ABSTRACT Music therapy is the treatment performed through the use of music or musical elements such as sound, rhythm, melody and harmony. Among the interventions with music, there is also "music in medicine", which is nothing more than listening to pre-recorded music before, during and after medical or surgical interventions. Undergoing surgery is a stressful factor, generating anxiety and fear, which produces physiological changes such as hypertension and tachycardia. Cataract surgery can be particularly stressful, the incorporation of music for lens extraction can decrease anxiety, increase motivation, control, control blood pressure, heart rate and can make it satisfactory. Studies show that its application is a very effective non-pharmacological and economical option for a better self-acceptance of their situation, positive relationships with their peers in the intervention group, personal growth, a purpose in life and, therefore, a better quality of life.

RESUMEN La musicoterapia es el tratamiento que se realiza mediante el uso de la música o de elementos musicales como sonido, ritmo, melodía y armonía. Dentro de las intervenciones con música, también se encuentra la “música en medicina”, la cual no es más que escuchar música pregrabada antes, durante y después de intervenciones médicas o quirúrgicas. Someterse a una intervención quirúrgica constituye un factor estresante, genera ansiedad y miedos, lo que produce cambios fisiológicos como hipertensión y taquicardia. La operación de catarata puede ser particularmente estresante, la incorporación de la música para la extracción del cristalino puede disminuir la ansiedad, aumentar la motivación, el control, controlar la tensión arterial, la frecuencia cardíaca y puede lograr que esta sea satisfactoria. Los estudios evidencian que su aplicación es una opción no-farmacológica y económica muy eficaz para una mejor autoaceptación de su situación, unas relaciones positivas con sus compañeros del grupo de intervención, crecimiento personal, un propósito de vida y, por ende, una mejor calidad de vida.

Abstract Describe the development of Labor Practice II. Hydraulic Constructions, in the second year of the Hydraulic Engineering degree in Havana (Technological University of Havana “José Antonio Echeverría” (CUJAE) from 2021 to 2023, is the objective of this article; For this, the assessment issued by the students, the analysis of documents and the criteria of the teachers of the thematic group and the production specialists in the labor entities where the work practice was carried out were taken into account. The research has a qualitative approach, taking into account the selection of a non-probabilistic sample “for convenience”. 247 documents were studied: 83 PL II reports. Hydraulic Constructions, 163 personal work diaries of each student and the “E” study plan. The results are revealed based on the achievement of compliance with the general objectives of the subject, in a professional environment in close relationship with the context. Furthermore, in some way its content is separated into other subjects corresponding to previous study plans, so it constitutes part of the basic training of this professional, and on the other hand, links with the main employing organizations are reinforced. Professional problems framed their solution, in most cases, in the “constructive” mode of action, in harmony with the standards of work protection and hygiene, responsibility, ethics and care and conservation of the environment. Which contributes to the comprehensive training of the student.

Resumen Describir el desarrollo de la Práctica Laboral II. Construcciones Hidráulicas, en el segundo año de la carrera de Ingeniería Hidráulica en La Habana (Universidad Tecnológica de La Habana “José Antonio Echeverría”, Cujae) del 2021 al 2023, es el objetivo de este artículo; para ello se tuvo en cuenta la valoración emitida por los estudiantes, el análisis de documentos, y el criterio de los profesores del colectivo de asignatura y de los especialistas de la producción en las entidades laborales donde se realizó la práctica laboral. La investigación posee un enfoque cualitativo, tuvo en cuenta la selección de una muestra no probabilística “por conveniencia”. Se estudiaron 247 documentos: 83 informes de la PL II. Construcciones Hidráulicas, 163 diarios de obra personal de cada estudiante y el plan de estudio “E”. Los resultados se develan en función del logro del cumplimiento de los objetivos generales de la asignatura, en un ambiente profesional en estrecha relación con el contexto. Además, de alguna manera, su contenido se vio separado en otras asignaturas correspondientes a planes de estudios precedentes, por lo que constituye parte de la formación básica de este profesional, y por otra parte se refuerzan los nexos con los principales organismos empleadores. Los problemas profesionales enmarcaron su solución, en la mayoría de los casos, al modo de actuación de “construcción”, en armonía con las normas de protección e higiene del trabajo, la responsabilidad, la ética, y el cuidado y conservación del medio ambiente, lo que contribuye con la formación integral del estudiante.

RESUMEN Introducción. Salubrízate es un grupo de procesos y activos comunitarios que realiza intervenciones de educación y promoción de la salud para el bienestar colectivo, en Ourense y alrededores desde el año 2018. Objetivo. El objetivo principal es conocer y responder a las inquietudes de salud de la ciudadanía. Métodos. Esta experiencia se basa en un modelo abierto a la participación, intersectorial y multidisciplinar, que tiene la capacidad de adaptarse a diversas circunstancias sanitarias o sociales, como la COVID. Se trabaja en cuatro áreas: hábitos saludables, bienestar emocional y social, entornos saludables y seguridad ciudadana. Tiene como recursos principales a las personas, los medios de comunicación colectiva como la radio y las redes sociales y diversas instituciones tanto sanitarias como sociales. Resultados. La repercusión de Salubrízate se está midiendo a través del alcance de cada uno de los proyectos llevados a cabo por el grupo, analizando también las debilidades que limitan el proyecto y sus fortalezas.

ABSTRACT Introduction. Salubrízate is a group of community processes and assets that has been implementing health education and promotion interventions for collective well-being in Ourense and its surroundings since 2018. Aim. The main purpose is to be aware of the health concerns of citizens and respond to them. Methods. This experience is based on an intersectoral and multidisciplinary model open to participation, which can adapt to various health or social circumstances, such as COVID-19. The programme works on four areas: healthy habits, emotional and social well-being, healthy environments and citizen safety. Its key resources are people, mass media such as radio and social media and various health and social institutions. Results. The impact, strengths and limiting weaknesses of Salubrízate are being analysed by means of the scope of each project conducted by the group.

Resumo Este estudo caracteriza o espanhol como uma metodologia de ensino de segunda língua de três professores Wayúu de três escolas em La Guajira (Colômbia), que descreveram as suas práticas de ensino com base nas suas crenças e experiências. Esta investigação segue a metodologia do estudo de caso qualitativo. Os dados foram recolhidos através de um questionário, notas de campo, entrevistas individuais e um grupo focal. Os resultados mostram que a sua metodologia está fortemente ligada à sua visão do mundo, uma vez que harmonizam modelos tradicionais e comunicativos de ensino; também consideram as necessidades dos estudantes e encorajam a responsabilidade de salvaguardar a sua cultura.

Abstract This study characterizes Spanish as a second language teaching methodology implemented by a group of three Watúu teachers from three schools in La Guajira (Colombia) who described their teaching practices based on their beliefs and experiences. We followed the methodology of a qualitative case study. The data was collected through a questionnaire, field notes, individual interviews, and a focus group. Thereafter, results evidence that their teaching methodology is strongly bonded to the community’s cosmovision, setting harmony between traditional and communicative teaching models: likewise, it considers students’ needs and promotes their responsibility to safeguard their culture.

Resumen Este estudio caracteriza la metodología de enseñanza del español como segunda lengua de tres maestros Wayúu provenientes de tres escuelas en La Guajira (Colombia), quienes describieron sus prácticas de enseñanza basándose en sus creencias y experiencias. Esta investigación sigue la metodología de estudio de caso cualitativo. Los datos se recopilaron a través de un cuestionario, notas de campo, entrevistas individuales y un grupo de enfoque. Los resultados evidencian que su metodología está fuertemente ligada a su cosmovisión, ya que armonizan modelos de enseñanza tradicionales y comunicativos; asimismo, consideran las necesidades de los estudiantes y fomentan la responsabilidad de salvaguardar su cultura.

Riassunto: La filosofia originale cinese è una sublimazione della coscienza culturale umana di base - la coscienza della vita e della riproduzione - che è l’unificazione del “Concetto di yin e yang” e del “Concetto di ciclo di vita “ in cui “lo yin e lo yang si uniscono per creare tutte le cose, e il ciclio dà una vita senza fine. La cultura originale cinese determina la visione filosofica, la visione artistica, il temperamento emotivo, la benessere psicologica e lo spirito nazionale della nazione cinese. Il sistema filosofico cinese, che rappresenta l’unificazione della cosmologia, dell’epistemologia e della metodologia della nazione cinese, è un sistema filosofico completo e maturo che si è formato nella società tardo primitiva molto prima delle Dinastie Xia, Shang e Zhou. La cultura originale cinese, dalla cultura della ceramica dipinta di 7.000 anni fa fino ai giorni nostri, dalla cultura archeologica sotterranea alla cultura di massa terrestre, è un concetto ampio di belle arti, determinato da una visione filosofica dell’arte plastica di osservare gli oggetti e prendere immmagini. La cultura originale e la filosofia originale della Cina primitiva sono ancora conservate in un’eredità storica estremamente ricca e completa nella vita sociale della cultura di massa. Per questo motivo la Cina è l’unico Paese tra le civiltà antiche che non aver subito una frattura culturale.

Abstract: Chinese primitive philosophy, as the unity of cosmological ontology, epistemology and methodology of the Chinese philosophical system, is a complete and mature philosophical system formed in the late primitive society as early as before the Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties. It is also the unity of the concept of Yin and Yang and constant life that is sublimated from the human-beings’ basic cultural consciousness: life consciousness and reproduction consciousness. The Chinese primitive culture, from the painted pottery culture 7,000 years ago to today, from the underground archaeological culture to the group culture on the ground, is a plastic art based on the concept of viewing objects and taking images. It is a broad concept of fine arts that determines the philosophical view, artistic view, emotional temperament, psychological quality and national spirit of the Chinese nation. The most primitive culture and primitive philosophy in China have been preserved with extremely rich and complete historical remains in the group’s cultural and social life. It is for this reason that China is the only country with an ancient history of civilization that has not experienced a cultural break. The primitive culture and philosophical system of China, as the philosophical basis and main connotation of ethnic group culture, are completely accumulated in the ethnic groups’ social life. Folk art, which has accumulated the hundreds of millions of working masses’ wisdom in China, is the mother of the Chinese national culture and art that has been inherited from primitive society until today with distinct national and regional characteristics. It is a long-standing cultural form with the longest history, the widest mass participation, the most distinct regional characteristics and the richest cultural connotation in the Chinese national cultural form. The rapid development of the times makes the traditional folk customs and folk arts, which are generally deposited in the rural areas of China, become precarious. As a result, the research advantages of the unique human culture and the original culture of China will cease to exist. Therefore, it is an urgent historical task to make use of this advantage to study the original culture of China and the philosophical genes of the Chinese nation. Protection is imminent, and inheritance is the historical mission, which highlights the deeper significance of studying primitive culture and primitive philosophy in modern society.

The increase in student enrolment at tertiary institutions in South Africa over the past few years has necessitated the need for group work without sacrificing the standard and integrity of education. Research has shown that group work offers many advantages to both lecturers and students. Interactive attributes such as teamwork, co-operation skills, leadership qualities, communication skills and confidentiality developed during group work are highly sought-after skills by prospective employers. This quantitative study aimed to determine whether students are positively or negatively inclined towards group work, as well as other possible factors influencing group work at a university of technology (UoT) in South Africa. A structured, close-ended questionnaire was administered to 309 students enrolled for the Applied Communication Skills course. The data were analysed using statistical methods. The results revealed that listening skills and mutual respect were crucial to develop good interpersonal skills needed for effective group work. When working in groups, students tend towards collectivism and negative aspects of group work, such as social loafing, are often overseen to maintain harmony and avoid direct confrontation with other individuals in the group. It was also found that male students agreed more strongly with negative conflict resolution than female students. Overall, the study showed that despite several negative aspects, students tended to be positively inclined towards group work.

Resumo Introdução: A deformidade dentofacial (DDF) e o modo respiratório podem alterar a postura de cabeça. Entretanto as modificações da postura de cabeça após a cirurgia ortognática são controversas e não foram encontrados estudos que apontassem relação entre a postura de cabeça e o modo respiratório em adultos com DDF. Objetivo: Identificar as principais alterações na postura de cabeça em adultos jovens com DDF, verificar se a cirurgia ortognática altera o modo respiratório e a postura de cabeça e se o modo respiratório está associado com a postura de cabeça. Métodos: Foram avaliados 25 jovens adultos, os quais foram divididos no grupo deformidade dentofacial (DDF; n = 15; x̅ = 28 anos) e grupo controle com harmonia dentofacial (GC; n = 10; equilibrados por gênero e idade com o grupo de estudo). O modo respiratório foi analisado de acordo com o protocolo de avaliação miofuncional orofacial e a postura de cabeça foi avaliada por meio da biofotogrametria. Para o grupo DDF, as avaliações foram realizadas antes e após a cirurgia ortognática (pré e pós-DDF). Resultados: Para o grupo DDF, o modo respiratório se modificou após a cirurgia ortognática (p = 0,003), porém com diferença em relação ao GC (p = 0,027). Não houve modificação na postura de cabeça após a cirurgia ortognática, porém observou-se diferença significativa entre os grupos pós-DDF e GC para a inclinação de cabeça (p = 0,017). Não observou-se relação entre o modo respiratório e a postura de cabeça (p > 0,05). Conclusão: Após a cirurgia ortognática, notou-se melhora espontânea da respiração na amostra estudada. Não foi possível verificar modificações na postura de cabeça e associação entre modo respiratório e postura de cabeça.

Abstract Introduction: Dentofacial deformity (DFD) and the breathing mode can change the head posture. However, head posture changes after orthognathic surgery are controversial, and no studies were found on the relationship between the head posture and breathing mode in adults with DFD. Objective: To identify the main head posture changes in young adults affected by DFD, to verify if orthognathic surgery modifies the breathing mode and head posture, and if the breathing mode is associated with the head posture. Methods: Twenty-five young adults were assessed and divided in dentofacial deformity group (DFD; n = 15; x̅ = 28 years) and control group with dentofacial harmony (CG; n = 10; balanced by gender and age with the study group). Breathing mode was evaluated according to the orofacial myofunctional evaluation protocol, and biophotogrammetry was used in the head posture analyses. For the DFD group, the evaluations were performed pre and post the orthognathic surgery (pre- and post-DFD). Results: For the DFD group, the breathing mode modified after orthognathic surgery (p = 0.003), but with difference from GC (p = 0.027). No changes were found in head posture after orthognathic surgery, but significant difference was seen between post-DFD and GC for head inclination (p = 0.017). No relationship was observed between breathing mode and head posture (p > 0.05). Conclusion: After orthognathic surgery, a spontaneous improvement of breathing was seen in the sample. It was not possible to verify changes in head posture and association with breathing mode and head posture.

This article describes a new method of viewing a historical phenomenon based on its social significance. This method enabled the classification and analysis of a group in a context simultaneously and chronologically. Using historical phenomenology, the authors found a polarisation of Chinese Muslims' thoughts and practices in the Indonesian context. As an example, the technique of classification of Islamic thoughts is illustrated to discover Chinese Muslim figures' religious activities. This method allows an improved social investigation to probe deeply into Chinese Muslims' formal religious life. The evaluation of the effectiveness of the new method is confirmed by the calculation of the polarisation of Chinese Muslim religiousness, leading to the fragmentation and diversification of Indonesian Chinese Muslims in the realms of politics, economic practices or Islamic rituals. New research results improve the understanding of how a social history of an ethnicity could grow and assimilate in a context. The assimilation could contribute to religious harmony in such a pluralistic country such as Indonesia and can be used for making better social decisions, especially related to the lives of minorities, who urgently need policymakers and stakeholders to accommodate the rights of those who are still in the process of gaining fairer recognition. CONTRIBUTION: Using historical phenomenology, this article tries to classify and study a group in a setting concurrently and chronologically. An in-depth social inquiry into the formal religious life of Chinese Muslims discovered a calculation of religious Chinese Muslims' polarisation, which led to the dispersion and diversification of Indonesian Chinese Muslims' politics, economic practices and Islamic rituals. New policy proposals can be made by evaluating religious polarisation

Abstract Languages of the Yucatecan branch -Yukatek, Lacandon, Itzaj, Mopan- have been hugely studied among the Mayan family; nevertheless, such linguistic descriptions and analysis have not given enough attention to phonetic and phonological levels, especially as regards to the phonetic description of the consonantal and vocalic segments of this group of languages. This paper presents a brief description and analysis of the phonetic and phonological levels of Mopan Maya. It is organized as follows. In §1, general information about the language is provided, including lexical loans of other Mayan languages. This section also includes the methodology of the investigation and some general information about the consultants whose speech is described here. In §2, the vowel system and its contrasts are presented. In §3, the consonantal system, its contrasts, and most prominent phonological processes are presented, although those that have been widely described by previous authors are not included -such as assimilation of nasals, vowel harmony and vowel dissimilation-. Section §4 describes the syllable structure of words in, and Section §5 focuses on acoustic analysis and phonetic description of the contrast between glottalized and non-glottalized obstruents, and the realizations of glottal stop. Lastly, some final considerations are offered.

Resumen Si bien las lenguas de la rama yucatecana -yucateco, lacandón, itzaj, mopan- han sido de las más estudiadas en la familia lingüística maya, las descripciones y análisis lingüísticos no han dado la debida atención al nivel fónico, en especial en lo que se refiere a la descripción fonética de los segmentos consonánticos y vocálicos de este grupo de lenguas. Este artículo presenta una breve descripción fonológica y análisis fonético de la lengua maya mopan, y se organiza como sigue. En §1 se dan datos generales de la lengua -destacando los préstamos léxicos de otras lenguas mayas-, se expone la metodología seguida en la investigación y se proporciona información sobre los colaboradores. En §2 se presenta el sistema vocálico y sus contrastes. En §3 se presentan el sistema consonántico, sus contrastes, y los procesos fonológicos más prominentes, aunque no se incluyen aquellos que han sido descritos ampliamente por autores previos, como asimilación de nasales, armonía vocálica y disimilación vocálica. La sección §4 describe la estructura silábica de las palabras en maya mopan y, la sección §5 se centra en el análisis acústico y descripción fonética de las consonantes implosivas, del contraste entre obstruyentes simples y glotalizadas, y de las realizaciones de la oclusiva glotal. Por último, se ofrecen unas consideraciones finales.

Resumo: As relações interpessoais na escola são um elemento importante na constituição do desenvolvimento local. Elas são reveladoras da dinâmica territorial com respeito às situações de desagregação decorrentes da busca de afirmação de interesses de grupos, mas também denotam os bons feitos das pretensões de fazer conviver com harmonia as diversidades culturais e a construção das identidades. Este artigo traz resultados de revisão teórica interessada em conhecer conceitos e abordagens sobre relações interpessoais na escola e propostas educacionais de enfrentamento desse desafio. Três das principais conclusões encontradas: os problemas de relacionamento que afetam a convivência na escola e o desenvolvimento local têm origem primordial na estrutura social; a violência e a intolerância, em quaisquer graus, afetam os direitos humanos e as possibilidades da inclusão social pela educação; há experiências concretas que mostram ser possível melhorar as relações interpessoais na escola.

Abstract: Interpersonal relationships in school are an important element in the constitution of local development. They are revealing of the territorial dynamics concerning the situations of disaggregation resulting from the search for the assertion of group interests, but they also denote the good deeds of the pretensions of making harmony with cultural diversities and the construction of identities. This article brings theoretical review results interested in knowing concepts and approaches on interpersonal relationships in the school and educational proposals to face this challenge. Three of the main conclusions found: the relationship problems that affect the coexistence in the school and the local development have primordial origin in the social structure; violence and intolerance, to any degree, affect human rights and the possibilities of social inclusion for education; there are concrete experiences that show that it is possible to improve interpersonal relationships in school.

Resumen: Las relaciones interpersonales en la escuela son un elemento importante en la constitución del desarrollo local. Ellas son reveladoras de la dinámica territorial con respecto a las situaciones de desagregación derivadas de la búsqueda de afirmación de intereses de grupos, pero también denotan los buenos hechos de las pretensiones de hacer convivir con armonía diversidades culturales y la construcción de las identidades. Este artículo trae resultados de revisión teórica interesada en conocer conceptos y enfoques sobre relaciones interpersonales en la escuela y propuestas educativas de enfrentamiento de ese desafío. Tres de las principales conclusiones encontradas: los problemas de relación que afectan a la convivencia en la escuela y el desarrollo local tienen un origen primordial en la estructura social; la violencia y la intolerancia, en cualquier grado, afectan los derechos humanos y las posibilidades de la inclusión social por la educación; hay experiencias concretas que muestran que es posible mejorar las relaciones interpersonales en la escuela.

ABSTRACT: Performing an orthodontic treatment based only on hard tissue references can lead to unfavorable aesthetic results due to the great variability that exists in soft tissues that cover them. In 1999, W.Arnett, presented an analysis based on soft tissues and determined norms that define a harmonious face. However, these standards that were obtained from North Americans and Chilean aesthetic concepts could be different. The aim of the study was to determine the values of facial harmony for the Chilean population, using the cephalometric analysis of soft tissues presented by Arnett, and compare them with the values previously established for the Caucasian population. In this study 200 photographs were analyzed, and the profiles were classified in balanced and unbalanced according to the criteria of a group of specialists. Subsequently, teleradiographs corresponding to the classified profiles were analyzed, with the cephalometric analysis of soft tissues. The values of the different variables were analyzed separately by sex, skeletal class and facial biotype, and the differences between the variables presented by Arnett et al., and those obtained in the present study. For this purpose, statistical significance tests such as the t test and other non- parametric tests were used. There were only significant differences in two variables: inferior lip variables in both sexes, and a greater prominence of the cheekbone in Chilean women, therefore we consider that the values of harmony of Arnett, can also be applied as an aesthetic parameter for the Chilean population.

RESUMEN: El realizar un tratamiento ortodóntico sólo en base a referencias de tejidos duros, puede llevar a resultados estéticos desfavorables, debido a la gran variabilidad que existe en los tejidos blandos que los recubren. Arnett et al. (1999) presentaron un análisis basado en los tejidos blandos y determinó normas que definen un rostro armónico. Sin embargo, éstas normas se obtuvieron de pacientes norteamericanos y puede que no reflejen los conceptos estéticos de nuestra población. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue determinar valores de armonía facial para la población chilena, utilizando el análisis cefalométrico de tejidos blandos presentado por Arnett et al., y compararlos con los valores previamente establecidos para la población caucásica. Se analizaron 200 fotografías y se clasificaron los perfiles en balanceados y no balanceados según el criterio de un grupo de especialistas. Posteriormente se analizaron las telerradiografías correspondientes a los perfiles clasificados, con el análisis cefalométrico de tejidos blandos. Los valores de las diferentes variables fueron analiza dos separadamente por sexo, clase esqueletal y biotipo facial, y se determinaron las diferencias entre las variables presentadas por Arnett et al. y las obtenidas en el presente estudio. Para ello se utilizaron pruebas de significancia estadística como el test t y otros no paramétricos. Sólo se encontró diferencias significativas en dos variables respecto de las normas sugeridas por Arnett et al., correspondientes a un menor espesor del labio inferior en ambos sexos, y una mayor prominencia del pómulo en mujeres chilenas, por lo que consideramos que los valores de armonía de Arnett et al., pueden ser también aplicados como parámetro estético para la población chilena.

Abstract Background: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the neuropathic pain in knee osteoarthritis with the body composition, anthropometric and postural features, physical function, and quality of life. Methods: Patients with primary knee osteoarthritis, 50–70 years of age, were included in the study and divided into Group 1 with neuropathic pain and Group 2 with no neuropathic pain according to Douleur Neuropathique-4. The groups were compared in terms of demographic, clinical, radiological, laboratory findings and anthropometric measurements, body composition, physical function tests, osteoarthritis severity, quality of life, and posturography. Results: 200 patients were included in the study. 98 (82.6% female) were in Group 1 and 102 (74.5% female) in Group 2. Age was higher in Group 1 compared to Group 2 [61 (50–70) and 57.5 (50–70), respectively, p= 0.03]. Symptom duration was also longer in Group 1 (5.21 ± 4.76 and 3.38 ± 3.58, p= 0.002). Body mass indices were 31.9 ± 5.6 and 30.1 ± 4.8 (p= 0.015). Kellgren–Lawrence class, Western Ontario and McMaster Osteoarthritis Index and Short Form-36 scores were more unfavorable in Group 1. Although fall risk was similar, stability and Fourier harmony indices were impaired in Group 1 compared to Group 2 especially when the visual and proprioceptive input was blocked. Conclusions: Almost half of the patients with knee osteoarthritis had neuropathic pain which was associated with longer symptom duration and higher age, lower education, higher body mass index, more severe radilogical findings, worse pain perception, lower physical function and quality of life, and lower stability.

Resumen El presente es un estudio de caso con enfoque cualitativo descriptivo fenomenológico analítico, en el cual se interviene mediante técnicas y conceptos de la psicoterapia gestáltica, en un grupo de adolescentes de 12 y 13 años que se encuentran en situación de acogimiento, bajo resolución judicial en el Hogar Casa Esperanza dependiente de la Fundación Arco Iris. En este grupo de adolescentes se identificó indicadores de pasividad, conformismo, internalización del asistencialismo e inmovilidad emocional, estos indicadores se asocian con una historia personal y familiar de constante “sobrevivencia” asociada a maltrato, negligencia u orfandad y la creencia de que su dolor debe ser constantemente compensado; por tanto existe una falta de sintonía de los adolescentes entorno a la conciencia de ellos mismos y ausencia de contacto con sus procesos internos, emociones, sensaciones, percepciones y corporalidad, existe la apropiación de introyectos como el de “se debe ser fuerte”, “el adolescente de hogar es el pobrecito”, “así son las cosas”. En el presente trabajo se utilizó específicamente la herramienta de “grupo de encuentro Gestalt” (abordaje grupal de trabajo personal y autoconocimiento), para dar respuesta a esta problemática. El análisis integral del proceso favorece la conclusión de que un abordaje con enfoque gestáltico en la praxis psicológica, es un recurso potencialmente válido para que los psicólogos realicen intervenciones que generen cambio e impacto en la población con la que trabajan; esto se sustenta en la evolución positiva del grupo con el que se trabajó, que efectivamente, encontró alternativas para afrontar y responder ante su condición de institucionalización y superar, además, los indicadores descritos (pasividad, conformismo y asistencialismo) a través del crecimiento, valoración, desarrollo personal y la internalización del estado de conciencia de sus percepciones, sentimientos, sensaciones, aprendizaje y corporalidad.

Resumo Trata-se de um estudo de caso com abordagem qualitativa descritiva fenomenológica analítica, em que técnicas e conceitos da psicoterapia Gestalt são intervencionados em um grupo de adolescentes de 12 e 13 anos que se encontram em um lar substituto, sob resolução judicial em o Hogar Casa Esperanza dependente da Fundación Arco Iris. Neste grupo de adolescentes foram identificados indicadores de passividade, conformismo, internalização da assistência e imobilidade emocional, associados a uma história pessoal e familiar de constante “sobrevivência” associada a maus tratos, abandono ou orfandade e à crença de que a sua dor deve ser constantemente compensado; portanto há um descompasso entre os adolescentes em torno da consciência de si mesmos e falta de contato com seus processos internos, emoções, sensações, percepções e corporeidade, há a apropriação de introjetos do tipo "você tem que ser forte", " o adolescente em casa é o coitadinho ”,“ é assim mesmo ”. No presente trabalho, a ferramenta “Gestalt meeting group” (abordagem de grupo para o trabalho pessoal e autoconhecimento) foi usada especificamente para responder a este problema A análise abrangente do processo favorece a conclusão de que uma abordagem com abordagem Gestalt na práxis psicológica é um recurso potencialmente válido para o psicólogo realizar intervenções que gerem mudança e impacto na população com a qual trabalham; Baseia-se na evolução positiva do grupo com o qual trabalhamos, que efetivamente encontrou alternativas para enfrentar e responder à sua condição de institucionalização e também superar os indicadores descritos (passividade, conformidade e bem-estar) por meio do crescimento, da valorização , o desenvolvimento pessoal e a internalização do estado de consciência de suas percepções, sentimentos, sensações, aprendizados e corporalidade.

Abstract This is a case study with a qualitative descriptive phenomenological analytical approach, in which Gestalt psychotherapy techniques and concepts are intervened in a group of 12 and 13-year-old adolescents who are in foster care, under judicial resolution in the Hogar Casa Esperanza dependent on the Fundación Arco Iris. In this group of adolescents, indicators of passivity, conformism, internalization of assistance and emotional immobility were identified. These indicators are associated with a personal and family history of constant “survival” associated with abuse, neglect or orphanhood and the belief that their pain must be constantly compensated; therefore there is a lack of harmony among adolescents around their awareness of themselves and lack of contact with their internal processes, emotions, sensations, perceptions and corporeality, there is the appropriation of introjects such as "you must be strong", " the adolescent at home is the poor thing ”,“ that's the way things are ”. In the present work, the “Gestalt meeting group” tool (group approach to personal work and self-knowledge) was specifically used to respond to this problem The comprehensive analysis of the process favors the conclusion that an approach with a Gestalt approach in psychological praxis is a potentially valid resource for psychologists to carry out interventions that generate change and impact on the population with which they work; This is based on the positive evolution of the group with which we worked, which effectively found alternatives to face and respond to their institutionalization condition and also overcome the indicators described (passivity, conformity and welfare) through growth, valuation , personal development and the internalization of the state of consciousness of their perceptions, feelings, sensations, learning and corporality.

Abstract The search for an answer to the contemporary civilizational crisis, makes it necessary to examine recent proposals originated in Native American ideas about Good Living and forms of social responsibility based on an adequate relationship between human societies and nature. This document describes part of the traditional practices of the Mexican indigenous Totonac group in the municipality of Huehuetla, Puebla. Their holistic scientific approach to food production is highlighted, together with established complementarity relations between families and reciprocity towards spiritual entities. These are seen as crucial in maintaining harmony between a productive habitat and communal existence. Participant observation, systematical interviews and surveys were employed as the main methods which allowed the recognition of the sociocultural symbolisms with which the people of Huehuetla interpret their known world. Thus, TapaxuwanLatamat (Life in Happiness), -the central notion of the Totonac life-, is described and is shown to be buttressed by the experience of coexisting, working, and celebrating the rituality inherent in Nature. This allows them to remain aware of the existence of a living and sacred territory, where even agricultural and livestock practices are exercised as relationships of coexistence and respect of humans with the entities that inhabit and care for the environment and safeguard their sustenance.

Resumen Frente a la crisis civilizatoria que vive la humanidad, es indispensable volver la mirada hacia las propuestas amerindias de la última década que procuran el buen vivir y la responsabilidad social a partir de su relación con la naturaleza. En este contexto, el documento, muestra parte de las estructuras tradicionales del grupo mexicano indígena Totonaca del municipio de Huehuetla, Puebla, resaltando su ciencia holística relacionada con la producción de alimentos, incluyendo las relaciones de complementariedad entre familias y de reciprocidad frente a entes extrahumanos, como elementos de armonía que posibilitan el mantenimiento del hábitat productivo y de convivencia comunal. Para abordar los simbolismos socioculturales con los cuales los huehuetecas interpretan el mundo conocido, el trabajo articuló en campo una serie de estrategias metodológicas donde se destacan la observación-participante y la sistematización de entrevistas y encuestas. Se describe entonces a Tapaxuwan Latamat (Vida en Felicidad) o modo de vida Totonaca huehueteca sustentado a partir de la experiencia de convivir, trabajar, y festejar la ritualidad que existe en la naturaleza, permitiéndonos recordar la existencia de un territorio vivo y sagrado, donde incluso las prácticas agrícolas y ganaderas se procuran bajo relaciones de respeto y convivencia, que tejen lazos entre las entidades que habitan y cuidan el medio junto con los seres humanos, en aras de asegurar la subsistencia.

Resumo A Cultura Tolita, um grupo étnico ancestral, localizado nos territórios do Equador, considerada como patrimônio cultural em conhecimento e conhecimentos ancestrais que foram transportados para a iconografia, baluartes que hoje são considerados únicos por seu design, técnica de fabricação e representação simbólica. Para realizar a análise iconográfica os ícones mais representativos são considerados através da interpretação, utilizando as metodologias de Erwin Panofsky (pré-iconografia, iconografia e iconologia) para sua análise física e simbólica, bem como o sistema Zadir Milla nas leis de bipartição e tripartição harmônica do espaço para desconstruir o ícone, gerar módulos e criar uma composição que integre os fundamentos do design num padrão digital para o design têxtil.

Abstract The Tolita Culture, an ethnic group located in Ecuador, is considered as cultural heritage and ancestral knowledge that were transported to the iconography, bastions that today are considered unique for their design, manufacturing technique and symbolic representation. To perform the iconographic analysis the most representative icons are considered through interpretation, using Erwin Panofsky's methodologies (pre-iconography, iconography and iconology) for their physical and symbolic analysis, as well as the Zadir Mile´s laws system that establish harmony in both bipartition and tripartition of the space to deconstruct the icon, generate modules and create a composition that integrates the fundamentals of design in a digital pattern for textile design.

Resumen La Cultura Tolita, grupo étnico ancestral, ubicado en los territorios del Ecuador, es considerada como patrimonio cultural en saberes y conocimientos ancestrales que fueron transportados a la iconografía, baluartes que hoy en día son considerados únicos por su diseño, técnica de manufactura y representación simbólica. Para realizar el análisis icnográfico se consideran los íconos más representativos mediante la interpretación, utilizando metodologías de Erwin Panofsky (pre-iconografía, iconografía e iconología) para su análisis físico y simbólico, así como el sistema de Zadir Milla en leyes de la bipartición y tripartición armónica del espacio para desestructurar el ícono, generar módulos y crear una composición que integra los fundamentos del diseño en un patrón digital para el diseño textil.