ABSTRACT: In the peruvian highlands, the production of alfalfa and the fattening of guinea pigs face issues that impact the breeders' economy. A study in the hamlet of Coñaica (Panao, Pachitea, Huánuco) was conducted to assess the impact of biofertilization on alfalfa biomass and guinea pig fattening. Two experimental designs were implemented: the RCBD to measure alfalfa biomass and a CRD to study the fattening of weaned guinea pigs (both males and females). The three evaluated treatments included the application of Effective Microorganisms (EM) to the foliage (T1), EM to the soil (T2), and a control group without EM, with a dosage of 10% every 15 days. Biofertilized alfalfa was used as feed for male and female guinea pigs for a period of nine weeks. It was distinguished that the EM treatment to the foliage significantly increased the biomass of alfalfa and favorably affected the fattening of guinea pigs, although a significant improvement in the feed conversion rate was only observed in male guinea pigs. These findings suggest that foliar EM applications with a dosage of 10% every 15 days promote higher alfalfa productivity and enhance the guinea pig fattening process.

RESUMEN: En la sierra peruana, la producción de alfalfa y el engorde de cuyes enfrentan problemas que impactan la economía de los criadores. Un estudio en el Caserío de Coñaica (Panao, Pachitea, Huánuco) se llevó a cabo para evaluar el impacto de la biofertilización en la biomasa de alfalfa y el engorde de cuyes. Se implementaron dos diseños experimentales: DBCA para medir la biomasa de alfalfa y DCA para estudiar el engorde de cuyes destetados (machos y hembras). Los tres tratamientos evaluados fueron: aplicación de microorganismos eficaces (EM) al follaje (T1), EM al suelo (T2) y un grupo de control sin EM, con dosis del 10% cada 15 días. La alfalfa biofertilizada se utilizó como alimento para los cuyes machos y hembras durante nueve semanas. Se distinguió que el tratamiento de EM al follaje incrementó significativamente la biomasa de la alfalfa y afectó favorablemente al engorde de los cuyes, aunque solo se evidenció una mejora significativa en la conversión alimenticia de los cuyes machos. Estos resultados indican que las aplicaciones de EM al follaje con una dosis del 10% cada 15 días promueven una mayor productividad en la alfalfa y benefician el proceso de engorde de los cuyes.

ABSTRACT The guinea pig is a South American rodent with a docile behavior that has been gaining popularity as a pet, increasing the search for specialized veterinary care for the species. In the clinical casuistry, about half of the visits are due to dermatological changes, among which fungal infections are uncommon. Sporotrichosis is a zoonosis caused by the fungus of the genus Sporothrix, widely distributed in nature, which contaminates the host from the inoculation of the agent in lesions and mucous membranes and has been reported in several species of animals. Felines with access to the street are the main disseminators of the agent due to the behaviors of the species and can contaminate other animals and humans. The most evident clinical signs are crusted, exudative and difficult to heal lesions, requiring complementary tests such as PCR and culture to confirm the diagnosis. The specific treatment is time-consuming, using antifungal drugs such as itraconazole, which can be associated with topical treatment to aid healing. Given the difficulty of finding references about this zoonosis, it is difficult to obtain reliable data on the epidemiology of this disease. The present work describes the first report of sporotrichosis in guinea pig in Brazil, the complementary examinations that resulted in the definitive diagnosis and the effective therapeutic response, to contribute to possible work and research. pet casuistry changes uncommon Sporothrix nature humans crusted timeconsuming, timeconsuming time consuming, consuming time-consuming itraconazole healing disease Brazil response research

RESUMO O porquinho-da-índia é um roedor sul-americano de comportamento dócil que vem ganhando popularidade como pet, aumentando a busca por atendimento veterinário especializado para a espécie. Na casuística clínica, cerca da metade dos atendimentos ocorre em razão de alterações dermatológicas, entre as quais são comuns as infecções fúngicas. A esporotricose é uma zoonose causada pelo fungo do gênero Sporothrix, distribuído amplamente na natureza, que contamina o hospedeiro a partir da inoculação do agente em lesões e mucosas e foi relatado em várias espécies de animais. Felinos com acesso à rua são os principais disseminadores do agente devido aos comportamentos da espécie, podendo contaminar outros animais e os seres humanos. Os sinais clínicos mais evidentes são lesões crostosas, exsudativas e de difícil cicatrização, sendo necessária a realização de exames complementares, como PCR e cultura, para a confirmação do diagnóstico. O tratamento específico é demorado, utilizando-se antifúngico como o itraconazol, o qual ser associado a tratamento tópico para auxiliar na cicatrização. Diante da dificuldade de achar referências a respeito dessa zoonose, torna-se difícil a obtenção de dados confiáveis acerca da epidemiologia dessa doença. O presente trabalho descreve o primeiro relato de ocorrência de esporotricose em porquinho-da-índia no Brasil, os exames complementares que resultaram no diagnóstico definitivo e a obtenção da resposta terapêutica eficaz, a fim de contribuir para eventuais trabalhos e pesquisas. porquinhodaíndia porquinho índia sulamericano sul americano pet espécie clínica dermatológicas fúngicas Sporothrix natureza humanos crostosas cicatrização cultura demorado utilizandose utilizando se itraconazol tornase torna doença Brasil eficaz pesquisas

ABSTRACT: In the last decade, there has been a significant increase in the demand for small rodents such as hamsters, guinea pigs, rats, and mice to be kept as pets. Consequently, the veterinary care provided to these animals has also increased. The aim of this study was to describe gross, histopathological and immunohistochemical findings of 26 spontaneous neoplasms diagnosed in 25 pet rodents in Northeastern Brazil. A retrospective study was carried out from 2014 to 2022 in two veterinary diagnostic laboratories to identify cases of tumoriform lesions in these species. Hamsters represented the most frequent species in this study (60%, 15/25), followed by rats (28%, 7/25), guinea pigs (8%, 2/25), and mice (4%, 1/25), with a mean age of 17.63 months. The anatomical regions of the face/head and thoracic region were the most affected. The most affected tissues were the skin/subcutaneous/mucosal (65%, 15/26) and mammary gland (23%, 6/26). Eighteen different types of neoplasms were diagnosed, and T-cell lymphomas and mammary adenocarcinomas were the most diagnosed tumors, each corresponding to 12% (3/26) of the cases. Leiomyosarcoma, myxosarcoma and mammary adenocarcinoma metastases were also noted. Immunohistochemistry was essential for the diagnosis of certain malignant mesenchymal and round-cell neoplasms. Pet rodent neoplasms in Northeastern Brazil are common, especially in hamsters, and immunohistochemistry can be a useful tool for the definitive diagnosis of these tumors. ABSTRACT decade hamsters pets Consequently increased gross 2 201 202 60%, 60 (60% 15/25, 1525 15/25 , 15 15/25) 28%, 28 (28% 7/25, 725 7/25 7 7/25) 8%, 8 (8% 2/25, 225 2/25 2/25) 4%, 4 (4% 1/25, 125 1/25 1 1/25) 1763 17 63 17.6 months facehead face head skinsubcutaneousmucosal skin subcutaneous mucosal 65%, 65 (65% 15/26 1526 23%, 23 (23% 6/26. 626 6/26 . 6 6/26) Tcell T cell tumors 12 3/26 326 3 (3/26 Leiomyosarcoma noted roundcell round common 20 60% (60 152 15/2 28% (28 72 7/2 8% (8 22 2/2 4% (4 1/2 176 17. 65% (65 23% (23 62 6/2 3/2 32 (3/2 (6 15/ (2 7/ ( 2/ 1/ 6/ 3/ (3/ (3

ABSTRACT Equine influenza is a highly contagious viral disease, specially among 1-5 years old naive horses. Vaccination is considered the best way to control the disease spread and outbreaks. Although foals are the main animal used for evaluation of equine influenza vaccines, guinea pigs were chosen as an alternative model in the present work, as they have a negligible antibody titer against equine influenza virus and are cheaper and easier to handle than foals. Five equine influenza vaccine batches were evaluated in two animal models, foals and guinea pigs, by injection of two doses/animal with 4 weeks apart using 2 mL/animal/dose and evaluation of immune responses by hemagglutination inhibition test and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. On the 7th week post vaccination, equine influenza antibodies titers reached maximum values of 9-10.2 and 8.7-10 hemagglutination inhibition units for foals and guinea pigs, respectively; sample/negative ratios were 0.126-0.464 and 0.128-0.445 for both animals, respectively. The use of guinea pigs as an animal model for the evaluation of equine influenza vaccines could be recommended instead of foals.

RESUMEN La gripe equina es una enfermedad viral muy contagiosa, especialmente entre los caballos jóvenes de 1 a 5 años de edad. La vacunación se considera la mejor forma de controlar la propagación y los brotes de la enfermedad. Aunque los potros son el principal animal utilizado para la evaluación de vacunas contra la gripe equina, en el presente trabajo se eligieron cobayos como modelo alternativo, ya que tienen un título insignificante de anticuerpos contra el virus de la gripe equina y son más baratos y fáciles de manejar que los potros. Se evaluaron cinco lotes de vacunas contra la gripe equina en dos modelos animales, potros y cobayos, mediante la inyección de dos dosis/animal con 4 semanas de intervalo utilizando 2 mL/animal/dosis y la evaluación de las respuestas inmunitarias mediante la prueba de inhibición de la hemaglutinación y el ensayo inmunoenzimático. En la 7ª semana posvacunación, los títulos de anticuerpos contra la gripe equina alcanzaron valores máximos de 9-10,2 y 8,7-10 unidades de inhibición de la hemaglutinación para potros y cobayos, respectivamente; las relaciones muestras/negativos fueron de 0,126-0,464 y 0,128-0,445 para ambos animales, respectivamente. Podría recomendarse el uso de cobayos como modelo animal para la evaluación de vacunas contra la gripe equina, en lugar de potros.

ABSTRACT The total weight of guinea pigs under experimental conditions of feeding with hydroponic green forage of barley, corn husk and concentrate was analyzed. The study was performed in Santa Rosa farm, Tacna (Peru). A total of four treatments were established for the animal feeding T1) hydroponic green forage with free barley + limited concentrate, T2) hydroponic green forage with limited barley + free concentrate, T3) limited corn husk + free concentrate and T4) free corn husk + limited concentrate. The total weight was analyzed when the fourth week finish. The order was: T3=661.33±47.17 g > T2=644.77±17.23 g > T1=499.56±8.34 g > T4=474.33±7.68 g. T3 and T2 showed significant difference (p<0.05) compared to T1 and T4. The total weigh of guinea pigs was higher in the treatments with free concentrate.

RESUMEN Se analizó el peso total de los cuyes en condiciones experimentales de alimentación con forraje verde hidropónico de cebada, maíz chala y concentrado. El estudio se realizó en la Granja Santa Rosa, Tacna (Perú). Se establecieron cuatro tratamientos para la alimentación de los animales: T1) forraje verde hidropónico con cebada libre + concentrado limitado, T2) forraje verde hidropónico con cebada limitada + concentrado libre, T3) maíz chala limitado + concentrado libre y T4) maíz chala libre + concentrado limitado. El peso total se analizó al finalizar la semana cuatro. El orden fue: T3 = 661.33±47.17 g > T2 = 644.77±17.23 g > T1 = 499.56±8.34 g > T4 = 474.33±7.68 g. T3 y T2 mostraron diferencia significativa (p<0.05) en comparación con T1 y T4. El peso total de los cuyes fue mayor en los tratamientos con concentrado libre.

Abstract. With the objective of evaluating the supplementation with lactic acid bacteria in the rations of fattening guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) on the productive parameters, the experimental assay was proposed under a complete random statistical design with factorial arrangement (3T x 3D): treatments: T1 (Lactobacillus casei), T2 (L. acidophilus) and T3 (mixture of L. casei and L. acidophilus) and three doses: 0, 50 and 100 ml (107 UFC ml-1) was offered mixing to the food. In all cases with 3 repetitions and 3 guinea pigs as experimental unit. A total of, 108 male guinea pigs 15 days old were used. The evaluation period lasted 54 days. The results for feed consumption and feed conversion ratio were not significant (p<0,05). However, live weight, weight gain and carcass percentage were statistically significant and with Tukey’s test for the 50 ml dose. For economic compensation, the cost of food was similar for all treatments and doses. However, numerically, the use of microorganisms favors obtaining guinea pigs with better commercial weights for sale.

Resumen Con el objetivo de evaluar la suplementación con bacterias ácido-lácticas en las raciones de cuyes (Cavia porcellus) de engorde sobre los parámetros productivos, se planteó la experiencia bajo el diseño estadístico completo al azar con arreglo factorial (3T x 3D): tratamientos: T1 (Lactobacillus casei), T2 (L. acidophilus) y T3 (mezcla de L. casei y L. acidophilus) y, tres dosis: 0, 50 y 100 ml (107 UFC ml-1) que se ofreció mezclando al alimento. En todos los casos con tres repeticiones y 3 cuyes como unidad experimental, para la comparación de medias se utilizó la prueba de contraste de Tukey, se experimentó con 108 cuyes machos con dos semanas de nacidos. El tiempo de evaluación fue 54 días. Los resultados para consumo de alimento e índice de conversión alimenticia fueron no significativos (p<0,05). Sin embargo, para el peso vivo y ganancia de peso estadísticamente fueron significativos y con la prueba de Tukey la mejor dosis fue de 50 ml, así como para el porcentaje de carcasa. Para la retribución económica el costo de alimento fue similar para todos los tratamientos y dosis. No obstante, numéricamente el uso de los microorganismos favorece para la obtención de cuyes con mejores pesos comerciales para la venta.

Abstract Objective To explore whether Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate (cAMP)-Epac1 signaling is activated in 1-Desamino-8-D-arginine-Vasopressin-induced Endolymphatic Hydrops (DDAVP-induced EH) and to provide new insight for further in-depth study of DDAVP-induced EH. Methods Eighteen healthy, red-eyed guinea pigs (36 ears) weighing 200-350 g were randomly divided into three groups: the control group, which received intraperitoneal injection of sterile saline (same volume as that in the other two groups) for 7 consecutive days; the DDAVP-7d group, which received intraperitoneal injection of 10 mg/mL/kg DDAVP for 7 consecutive days; and the DDAVP-14d group, which received intraperitoneal injection of 10 μg/mL/kg DDAVP for 14 consecutive days. After successful modeling, all animals were sacrificed, and cochlea tissues were collected to detect the mRNA and protein expression of the exchange protein directly activated by cAMP-1 and 2 (Epac1, Epac2), and Repressor Activator Protein-1 (Rap1) by Reverse Transcription (RT)-PCR and western blotting, respectively. Results Compared to the control group, the relative mRNA expression of Epac1, Epac2, Rap1A, and Rap1B in the cochlea tissue of the DDAVP-7d group was significantly higher (p< 0.05), while no significant difference in Rap1 GTPase activating protein (Rap1gap) mRNA expression was found between the two groups. The relative mRNA expression of Epac1, Rap1A, Rap1B, and Rap1gap in the cochlea tissue of the DDAVP-14d group was significantly higher than that of the control group (p< 0.05), while no significant difference in Epac2 mRNA expression was found between the DDAVP-14d and control groups. Comparison between the DDAVP-14d and DDAVP-7d groups showed that the DDAVP-14d group had significantly lower Epac2 and Rap1A (p< 0.05) and higher Rap1gap (p < 0.05) mRNA expression in the cochlea tissue than that of the DDAVP-7d group, while no significant differences in Epac1 and Rap1B mRNA expression were found between the two groups. Western blotting showed that Epac1 protein expression in the cochlea tissue was the highest in the DDAVP-14d group, followed by that in the DDAVP-7d group, and was the lowest in the control group, showing significant differences between groups (p< 0.05); Rap1 protein expression in the cochlea tissue was the highest in the DDAVP-7d group, followed by the DDAVP-14d group, and was the lowest in the control group, showing significant differences between groups (p< 0.05); no significant differences in Epac2 protein expression in the cochlea tissue were found among the three groups. Conclusion DDAVP upregulated Epac1 protein expression in the guinea pig cochlea, leading to activation of the inner ear cAMP-Epac1 signaling pathway. This may be an important mechanism by which DDAVP regulates endolymphatic metabolism to induce EH and affect inner ear function. Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine 2011 Levels of Evidence Level 5. cAMPEpac1 cAMPEpac cAMP Epac (cAMP)-Epac 1Desamino8DarginineVasopressininduced DesaminoDarginineVasopressininduced 1 Desamino 8 D arginine Vasopressin induced DDAVPinduced indepth depth healthy redeyed red eyed 36 (3 ears 200350 200 350 200-35 same days DDAVP7d DDAVPd 7d d mgmLkg mg mL kg DDAVP14d 14d μgmLkg μg modeling sacrificed cAMP1 cAMP- (Epac1 , Epac2) Protein1 Protein Protein- Rap (Rap1 RTPCR RT PCR respectively RapA A RapB B p< p 0.05, 005 0.05 0 05 Rapgap gap (Rap1gap cAMP-Epac pathway function EvidenceBased Based 201 5 DarginineVasopressininduced 3 ( 20035 20 35 200-3 (Epac (Rap 00 0.0 2003 200- 0.

Abstract Introduction: Histamine is an endogenous ligand which exerts its biological actions by binding to 4 subtypes of histamine receptors (HR). Its effects on the gastrointestinal tract are complex being the dominant effect contraction of muscle cells. Method: The aim of this study was to verify the antagonistic effect of mepyramine (10-10M - 10-7M) and tubocurarine (10-7M - 10-4M) in the contractile action of histamine (10-11M - 10-4M). in guinea pig ileum, for this purpose it was used the program Virtual Organ Bath 16 V 2.8, which allow quantify the change in strength(g) produced by smooth muscle contraction in the presence of these substances. Concentration-response curves were obtained through GraphPad Prism® graphic program. The determination of the competitive nature of the antagonist and the calculation of the affinity constant was performed through Schild method. Results: Mepyramine is a competitive antagonist of histamine (10-10M to 10-7M), making it a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. On the other hand, it is not understood that tubocurarine is an antagonist of histamine receptors. Conclusions: The results obtained provide evidence that the contractile effect of histamine on the smooth muscle of intestinal cells isolated from guinea pig is competitively antagonized by mepyramine. In addition, by calculating the pKB parameter, it was found that this compound has greater potency than other antihistamines.

Resumen Introducción: La histamina es un ligando endógeno que ejerce sus acciones biológicas uniéndose a 4 subtipos de receptores de histamina (HR), sus efectos en el tracto gastrointestinal son complejos siendo el efecto dominante la contracción de las células musculares. Método: El objetivo de este estudio fue verificar el efecto antagónico de la mepiramina (10-10M - 10-7M) y la tubocurarina (10-7M - 10-4M) en la acción contráctil de la histamina (10-11M - 10-4M) en el íleon de cobaya, para ello se utilizó el programa Virtual Organ Bath 16 V 2.8 que permitió cuantificar el cambio de fuerza (g) producido por la contracción del músculo liso en presencia de estas sustancias. Las curvas de concentración-respuesta se obtuvieron mediante el uso del programa gráfico GraphPad Prism®. La determinación del carácter competitivo del antagonista y el cálculo de la constante de afinidad se realizaron mediante el método de Schild. Resultados: La mepiramina es un antagonista competitivo de la histamina (10-10M a 10-7M), convirtiéndola en un agente terapéutico potencial para el tratamiento del síndrome de intestino irritable. Por otro lado, no se encuentra que la tubocurarina sea un antagonista de los receptores de histamina. Conclusiones: Los resultados obtenidos proporcionan evidencia acerca de que el efecto contráctil de la histamina, sobre el músculo liso de células intestinales aisladas en cobaya, es antagonizado competitivamente por la mepiramina. Además, mediante el cálculo del parámetro pKB se encontró que este compuesto presenta mayor potencia que otros antihistamínicos.

ABSTRACT Coffee pulp is the main post-harvest residue from coffee culti^vation that, due to not having proper management, becomes a contaminant that affects the soil, water and air. That is why this research aims to optimize the composting process from coffee pulp in the Unión Pucusani annex, to provide information to farmers in the area on procer management and use of theirpost-harvest waste. The experimental trial consisted of 6 treatments with three repetitions and they were the following: T 0 (pulp), T 1 (pulp + ash), T 2 (pulp + ash + guinea pig manure), T 3 (pulp + ash + guinea pig manure + inoculum of mountain microorganisms), T 4 (pulp + guinea pig manure) and T 5 (pulp + inoculum of mountain microorganisms). Each compost pile was 2 m2and they were installed in the "El Inka" farm where the pH and temperature were monitored weekly. At the end of the 3 months of composting, the parameters of pH, electrical conductivity (EC), Organic Matter (OM), N, K 2 O, P 2 O 4 , CaO and MgO were analyzed and compared with the Nch2880.Of2004 Compost - Classification and requirements. It was shown that the combination of ash with guinea pig manure increased CaO and MgO, which in turn raise pH and EC, while only the addition of guinea pig manure increased the levels of MO, N, K 2 O and MgO.

RESUMEN La pulpa de café es el principal residuo poscosecha del cultivo de café que, al no tener un adecuado manejo, se convierte en un contaminante que afecta al suelo, al agua y al aire. Es por ello que esta investigación tiene como objetivo optimizar el proceso de compostaje a partir de pulpa de café en el anexo Unión Pucusani, Perú, para brindar información a los agricultores de la zona sobre un manejo y aprovechamiento adecuado de sus residuos poscosecha. El ensayo experimental constó de 6 tratamientos con tres repeticiones: T0 (pulpa), T1(pulpa + ceniza), T2(pulpa + ceniza + estiércol de cuy), T3 (pulpa + ceniza + estiércol de cuy + inóculo de microorganismos de montaña), T4 (pulpa + estiércol de cuy) y T5 (pulpa + inóculo de microorganismos de montaña). Cada pila de compost fue de 2 m2 y se instalaron en el fundo El Inka, donde se monitorearon semanalmente el pH y la temperatura. Finalizados los 3 meses de compostaje, se analizaron los parámetros de pH, conductividad eléctrica (CE), materia orgánica (MO), N, K2O, P2O4, CaO y MgO, y se compararon con la Nch2880.Of2004 Compost - Clasificación y requisitos. Se evidenció que la combinación de ceniza con estiércol de cuy incrementó el CaO y el MgO, que a su vez elevan el pH y la CE, mientras que solo la adición de estiércol de cuy aumentó los niveles de MO, N, K2O y MgO.

ABSTRACT Piptocephalis includes mycoparasitic fungi, mainly targeting mucoralean species. Until now, there has been no compilation of data on the taxonomy and geographic distribution of Piptocephalis, which is a barrier to the proper identification of species of this genus by taxonomists. The present study provides an overview of Piptocephalis with taxonomic and occurrence data, in addition to reporting P. graefenhanii and P. xenophila for the first time in South America. Both species were observed parasitizing Mucor spp. The P. graefenhanii was observed growing on paca dung and P. xenophila was observed on guinea-pig dung in Recife, northeastern Brazil. Aspects of their morphology are discussed and a key for the genus is presented. fungi now taxonomists P America spp guineapig guinea pig Recife Brazil presented

ABSTRACT: We describe an outbreak of leishmaniasis in seven guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) in which nodular ulcerated skin lesions of varying sizes were observed in the nasal cavity, upper lip, pinnae, vulva, and periarticular region of the limbs. Cytologic exam of collected samples of the lesions in the auricle of one of the animals revealed macrophages containing parasitophorous vacuoles of approximately 4.0μm in diameter in their cytoplasm with morphology suggestive of Leishmania sp. Although skin lesions spontaneously regressed in two of the Guinea pigs, only one survived. All six animals that died were necropsied. Grossly, all animals showed bloody nodular cutaneous lesions with crusts. One of the guinea pigs had distended dark red and firm lungs. Histopathology of the skin lesions revealed histiocytic interstitial acanthotic dermatitis associated with a myriad of Leishmania organisms within macrophages cytoplasm. In the lung, the lesions were characteristic of broncho-interstitial pneumonia with focal infiltrates of neutrophils, epithelioid macrophages, and multinucleated giant cells containing 2µm basophilic amastigotes with morphology compatible with Leishmania spp. A focal granulomatous lesion ,associated with the causal agent in the lung is a novel description of leishmaniasis in guinea pigs caused by L. enriettii. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique with mini-exon primer performed in samples of lesions from two affected guinea pigs was positive and equal to the reference strain, identifying Leishmania enriettii. The cytological, macroscopic, and histological lesions associated with the PCR technique allowed the diagnosis of leishmaniasis and the identification of the specie L. enriettii. ABSTRACT Cavia porcellus cavity lip pinnae vulva limbs 40μm μm 4 0μm sp survived necropsied Grossly crusts lungs bronchointerstitial broncho neutrophils µm spp L enriettii (PCR miniexon mini exon strain cytological macroscopic

RESUMO: Descrevemos um surto de leishmaniose em sete cobaias (Cavia porcellus), com lesões cutâneas nodulares ulceradas de tamanhos variados observadas na cavidade nasal, lábio superior, pavilhões auriculares, vulva e região periarticular dos membros. No exame citológico foram encontrados macrófagos contendo vacúolos parasitóforos no citoplasma de aproximadamente 4.0μm em diâmetro com morfologia sugestiva de Leishmania sp. Apesar de regressão espontânea das lesões cutâneas terem ocorrido em duas das sete cobaias, apenas um sobreviveu. Seis dos sete animais afetados morreram e foram necropsiados. Macroscopicamente, todos os animais apresentaram lesões cutâneas nodulares, crostosas e sanguinolentas. Uma das cobaias tinha pulmões vermelho-escuros, distendidos e firmes. A histopatologia das lesões cutâneas revelou dermatite acantótica intersticial histiocítica associada a miríades de organismos de Leishmania no citoplasma de macrófagos. Nos pulmões as lesões eram características de pneumonia bronco-intersticial com infiltrado focal de neutrófilos, eosinófilos, macrófagos epitelioides e células gigantes multinucleadas contendo amastigotas basofílicos de 2µm com morfologia compatível com Leishmania spp. Lesões granulomatosas focais associadas ao agente no pulmão são um achado inédito na leishmaniose causada por L. enriettii em cobaias. A técnica de reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) com primer mini-exon realizada em amostras de lesões de duas cobaias afetadas foi positiva, identificando Leishmania enriettii. Os aspectos macroscópicos, citológicos, e histológicos associados à técnica da (PCR), permitiram o diagnóstico da leishmaniose e a identificação da espécie L. enriettii. RESUMO Cavia porcellus, porcellus , porcellus) nasal superior auriculares membros 40μm μm 4 0μm sp sobreviveu necropsiados Macroscopicamente sanguinolentas vermelhoescuros, vermelhoescuros vermelho escuros, escuros vermelho-escuros firmes broncointersticial bronco neutrófilos eosinófilos µm spp L PCR (PCR miniexon mini exon positiva macroscópicos citológicos PCR,

Procainamide (PA) and its in vivo metabolite, N-acetylprocainamide (NAPA), display some pharmacological differences. Although it is agreed that PA is a class IA antiarrhythmic, it has been reported that NAPA is a pure class III antiarrhythmic that affects only the repolarizing phase of the cardiac action potential. This last concept, observed exclusively in dogs, gained wide acceptance, appearing in classic pharmacology textbooks. However, evidence in species such as mice and rats indicates that NAPA can affect cardiac Na+ channels, which is unexpected for a pure class III antiarrhythmic drug. To further clarify this issue, the effects of PA (used as a reference drug) and NAPA on the maximum upstroke velocity (Vmax) and half-decay time (HDT) of the cardiac action potential were examined in the isolated right papillaris magnus of the guinea pig heart. Both PA and NAPA affected Vmax at lower concentrations than required to affect HDT, and NAPA had weaker effects on both variables. Thus, NAPA displayed typical class IA antiarrhythmic behavior. Therefore, the concept that NAPA is a pure class III antiarrhythmic drug is more species-dependent than previously envisioned. In addition, we demonstrated that the differential pharmacology of PA and NAPA is explainable, in molecular terms, by steric hindrance of the effects of NAPA and the greater number of potent aromatic-aromatic and cation π interactions with Na+ or K+ cardiac channels for PA. (PA metabolite Nacetylprocainamide N acetylprocainamide NAPA, , (NAPA) differences dogs acceptance textbooks However Na issue used (Vmax halfdecay half decay HDT (HDT heart variables Thus behavior Therefore speciesdependent dependent envisioned addition explainable terms aromaticaromatic aromatic K (NAPA

Resumen El estudio se realizó con el objetivo de determinar la influencia de la edad en el nivel de consumo de materia seca (CMS) y la ganancia de peso (GP) por unidad de peso, el peso y rendimiento de la canal (PC y RC) y de masa muscular (PMM, RMM) en cuyes. Se trabajó con 80 cuyes que fueron sacrificados a los 63, 77, 91 y 105 días edad (tratamientos 1 a 4, respectivamente), iniciando con gazapos machos destetados a los 21±3 días de edad, con peso promedio de 345 g y se prolongó hasta las edades indicadas en cada tratamiento, determinando el nivel de CMS, GP, RC y RMM. La determinación de RC y RMM se realizó con base a la obtención de la canal de 4 animales de cada tratamiento. Al analizar estadísticamente se determinó que tanto el CMS como la GP por unidad de peso, son características correlacionadas inversamente con la edad del animal. Durante los primeros 14 días de alimentación, los cuyes diariamente crecieron 4.20 % del peso vivo (PV), nivel que fue descendiendo gradual y significativamente hasta 1.55 % en los 14 últimos días, con incrementos diarios de 14.5-12.1 g, alcanzando el peso ideal de comercialización (920-950 g) a los 77 días de edad. Para la GP (903.6, 1127.3, 1303.4 y 1353.9 g), se obtuvo diferencias estadísticas (p˂ 0.01), salvo la similitud en la ganancia lograda a los de 91 y 105 días de edad. El índice de conversión alimenticia (ICA), disminuye con la edad de los animales, de 3.47 g de MS necesarios por kg de GP en las primeras etapas, aumenta a 6.16 kg para igual incremento en el último periodo evaluado, determinando que este carácter guarda una correlación inversa con la edad. El PC y PMM tiende a aumentar en función a la edad de los animales y en concordancia al aumento en PV, sin embargo, los cambios significativos (p˂ 0.01), ocurren hasta los 91 y 77 días de edad, respectivamente. Finalmente, sobre el RC (libre de la cabeza, las extremidades y vísceras rojas (53.7, 54.1, 53.3 y 53.1%,) y el RMM no se ha determinado efecto de la edad del cuy en etapa de recría.

Abstract The aim of the study was to determine the influence of age on the level of dry matter intake (DMI) and weight gain (WG) per unit weight, carcass weight and yield (WS and YC) and muscle mass (PMM, RMM) in guinea pigs. We worked with 80 guinea pigs that were slaughtered at 63, 77, 91 and 105 days of age (treatments 1 to 4, respectively), starting with male gazapos weaned at 21±3 days of age, with an average weight of 345 g and continued until the ages indicated in each treatment, determining the level of CMS, WG, YC and RMM. The determination of YC and MMR was carried out by obtaining the carcasses of 4 animals from each treatment. When statistically analyzed, it was determined that both CMS and WG per unit weight were inversely correlated with the age of the animal. During the first 14 days of feeding, the guinea pigs daily grew 4.20 % of live weight (BW), a level that gradually and significantly decreased to 1.55 % in the last 14 days, with daily increases of 14.5-12.1 g, reaching the ideal marketing weight (920-950 g) at 77 days of age. For WG (903.6, 1127.3, 1303.4 and 1353.9 g), statistical differences were obtained (p˂ 0.01), except similarity in gain achieved at 91 and 105 days of age. The feed conversion ratio (FCR), decreases with the age of the animals, from 3.47 g of DM needed per kg of WG in the first stages, increases to 6.16 kg for the same increase in the last period evaluated, determining that this character has an inverse correlation with age. WC and WMP tend to increase as a function of the age of the animals and in accordance with the increase in BW, however, the significant changes (p˂ 0.01), occur up to 91 and 77 days of age, respectively. Finally, on the YC (free head, limbs and red viscera (53.7, 54.1, 53.3 and 53.1%) and the MMR, no effect of the age of the guinea pig in the rearing stage has been determined.

Resumen Con la henificación, los forrajes pierden, entre otros, vitamina C, hasta niveles de carencia en la dieta diaria del cuy (Cavia porcellus). Es de conocimiento que esta vitamina es esencial para los cuyes en virtud a que el organismo de estos no sintetiza vitamina C por la carencia de la enzima L-gulono-1,4-lactona oxidasa, originando dependencia de forraje fresco o verde. En comparación a la información disponible sobre uso de forraje fresco en la alimentación de cuyes, es mucho menor la información con base a experiencias de alimentación con heno, situación que motivó realizar este estudio, con el propósito de evaluar la respuesta animal a la sustitución total o parcial de alfalfa fresca (Medicago sativa) por heno, complementado con concentrado comercial enriquecido con vitamina C. El ensayo se realizó con 27 cuyes machos destetados a las 3 semanas de nacidos, y tuvo una duración de 8 semanas. Los animales fueron divididos en 3 tratamientos con igual número de repeticiones distribuidos con base a diseño completamente al azar. Los tratamientos fueron: T1 Forraje fresco 15 % del peso corporal (PC), T2 Forraje fresco 7.5 % PC+heno 1.5 % PC, T3 Heno 3.0 % PC, complementado en todos los casos con concentrado comercial enriquecido con vitamina C administrado en este caso a libre discreción. Se determinó que mediante la sustitución total o parcial de forraje fresco por heno de alfalfa se obtienen resultados estadísticamente similares para el nivel de consumo de materia seca 3447, 3512 y 3738 g, incremento de peso corporal 790, 775 y 782 g, conversión alimenticia 4.36, 4.53 y 4.64 y, rendimiento de canal 70.0, 68.2 y 69.9%. Se concluye que el heno de alfalfa puede reemplazar total o parcialmente a la alfalfa fresca, teniendo el cuidado que otra parte de la ración (concentrado) aporte suficiente cantidad de vitamina C, modalidad de administración de forraje que podría adoptarse como nueva alternativa para la alimentación de cuyes principalmente durante la estación se estiaje.

Abstract During haymaking, fodder loses, among other things, vitamin C, to the extent that it is lacking in the daily diet of the guinea pig (Cavia porcellus). It is known that this vitamin is essential for guinea pigs because the guinea pig body does not synthesize vitamin C due to a lack of the enzyme L-gulono-1,4-lactone oxidase, resulting in a dependence on fresh or green fodder. In comparison to the information available on the use of fresh forage in guinea pig feeding, there is much less information based on experiences with hay feeding, a situation that motivated this study, with the purpose of evaluating the animal response to the total or partial substitution of fresh alfalfa (Medicago sativa) for hay, supplemented with commercial concentrate enriched with vitamin C. The trial was conducted with 27 male guinea pigs weaned at 3 weeks of age, and lasted 8 weeks. The animals were divided into 3 treatments with an equal number of replicates distributed according to a completely randomized design. The treatments were: T1 Fresh forage 15 % of body weight (BW), T2 Fresh forage 7.5 % BW + hay 1.5 % BW, T3 Hay 3.0 % BW, supplemented in all cases with commercial concentrate enriched with vitamin C administered at free choice. It was determined that by total or partial substitution of fresh forage by alfalfa hay, statistically similar results were obtained for dry matter intake level 3447, 3512 and 3738 g, body weight gain 790, 775 and 782 g, feed conversion 4.36, 4.53 and 4.64 and carcass yield 70.0, 68.2 and 69.9 %. It is concluded that alfalfa hay can totally or partially replace fresh alfalfa, taking care that another part of the ration (concentrate) provides a sufficient amount of vitamin C, a forage administration method that could be adopted as a new alternative for guinea pig feeding, mainly during the dry season.