Abstract Purpose: This study aims to examine foreign direct investment (FDI) factors and develops a rational framework for FDI inflow in Western European countries such as France, Germany, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Belgium and Austria. Design/methodology/approach: Data for this study were collected from the World development indicators (WDI) database from 1995 to 2018. Factors such as economic growth, pollution, trade, domestic capital investment, gross value-added and the financial stability of the country that influence FDI decisions were selected through empirical literature. A framework was developed using interpretable machine learning (IML), decision trees and three-stage least squares simultaneous equation methods for FDI inflow in Western Europe. Findings: The findings of this study show that there is a difference between the most important and trusted factors for FDI inflow. Additionally, this study shows that machine learning (ML) models can perform better than conventional linear regression models. Research limitations/implications: This research has several limitations. Ideally, classification accuracies should be higher, and the current scope of this research is limited to examining the performance of FDI determinants within Western Europe. Practical implications: Through this framework, the national government can understand how investors make their capital allocation decisions in their country. The framework developed in this study can help policymakers better understand the rationality of FDI inflows. Originality/value: An IML framework has not been developed in prior studies to analyze FDI inflows. Additionally, the author demonstrates the applicability of the IML framework for estimating FDI inflows in Western Europe.

BACKGROUND: The green economy has long been important in public discourses, as has been the forecasting of macroeconomic phenomena. AIM: The purpose with this study was to construct a regional input-output model for the South African economy. SETTING: The model is a coupled input-output/system dynamics model. It is dynamic in the sense that sector growth follows the 'limits to growth' hypothesis. The model is used to explore the impact on the green economy, and also on poverty indices. METHOD: It was constructed using Vensim®, a system dynamics modelling package. Bayesian methods were utilised to estimate realistic values for the multipliers. Type I multipliers for output, income, employment and gross value added (GVA) are estimated. The model was then 'tested' by forecasting various resource sectors' GVA (i.e. agriculture, mining, water, electricity. RESULTS: The model fits the historical data well, replicating provincial GVA as well as national GVA to an acceptable standard. The multipliers fell within appropriate ranges, and followed a priori expectations. CONCLUSION: The model provides 'highly accurate' forecasts of various macroeconomic parameters, including the resources sectors. The impact of different multipliers in the three resources sectors on various poverty indices in South Africa was also assessed. CONTRIBUTION: The model has great potential for further use in the agricultural, energy and resource sectors, but also has wider application since it provides a means for generating an input- output table for any specific year based on the forecasting of input - output elements.

Resumen: Durante la pandemia, los países latinoamericanos vieron colapsar sus sistemas de salud. Esto se debió a la alta demanda de atención para las personas contagiadas con SARS-CoV-2 y a la atención de pacientes con otros tipos de enfermedades. El aumento significativo de la demanda de los servicios de salud llevó a la rápida disminución de los suministros médicos y de laboratorio. La pandemia de la COVID-19 intensificó la crisis sanitaria en los países en desarrollo, principalmente por una política sistemática e insuficiente de apropiación del conocimiento científico. Si el actual gobierno colombiano formulara una Ley de Soberanía Biotecnológica o de Bioseguridad por la cual se garantizaría la autonomía científica, esto conduciría a una autonomía de Colombia en Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación. El Gobierno de Colombia también debería centrarse en fomentar y desarrollar la producción de productos químicos farmacéuticos mediante el abastecimiento de ingredientes químicos activos de otros países. Esta estrategia favorece la reducción de costos de producción y del precio final de los medicamentos, además de generar empleos de alto nivel y riqueza para el país. De esta manera, no habría escasez de medicamentos esenciales, ni alzas excesivas de precios en la intermediación comercial. Pero, la realidad es que hay una débil soberanía biotecnológica en Colombia. En este texto se propone un modelo de ecosistema basado en Ciencia y Tecnología para que Latinoamérica logre la soberanía biotecnológica mediante el financiamiento estatal a la investigación en universidades, con la participación de entidades privadas y Ministerios de Ciencia, Educación, Comercio y Salud. La autonomía científica se basa en procesos de innovación que implican el fortalecimiento de la autonomía biotecnológica.

Abstract: During the pandemic, Latin American countries suffered the collapse of their health systems. This was caused by the high demand for care of patients infected with SARS-CoV-2, which was added to the care of patients with other diseases. The significant increase in demand for health services caused medical and laboratory supplies to decline rapidly. The COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated a health crisis in several developing countries, mainly caused by insufficient systematic policies for integrating scientific knowledge. The current Colombian government must formulate a Biotechnological or Biosecurity Sovereignty Law that guarantees scientific autonomy, ensuring that Colombia is self-sufficient in Science, Technology, and Innovation. Colombian government should also focus on establishing and developing pharmaceutical chemical production by acquiring active chemical ingredients from other countries. This strategy could reduce the production costs and final prices of medicines, as well as generate high-level employment and wealth for the country. In this way, the Colombian government could prevent shortage of essential medicines and excessive price increases by commercial intermediation. In conclusion, the manuscript focuses on the lack of biotechnological sovereignty in Colombia. We propose a model of a Latin American Science and Technology ecosystem to achieve biotechnological sovereignty via state funding of research, strengthening universities, and fostering participation among private companies and Ministries of Science, Education, Trade, and Health. Scientific autonomy based on innovative processes that strengthen biotechnological independence can contribute to the economy by generating gross added value, creating high-quality employment, and facilitating the appropriation and social dissemination of knowledge, and cost reduction.

Resumo: Durante a pandemia, os países latino-americanos sofreram o colapso de seus sistemas de saúde. Isso foi causado pela alta demanda de atendimento aos infectados pelo SARS-CoV-2, que somou-se, em paralelo, ao atendimento de pacientes com outros tipos de doenças. O aumento significativo na demanda por serviços de saúde levou à rápida diminuição dos suprimentos médicos e laboratoriais. A pandemia de COVID-19 acelerou, nos países em desenvolvimento, uma crise sanitária causada principalmente por uma política sistemática e insuficiente de apropriação do conhecimento científico. O atual governo colombiano deve formular uma Lei de Soberania Biotecnológica ou de Biossegurança que garanta a autonomia científica, o que leva à autonomia que garante que a Colômbia seja autossuficiente em Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação. O governo da Colômbia também deve se concentrar em estabelecer e desenvolver a produção de produtos químicos farmacêuticos, adquirindo ingredientes químicos ativos de outros países. Essa estratégia reduz os custos de produção e o preço final dos medicamentos, além de gerar empregos de alto nível e riqueza para o país. Desta forma, não haveria escassez de medicamentos essenciais, nem estaríamos sujeitos a aumentos excessivos de preços por intermediação comercial. Em conclusão, o manuscrito foca na fracassada soberania biotecnológica na Colômbia. Propomos um modelo de ecossistema latino-americano de Ciência e Tecnologia para alcançar a soberania biotecnológica por meio do financiamento estatal do fortalecimento da pesquisa das universidades, com a participação de empresas privadas e Ministérios da Ciência, Educação, Comércio e Saúde. A autonomia científica é baseada em processos de inovação que fortalecem a autonomia biotecnológica.

Resumo: Durante a pandemia, os países latino-americanos sofreram o colapso de seus sistemas de saúde. Isso foi causado pela alta demanda de atendimento aos infectados pelo SARS-CoV-2, que somou-se, em paralelo, ao atendimento de pacientes com outros tipos de doenças. O aumento significativo na demanda por serviços de saúde levou à rápida diminuição dos suprimentos médicos e laboratoriais. A pandemia de COVID-19 acelerou, nos países em desenvolvimento, uma crise sanitária causada principalmente por uma política sistemática e insuficiente de apropriação do conhecimento científico. O atual governo colombiano deve formular uma Lei de Soberania Biotecnológica ou de Biossegurança que garanta a autonomia científica, o que leva à autonomia que garante que a Colômbia seja autossuficiente em Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação. O governo da Colômbia também deve se concentrar em estabelecer e desenvolver a produção de produtos químicos farmacêuticos, adquirindo ingredientes químicos ativos de outros países. Essa estratégia reduz os custos de produção e o preço final dos medicamentos, além de gerar empregos de alto nível e riqueza para o país. Desta forma, não haveria escassez de medicamentos essenciais, nem estaríamos sujeitos a aumentos excessivos de preços por intermediação comercial. Em conclusão, o manuscrito foca na fracassada soberania biotecnológica na Colômbia. Propomos um modelo de ecossistema latino-americano de Ciência e Tecnologia para alcançar a soberania biotecnológica por meio do financiamento estatal do fortalecimento da pesquisa das universidades, com a participação de empresas privadas e Ministérios da Ciência, Educação, Comércio e Saúde. A autonomia científica é baseada em processos de inovação que fortalecem a autonomia biotecnológica. Resumo latinoamericanos latino americanos SARSCoV2, SARSCoV2 SARSCoV SARS CoV 2, 2 SARS-CoV-2 somouse, somouse somou se, somou-se paralelo doenças laboratoriais COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 acelerou desenvolvimento científico Inovação farmacêuticos país forma essenciais comercial conclusão latinoamericano americano universidades Educação Saúde SARS-CoV- COVID1 1 COVID- SARS-CoV

Abstract: During the pandemic, Latin American countries suffered the collapse of their health systems. This was caused by the high demand for care of patients infected with SARS-CoV-2, which was added to the care of patients with other diseases. The significant increase in demand for health services caused medical and laboratory supplies to decline rapidly. The COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated a health crisis in several developing countries, mainly caused by insufficient systematic policies for integrating scientific knowledge. The current Colombian government must formulate a Biotechnological or Biosecurity Sovereignty Law that guarantees scientific autonomy, ensuring that Colombia is self-sufficient in Science, Technology, and Innovation. Colombian government should also focus on establishing and developing pharmaceutical chemical production by acquiring active chemical ingredients from other countries. This strategy could reduce the production costs and final prices of medicines, as well as generate high-level employment and wealth for the country. In this way, the Colombian government could prevent shortage of essential medicines and excessive price increases by commercial intermediation. In conclusion, the manuscript focuses on the lack of biotechnological sovereignty in Colombia. We propose a model of a Latin American Science and Technology ecosystem to achieve biotechnological sovereignty via state funding of research, strengthening universities, and fostering participation among private companies and Ministries of Science, Education, Trade, and Health. Scientific autonomy based on innovative processes that strengthen biotechnological independence can contribute to the economy by generating gross added value, creating high-quality employment, and facilitating the appropriation and social dissemination of knowledge, and cost reduction. Abstract systems SARSCoV2, SARSCoV2 SARSCoV SARS CoV 2, 2 SARS-CoV-2 diseases rapidly COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 knowledge selfsufficient self sufficient Innovation highlevel level country way intermediation conclusion research universities Education Trade Health value highquality quality reduction SARS-CoV- COVID1 1 COVID- SARS-CoV

Resumen: Durante la pandemia, los países latinoamericanos vieron colapsar sus sistemas de salud. Esto se debió a la alta demanda de atención para las personas contagiadas con SARS-CoV-2 y a la atención de pacientes con otros tipos de enfermedades. El aumento significativo de la demanda de los servicios de salud llevó a la rápida disminución de los suministros médicos y de laboratorio. La pandemia de la COVID-19 intensificó la crisis sanitaria en los países en desarrollo, principalmente por una política sistemática e insuficiente de apropiación del conocimiento científico. Si el actual gobierno colombiano formulara una Ley de Soberanía Biotecnológica o de Bioseguridad por la cual se garantizaría la autonomía científica, esto conduciría a una autonomía de Colombia en Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación. El Gobierno de Colombia también debería centrarse en fomentar y desarrollar la producción de productos químicos farmacéuticos mediante el abastecimiento de ingredientes químicos activos de otros países. Esta estrategia favorece la reducción de costos de producción y del precio final de los medicamentos, además de generar empleos de alto nivel y riqueza para el país. De esta manera, no habría escasez de medicamentos esenciales, ni alzas excesivas de precios en la intermediación comercial. Pero, la realidad es que hay una débil soberanía biotecnológica en Colombia. En este texto se propone un modelo de ecosistema basado en Ciencia y Tecnología para que Latinoamérica logre la soberanía biotecnológica mediante el financiamiento estatal a la investigación en universidades, con la participación de entidades privadas y Ministerios de Ciencia, Educación, Comercio y Salud. La autonomía científica se basa en procesos de innovación que implican el fortalecimiento de la autonomía biotecnológica. Resumen SARSCoV2 SARSCoV SARS CoV 2 SARS-CoV- enfermedades laboratorio COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 desarrollo científico Innovación país manera esenciales comercial Pero universidades Educación Salud SARS-CoV COVID1 1 COVID-

Abstract This article discusses the political behavior of Brazilian industrial entrepreneurs during Rousseff’s Government (2011-16), based on two case studies of important sectors: Civil Construction and auto parts industry. Following the hypothesis that there was a political displacement from the industrial entrepreneurs support in 2011, towards the shaping of an “anti-development bourgeois unity” in opposition to the government, we conducted semi-structured interviews and data collection. The analysis confirms the hypotheses of the industrials political displacement in the period, and points as one of the explanations the intensification of distributive conflicts between capital and labor, expressed in the businesspeople statements and in the increase of the wage-share in the Gross Value Added (GVA) and of the number of strikes. Rousseffs Rousseff s 201116, 201116 2011 16 , (2011-16) sectors industry antidevelopment anti development unity government semistructured semi structured collection period labor wageshare wage share GVA (GVA strikes 20111 201 1 (2011-16 20 (2011-1 2 (2011- (2011 (201 (20 (2 (

Resumo Este artigo discute o comportamento político dos empresários industriais brasileiros durante o Governo Dilma Rousseff (2011-16), a partir de dois estudos de caso de importantes setores: Construção Civil e Autopeças. Fundamentado na hipótese de que houve um deslocamento político do empresariado industrial desde o apoio em 2011 até a conformação de uma “unidade burguesa antidesenvolvimentista” em oposição ao governo, realizamos entrevistas semiestruturadas, levantamento de dados e de posicionamentos públicos. A análise corrobora a hipótese de deslocamento político no período, e aponta como uma das explicações o acirramento dos conflitos distributivos entre capital e trabalho, expresso nas declarações empresariais e nos aumentos da participação das remunerações no valor adicionado bruto e do número de greves. 201116, 201116 16 , (2011-16) setores Autopeças 201 unidade antidesenvolvimentista governo semiestruturadas públicos período trabalho greves 20111 1 (2011-16 20 (2011-1 2 (2011- (2011 (201 (20 (2 (

Hierdie artikel fokus op die jaarlikse persoonlike inkomste enjaarlikse huishoudelike inkomste van Orania in 2021. Met die oog hierop is Orania se sosio-ekonomiese opname, waarvan die veldwerk in 2021 afgehandel is en waarvan die resultate in 2022 gepubliseer is, tesaam met die besigheidsopname van 2022 ontleed. Die Orania Sakekamer reik koopbewyse uit wat bekend staan as die ora en wat op 'n een-tot-een grondslag gekoppel is aan die Suid-Afrikaanse rand. Die ora word afgekort deur middel van die simbool "φ". Ora-koepons sirkuleer as 'n wettige betaalmiddel in die dorp, teen φ1,00 gelyk aan R1,00. Aangesien inwoners van Orania verkies om bedrae in ora te benoem en nie die rand nie, word die navorsingsbevindings hier in ora gerapporteer. Die totale jaarlikse persoonlike inkomste van die inwoners van Orania in 2021 is op sowat φ300 miljoen beraam. Per capita jaarlikse persoonlike inkomste vir die 2 377 inwoners word dus op sowat φ125 000 beraam. Hierteenoor word die jaarlikse inkomste van huishoudings in Orania in 2021 op sowat φ200 miljoen beraam, wat heelwat laer is as die beraming vir jaarlikse persoonlike inkomste vir dieselfde tydperk. Hierdie verskil in ramings kan nie met bestaande opnamedata verklaar word nie. Die ramings van die jaarlikse persoonlike inkomste en jaarlikse huishoudelike inkomste word gestaaf deur die data wat verkry is uit die Orania-besigheidsopname. Die omset van sake-ondernemings in Orania in 2021 word op φ281 950 000 beraam en sake-eienaars het gerapporteer dat 51 persent van hul omset afkomstig was vanuit inwoners van Orania. Daar is sekere opnamefoute in die data, terwyl bykomende inligting nodig is om die ramings te verbeter. Inligting oor die huishoudelike besparing en persoonlike inkomstebelasting wat betaal word, sal die ramings kan verbeter. Inligting oor die netto betaling van belasting op toegevoegde waarde (BTW) deur sake-ondernemings sal ook hiertoe bydra. Bykomende inligting is onder meer nodig om Orania se bruto geografiese produk te beraam. Die gevolgtrekking kan nogtans gemaak word dat die jaarlikse persoonlike inkomste en jaarlikse huishoudelike inkomste van Orania in 2021 tussen φ200 miljoen en φ300 miljoen beloop het. Die beraming laat 'n marge van 50 persent, wat statisties groot is, maar bied nietemin 'n maatstaf waarvolgens toekomstige bevindings oor dieselfde onderwerp met mekaar en met die bevindings uit die verlede vergelyk kan word. Daar moet ook tot die slotsom geraak word dat die groeivlak van Orania se persoonlike en huishoudelike inkomste sedert 1991, toe dit vir alle doeleindes op nul gestaan het, beduidend is.

Orania is situated on the southern bank of the Orange River in the Northern Cape Province of South Africa. The closest towns are Hopetown, 43 kilometres to the north-west, Vanderkloof, 49 kilometers to the south-east, and Petrusville, 51 kilometers to the south-east. Orania is about 160 kilometres south of Kimberley. A unique aspect of Orania is that all inhabitants speak Afrikaans and are of the white population group. All business activities, education, social interaction and religious activities are conducted exclusively in Afrikaans. It is therefore described as an Afrikaner cultural enclave. Research on various aspects of Orania has been undertaken and published, but none to date has estimated the level of total economic activity in the town. This article addresses this gap in extant literature by focusing on the annual personal income and the annual household income of Orania in 2021, as based on data collected for the most recent sosio-economic and business surveys that had been completed for the town in December 2021 and early in 2022, respectively. At the time of these surveys, Orania'spopulation comprised 2 377 people, of which 1 635 were 20 years and older, and thus regarded as receiving of some sort of income. Simultaneously, Orania comprised 649 households and 220 businesses. The survey results are very complete, reporting data for 712 individuals of 20 years and older (43,5 per cent of the universum), 572 households (88,1 per cent of the universum) and all 220 businesses in Orania. Survey results with such a high response rate are uncommon. The Orania Sakekamer [chamber of commerce] issues vouchers linked on a one-to-one basis to the South African rand, known as the ora. The latter is abbreviated as φ and circulated as the legal tender in the town, at a rate of φ 1,00 equals to R1,00. Given the preference among Orania's inhabitants to refer to amounts in ora, rather than in rand, this article reports the research findings in ora, rather than in rand. Based on an analysis of the survey data, the total personal annual income of Orania's residents in 2021 was estimated at some φ 300 million. Per capita personal annual income for the 2 377 inhabitants was therefore estimated at some φ 125 000. This is about 20 per cent larger than South Africa's gross domestic product per capita of R102 982 in 2021. These results seem plausible, as Orania does not have an unempoyment problem, while South Africa's unemployment rate in 2021 exceeded 30 per cent. In contrast, the annual household income of households in Orania in 2021 was estimated to be some φ 200 million. This is considerably lower than the estimate for personal annual income for the same period. The difference in estimates cannot be explained in terms of the existing survey data. It can only be ascribed to differences in the interpretations of the questionnaires at the time of collecting the data. The estimates of annual personal income and annual household income show some correlation with the survey data obtained from the Orania business survey. Turnover of business enterprises in the town in 2021 is estimated at φ281 950 000, and business owners reported that 51 per cent of their turnover was generated by residents of Orania. There are some survey discrepancies as evidenced by the data, and additional information is needed to improve the estimates. Information on household savings and personal income tax paid will help improve the validity of the estimates. Information on net payment of value added tax (VAT) will also cause enhancement of their validity. In addition, more information is necessary to calculate Orania's gross geographic product. The conclusion must nonetheless be drawn that the annual personal income and annual household income of Orania in 2021 amounted to between φ200 million and φ300 million. The estimate leaves a margin of 50 percent, which is statistically considerable, while it nonetheless provides a benchmark for future comparison in research on the same subject. Finally, the fact that Orania'spersonal and household income grew to this level from virtually nothing in 1991 must be given its due: it is impressive.

With the understanding that universities play multiple social purposes, we aimed to provide an estimation of the economic impact of the public universities in South Africa. Using models described in the literature, we estimated economic benefits from four university activities - university exports, research at universities, the production of graduates and universities as business entities. Comparative analysis shows that, as an economic sector, Higher Education contributes more to South Africa's gross value added than other economic sectors such as Wood and Wood Products, Textiles, Clothing and Leather Goods, or Paper and Paper Products. It is comparable to sectors such as Gold Mining, and Beverages and Tobacco. Taking into account a number of assumptions, which are explained in the text, for 2018 the total economic impact was estimated at about ZAR513 billion. Governmental expenditure on higher education in that year was ZAR66 billion. These figures produce a cost-benefit ratio for the sector of 1 : 7.7, considering only these four university activities. SIGNIFICANCE: The South African public higher education institutions form a very significant economic sector within the national economy. In terms of the gross value added, it is very similar in size to the gold mining industry. Taking into account four activities of universities, this sector contributes about ZAR500 billion annually to the economy, which is likely to be an underestimate of the actual contribution. This finding opens the way for policymakers to understand the importance of the sector as an area of investment. Recognising the potential limitations of the use of the modelling developed for other economies, our study indicates the importance of further work to indigenise the economic modelling for local conditions.

Abstract The research examines the relationship between the macroeconomic aggregates of the National Accounts and the Financial Accounts. The research is of an applied type with a qualitative approach, with bibliographic and documentary analysis procedures, including the analysis of the economic activities of “Empresa Internacional S.A”, to demonstrate the interrelationship and equivalence of the accounting economic statements. It was identified that there is a common starting point between the National Accounting and the Financial Accounting, since the macroeconomic aggregates and ledger accounts resort to the accrual basis, use double entry and coincide in the periodicity of their publications. It is shown that the economic and accounting statements are interrelated because both arise from the same and unique fact (economic activity), which only differs in the way in which each one observes it from their own analytical perspective, consequently the proximity is consolidated. between National Accounting and Financial Accounting. The continuous investigation of this field of research by economists, accountants and even statisticians is proposed for the continuous improvement of the information.

Resumen La investigación examina la relación entre los agregados macroeconómicos de la Contabilidad Nacional y los estados financieros de la Contabilidad Financiera. La investigación es de tipo aplicada con un enfoque cualitativo, con procedimientos de análisis bibliográfico y documental. Para demostrar la interrelación y equivalencia de los estados económicos contables, se identificó que existe un punto de partida común entre la Contabilidad Nacional y la Contabilidad Financiera, ya que los agregados macroeconómicos y las cuentas contables recurren a la base del devengado, utilizan la partida doble y coinciden en la periodicidad de sus reportes. El resultado de la investigación demuestra que, los estados económicos y contables están interrelacionados porque ambos surgen de un mismo y único hecho (la actividad económica), el cual solo difiere en la forma en que cada uno lo observa desde su propia perspectiva analítica, consecuentemente se consolida la proximidad entre la Contabilidad Nacional y la Contabilidad Financiera,

Resumen El objetivo de este documento es descomponer las exportaciones bilaterales del sector automotriz en la región del TLCAN según el origen y usos del valor agregado a través de un modelo de insumo-producto multirregional. Los resultados indican que Canadá y México son altamente dependientes de insumos estadounidenses para la producción de exportaciones automotrices, mientras que EE. UU. registra el mayor contenido de valor agregado interno. Por su parte, EE. UU. ha formado cadenas de producción que abastecen a Canadá y México de insumos para la producción que después de procesados regresan a EE.UU. o se reexportan a terceros países, en tanto que Canadá y México se limitan a abastecer de bienes finales e intermedios a EE.UU. La relación comercial entre estos dos países es menor.

Abstract The objective of this document is to decompose the gross value of bilateral exports of the automotive sector in the NAFTA region, according to the source and destination of its value added. A multi-country input-output model is utilized. The results indicate that Canada and Mexico are highly dependent on U.S. inputs to produce automotive exports while the U.S. records the highest content of domestic value-added. Besides, the U.S. has formed production chains that supply Canada and Mexico with production inputs that after processing return to the U.S. or are re-exported to third countries, whereas Canada and Mexico are limited to supplying final and intermediate goods to the U.S. Trade between the two countries is minor.

Abstract Objective: to analyze the spatial and temporal distribution of occupational accident (OA) indicators and other agribusiness-related health issues in Mato Grosso, Brazil, from 2008 to 2017. Methods: ecological study using trend analysis and correlation calculation between agricultural, forestry, mineral production and OA indicators. Results: slaughtering and meat production (16.9%) and agriculture (12.3%) were the agribusiness activities with the highest contribution to OA. Municipalities considered the largest agricultural producers (Paratininga, Barra do Garças, Alta Floresta and Sorriso) showed the highest OA rates. Of the OA registered in the state, 58.4% were agribusiness-related. Gross value added presented a positive and significant correlation with the incidence rate (r = 0.303; p < 0.001), mortality (r = 0.368; p < 0.001) and lethality (r = 0.390; p < 0.001) by OA. Analysis showed an increasing trend in the annual percentage variation of 7.3% (95%CI: 6.1;8.6) in productive effort (hectare/inhabitant), 6.2% (95%CI: 5.2;7.3) in productive effort (pesticide exposure/inhabitant), and 6.2% (95%CI: 4.1;8.3) in hospitalizations for neoplasms, as well as the growth of agricultural production, agricultural inputs, and health problems. Conclusion: most OAs were related to agribusiness, mainly in meatpacking plants and agriculture. There was a positive correlation between indicators of agricultural production and occupational-related accidents and deaths. Objective (OA agribusinessrelated Grosso Brazil 200 2017 Methods forestry Results 16.9% 169 16 9 (16.9% 12.3% 123 12 3 (12.3% Paratininga, Paratininga (Paratininga Garças Sorriso rates state 584 58 4 58.4 agribusinessrelated. related. r 0.303 0303 0 303 0.001, 0001 0.001 , 001 0.368 0368 368 0.390 0390 390 73 7 7.3 95%CI 95CI CI 95 (95%CI 6.18.6 6186 6.1 8.6 6 1 8 6.1;8.6 hectare/inhabitant, hectareinhabitant hectare/inhabitant hectare inhabitant (hectare/inhabitant) 62 2 6.2 5.27.3 5273 5.2 5 5.2;7.3 pesticide exposure/inhabitant, exposureinhabitant exposure/inhabitant exposure exposure/inhabitant) 4.18.3 4183 4.1 8.3 4.1;8.3 neoplasms inputs problems Conclusion occupationalrelated deaths 20 201 16.9 (16.9 12.3 (12.3 58. 0.30 030 30 000 0.00 00 0.36 036 36 0.39 039 39 7. 18 6.18. 618 61 6. 86 8. 6.1;8. (hectare/inhabitant 27 5.27. 527 52 5. 5.2;7. 4.18. 418 41 4. 83 4.1;8. 16. (16. 12. (12. 0.3 03 0.0 6.18 6.1;8 5.27 5.2;7 4.18 4.1;8 (16 (12 0. 6.1; 5.2; 4.1; (1 (

Resumo Objetivo: analisar a distribuição espacial e temporal dos indicadores de acidentes de trabalho (AT) e de outros agravos à saúde relacionados à produção agropecuária de Mato Grosso, no período de 2008 a 2017. Métodos: trata-se de estudo ecológico, com análise de tendência e correlação entre indicadores de produção agropecuária, florestal, mineral e AT. Resultados: as atividades econômicas do agronegócio com maior contribuição aos AT foram: abate e fabricação de produtos de carnes (16,9%) e agricultura (12,3%). Taxas de AT mais elevadas foram observadas nos municípios considerados os maiores produtores agropecuários (Paranatinga, Barra do Garças, Alta Floresta e Sorriso). Evidenciou-se que 58,4% dos AT no estado foram relacionados ao agronegócio. Foi encontrada correlação positiva e significativa entre o valor adicionado bruto e a taxa de incidência (r = 0,303; p < 0,001), mortalidade (r = 0,368; p < 0,001) e letalidade (r = 0,390; p < 0,001) por AT. Identificou-se tendência crescente na variação percentual anual de 7,3% (IC95%: 6,1;8,6) do esforço produtivo (hectare/habitante), de 6,2% (IC95%: 5,2;7,3) do esforço produtivo (exposição agrotóxico/habitante) e de 6,2% (IC95%: 4,1;8,3) das internações por neoplasias, bem como do crescimento da produção agrícola, dos insumos agrícolas e dos agravos à saúde. Conclusão: a maioria dos AT foram relacionados ao agronegócio, predominantemente nas atividades de frigoríficos e agricultura. Houve correlação positiva entre indicadores de produção agropecuária e de ocorrências e mortes por AT. Objetivo (AT Grosso 200 2017 Métodos tratase trata se ecológico florestal Resultados 16,9% 169 16 9 (16,9% 12,3%. 123 12,3% . 12 3 (12,3%) Paranatinga, Paranatinga (Paranatinga Garças Sorriso. Sorriso Sorriso) Evidenciouse Evidenciou 584 58 4 58,4 r 0,303 0303 0 303 0,001, 0001 0,001 , 001 0,368 0368 368 0,390 0390 390 Identificouse Identificou 73 7 7,3 IC95% IC95 IC (IC95% 6,18,6 6186 6,1 8,6 6 1 8 6,1;8,6 hectare/habitante, hectarehabitante hectare/habitante hectare habitante (hectare/habitante) 62 2 6,2 5,27,3 5273 5,2 5 5,2;7,3 exposição agrotóxico/habitante agrotóxicohabitante agrotóxico 4,18,3 4183 4,1 8,3 4,1;8,3 neoplasias agrícola Conclusão 20 201 16,9 (16,9 12,3 (12,3% 58, 0,30 030 30 000 0,00 00 0,36 036 36 0,39 039 39 7, IC9 (IC95 18 6,18, 618 61 6, 86 8, 6,1;8, (hectare/habitante 27 5,27, 527 52 5, 5,2;7, 4,18, 418 41 4, 83 4,1;8, 16, (16, 12, (12,3 0,3 03 0,0 (IC9 6,18 6,1;8 5,27 5,2;7 4,18 4,1;8 (16 (12, 0, (IC 6,1; 5,2; 4,1; (1 (12 (

ABSTRACT This paper deepens the existing analysis of the Brazil’s integration into Global Value Chains by applying the decomposition methodology of gross exports proposed by Wang, Wei and Zhu (2018). This decomposition method breaks down gross exports into several components corresponding to the domestic and foreign value added embedded in bilateral and sectoral exports, which allow an accurate characterization of the countries' participation into GVCs. Using data from the WIOD database for the period 2000-2014, we examine the Brazilian specialization for exports in value added for three of its main trading partners (China, the United States, and the European Union). The geographical and sectoral export profile analysis is of interest to Brazil since the country's commercial specialization differs significantly according to its partners. Brazils s Wang 2018. 2018 . (2018) countries GVCs 20002014, 20002014 2000 2014, 2014 2000-2014 China, China (China States Union. Union Union) countrys country 201 (2018 2000201 200 2000-201 20 (201 200020 2000-20 2 (20 20002 2000-2 (2 2000- (

ABSTRACT Objective: the objective of this study was to analyze the effects on industrial competitiveness of the subsidies related to the Industry 4.0 Program in Portugal from 2017 to 2019. The following research question arises in this context: What is the influence of the incentive value on the competitiveness of Portuguese industries after the implementation of the Industry 4.0 technology-enabling projects? Methods: the methodological approach of the study is correlational in nature, and it seeks to establish relationships between the Industry 4.0 incentive value and competitiveness in order to identify the role of funds/subsidies in the competitiveness of Industry 4.0 in Portugal. The study relied on the use of non-parametric statistical techniques. Kendall’s rank correlation coefficient, the Fisher test, and the Wilkinson test were used to interpret the results. Results and Conclusions: according to the presented results, the central hypothesis of this study is accepted, since the factors that make up the Industry 4.0 - European fund - incentive value dimension have an association with the degree of competitiveness (operating revenue, number of employees, total factor productivity - TFP, gross value added, EBITDA, and net profit) in the 2017-2019 period. Objective 40 4 0 4. 201 2019 context technologyenabling technology enabling projects Methods nature fundssubsidies funds nonparametric non parametric techniques Kendalls Kendall s coefficient results Conclusions accepted operating revenue employees TFP added EBITDA profit 20172019 2017-201 period 20 2017201 2017-20 2 201720 2017-2 20172 2017-

Resumo A farinha de peixe, por ser um ingrediente alimentar limitado e caro, é continuamente substituída por proteínas vegetais disponíveis localmente. No entanto, a ocorrência de fatores antinutricionais na farinha de plantas suprime seu potencial de ser totalmente substituída. Portanto, neste estudo objetivamos estudar os efeitos sinérgicos de aditivos dietéticos como ácido cítrico e suplementação com enzima fitase sobre o desempenho de crescimento e digestibilidade de nutrientes de alevinos de Cirrhinus mrigala. A farinha de canola (CM) foi usada como ingrediente de teste para substituir a farinha de peixe (FM) como: 0%, 25%, 50% e 75%. Essas quatro dietas foram suplementadas por níveis variados de fitase (0 e 750 FTU kg-1) e ácido cítrico (0% e 2,5%) para formular um total de 16 dietas de teste como T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9, T10, T11, T12, T13, T14, T15 e T16. Cada tratamento continha três repetições; aplicado a grupos de peixes com 15 alevinos cada; seguindo o arranjo fatorial 3 × 3. 1% de óxido crômico foi adicionado como um marcador inerte. % de ganho de peso máximo (288%) e o valor mais baixo de FCR (1,07) foram registrados quando os peixes foram alimentados com dieta T12 em comparação com peixes alimentados com dieta controle (T1). Da mesma forma, valores ótimos de digestibilidade de nutrientes, como proteína bruta (77%), gordura bruta (84%) e energia bruta (70%) foram anotados no mesmo nível. Concluiu-se que 50% da farinha de canola pode substituir de forma ideal a farinha de peixe quando suplementada com fitase e ácido cítrico nos níveis de 750 FTU kg-1 e 2,5%, respectivamente.

Abstract Fishmeal; being a limited and costly feed ingredient is continuously been substituted with locally available plant proteins. However, the occurrence of anti-nutritional factors in plant meal suppresses its potential to be fully replaced. Therefore, in this study we aimed to study the synergistic effects of dietary additives like citric acid and phytase enzyme supplementation on growth performance and nutrient digestibility of Cirrhinus mrigala fingerlings. Canola meal (CM) was used as a test ingredient to replace fishmeal (FM) as; 0%, 25%, 50% and 75%. These four diets were further supplemented by varying levels of phytase (0 and 750 FTU kg-1) and citric acid (0% and 2.5%) to formulate total sixteen test diets as T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9, T10, T11, T12, T13, T14, T15 and T16. Each treatment contained three replicates; applied to fish groups having 15 fingerlings each; following 3×3 factorial arrangement. 1% of chromic oxide was added as an inert marker. Maximum weight gain% (288%) and the lowest value of FCR (1.07) were recorded when fish was fed on diet T12 as compared to fish fed control diet (T1). Similarly, optimum nutrient digestibility values such as crude protein (77%), crude fat (84%) and gross energy (70%) were noted on same level. It was concluded that 50% canola meal can optimally replace fishmeal when supplemented with phytase and citric acid at the levels of 750 FTU kg-1 and 2.5%, respectively.

Resumen Objetivo: Valorar el impacto económico de la implantación del Plan de Choque en Dependencia (PCD), que representa la primera respuesta del gobierno de España ante las significativas carencias que la pandemia de COVID-19 puso de manifiesto en los Servicios de Dependencia. El PCD establece como prioridades la eliminación de las listas de espera, la mejora de los servicios priorizando la atención en domicilio, y la profesionalización y la estabilización del empleo en el sector. Método: Para cumplir este objetivo se ha realizado una estimación del incremento de demanda de prestaciones y servicios en 2023, suponiendo que se cumplen las actuaciones que el PCD establece como inmediatas en el momento de su firma en 2021, para después, mediante una modelización multisectorial, cuantificar el impacto de las inversiones públicas requeridas, analizando no solo el impacto económico directo en los sectores económicos implicados en la dependencia, sino también los impactos indirectos e inducidos sobre la economía en su conjunto. Resultados: Los requerimientos de inversión pública para el año 2023 serán de 13.962 millones de euros, cifra cercana al 1% del producto interior bruto, con un impacto en la economía en términos de producción de 41.570 millones, un valor añadido bruto de 21.046 millones y la creación de unos 440.000 empleos. Conclusiones: Se pone de manifiesto que cumplir el PCD requiere un aumento del compromiso de financiación pública, más allá de las inyecciones puntuales del Plan de Recuperación, Transformación y Resiliencia. Estas inversiones tienen un impacto económico positivo en el conjunto de la economía del país, y no solo en el sector de servicios sociales.

Abstract Objective: To assess the impact on the economy of the implementation of the Action Plan on Dependency (APD), devised by the Spanish government as a first measure to tackle the major shortages in Dependency Services brought to light pursuant to COVID-19 pandemic. The APD establishes as priority areas the suppression of waiting lists, the improvement of dependency services, with a focus on home-care, and the professionalization and stabilization of employment. Method: To achieve this goal, first, an estimate of the increased demand for benefits and services in 2023 has been carried out, supposing that all the priority measures established in the PCD in 2021 are fully implemented. Then, the impact of investment on the economy has been measured using multisector modeling. This analysis considers not only the direct economic impact on the sectors providing services to dependent population, but also the indirect and induced impact on the economy as a whole. Results: The total public investment required for the plan in 2023 will reach 13,962 million Euro, which represents around 1% of the GDP. The impact on the economy in terms of production is expected to reach 41,570 million, while the impact on gross value added will be 21,046 million, together with the creation of nearly 440,000 jobs. Conclusions: The results reveal that, for the APD to be fully implemented, public funding needs to be increased way beyond the occasional allocation of funds established in the Recovery, Transformation and Resilience Plan. These investments have a positive impact not only on the social and welfare sector, but also on the country's economy.

Resumen Objetivo: Valorar el impacto económico de la implantación del Plan de Choque en Dependencia (PCD), que representa la primera respuesta del gobierno de España ante las significativas carencias que la pandemia de COVID-19 puso de manifiesto en los Servicios de Dependencia. El PCD establece como prioridades la eliminación de las listas de espera, la mejora de los servicios priorizando la atención en domicilio, y la profesionalización y la estabilización del empleo en el sector. Método: Para cumplir este objetivo se ha realizado una estimación del incremento de demanda de prestaciones y servicios en 2023, suponiendo que se cumplen las actuaciones que el PCD establece como inmediatas en el momento de su firma en 2021, para después, mediante una modelización multisectorial, cuantificar el impacto de las inversiones públicas requeridas, analizando no solo el impacto económico directo en los sectores económicos implicados en la dependencia, sino también los impactos indirectos e inducidos sobre la economía en su conjunto. Resultados: Los requerimientos de inversión pública para el año 2023 serán de 13.962 millones de euros, cifra cercana al 1% del producto interior bruto, con un impacto en la economía en términos de producción de 41.570 millones, un valor añadido bruto de 21.046 millones y la creación de unos 440.000 empleos. Conclusiones: Se pone de manifiesto que cumplir el PCD requiere un aumento del compromiso de financiación pública, más allá de las inyecciones puntuales del Plan de Recuperación, Transformación y Resiliencia. Estas inversiones tienen un impacto económico positivo en el conjunto de la economía del país, y no solo en el sector de servicios sociales.

Abstract Objective: To assess the impact on the economy of the implementation of the Action Plan on Dependency (APD), devised by the Spanish government as a first measure to tackle the major shortages in Dependency Services brought to light pursuant to COVID-19 pandemic. The APD establishes as priority areas the suppression of waiting lists, the improvement of dependency services, with a focus on home-care, and the professionalization and stabilization of employment. Method: To achieve this goal, first, an estimate of the increased demand for benefits and services in 2023 has been carried out, supposing that all the priority measures established in the PCD in 2021 are fully implemented. Then, the impact of investment on the economy has been measured using multisector modeling. This analysis considers not only the direct economic impact on the sectors providing services to dependent population, but also the indirect and induced impact on the economy as a whole. Results: The total public investment required for the plan in 2023 will reach 13,962 million Euro, which represents around 1% of the GDP. The impact on the economy in terms of production is expected to reach 41,570 million, while the impact on gross value added will be 21,046 million, together with the creation of nearly 440,000 jobs. Conclusions: The results reveal that, for the APD to be fully implemented, public funding needs to be increased way beyond the occasional allocation of funds established in the Recovery, Transformation and Resilience Plan. These investments have a positive impact not only on the social and welfare sector, but also on the country's economy.