RESUMEN La producción de cuyes forma parte de la ancestralidad de los países andinos, por el aporte socioeconómico y a la seguridad alimentaria. Con el objetivo de evaluar el efecto de la procedencia de estos animales en los parámetros fenotípicos, morfométricos y productivos destinados a la reproducción, se seleccionaron 30 cuyes de diferentes procedencias, divididos en grupos de 10 animales en un diseño completamente al azar. El experimento se desarrolló en la Universidad Técnica de Cotopaxi, Ecuador. Se evaluaron variables morfométricas, fenotípicas y productivas. Los resultados mostraron que los animales procedentes de la Granja Matilde alcanzaron los mayores perímetros torácico con 16,40 cm, para el largo del total del cuerpo fueron mayores los cuyes procedentes de cuerpo del Chimborazo. Por su parte, el pelaje con mayor representación fue el de tipo 1. Para los indicadores productivos los mayores pesos (667,20 g) los reflejaron los animales procedentes de Cotopaxi, sin diferencias respecto a los del Chimborazo (665,4 g). La mejor conversión la mostraron los cuyes originarios del Chimborazo con 3,71. Se concluyó que las características morfométricas variaron en dependencia de la zona de procedencia de los animales. Las mayores diferencias se apreciaron para el perímetro torácico y el largo total del cuerpo. Así, el tipo de pelaje, la cantidad de miembros y la presencia de remolinos mostraron variabilidad según la zona de origen. Los indicadores productivos se influenciaron por la procedencia de los animales; el mejor comportamiento lo mostró de forma general la localidad del Chimborazo.

ABSTRACT The production of guinea pigs is part of the ancestry of Andean countries due to its socioeconomic contribution and its role in food security. With the aim of evaluating the effect of the origin of these animals on the phenotypic, morphometric, and productive parameters intended for reproduction. Thirty guinea pigs from different origins were selected and divided into groups of 10 animals in a completely randomized design. The experiment was conducted at the Technical University of Cotopaxi, Ecuador. Morphometric, phenotypic, and productive variables were evaluated. The results showed that the animals from Granja Matilde achieved the highest thoracic perimeters with 16.40 cm, while the guinea pigs from Chimborazo had the greatest total body length. Additionally, the most common type of fur was type 1. For the productive indicators, the highest weights (667.20 g) were observed in the animals from Cotopaxi, with no significant differences compared to those from Chimborazo (665.4 g). The best feed conversion was shown by the guinea pigs from Chimborazo with a ratio of 3.71. It was concluded that the morphometric characteristics varied depending on the origin of the animals. The greatest differences were observed in the thoracic perimeter and total body length. Likewise, the type of fur, the number of limbs, and the presence of swirls showed variability depending on the region of origin. The productive indicators were influenced by the origin of the animals; overall, the best performance was shown by the locality of Chimborazo.

ABSTRACT The study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of four anthelmintics in the control of Fasciola hepatica at the Estación Experimental del Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria (INIA), Baños del Inca, Cajamarca, Perú. Forty guinea pigs from 5 to 12 months of age of the Inka line, naturally infected with F. hepatica (≥1 HPG), not dewormed in the last 4 months, under the same management and feeding system were used. The animals were distributed into four groups (n=10): triclabendazole (25 mg/kg) and closantel (20 mg/kg) orally, clorsulon + ivermectin (15 mg/kg based on clorsulon) and nitroxinil (50 mg/ kg) subcutaneously. The parasite load was determined on days 0 and 30 post-dosing. The Egg Count Reduction Test determined an efficacy of 0% for triclabendazole and 100% for closantel, clorsulon + ivermectin, and nitroxinil. It is concluded that F. hepatica is resistant to triclabendazole and sensitive to closantel, clorsulón + ivermectin and nitroxinil in guinea pigs from INIA-Cajamarca.

RESUMEN El estudio tuvo por objetivo evaluar la eficacia de cuatro antihelmínticos en el control de Fasciola hepatica en la Estación Experimental del Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria (INIA), Baños del Inca, Cajamarca, Perú. Se utilizaron 40 cuyes de 5 a 12 meses de edad, de la línea Inka infectados naturalmente con F. hepatica (≥1 HPG) no desparasitados en los últimos 4 meses, bajo el mismo sistema de manejo y alimentación. Los cuyes fueron distribuidos en cuatro grupos (n=10): triclabendazol (25 mg/kg), closantel (20 mg/kg) vía oral, clorsulón + ivermectina (15 mg/kg en base a clorsulón) y nitroxinil (50 mg/kg), vía subcutánea. Se determinó la carga parasitaria el día 0 y 30 posdosificación. El Test de Reducción del Conteo de Huevos determinó una eficacia de 0% para triclabendazol y 100% para closantel, clorsulón + ivermectina, y nitroxinil. Se concluye F. hepatica es resistente al triclabendazol y sensible a closantel, clorsulón + ivermectina y nitroxinil en cuyes del INIA-Cajamarca.

ABSTRACT: In the peruvian highlands, the production of alfalfa and the fattening of guinea pigs face issues that impact the breeders' economy. A study in the hamlet of Coñaica (Panao, Pachitea, Huánuco) was conducted to assess the impact of biofertilization on alfalfa biomass and guinea pig fattening. Two experimental designs were implemented: the RCBD to measure alfalfa biomass and a CRD to study the fattening of weaned guinea pigs (both males and females). The three evaluated treatments included the application of Effective Microorganisms (EM) to the foliage (T1), EM to the soil (T2), and a control group without EM, with a dosage of 10% every 15 days. Biofertilized alfalfa was used as feed for male and female guinea pigs for a period of nine weeks. It was distinguished that the EM treatment to the foliage significantly increased the biomass of alfalfa and favorably affected the fattening of guinea pigs, although a significant improvement in the feed conversion rate was only observed in male guinea pigs. These findings suggest that foliar EM applications with a dosage of 10% every 15 days promote higher alfalfa productivity and enhance the guinea pig fattening process.

RESUMEN: En la sierra peruana, la producción de alfalfa y el engorde de cuyes enfrentan problemas que impactan la economía de los criadores. Un estudio en el Caserío de Coñaica (Panao, Pachitea, Huánuco) se llevó a cabo para evaluar el impacto de la biofertilización en la biomasa de alfalfa y el engorde de cuyes. Se implementaron dos diseños experimentales: DBCA para medir la biomasa de alfalfa y DCA para estudiar el engorde de cuyes destetados (machos y hembras). Los tres tratamientos evaluados fueron: aplicación de microorganismos eficaces (EM) al follaje (T1), EM al suelo (T2) y un grupo de control sin EM, con dosis del 10% cada 15 días. La alfalfa biofertilizada se utilizó como alimento para los cuyes machos y hembras durante nueve semanas. Se distinguió que el tratamiento de EM al follaje incrementó significativamente la biomasa de la alfalfa y afectó favorablemente al engorde de los cuyes, aunque solo se evidenció una mejora significativa en la conversión alimenticia de los cuyes machos. Estos resultados indican que las aplicaciones de EM al follaje con una dosis del 10% cada 15 días promueven una mayor productividad en la alfalfa y benefician el proceso de engorde de los cuyes.

ABSTRACT: In the last decade, there has been a significant increase in the demand for small rodents such as hamsters, guinea pigs, rats, and mice to be kept as pets. Consequently, the veterinary care provided to these animals has also increased. The aim of this study was to describe gross, histopathological and immunohistochemical findings of 26 spontaneous neoplasms diagnosed in 25 pet rodents in Northeastern Brazil. A retrospective study was carried out from 2014 to 2022 in two veterinary diagnostic laboratories to identify cases of tumoriform lesions in these species. Hamsters represented the most frequent species in this study (60%, 15/25), followed by rats (28%, 7/25), guinea pigs (8%, 2/25), and mice (4%, 1/25), with a mean age of 17.63 months. The anatomical regions of the face/head and thoracic region were the most affected. The most affected tissues were the skin/subcutaneous/mucosal (65%, 15/26) and mammary gland (23%, 6/26). Eighteen different types of neoplasms were diagnosed, and T-cell lymphomas and mammary adenocarcinomas were the most diagnosed tumors, each corresponding to 12% (3/26) of the cases. Leiomyosarcoma, myxosarcoma and mammary adenocarcinoma metastases were also noted. Immunohistochemistry was essential for the diagnosis of certain malignant mesenchymal and round-cell neoplasms. Pet rodent neoplasms in Northeastern Brazil are common, especially in hamsters, and immunohistochemistry can be a useful tool for the definitive diagnosis of these tumors. ABSTRACT decade hamsters pets Consequently increased gross 2 201 202 60%, 60 (60% 15/25, 1525 15/25 , 15 15/25) 28%, 28 (28% 7/25, 725 7/25 7 7/25) 8%, 8 (8% 2/25, 225 2/25 2/25) 4%, 4 (4% 1/25, 125 1/25 1 1/25) 1763 17 63 17.6 months facehead face head skinsubcutaneousmucosal skin subcutaneous mucosal 65%, 65 (65% 15/26 1526 23%, 23 (23% 6/26. 626 6/26 . 6 6/26) Tcell T cell tumors 12 3/26 326 3 (3/26 Leiomyosarcoma noted roundcell round common 20 60% (60 152 15/2 28% (28 72 7/2 8% (8 22 2/2 4% (4 1/2 176 17. 65% (65 23% (23 62 6/2 3/2 32 (3/2 (6 15/ (2 7/ ( 2/ 1/ 6/ 3/ (3/ (3

ABSTRACT The total weight of guinea pigs under experimental conditions of feeding with hydroponic green forage of barley, corn husk and concentrate was analyzed. The study was performed in Santa Rosa farm, Tacna (Peru). A total of four treatments were established for the animal feeding T1) hydroponic green forage with free barley + limited concentrate, T2) hydroponic green forage with limited barley + free concentrate, T3) limited corn husk + free concentrate and T4) free corn husk + limited concentrate. The total weight was analyzed when the fourth week finish. The order was: T3=661.33±47.17 g > T2=644.77±17.23 g > T1=499.56±8.34 g > T4=474.33±7.68 g. T3 and T2 showed significant difference (p<0.05) compared to T1 and T4. The total weigh of guinea pigs was higher in the treatments with free concentrate.

RESUMEN Se analizó el peso total de los cuyes en condiciones experimentales de alimentación con forraje verde hidropónico de cebada, maíz chala y concentrado. El estudio se realizó en la Granja Santa Rosa, Tacna (Perú). Se establecieron cuatro tratamientos para la alimentación de los animales: T1) forraje verde hidropónico con cebada libre + concentrado limitado, T2) forraje verde hidropónico con cebada limitada + concentrado libre, T3) maíz chala limitado + concentrado libre y T4) maíz chala libre + concentrado limitado. El peso total se analizó al finalizar la semana cuatro. El orden fue: T3 = 661.33±47.17 g > T2 = 644.77±17.23 g > T1 = 499.56±8.34 g > T4 = 474.33±7.68 g. T3 y T2 mostraron diferencia significativa (p<0.05) en comparación con T1 y T4. El peso total de los cuyes fue mayor en los tratamientos con concentrado libre.

ABSTRACT Equine influenza is a highly contagious viral disease, specially among 1-5 years old naive horses. Vaccination is considered the best way to control the disease spread and outbreaks. Although foals are the main animal used for evaluation of equine influenza vaccines, guinea pigs were chosen as an alternative model in the present work, as they have a negligible antibody titer against equine influenza virus and are cheaper and easier to handle than foals. Five equine influenza vaccine batches were evaluated in two animal models, foals and guinea pigs, by injection of two doses/animal with 4 weeks apart using 2 mL/animal/dose and evaluation of immune responses by hemagglutination inhibition test and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. On the 7th week post vaccination, equine influenza antibodies titers reached maximum values of 9-10.2 and 8.7-10 hemagglutination inhibition units for foals and guinea pigs, respectively; sample/negative ratios were 0.126-0.464 and 0.128-0.445 for both animals, respectively. The use of guinea pigs as an animal model for the evaluation of equine influenza vaccines could be recommended instead of foals.

RESUMEN La gripe equina es una enfermedad viral muy contagiosa, especialmente entre los caballos jóvenes de 1 a 5 años de edad. La vacunación se considera la mejor forma de controlar la propagación y los brotes de la enfermedad. Aunque los potros son el principal animal utilizado para la evaluación de vacunas contra la gripe equina, en el presente trabajo se eligieron cobayos como modelo alternativo, ya que tienen un título insignificante de anticuerpos contra el virus de la gripe equina y son más baratos y fáciles de manejar que los potros. Se evaluaron cinco lotes de vacunas contra la gripe equina en dos modelos animales, potros y cobayos, mediante la inyección de dos dosis/animal con 4 semanas de intervalo utilizando 2 mL/animal/dosis y la evaluación de las respuestas inmunitarias mediante la prueba de inhibición de la hemaglutinación y el ensayo inmunoenzimático. En la 7ª semana posvacunación, los títulos de anticuerpos contra la gripe equina alcanzaron valores máximos de 9-10,2 y 8,7-10 unidades de inhibición de la hemaglutinación para potros y cobayos, respectivamente; las relaciones muestras/negativos fueron de 0,126-0,464 y 0,128-0,445 para ambos animales, respectivamente. Podría recomendarse el uso de cobayos como modelo animal para la evaluación de vacunas contra la gripe equina, en lugar de potros.

Abstract. With the objective of evaluating the supplementation with lactic acid bacteria in the rations of fattening guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) on the productive parameters, the experimental assay was proposed under a complete random statistical design with factorial arrangement (3T x 3D): treatments: T1 (Lactobacillus casei), T2 (L. acidophilus) and T3 (mixture of L. casei and L. acidophilus) and three doses: 0, 50 and 100 ml (107 UFC ml-1) was offered mixing to the food. In all cases with 3 repetitions and 3 guinea pigs as experimental unit. A total of, 108 male guinea pigs 15 days old were used. The evaluation period lasted 54 days. The results for feed consumption and feed conversion ratio were not significant (p<0,05). However, live weight, weight gain and carcass percentage were statistically significant and with Tukey’s test for the 50 ml dose. For economic compensation, the cost of food was similar for all treatments and doses. However, numerically, the use of microorganisms favors obtaining guinea pigs with better commercial weights for sale.

Resumen Con el objetivo de evaluar la suplementación con bacterias ácido-lácticas en las raciones de cuyes (Cavia porcellus) de engorde sobre los parámetros productivos, se planteó la experiencia bajo el diseño estadístico completo al azar con arreglo factorial (3T x 3D): tratamientos: T1 (Lactobacillus casei), T2 (L. acidophilus) y T3 (mezcla de L. casei y L. acidophilus) y, tres dosis: 0, 50 y 100 ml (107 UFC ml-1) que se ofreció mezclando al alimento. En todos los casos con tres repeticiones y 3 cuyes como unidad experimental, para la comparación de medias se utilizó la prueba de contraste de Tukey, se experimentó con 108 cuyes machos con dos semanas de nacidos. El tiempo de evaluación fue 54 días. Los resultados para consumo de alimento e índice de conversión alimenticia fueron no significativos (p<0,05). Sin embargo, para el peso vivo y ganancia de peso estadísticamente fueron significativos y con la prueba de Tukey la mejor dosis fue de 50 ml, así como para el porcentaje de carcasa. Para la retribución económica el costo de alimento fue similar para todos los tratamientos y dosis. No obstante, numéricamente el uso de los microorganismos favorece para la obtención de cuyes con mejores pesos comerciales para la venta.

Abstract Objective To explore whether Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate (cAMP)-Epac1 signaling is activated in 1-Desamino-8-D-arginine-Vasopressin-induced Endolymphatic Hydrops (DDAVP-induced EH) and to provide new insight for further in-depth study of DDAVP-induced EH. Methods Eighteen healthy, red-eyed guinea pigs (36 ears) weighing 200-350 g were randomly divided into three groups: the control group, which received intraperitoneal injection of sterile saline (same volume as that in the other two groups) for 7 consecutive days; the DDAVP-7d group, which received intraperitoneal injection of 10 mg/mL/kg DDAVP for 7 consecutive days; and the DDAVP-14d group, which received intraperitoneal injection of 10 μg/mL/kg DDAVP for 14 consecutive days. After successful modeling, all animals were sacrificed, and cochlea tissues were collected to detect the mRNA and protein expression of the exchange protein directly activated by cAMP-1 and 2 (Epac1, Epac2), and Repressor Activator Protein-1 (Rap1) by Reverse Transcription (RT)-PCR and western blotting, respectively. Results Compared to the control group, the relative mRNA expression of Epac1, Epac2, Rap1A, and Rap1B in the cochlea tissue of the DDAVP-7d group was significantly higher (p< 0.05), while no significant difference in Rap1 GTPase activating protein (Rap1gap) mRNA expression was found between the two groups. The relative mRNA expression of Epac1, Rap1A, Rap1B, and Rap1gap in the cochlea tissue of the DDAVP-14d group was significantly higher than that of the control group (p< 0.05), while no significant difference in Epac2 mRNA expression was found between the DDAVP-14d and control groups. Comparison between the DDAVP-14d and DDAVP-7d groups showed that the DDAVP-14d group had significantly lower Epac2 and Rap1A (p< 0.05) and higher Rap1gap (p < 0.05) mRNA expression in the cochlea tissue than that of the DDAVP-7d group, while no significant differences in Epac1 and Rap1B mRNA expression were found between the two groups. Western blotting showed that Epac1 protein expression in the cochlea tissue was the highest in the DDAVP-14d group, followed by that in the DDAVP-7d group, and was the lowest in the control group, showing significant differences between groups (p< 0.05); Rap1 protein expression in the cochlea tissue was the highest in the DDAVP-7d group, followed by the DDAVP-14d group, and was the lowest in the control group, showing significant differences between groups (p< 0.05); no significant differences in Epac2 protein expression in the cochlea tissue were found among the three groups. Conclusion DDAVP upregulated Epac1 protein expression in the guinea pig cochlea, leading to activation of the inner ear cAMP-Epac1 signaling pathway. This may be an important mechanism by which DDAVP regulates endolymphatic metabolism to induce EH and affect inner ear function. Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine 2011 Levels of Evidence Level 5. cAMPEpac1 cAMPEpac cAMP Epac (cAMP)-Epac 1Desamino8DarginineVasopressininduced DesaminoDarginineVasopressininduced 1 Desamino 8 D arginine Vasopressin induced DDAVPinduced indepth depth healthy redeyed red eyed 36 (3 ears 200350 200 350 200-35 same days DDAVP7d DDAVPd 7d d mgmLkg mg mL kg DDAVP14d 14d μgmLkg μg modeling sacrificed cAMP1 cAMP- (Epac1 , Epac2) Protein1 Protein Protein- Rap (Rap1 RTPCR RT PCR respectively RapA A RapB B p< p 0.05, 005 0.05 0 05 Rapgap gap (Rap1gap cAMP-Epac pathway function EvidenceBased Based 201 5 DarginineVasopressininduced 3 ( 20035 20 35 200-3 (Epac (Rap 00 0.0 2003 200- 0.

ABSTRACT This study determine the prevalence of Eimeria spp and performs the morphometric study of the oocysts found in the faeces of guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) from commercial family-rearing farms in the district of Chota, Cajamarca, Peru. The study was conducted betweenAugustand October 2014.Intotal, 285 faecalsampleswere obtainedregardless of sex, age and type of guinea pigs in eight communities. The samples were processed using the Sheather technique and the morphometric study of the oocysts was carried out by microscopic observation at 40X using a micrometric eyepiece with a correction factor of 1.64. Oocyst sporulation was induced with 2.5% potassium dichromate. The prevalence of Eimeria spp was 25%. The average of subspherical-shaped oocysts was 17.46 µm long and 17.25 µm wide and for ellipsoidal oocysts it was 23.40 µm long and 17.8 µm wide. The morphometric characteristics indicate that it would be Eimeria caviae.

RESUMEN El presente trabajo determina la prevalencia de Eimeria spp y realiza el estudio morfométrico de los ooquistes hallados en las heces de cuyes (Cavia porcellus) procedentes de granjas de crianza familiar comercial del distrito de Chota, Cajamarca, Perú. El estudio se realizó entre agosto y octubre de 2014. Se obtuvieron 285 muestras de heces independientemente del sexo, edad y tipo de cuyes en ocho caseríos. Las muestras fueron procesadas mediante la técnica de Sheather y el estudio morfométrico de los ooquistes se efectuó por observación en microscopio a 40X empleando un ocular micrométrico con un factor de corrección de 1.64. La esporulación de los ooquistes se indujo con dicromato de potasio al 2.5%. La prevalencia de Eimeria spp fue de 25%. El promedio de los ooquistes de forma subesférico fue de 17.46 µm de largo y 17.25 µm de ancho y para los de forma elipsoidal fue de 23.40 µm de largo y 17.8 µm de ancho. Las características morfométricas indican que se trataría de Eimeria caviae.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of three frequently drugs used in the control of nematodes in guinea pigs at the Baños del Inca Experimental Station of the National Institute of Agricultural Innovation (INIA), Cajamarca. Forty male guinea pigs of the Inka line between 2 to 3 months of age, positive for Trichuris spp and Paraspidodera uncinata, naturally infected, and reared within the same management and feeding system were used. The guinea pigs were homogeneously distributed according to the number of eggs per gram of faeces in 20 positive for Paraspidodera uncinata and 20 for Trichuris spp, distributed in four groups of five each. The treatments were T0: control group, not dosed; T1: fenbendazole 20 mg/kg, PO; T2: oxfendazole 20 mg/kg, PO; and T3: ivermectin 0.5 mg/kg, SQ. The evaluation was carried out by necropsy on day 10 of dosing using the the Randomized Controlled Trial. An efficacy of 100% was determined for fenbendazole and oxfendazole against Trichuris spp and P. uncinata, while ivermectin was 91% effective against P. uncinata and 68% against Trichuris spp. It is concluded that, in INIA-Cajamarca guinea pigs, P. uncinata and Trichuris spp were susceptible to fenbendazole and oxfendazole, and resistant to ivermectin.

RESUMEN El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar la eficacia de tres principios activos de uso frecuente en el control de nematodos en cuyes de la Estación Experimental Baños del Inca del Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agropecuaria (INIA), Cajamarca. Se utilizaron 40 cuyes machos de la línea Inka de entre 2 a 3 meses de edad, positivos a Trichuris spp y Paraspidodera uncinata, infectados naturalmente, y criados dentro de un mismo sistema de manejo y alimentación. Los cuyes fueron distribuidos homogéneamente según el número de huevos por gramo de heces en 20 positivos a Paraspidodera uncinata y20 a Trichuris spp, distribuidos en cuatro grupos de cinco cada uno. Los tratamientos fueron T0: grupo control, no dosificado; T1: fenbendazol 20 mg/kg, PO; T2: oxfendazol 20 mg/kg, PO; y T3: ivermectina 0.5 mg/kg, SQ. La evaluación se realizó mediante necropsia al día 10 de la dosificación mediante el Test de Ensayo Controlado. Se determinó una eficacia de 100% para fenbendazol y oxfendazol frente a Trichuris spp y P. uncinata, en tanto que ivermectina fue 91% eficaz frente a P. uncinata y 68% contra Trichuris spp. Se concluye que, en cuyes del INIA-Cajamarca, P. uncinata y Trichuris spp fueron susceptibles a fenbendazol y oxfendazol, y resistentes a ivermectina.

Resumen Chagas es una endemia que afecta a Latinoamérica con alto impacto biomédico y social. Es un caso único en la historia médica donde primero se descubre un microorganismo y luego la enfermedad que produce. El “redescubrimiento” de su importancia se origina en la Argentina, con los estudios de Salvador Mazza y colaboradores de diferentes provincias en la Misión de Estudios de Patología Regional Argentina (MEPRA). A pesar de su magnitud, es objeto de adjetivaciones como “endemia olvidada”, “enfermedad silenciosa”, “mal escondido” y está incluida entre las “enfermedades desatendidas”. Originalmente era una endemia rural, actualmente se ha urbanizado y globalizado por migraciones y propagación interhumana, principalmente por la transmisión madre-hijo. Además, la vía oral hace años adquirió importancia epidemiológica. El diagnóstico de laboratorio está protocolizado y es posible realizarlo incluso en laboratorios de baja complejidad. Para la prevención, interferir en la cadena epidemiológica que incluye reservorios domésticos es una estrategia que puede contribuir a disminuir la infección en zonas con transmisión vectorial. La vacunación con Trypanosoma rangeli, parásito inmunológicamente similar a Trypanosoma cruzi pero no patógeno, ha demostrado su eficacia para proteger perros y cobayos contra la infección por T. cruzi. Basso et al. han estudiado además mecanismos protectores, demostrando la importancia de la inmunidad innata, además de la clásica inmunidad adaptativa. Por último, este artículo aborda aspectos académicos, sociales y bioéticos, enfatizando la importancia de la enseñanza de Chagas en ciencias de la salud y la necesidad de garantizar los principios y valores bioéticos aplicables a poblaciones vulnerables.

Resumo Chagas é uma doença endêmica que afeta à América Latina com alto impacto biomédico e social. É um caso único na história da Medicina, onde primeiro se descobre um microrganismo e depois a doença que ele produz. A “redescoberta” de sua importância tem origem na Argentina, com os estudos de Salvador Mazza e colaboradores de diferentes províncias na Missão de Estudos de Patologia Regional Argentina (MEPRA). Apesar de sua importância, é objeto de adjetivos como “endemia esquecida”, “doença silenciosa”, “mal escondido” e está incluída entre as “doenças negligenciadas”. Originalmente endemia rural, agora é urbanizada e globalizada por migrações e disseminação inter-humana, principalmente a transmissão mãe-filho. Por outro lado, a transmissão oral faz anos adquiriu importância epidemiológica. O diagnóstico laboratorial é protocolizado e é possível realizá-lo mesmo em laboratórios de baixa complexidade. Quanto à prevenção, a interrupção da cadeia epidemiológica que inclui reservatórios domésticos, é uma estratégia que pode contribuir a reduzir a infecção em áreas com transmissão vetorial. A vacinação com Trypanosoma rangeli, parasita imunologicamente semelhante ao Trypanosoma cruzi, mas não patogênico, tem se mostrado eficaz na proteção de cães e cobaias contra a infecção por T. cruzi. Basso et al. estudaram os mecanismos protetores, demonstrando a importância da imunidade inata, além da imunidade adaptativa clássica. Finalmente, o artigo aborda aspectos acadêmicos, sociais e bioéticos, enfatizando a importância do ensino de Chagas em Ciências da Saúde, e a necessidade de garantir os princípios e valores bioéticos aplicáveis às populações vulneráveis.

Abstract Chagas disease is an endemic disease that affects Latin America with high biomedical and social impact. This work addresses aspects and particularities that characterise this disease. It is a unique case in medicine as the microorganism was discovered before the disease it causes. The re-discovery of its relevance had its origin in Argentina, due to studies conducted by Salvador Mazza and collaborators from various provinces, within the Mission of Regional Pathology Studies from Argentina (MEPRA). Notwithstanding its importance, it is often described as “forgotten endemic disease”, “silent disease”, “hidden illness”, and it is included among the “neglected diseases”. Originally considered as rural endemic, nowadays it is urbanised and globalised, due to migrations and inter-human propagation, mainly by mother-child transmission. On the other hand, oral transmission is considered now of epidemiological relevance. Laboratory diagnosis is protocolised and it is possible to carry it out even in low complexity laboratories. Concerning disease prevention, interrupting the epidemiological chain that includes domestic reservoirs is a strategy that can contribute to reducing the infection in areas where it is vector-borne. Vaccination with Trypanosoma rangeli, a parasite immunologically similar to Trypanosoma cruzi but which is nonpathogenic, has demonstrated its efficacy in protecting dogs and guinea pigs against T. cruzi infection. Basso et al. have studied the importance of innate immunity, in addition to the classic adaptive immunity. Finally, this article addresses academic, social and bioethical aspects, emphasizing the importance of an adequate education in the health science field, as well as the need to guarantee bioethical principles and values regarding vulnerable populations.

ABSTRACT: We describe an outbreak of leishmaniasis in seven guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) in which nodular ulcerated skin lesions of varying sizes were observed in the nasal cavity, upper lip, pinnae, vulva, and periarticular region of the limbs. Cytologic exam of collected samples of the lesions in the auricle of one of the animals revealed macrophages containing parasitophorous vacuoles of approximately 4.0μm in diameter in their cytoplasm with morphology suggestive of Leishmania sp. Although skin lesions spontaneously regressed in two of the Guinea pigs, only one survived. All six animals that died were necropsied. Grossly, all animals showed bloody nodular cutaneous lesions with crusts. One of the guinea pigs had distended dark red and firm lungs. Histopathology of the skin lesions revealed histiocytic interstitial acanthotic dermatitis associated with a myriad of Leishmania organisms within macrophages cytoplasm. In the lung, the lesions were characteristic of broncho-interstitial pneumonia with focal infiltrates of neutrophils, epithelioid macrophages, and multinucleated giant cells containing 2µm basophilic amastigotes with morphology compatible with Leishmania spp. A focal granulomatous lesion ,associated with the causal agent in the lung is a novel description of leishmaniasis in guinea pigs caused by L. enriettii. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique with mini-exon primer performed in samples of lesions from two affected guinea pigs was positive and equal to the reference strain, identifying Leishmania enriettii. The cytological, macroscopic, and histological lesions associated with the PCR technique allowed the diagnosis of leishmaniasis and the identification of the specie L. enriettii. ABSTRACT Cavia porcellus cavity lip pinnae vulva limbs 40μm μm 4 0μm sp survived necropsied Grossly crusts lungs bronchointerstitial broncho neutrophils µm spp L enriettii (PCR miniexon mini exon strain cytological macroscopic

RESUMO: Descrevemos um surto de leishmaniose em sete cobaias (Cavia porcellus), com lesões cutâneas nodulares ulceradas de tamanhos variados observadas na cavidade nasal, lábio superior, pavilhões auriculares, vulva e região periarticular dos membros. No exame citológico foram encontrados macrófagos contendo vacúolos parasitóforos no citoplasma de aproximadamente 4.0μm em diâmetro com morfologia sugestiva de Leishmania sp. Apesar de regressão espontânea das lesões cutâneas terem ocorrido em duas das sete cobaias, apenas um sobreviveu. Seis dos sete animais afetados morreram e foram necropsiados. Macroscopicamente, todos os animais apresentaram lesões cutâneas nodulares, crostosas e sanguinolentas. Uma das cobaias tinha pulmões vermelho-escuros, distendidos e firmes. A histopatologia das lesões cutâneas revelou dermatite acantótica intersticial histiocítica associada a miríades de organismos de Leishmania no citoplasma de macrófagos. Nos pulmões as lesões eram características de pneumonia bronco-intersticial com infiltrado focal de neutrófilos, eosinófilos, macrófagos epitelioides e células gigantes multinucleadas contendo amastigotas basofílicos de 2µm com morfologia compatível com Leishmania spp. Lesões granulomatosas focais associadas ao agente no pulmão são um achado inédito na leishmaniose causada por L. enriettii em cobaias. A técnica de reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) com primer mini-exon realizada em amostras de lesões de duas cobaias afetadas foi positiva, identificando Leishmania enriettii. Os aspectos macroscópicos, citológicos, e histológicos associados à técnica da (PCR), permitiram o diagnóstico da leishmaniose e a identificação da espécie L. enriettii. RESUMO Cavia porcellus, porcellus , porcellus) nasal superior auriculares membros 40μm μm 4 0μm sp sobreviveu necropsiados Macroscopicamente sanguinolentas vermelhoescuros, vermelhoescuros vermelho escuros, escuros vermelho-escuros firmes broncointersticial bronco neutrófilos eosinófilos µm spp L PCR (PCR miniexon mini exon positiva macroscópicos citológicos PCR,

ABSTRACT Objective: To study the effect of using a combination of Channa Striata gel and hyperbaric oxygen therapy on pressure areas during orthodontic treatment. Material and Methods: The study was conducted using the ARRIVE Essential 10 guidelines. In this study, 35 3-4 months male guinea pigs (Cavia Cobaya) weighing 300-400 grams were used and divided into 5 groups (n=7). Decalcification was performed to dissolve the dental calcium and jawbone to cut the tissue properly. The decalcification was performed for 30 days. Then preparations were made with HE (Hematoxylin Eosin), observed using a microscope, and counted the number of osteoclasts and macrophages on a light microscope with 400 times magnification. The results of the preparations were analyzed using the SPSS program. Results: The Kruskal-Wallis test of macrophage cells and the ANOVA test of osteoclast cells showed significant results between all groups (p<0.05). Conclusion: The effect of hyperbaric oxygen therapy 2,4 ATA administered on days 8-14 and Channa Striata extract gel administered on days 3-14 can increase the number of macrophages in the periodontal ligament and osteoclasts in the alveolar bone in the pressure area during orthodontic tooth movement. Objective treatment Methods 1 guidelines 3 34 4 3- Cavia Cobaya 300400 300 300-40 n=7. n7 n n=7 . 7 (n=7) properly Hematoxylin Eosin, Eosin , Eosin) 40 magnification program Results KruskalWallis Kruskal Wallis p<0.05. p005 p p<0.05 0 05 (p<0.05) Conclusion 24 2 2, 814 8 14 8-1 314 3-1 movement 30040 300-4 n= (n=7 p00 p<0.0 (p<0.05 81 8- 31 3004 300- (n= p0 p<0. (p<0.0 (n p<0 (p<0. p< (p<0 (p< (p

Resumen El estudio se realizó con el objetivo de determinar la influencia de la edad en el nivel de consumo de materia seca (CMS) y la ganancia de peso (GP) por unidad de peso, el peso y rendimiento de la canal (PC y RC) y de masa muscular (PMM, RMM) en cuyes. Se trabajó con 80 cuyes que fueron sacrificados a los 63, 77, 91 y 105 días edad (tratamientos 1 a 4, respectivamente), iniciando con gazapos machos destetados a los 21±3 días de edad, con peso promedio de 345 g y se prolongó hasta las edades indicadas en cada tratamiento, determinando el nivel de CMS, GP, RC y RMM. La determinación de RC y RMM se realizó con base a la obtención de la canal de 4 animales de cada tratamiento. Al analizar estadísticamente se determinó que tanto el CMS como la GP por unidad de peso, son características correlacionadas inversamente con la edad del animal. Durante los primeros 14 días de alimentación, los cuyes diariamente crecieron 4.20 % del peso vivo (PV), nivel que fue descendiendo gradual y significativamente hasta 1.55 % en los 14 últimos días, con incrementos diarios de 14.5-12.1 g, alcanzando el peso ideal de comercialización (920-950 g) a los 77 días de edad. Para la GP (903.6, 1127.3, 1303.4 y 1353.9 g), se obtuvo diferencias estadísticas (p˂ 0.01), salvo la similitud en la ganancia lograda a los de 91 y 105 días de edad. El índice de conversión alimenticia (ICA), disminuye con la edad de los animales, de 3.47 g de MS necesarios por kg de GP en las primeras etapas, aumenta a 6.16 kg para igual incremento en el último periodo evaluado, determinando que este carácter guarda una correlación inversa con la edad. El PC y PMM tiende a aumentar en función a la edad de los animales y en concordancia al aumento en PV, sin embargo, los cambios significativos (p˂ 0.01), ocurren hasta los 91 y 77 días de edad, respectivamente. Finalmente, sobre el RC (libre de la cabeza, las extremidades y vísceras rojas (53.7, 54.1, 53.3 y 53.1%,) y el RMM no se ha determinado efecto de la edad del cuy en etapa de recría.

Abstract The aim of the study was to determine the influence of age on the level of dry matter intake (DMI) and weight gain (WG) per unit weight, carcass weight and yield (WS and YC) and muscle mass (PMM, RMM) in guinea pigs. We worked with 80 guinea pigs that were slaughtered at 63, 77, 91 and 105 days of age (treatments 1 to 4, respectively), starting with male gazapos weaned at 21±3 days of age, with an average weight of 345 g and continued until the ages indicated in each treatment, determining the level of CMS, WG, YC and RMM. The determination of YC and MMR was carried out by obtaining the carcasses of 4 animals from each treatment. When statistically analyzed, it was determined that both CMS and WG per unit weight were inversely correlated with the age of the animal. During the first 14 days of feeding, the guinea pigs daily grew 4.20 % of live weight (BW), a level that gradually and significantly decreased to 1.55 % in the last 14 days, with daily increases of 14.5-12.1 g, reaching the ideal marketing weight (920-950 g) at 77 days of age. For WG (903.6, 1127.3, 1303.4 and 1353.9 g), statistical differences were obtained (p˂ 0.01), except similarity in gain achieved at 91 and 105 days of age. The feed conversion ratio (FCR), decreases with the age of the animals, from 3.47 g of DM needed per kg of WG in the first stages, increases to 6.16 kg for the same increase in the last period evaluated, determining that this character has an inverse correlation with age. WC and WMP tend to increase as a function of the age of the animals and in accordance with the increase in BW, however, the significant changes (p˂ 0.01), occur up to 91 and 77 days of age, respectively. Finally, on the YC (free head, limbs and red viscera (53.7, 54.1, 53.3 and 53.1%) and the MMR, no effect of the age of the guinea pig in the rearing stage has been determined.

Resumen Con la henificación, los forrajes pierden, entre otros, vitamina C, hasta niveles de carencia en la dieta diaria del cuy (Cavia porcellus). Es de conocimiento que esta vitamina es esencial para los cuyes en virtud a que el organismo de estos no sintetiza vitamina C por la carencia de la enzima L-gulono-1,4-lactona oxidasa, originando dependencia de forraje fresco o verde. En comparación a la información disponible sobre uso de forraje fresco en la alimentación de cuyes, es mucho menor la información con base a experiencias de alimentación con heno, situación que motivó realizar este estudio, con el propósito de evaluar la respuesta animal a la sustitución total o parcial de alfalfa fresca (Medicago sativa) por heno, complementado con concentrado comercial enriquecido con vitamina C. El ensayo se realizó con 27 cuyes machos destetados a las 3 semanas de nacidos, y tuvo una duración de 8 semanas. Los animales fueron divididos en 3 tratamientos con igual número de repeticiones distribuidos con base a diseño completamente al azar. Los tratamientos fueron: T1 Forraje fresco 15 % del peso corporal (PC), T2 Forraje fresco 7.5 % PC+heno 1.5 % PC, T3 Heno 3.0 % PC, complementado en todos los casos con concentrado comercial enriquecido con vitamina C administrado en este caso a libre discreción. Se determinó que mediante la sustitución total o parcial de forraje fresco por heno de alfalfa se obtienen resultados estadísticamente similares para el nivel de consumo de materia seca 3447, 3512 y 3738 g, incremento de peso corporal 790, 775 y 782 g, conversión alimenticia 4.36, 4.53 y 4.64 y, rendimiento de canal 70.0, 68.2 y 69.9%. Se concluye que el heno de alfalfa puede reemplazar total o parcialmente a la alfalfa fresca, teniendo el cuidado que otra parte de la ración (concentrado) aporte suficiente cantidad de vitamina C, modalidad de administración de forraje que podría adoptarse como nueva alternativa para la alimentación de cuyes principalmente durante la estación se estiaje.

Abstract During haymaking, fodder loses, among other things, vitamin C, to the extent that it is lacking in the daily diet of the guinea pig (Cavia porcellus). It is known that this vitamin is essential for guinea pigs because the guinea pig body does not synthesize vitamin C due to a lack of the enzyme L-gulono-1,4-lactone oxidase, resulting in a dependence on fresh or green fodder. In comparison to the information available on the use of fresh forage in guinea pig feeding, there is much less information based on experiences with hay feeding, a situation that motivated this study, with the purpose of evaluating the animal response to the total or partial substitution of fresh alfalfa (Medicago sativa) for hay, supplemented with commercial concentrate enriched with vitamin C. The trial was conducted with 27 male guinea pigs weaned at 3 weeks of age, and lasted 8 weeks. The animals were divided into 3 treatments with an equal number of replicates distributed according to a completely randomized design. The treatments were: T1 Fresh forage 15 % of body weight (BW), T2 Fresh forage 7.5 % BW + hay 1.5 % BW, T3 Hay 3.0 % BW, supplemented in all cases with commercial concentrate enriched with vitamin C administered at free choice. It was determined that by total or partial substitution of fresh forage by alfalfa hay, statistically similar results were obtained for dry matter intake level 3447, 3512 and 3738 g, body weight gain 790, 775 and 782 g, feed conversion 4.36, 4.53 and 4.64 and carcass yield 70.0, 68.2 and 69.9 %. It is concluded that alfalfa hay can totally or partially replace fresh alfalfa, taking care that another part of the ration (concentrate) provides a sufficient amount of vitamin C, a forage administration method that could be adopted as a new alternative for guinea pig feeding, mainly during the dry season.