.8 %) preferred foraging substrates presenting higher concentration of fine particles (silt, clay, and fine sand). Invertebrates belonging to classes Polychaeta, Gastropoda, Bivalvia, and Malacostraca prevailed in these sites. Therefore, substrate type and prey composition are factors influencing the density of migratory shorebirds in foraging sites. In addition, this region witnesses the occurrence of endangered species, and it reinforces the importance of these feeding sites for them during their migration to Brazil’s coastal region. birds cycle Brazil total 23829 23 829 23,82 1 F1,23 F123 F F1 (F1,2 8.41 841 8 41 0.001. 0001 0.001 . 0 001 56.5±98.42 5659842 56 5 98 42 (56.5±98.42 0.001, , 35.96±37.37 35963737 35 96 37 (35.96±37.37 34.4±80.84 3448084 34 4 80 84 (34.4±80.84 77.37±178.02 773717802 77 178 02 (77.37±178.02 66±142.17 6614217 66 142 17 (66±142.17 56.5±181.24 56518124 181 24 (56.5±181.24 sandymuddy Birds C 22.41±40.9 2241409 22 40 9 (22.41±40.9 Overall 92.8 928 92 (92. % silt, silt (silt clay sand. sand sand) Polychaeta Gastropoda Bivalvia Therefore addition Brazils s 2382 2 82 23,8 F1,2 F12 (F1, 8.4 000 0.00 00 56.5±98.4 565984 (56.5±98.4 35.96±37.3 3596373 3 (35.96±37.3 34.4±80.8 344808 (34.4±80.8 77.37±178.0 77371780 7 (77.37±178.0 66±142.1 661421 6 14 (66±142.1 56.5±181.2 5651812 18 (56.5±181.2 22.41±40. 224140 (22.41±40. 92. (92 238 23, F1, (F1 8. 0.0 56.5±98. 56598 (56.5±98. 35.96±37. 359637 (35.96±37. 34.4±80. 34480 (34.4±80. 77.37±178. 7737178 (77.37±178. 66±142. 66142 (66±142. 56.5±181. 565181 (56.5±181. 22.41±40 22414 (22.41±40 (9 (F 56.5±98 5659 (56.5±98 35.96±37 35963 (35.96±37 34.4±80 3448 (34.4±80 77.37±178 773717 (77.37±178 66±142 6614 (66±142 56.5±181 56518 (56.5±181 22.41±4 2241 (22.41±4 ( 56.5±9 565 (56.5±9 35.96±3 3596 (35.96±3 34.4±8 344 (34.4±8 77.37±17 77371 (77.37±17 66±14 661 (66±14 56.5±18 5651 (56.5±18 22.41± 224 (22.41± 56.5± (56.5± 35.96± 359 (35.96± 34.4± (34.4± 77.37±1 7737 (77.37±1 66±1 (66±1 56.5±1 (56.5±1 22.41 (22.41 56.5 (56.5 35.96 (35.96 34.4 (34.4 77.37± 773 (77.37± 66± (66± 22.4 (22.4 56. (56. 35.9 (35.9 34. (34. 77.37 (77.37 (66 22. (22. (56 35. (35. (34 77.3 (77.3 (6 (22 (5 (35 (3 77. (77. (2 (77 (7

Abstract The diversity of galling insects may be associated with abiotic factors, such as hygrothermal stress, and biotic factors of the host plants, such as structural complexity and resource concentration. In the present study, we aimed evaluate the occurrence of galling insects Palaeomystella oligophaga (Lepidoptera, Agonoxenidae) associated with Macairea radula (Melastomataceae) in veredas of northern of Minas Gerais, testing the effect of environmental stress, resource concentration and plant architecture.The study was carried out in three veredas with distinct levels of soil drying and conservation (preserved, intermediate and degraded). In each vereda, were selected 20 individuals of the Macairea radula for galling sampling. For each focal plants were sampled the abundance of galls, plant height (m), number of branches and number of individuals close to the focal plant within a radius of 5 m. In total, were sampled 2,030 galls of Palaeomystella oligophaga on Macairea radula. The abundance of galls differed significantly between the plants of the different veredas, being higher in the plants of the Vereda da Almescla (intermediate conservation level). In addition, the abundance of galls was positively correlated with plant height, and the number of nearby individuals (considering all plant species). Our results demonstrate that both anthropic alterations that lead to the dryness of the veredas, and structural characteristics of the host plants, can affect the occurrence of galls of Palaeomystella oligophaga. stress Lepidoptera, Lepidoptera (Lepidoptera Agonoxenidae Melastomataceae (Melastomataceae Gerais architectureThe architecture preserved, preserved (preserved degraded. degraded . degraded) vereda 2 sampling m, m , (m) total 2030 030 2,03 level. level level) addition considering species. species species) (m 203 03 2,0 0 2,

Resumen En las comunidades coralinas, los peces herbívoros ocupan un papel principal en el mantenimiento y control de algas que son la base de la cadena trófica en los arrecifes coralinos. Entre los peces herbívoros de los arrecifes de coral, la familia Acanthuridae es de las más abundantes. Los efectos en los arrecifes de esta familia pueden variar en función de sus densidades, la estabilidad del ecosistema y sus interacciones, por lo que determinar el estado de sus poblaciones resulta de interés. En el archipiélago de San Andrés, Providencia y Santa Catalina (ASAP) falta información del estado actual de las abundancias y densidades de este grupo. Por lo tanto, mediante censos visuales de especies del género Acanthurus se estimaron los estados poblacionales en comunidades coralinas del ASAP y las diferencias poblacionales entre los sitios evaluados (San Andrés, isla cayo Bolívar, isla cayo Serrana y Providencia), lo cual evidenció un total de 6075 individuos, además de una relación positiva de abundancias en las islas de San Andrés y Providencia con respecto a las islas cayos Bolívar y Serrana. En cuanto a la preferencia de hábitat de juveniles se encontró una especialización y preferencia de hábitat de A. coeruleus por las zonas arrecifales, entretanto A. tractus mostró preferencia por los manglares.

Abstract In coral communities, herbivorous fish play a major role in maintaining and controlling algae, which are the base of the food chain in coral reefs. Among the herbivorous fish of coral reefs, the family Acanthuridae is one of the most abundant. Effects of this family on coral reefs can vary depending on their densities, ecosystem stability, and their interactions; therefore, determining the status of their populations is a concern. In the archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia, and Santa Catalina (ASAP) there is a lack of information on the status of the abundances and densities of this group. Through visual censuses of species of the genus Acanthurus, the population states in the ASAP coral communities and the population differences between the evaluated sites (San Andrés, isla cayo Bolívar, isla cayo Serrana and Providencia) were estimated. Showing an abundance of 6075 individuals, in addition to a positive relationship of abundances in the islands of San Andrés and Providencia with respect to the Bolívar and Serrana keys. Regarding the habitat preference of juveniles, a specialization and habitat preference of A. coeruleus was found for reef zones, while A. tractus showed a preference for mangroves.

Resumen El presente estudio se desarrolló para determinar la composición y repartición de hábitats de encuentro para 20 especies de anfibios en cinco coberturas de la tierra con diferente grado de perturbación, en un área rural del municipio de Dibulla, La Guajira. Durante ocho meses se realizaron 40 muestreos, empleando la técnica estandarizada para el estudio de anfibios de relevamiento por encuentros visuales (REV) en las coberturas de estudio, sobre un área aproximada de 20 km2. Se registraron 38 hábitats distribuidos en las cinco coberturas, siendo la cobertura de mosaico de pastos y cultivos transitorios inundables, no arbolado con setos de árboles y arbustos (MPC) la cobertura con mayor oferta de hábitat (29), mientras que la cobertura con mayor riqueza de especies (19 sp.) fue tejido urbano discontinuo (ZU) y la de mayor abundancia (3068 individuos) fue la cobertura de Palma de aceite (CP). Se observaron diferencias entre las coberturas de la tierra, hábitat de encuentro y la riqueza de anfibios (H: 48,77; p-valor < 0,05), y abundancia de anfibios (H: 49,74; p-valor < 0,05). Se observa solapamiento espacial alto (>0,75) entre pares de especies relacionadas con sus hábitos y entre especies de la misma familia. Aunque las coberturas comparten una alta proporción de hábitats de encuentro, presentan comunidades de anfibios con diferentes características en su estructura y composición. Asimismo, aun cuando las comunidades sean compuestas por especies consideradas como generalistas, de amplia distribución y tolerantes a la perturbación, las especies utilizan los hábitats debido a condiciones más complejas que su oferta. Destaca que algunas especies registran preferencia por algunas características que ofertan algunos tipos de hábitats, independientemente de la cobertura o uso del suelo.

Abstract This study was developed to determine the composition and distribution of meeting habitats for 20 species of amphibians in five land covers with different degrees of disturbance, in a rural area of the municipality of Dibulla, La Guajira. A total of 40 samplings were carried out during eight months, using the standardized technique for the study of amphibians of visual encounter survey (VES) in the coverage of the study, over an approximate area of 20 km2. A total of 38 habitats were recorded distributed in the five coverages, being the coverage of Mosaic of grasses and transient floodable crops, not wooded with hedges of trees and shrubs (MPC), the coverage with the greatest offer of habitat (29), while the coverage with the greatest species richness (19 sp.) was discontinuous urban fabric (ZU) and the one with the highest abundance (3068 individuals) was the oil palm cover (CP). Differences were observed between land covers, encounter habitat and amphibian richness (H: 48.77; p-value < 0.05), as well as amphibian abundance (H: 49.74; p-value < 0.05). High spatial overlap (>0.75) is observed between pairs of species related to their habits and between species of the same family. Although the covers share a high proportion of meeting habitats, they present amphibian communities with different characteristics in their structure and composition. Likewise, even when the communities are composed of species considered as generalists, widely distributed and tolerant to disturbance, the species use the habitats due to conditions more complex than their supply. It stands out that some species register preference for some characteristics offered by some types of habitats, regardless of land cover or land use.

Resumen Las briofitas son taxones relacionados principalmente a sitios con disponibilidad de agua, sin embargo, es posible encontrarlas en zonas áridas creciendo libremente, aunque incluso en estas áreas existen diferentes microhábitats. Se identificaron las muestras de briófitas recolectadas a lo largo de un gradiente de altitud en una zona turística denominada Puente de Ojuela y además se estableció su preferencia de hábitat. Se identificaron un total de 17 especies de briófitas en un rango altitudinal de 353 a 1 850 m.s.n.m., lo que mostró que a medida que aumentaba la altitud, la diversidad de briófitas lo hacía de manera proporcional. De las 17 especies identificadas, siete son nuevos registros para la zona. La diversidad brioflorística en la zona de interés aumenta con la altitud, más que con la presencia directa del recurso hídrico. Lo antes mencionado, cubre la brecha en el conocimiento de dicha diversidad. El estudio se considera fundamental para nuevas líneas de investigación que involucren a los taxones Bryophyta en ambientes semiáridos.

Abstract Bryophytes are taxa mainly related to sites with water availability, however, it is possible to find them in arid areas growing freely, although even in these areas there are different microhabitats. The bryophytes sample collected along an altitude gradient in a tourist area called Puente de Ojuela were identified and their habitat preference was also established. A total of 17 species of bryophytes were identified in an altitudinal range of 1 353 to 1 850 meters above sea level, which showed that as altitude increased, the diversity of bryophytes did so proportionally. Of the 17 species identified, seven are new records for the zone. The bryofloristic diversity in interest area increases with the altitude, rather than with the direct presence of the water resource. The aforementioned, gap in knowledge of said diversity is covered. The study is considered fundamental for new lines of research involving Bryophyta taxa in semiarid environments.

RESUMEN La mayoría de los árboles de los bosques andinos están cubiertos por epífitas. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la composición florística, estructura y la preferencia de las epífitas vasculares en determinados forófitos. Se seleccionaron tres forófitos en cada subparcela de 20 x 20 m de una parcela permanente de una hectárea y se registró: D1,30 > 20 cm, frondosidad de copa, visibilidad y ramificación. El inventario de las epífitas se efectuó mediante escalada a los forófitos siguiendo su distribución vertical. Se calcularon parámetros estructurales como densidad, abundancia, frecuencia, índice valor de importancia y diversidad Shannon. La preferencia de hábitat de las epífitas, se calculó mediante el número de individuos por hospedero y por sección. Se registraron 7 610 individuos de 12 especies, 8 géneros y 4 familias. Las especies ecológicamente más importantes en todas las secciones de los forófitos son: Anthurium oxybelium, Peperomia galioides, Tillandsia tovarensis, Cyrtochilum aureum, Pleurothallis maxima, Tillandsia biflora. Las epífitas vasculares registradas prefieren vivir en la sección 3, Tillandsia tovarensis, Pleurothallis maxima y Tillandsia biflora son las de mayor abundancia. Alnus acuminata y Cedrela montana son los forófitos de mayor preferencia para las epífitas vasculares.

RESUMO A maioria das árvores das florestas andinas estão cobertas por epífitas. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a composição florística, estrutura e a preferência das epífitas vasculares em determinados forófitos. Selecionaram se três forófitos em cada subparcela de 20 x 20 m de uma parceria permanente numa hectare e se registrou: D1,30 > 20 cm, frondosidade de copa, visibilidade y ramificação. O inventário das epífitas efetuou se mediante escalada aos forófitos seguindo sua distribuição vertical. Se calcularam parâmetros estruturais como densidade, abundância, frequência, índice valor de importância e diversidade Shannon. A preferência de hábitat das epífitas, se calculou mediante o número de indivíduos por hospedeiro e por seção. Se registraram 7 610 indivíduos de 12 espécies, 8 géneros y 4 famílias. As espécies ecológicamente mais importantes em todas as seções dos forófitos são: Anthurium oxybelium, Peperomia galioides, Tillandsia tovarensis, Cyrtochilum aureum, Pleurothallis maxima, Tillandsia biflora. As epífitas vasculares registradas preferem viver na seção 3, Tillandsia tovarensis, Pleurothallis maxima y Tillandsia biflora são as de maior abundância. Alnus acuminata y Cedrela montana são os forófitos de maior preferência para as epífitas vasculares.

ABSTRACT Most trees in Andean forests are covered by epiphytes. The objective of the study was to evaluate the floristic composition, structure and preference of vascular epiphytes in certain phorophytes. Three phorophytes were selected in each 20 x 20 m subplot of a one hectare permanent plot and recorded: D 1.30 > 20 cm, crown foliage, visibility and branching. The inventory of the epiphytes was carried out by climbing the phorophytes following their vertical distribution. Structural parameters such as density, abundance, frequency, importance value index and Shannon diversity were calculated. The habitat preference of epiphytes was calculated by the number of individuals per host and per section. 7,610 individuals of 12 species, 8 genera and 4 families were recorded. The most ecologically important species in all sections of the phorophytes are: Anthurium oxybelium, Peperomia galioides, Tillandsia tovarensis, Cyrtochilum aureum, Pleurothallis maxima, Tillandsia biflora. The vascular epiphytes recorded prefer to live in section 3, Tillandsia tovarensis, Pleurothallis maxima and Tillandsia biflora are the most abundant. Alnus acuminata and Cedrela montana are the most preferred phorophytes for vascular epiphytes.

Resumen En el departamento de Puno, la deforestación en las provincias de Sandia, Carabaya y San Antonio de Putina se viene incrementando, afectando a especies vulnerables como el oso andino (Tremarctos ornatus). Para determinar las áreas y los hábitats utilizados por este úrsido en Ollachea (Carabaya), e identificar las actividades antrópicas que influyen en su presencia, se llevó a cabo una evaluación en octubre de 2014, mediante el recorrido de 17,80 km de senderos y entrevistas. Se identificaron 38 puntos GPS con registros de la especie, entre 2009 y 4086 msnm, en zonas de transición bosque montano-puna (50,00%), bosque montano (21,00%), puna (15,80%), y áreas intervenidas (13,20%). Estos puntos estuvieron ubicados hasta 0,72 km de fuentes de agua y 1,87 km del bosque. Se observó la preferencia por Eryngium weberbaueri como alimento. En Ollachea, el oso andino se encuentra bajo presiones significativas debido a diversas actividades humanas. La carretera Interoceánica ha facilitado la visualización de los osos al cruzarla, haciéndolo más vulnerable a su cacería. La minería ha contaminado ríos y arroyos utilizados por los osos como rutas de desplazamiento. La agricultura ha generado conflictos, ya que los osos ingresan a campos de maíz, causando pérdidas. Su caza, para obtener mascotas o carne, también representa una amenaza. La información obtenida en esta investigación permitirá crear modelos de distribución espacial en Ollachea con el fin de identificar áreas críticas para la supervivencia del oso, y así planificar medidas de conservación y gestión, como corredores de conectividad y áreas de protección prioritarias.

Abstract In the department of Puno, deforestation in the provinces of Sandia, Carabaya, and San Antonio de Putina is increasing, affecting vulnerable species like the Andean bear (Tremarctos ornatus). To determine the areas and habitats used by this bear in Ollachea (Carabaya) and identify the human activities influencing its presence, an assessment was conducted in October 2014, involving a survey of 17.80 km of trails and interviews. Thirty-eight GPS points with species records were identified, ranging from 2009 to 4086 masl, in transitional zones of montane forest-puna (50.00%), montane forest (21.00%), puna (15.80%), and intervened areas (13.20%). These points were located up to 0.72 km from water sources and 1.87 km from the forest. A preference for Eryngium weberbaueri as food was observed. In Ollachea, the Andean bear faces significant pressures due to various human activities. The Interoceanic Highway has made bears more vulnerable to hunting as it has facilitated their visibility when crossing it. Mining has contaminated rivers and streams used by bears as travel routes. Agriculture has generated conflicts as bears sometimes enter cornfields, causing losses. Bear hunting, for the purpose of obtaining pets or meat, also poses a threat. The information obtained in this research will be used to create spatial distribution models in Ollachea to identify critical areas for bear survival and plan conservation and management measures, such as connectivity corridors and priority protection areas.

ABSTRACT Wetlands are environments with a high diversity and global importance due to the ecosystem services they provide. In Chile, most wetlands are threatened, including their avifauna, especially the two southern hemisphere swans (Coscoroba coscoroba and Cygnus melancoryphus). Here, we made three years of monitoring of abundance of both species in the Petrel wetland. Our results show that the Petrel wetland is an important site for the conservation of South American swan populations, with an abundance average of 38.5 ± 18.8 individuals of C. coscoroba (peak of 60 ind.) and 11.6 ± 12.4 individuals of C. melancoryphus (peak of 40 ind.). These swan species avoid sites close to urban areas and show a preference for habitats distant from anthropogenic activities. The detection probability of swans was influenced by minimum and maximum temperature and wind speed. The vegetation aquatic and riverine are key variables to the abundance of these swans. Our large monitoring highlights the importance of Petrel wetland for the conservation of southern swans and provide value information about their abundance patterns and the population dynamics of C. coscoroba and C. melancoryphus. These data support the need to develop conservation and management plans for this wetland.

RESUMEN Los humedales son ambientes con una alta diversidad e importancia global debido a los servicios ecosistémicos que proporcionan. En Chile, la mayoría de los humedales están amenazados, incluyendo su avifauna, destacando los dos cisnes del hemisferio Sur (Coscoroba coscoroba y Cygnus melancoryphus). Realizamos tres años de monitoreo de la abundancia de ambas especies en el humedal Petrel. Nuestros resultados muestran que el humedal Petrel es un sitio importante para la conservación de las poblaciones de cisnes sudamericanos, con un promedio de abundancia de 38,5 ± 18,8 individuos de C. coscoroba (máximo de 60 ind.) y 11,6 ± 12,4 individuos de C. melancoryphus (máximo de 40 ind.). Estas especies de cisnes evitan los sitios cercanos a las áreas urbanas y muestran preferencia a los hábitats distantes de las actividades antrópicas. La probabilidad de detección de los cisnes estuvo influenciada por la temperatura mínima y máxima y la velocidad del viento. La vegetación acuática y ribereña son variables claves para la abundancia de estas especies. Nuestro amplio monitoreo destaca la importancia del humedal Petrel para la conservación de los cisnes de Sudamérica y proporciona información valiosa sobre sus patrones de abundancia y la dinámica poblacional de C. coscoroba y C. melancoryphus. Estos datos respaldan la necesidad de desarrollar planes de conservación y manejo para este humedal.