Abstract — The present work is an effort to determine the generation of greenhouse gases, including carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide, from the cooking process that is developed for chickens, meats, ribs, hamburgers and pizzas, using firewood and coal as a source of thermal energy in the commercial grills of the metropolitan area of the City of Veracruz, which is made up of the municipalities of Veracruz, Boca del Rio, Medellin de Bravo, Jamapa and Manlio Fabio Altamirano, at Veracruz State, Mexico which as a whole They have a population of 882,011 inhabitants, where they exist of 430 commercial establishments of this type exists, making 275 visits to carry out interviews and surveys, showing that 74.18 % use charcoal and 25.81 % use firewood. Using emission factors and caloric indices, it was determined that a total of 2,739.99 tons/year of carbon dioxide equivalent is generated by consumption of firewood and 8,872.66 tons/year of carbon dioxide equivalent by consumption of coal and with a total of 11,612.65 tons/year of carbon dioxide equivalent for all commercial grills facilities, which are involved in constant climate change and the effects that this causes in this metropolitan area on the central coast of the Gulf of Mexico and that must be included in both regulations municipal and in the climate change agenda.

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos de inclusões crescentes de Tribulus terrestris (TT) em dietas para ovinos confinados, sobre parâmetros ruminais e metabólitos sanguíneos. O experimento foi conduzido em duas etapas: in vitro, com inclusões que variaram de 0 até 15,0g/kg de TT na matéria seca da dieta, sendo determinadas as digestibilidades in vitro da matéria seca e dos nutrientes, do pH, da mensuração de nitrogênio amoniacal e dos gases de efeito estufa; e in situ, com inclusões de 0 até 5,0g/kg, no qual cinco ovinos canulados foram distribuídos em um delineamento de quadrado latino 5 × 5. Foram avaliados parâmetros fermentativos, populações de protozoários e perfil metabólico sanguíneo. A inclusão de TT, independentemente da dosagem, proporcionou redução na digestibilidade in vitro, com efeito quadrático sobre matéria seca e nutrientes, diminuições do nitrogênio amoniacal e metano. Em termos de parâmetros fermentativos, as dosagens mais seguras in vitro foram 1,25 e 2,5g/kg. A inclusão de até 5,0 g/kg não afetou os parâmetros fermentativos in situ, não prejudicou o perfil metabólico sanguíneo e reduziu a população de pequenos protozoários. Estudos com inclusões maiores que 5,0g/kg devem ser efetuados para confirmar o efeito sobre os protozoários, com posteriores análises de desempenho produtivo.

ABSTRACT The aim was to evaluate the effects of increasing levels of Tribulus terrestris (TT) in diets of sheep in confinement on rumen parameters and blood metabolites. The experiment was conducted in two stages, in vitro, with inclusions ranging from 0 to 15.0 g/kg of TT in dry matter of the diet and the in vitro digestibility of dry matter and nutrients, pH, measurement of ammoniacal nitrogen and greenhouse gases were determined. And in situ, with inclusions of 0 to 5.0g/kg, in which five cannulated sheep were distributed in a 5 × 5 Latin square design to evaluate fermentation parameters, protozoan populations and blood metabolic profile. The inclusion of TT, regardless of dosage, resulted in decrease on in vitro digestibility, with quadratic effect on dry matter and nutrients, and reduction in ammoniacal nitrogen and methane. In terms of fermentation parameters, the safest dosages in vitro were 1.25 and 2.5g/kg. Inclusion of up to 5.0g/kg did not affect fermentation parameters in situ, did not harm the blood metabolic profile and reduced the population of small protozoa. Studies with inclusions greater than 5.0g/kg should be carried out to confirm the effect on protozoa, with subsequent analysis of production performance.

ABSTRACT Organic fertilization with tobacco powder compost produced via solid-state fermentation (SSF) is a recent practice that needs to be evaluated through research. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of two nitrogen sources – tobacco powder compost or mineral fertilizer (NPK) – and of compost doses on N use and loss in an immediate and residual way in a wheat/corn crop succession in a subtropical Argissolo. The wheat/corn crop succession was established after three successive fertilizer applications with different doses of the compost and of NPK. The following treatments were evaluated: control without application of the compost or mineral fertilizer (C0); mineral fertilization (NPK); and three doses of tobacco powder compost calculated to supply half (C50), the same amount (C100), and double (C200) the N applied via mineral NPK fertilization. To evaluate the residual effect of the fertilizer applications, the C50, C100, C200, and NPK treatments gave rise to additional treatments that did not receive more fertilization: rC50, rC100, rC200, and rNPK, respectively. The C0 generated an additional treatment that came to receive compost, identified as C0-C100. Yield and N accumulation in the aerial part of wheat and corn and N2O emission were evaluated throughout the two crop periods. Compost, in comparison to NPK, maintained the grain yield of wheat (3.0 vs2.5 Mg ha-1) and of corn (10.2 vs 9.5 Mg ha-1) and increased N accumulation in the wheat plants (96 vs 68 kg ha-1) and corn plants (191 vs 164 kg ha-1). Compost increased cumulative N2O emissions by up to three times compared to NPK (6.84 vs 1.93 kg N-N2O ha1 yr1). Increasing the compost dose increased cumulative N2O emissions by 52 % (9.36 vs 6.16 ha-1 yr-1); however, it did not change the emission factor (EF) of N2O, the yield-scaled emission, or N use efficiency. The compost residual effect increased wheat yield up to 93 % and corn yield up to 102 %, whereas no residual effect was observed from NPK. Compost applied on the previous crops did not affect N2O emissions in wheat or in corn; consequently, a residual effect did not impact the EF of N2O. Therefore, tobacco powder compost has the potential to replace mineral fertilization in wheat and in corn. Considering its residual effect is an important strategy to optimize its use and mitigate N2O emissions to the atmosphere.

Resumo A precificação do carbono envolve a atribuição de um valor monetário às emissões de gases de efeito estufa. Este artigo realizou uma revisão sistemática sobre preços do carbono na agricultura mundial nos últimos 20 anos. Partindo de uma revisão sistemática da literatura, os métodos de valoração e os preços atribuídos ao carbono foram correlacionados a um conjunto de determinantes identificados em publicações acadêmicas e extrapolados para o contexto da agricultura brasileira. Constatou-se variação nos preços do carbono (mínimo de USD 2,6/tCO2e e máximo de USD 157,5/tCO2e) com diferentes variáveis socioeconômicas, agrícolas e ambientais determinando o preço do carbono. Os resultados revelaram correlação negativa entre o Produto Interno Bruto (PIB) per capita e as emissões de CO2 per capita, indicando elevada elasticidade das emissões em resposta às mudanças na precificação do carbono. Além disso, observou-se associação positiva entre o uso de fertilizantes nitrogenados per capita e o preço do carbono. Em 2021, o valor do carbono estimado para a agricultura brasileira com o uso de uma regressão quantílica foi de USD 11,54/tCO2e. Ressalta-se a importância do uso de metodologias cientificamente robustas para a precificação do carbono na agricultura, a fim de servir como referência para os sistemas nacionais de valoração ambiental.

Abstract Carbon pricing involves assigning a monetary value to greenhouse gas emissions. This paper systematically reviews the state of carbon pricing in global agriculture over a 20-year period. Based on a systematic literature review, carbon valuation methods were correlated with prices attributed to determinants identified in academic publications, as well as extrapolated to the Brazilian agricultural environment. There was variation in carbon prices (minimum of USD 2.6/tCO2e and maximum of USD 157.5/tCO2e), determined by different socio-economic, agricultural and geographical heterogeneities. Our results showed negative relationship between Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita and CO2 emissions per capita, indicating high elasticity of emissions in response to changes in carbon prices. There was also positive relationship between nitrogen fertilizer use per capita and carbon price. In 2021, the estimated carbon value for Brazilian agriculture using quantile regression was USD 11.54/tCO2e. It is therefore critical that scientifically robust carbon pricing methodologies be applied to agriculture to serve as benchmarks for national environmental valuation systems.

The increase in the average temperature of the Earth due to excess CO2 and other greenhouse gases has caused glaciers to melt and sea levels to rise. The burning of fossil fuels is one of the main causes of this problem, so the use of biofuels is important for mitigating this environmental impact. In Brazil, biodiesel is mixed with mineral; however, irregularities have been detected, reducing the expected positive effects. Therefore, this study proposes the use of multivariate curve resolution with alternating least squares (MCR ALS) to quantify the content of methyl palm oil biodiesel in diesel blends and determine the concentration of the adulterant automotive lubricating oil in the blend. The model for quantifying biodiesel in diesel obtained R2 = 0.9997, root mean square error of calibration (RMSEC) = 0.56% (v v-1) and prediction (RMSEP) = 0.65% (v v-1), while the determination of adulteration in the biodiesel-diesel blend showed RMSEC = 0.67% (v v-1), RMSEP = 0.81% (v v-1) and R2 = 0.9992. These results demonstrate the ability of the models developed to predict both the content and quantity of possible adulterants in blends of palm oil biodiesel and mineral diesel, contributing to the quality control of this fuel. CO rise problem impact Brazil however detected effects Therefore MCR ALS R 09997 0 9997 0.9997 (RMSEC 056 56 0.56 v v1 1 v-1 (RMSEP 065 65 0.65 v1, , biodieseldiesel 067 67 0.67 081 81 0.81 09992 9992 0.9992 fuel 0999 999 0.999 05 5 0.5 v- 06 6 0.6 08 8 0.8 099 99 0.99 0. 09 9 0.9

RESUMO O consumo de dióxido de carbono atmosférico pelo intemperismo tampona o efeito estufa na Terra em escala de tempo geológica. Esse mecanismo é chamado de sumidouro de carbono de silicato (SCS). Saprolito representa parte da frente de intemperismo do manto terrestre, mas historicamente não recebeu muita atenção dos geocientistas. Em escala global, o Brasil é o maior contribuinte para o SCS e o quarto maior contribuinte em número de publicações sobre saprolito. Neste estudo, a produção científica brasileira sobre o assunto de 1990 a 2022 foi avaliada, considerando publicações indexadas nas bases de dados Web of Science, SciELO e Scopus. Foram recuperados cento e oitenta artigos científicos. Na última década, sete artigos foram publicados por ano. Ao longo dos 32 anos considerados, o número de artigos sobre saprolito aumentou. A maioria dos estudos foi concentrada na região sudeste do Brasil, onde o estado de Minas Gerais liderou em termos de número de publicações (28,49%). As principais áreas em que os artigos foram publicados estavam relacionadas à ecologia, Terra e marinha; no entanto, foram citados por várias outras, incluindo as áreas de saúde e política. Uma comparação do número de publicações por bacia e o tamanho do SCS mostrou que havia menos estudos da Bacia Amazônica do que da Bacia do Paraná. Em conclusão, a fronteira geográfica para o estudo do saprolito no território brasileiro é a Bacia do Rio Amazonas, e a fronteira metodológica está relacionada à dinâmica de fluídos/gases e ao papel dos micróbios no intemperismo em profundidade. geológica SCS. . (SCS) terrestre geocientistas global 199 202 avaliada Science Scopus científicos década ano 3 considerados aumentou 28,49%. 2849 28,49% 28 49 (28,49%) ecologia marinha entanto outras política Paraná conclusão Amazonas fluídosgases fluídos gases profundidade (SCS 19 20 284 28,49 2 4 (28,49% 1 28,4 (28,49 28, (28,4 (28, (28 (2 (

ABSTRACT The consumption of atmospheric carbon dioxide by weathering buffers the greenhouse effect on Earth on a geological timescale. This mechanism is called the silicate carbon sink (SCS). Saprolite represents part of the weathering front of the Earth’s mantle, but historically, it has not received much attention from geoscientists. On a global scale, Brazil is the largest contributor to the SCS and the fourth largest contributor to the number of saprolite publications. In this study, Brazilian scientific production on the subject from 1990 to 2022 was assessed, considering publications indexed in the Web of Science, SciELO and Scopus databases. One hundred-eighty scientific articles were retrieved. In the last decade, seven articles were published per year. Over the 32 years under consideration, the number of articles on saprolite has increased. Most of the studies were concentrated in the southeastern region of Brazil, where the state of Minas Gerais led in terms of the number of publications (28.49%). The main areas in which the articles were published were related to ecology, Earth, and marine; however, they were cited by several others, including the areas of health and politics. A comparison of the number of publications per basin and the size of the SCS showed that there were fewer studies from the Amazon Basin than from the Paraná Basin. In conclusion, the geographical frontier for the study of saprolite in the Brazilian territory is the Amazon River Basin, and the methodological frontier is related to fluid/gas dynamics and the role of microbes in weathering at depth. timescale SCS. . (SCS) Earths s mantle historically geoscientists scale 199 202 assessed Science databases hundredeighty hundred eighty retrieved decade year 3 consideration increased 28.49%. 2849 28.49% 28 49 (28.49%) ecology marine however others politics conclusion fluidgas fluid gas depth (SCS 19 20 284 28.49 2 4 (28.49% 1 28.4 (28.49 28. (28.4 (28. (28 (2 (

Resumo O setor da construção global enfrenta um aumento no consumo de energia e nas emissões de gases com efeito de estufa. Na Argentina, a matriz energética é baseada em fontes não renováveis, e o setor comercial e público destina cerca de 50% da energia para aquecimento e refrigeração. Este estudo centra-se no Centro de Interpretação Mar Chiquita, um edifício concebido sob critérios de sustentabilidade, que utiliza um espaço solar anexado como estratégia de climatização passiva. O objetivo é analisar o projeto do edifício e otimizá-lo para obter menor consumo de energia para condicionamento térmico. Através de simulações energéticas realizadas com EnergyPlus, foram avaliados diferentes projetos em relação à relação janela-parede, infiltração e utilização de venezianas para otimizar o conforto térmico e o consumo de energia. Os resultados mostraram que uma proporção excessiva de carpintaria contribui para o superaquecimento, enquanto a redução da infiltração melhora o conforto térmico no inverno. A implementação de venezianas durante o dia elimina a necessidade de resfriamento mecânico no verão, e usá-las à noite no inverno reduz a necessidade de aquecimento. Em conclusão, destaca-se a importância das estratégias de projeto solar passivo em climas temperados frios e úmidos e a necessidade de investigar mais sobre a relação janela-parede em edifícios sem espaços solares anexados, bem como avaliar as infiltrações reais após a construção.

Abstract The global building sector faces an increase in energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. In Argentina, the energy matrix is based on non-renewable sources, and the commercial and public sectors allocate nearly 50% of their energy to heating and cooling. This study focuses on the Mar Chiquita Interpretation Center, a building designed under sustainability criteria that uses a sunspace as a passive climate control strategy. The objective is to analyze the building's design and optimize it to achieve lower energy use for thermal conditioning. Through energy simulations conducted with EnergyPlus, different designs were evaluated concerning the window-to-wall ratio, infiltration, and the use of shutters to optimize thermal comfort and energy consumption. The results showed that an excessive proportion of windows contributes to overheating, while reducing infiltration improves thermal comfort in winter. The implementation of shutters during the day eliminates the need for mechanical cooling in summer, while their nighttime use in winter decreases the need for heating. In conclusion, the importance of passive solar design strategies in temperate cold and humid climates is highlighted, along with the need for further research on the window-to-wall ratio in buildings without sunspaces and to evaluate actual infiltrations after construction.

Resumen El sector edilicio global enfrenta un aumento en el consumo energético y la emisión de gases de efecto invernadero. En Argentina, la matriz energética está basada en fuentes no renovables, y el sector comercial y público destina cerca del 50% de la energía a calefacción y refrigeración. Este estudio se centra en el Centro de Interpretación de Mar Chiquita, un edificio diseñado bajo criterios de sustentabilidad, que utiliza el invernadero como estrategia de climatización pasiva. El objetivo es analizar el diseño del edificio y optimizarlo para lograr un menor uso energético para el acondicionamiento térmico. A través de simulaciones energéticas realizadas con EnergyPlus, se evaluaron diferentes diseños en relación con la proporción ventana-muro, las infiltraciones y el uso de postigos para optimizar el confort térmico y el consumo energético. Los resultados mostraron que una proporción excesiva de carpinterías contribuye al sobrecalentamiento, mientras que reducir la infiltración mejora el confort térmico en invierno. La implementación de postigos durante el día elimina la necesidad de refrigeración mecánica en verano y su uso nocturno en invierno disminuye la necesidad de calefacción. En conclusión, se destaca la importancia de las estrategias de diseño solar pasivo en climas templados, fríos, húmedos y la necesidad de investigar más sobre la proporción ventana-muro en edificios sin invernaderos, así como evaluar las infiltraciones reales tras la construcción.

RESUMEN Se denomina cambio climático a la variación global del clima de la Tierra debido a causas naturales, pero principalmente a la acción humana. El reto de adaptarse a las nuevas condiciones climáticas y participar en estrategias de mitigación supone costos económicos que hacen del cambio climático un factor condicionante esencial de las características y opciones del desarrollo económico en las próximas décadas. El impacto laboral de las políticas de mitigación del cambio climático, son políticas para reducir las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero, y las de adaptación, son políticas que predicen las consecuencias del cambio climático. Se puede decir que cuando la economía sufre, también lo hace el empleo. Sin embargo, lo difícil de analizar son los efectos que esto produce, ya que dichos efectos sobre la economía pueden no traducirse en cambios inmediatos y visibles en todos los escenarios; aunque se evidencie efectos tanto positivos como negativos en algunos sectores debido a estos cambios. Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo estudiar los empleos verdes y su adaptación al cambio climático en Paraguay, en el año 2023. Para ello, la metodología empleada fue el análisis documental bibliográfico, ya que se analiza el Índice Global de la Economía Verde (GGEI), de manera a evaluar las circunstancias favorables que permiten construir una transición hacia una economía verde. Se espera que este trabajo pueda servir como base para el estudio del empleo verde en Paraguay y de insumo a otras investigaciones del área económica.

ABSTRACT Climate change is called the global variation in the Earth's climate due to natural causes, but mainly due to human action. The challenge of adapting to new climate conditions and participating in mitigation strategies entails economic costs that make climate change an essential conditioning factor for the characteristics and options of economic development in the coming decades. The labor impact of climate change mitigation policies are policies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and adaptation policies are policies that predict the consequences of climate change. It can be said that when the economy suffers, so does employment. However, what is difficult to analyze are the effects that this produces, since these effects on the economy may not translate into immediate and visible changes in all scenarios; although both positive and negative effects are evident in some sectors due to these changes. The objective of this work was to study green jobs and their adaptation to climate change in Paraguay, in the year 2023. For this, the methodology used was bibliographic documentary analysis, since the Global Green Economy Index (GGEI) is analyzed. in order to evaluate the favorable circumstances that allow building a transition towards a green economy. It is expected that this work can serve as a basis for the study of green employment in Paraguay and as input for other research in the economic area.

ABSTRACT If the world is to overcome the threat of climate change, a price must be set on carbon. A carbon tax is a means of creating a carbon price, and it is an ideal tax in that, unlike most taxes, it promotes economic efficiency. Yet many countries have no carbon tax. The reason is that there are strong political interests opposed to taxing carbon. I shall argue that these interests need to be appeased by fully compensating anyone who would otherwise be harmed by a carbon tax. This includes the owners and workers in the fossil fuel industries. If a carbon tax is to be successful, it needs to be introduced alongside an appropriate system of compensation. Some of the compensation will need to be paid out of public debt, and this will be feasible for many countries only if they are supported by a new financial institution: a World Climate Bank.

RESUMEN Si el mundo quiere superar la amenaza del cambio climático, se debe fijar un precio al carbono. Un impuesto al carbono es un medio para crear un precio al carbono y es un impuesto ideal, ya que, a diferencia de la mayoría de los impuestos, promueve la eficiencia económica. Sin embargo, muchos países no tienen un impuesto al carbono. La razón es que existen fuertes intereses políticos opuestos a la imposición del carbono. Argumentaré que estos intereses deben ser apaciguados compensando completamente a cualquier persona que de otro modo se vería perjudicada por un impuesto al carbono. Esto incluye a los propietarios y trabajadores de las industrias de combustibles fósiles. Para que un impuesto al carbono sea exitoso, debe introducirse junto con un sistema adecuado de compensación. Parte de la compensación deberá pagarse con deuda pública, y esto será factible para muchos países solo si son apoyados por una nueva institución financiera: un Banco Mundial del Clima.

Resumen: Se propone una metodología para la interpretación de las emisiones de gases que proceden del suelo a partir de la integración de los actores primarios en los sistemas de producción e integrantes de los ecosistemas. La metodología presenta datos en unidades de fácil comprensión por personas ajenas al estudio de emisiones de gases en los distintos ecosistemas y sistemas de producción, optimiza el cálculo de predicciones a pequeña y mediana escala mediante la estimación con alto grado de razón y ajuste matemático. A partir del empleo de la ecuación general de los gases ideales se pudo desarrollar la metodología para obtener un factor de conversión teniendo en cuenta variables como la presión y temperatura del sitio donde se esté ejecutando el experimento de cuantificación de gases, con lo anterior se facilita la obtención de la constante del volumen molar propio del contenedor utilizado y la transformación de datos para garantizar el cumplimiento de parámetros estadísticos básicos como normalidad, varianza similar a cero e intervalos de confianza con menor desviación. El presente desarrollo metodológico representa una herramienta para la generación de datos a nivel de laboratorio y parcelario con soporte matemático que facilita la ejecución de modelos matemáticos en comparación con otras metodologías.

Summary: A methodology is proposed for the interpretation of gas emissions that come from the soil based on the integration of the primary actors in the production systems and members of the ecosystems. The methodology presents data in units that are easy to understand by people outside the study of gas emissions in different ecosystems and production systems, and optimizes the calculation of small and medium scale predictions through estimation with a high degree of ratio and mathematical adjustment. From the use of the ideal gas equation, it was possible to develop the methodology to obtain a conversion factor taking into account variables such as the pressure and temperature of the site where the gas quantification experiment is being carried out. With the aforementioned, it is easier to obtain the constant of the molar volume of the container used and data transformation to ensure compliance with basic statistical parameters such as normality, variance similar to zero, and confidence intervals with less deviation. The present methodological development represents a tool for the generation of data at the laboratory and plot level with mathematical support that facilitates the execution of mathematical models in comparison with other methodologies.

Resumen El estudio de respiración del suelo (emisión microbiana de CO2) por incorporación de residuos orgánicos (RO) provenientes de la agroindustria (bagazo y composta de bagazo), permite estimar el efecto ambiental en relación a la emisión de CO2 por la mineralización del carbono durante su proceso de descomposición, lo cual debe ser considerado desde el punto de vista de cambio climático. Por lo anterior, el objetivo fue evaluar la dinámica de emisión de CO2 por la mineralización de cuatro materiales lignocelulósicos, incorporados en suelos de diferente textura. Mediante la técnica de respiración alcalina se cuantificó la respiración de CO2 en Regosol y Luvisol por incorporación de dos bagazos (TBD y TBA) y sus compostas (TCD y TCA) durante 30 d bajo condiciones controladas de humedad y temperatura. Los tratamientos TBD y TBA incrementaron la actividad microbiológica con mayores emisiones; mientras que los tratamientos TCD y TCA incrementaron el contenido de C orgánico suelo (COS) con menores emisiones. La emisión de CO2 se relacionó con la mineralización de los RO y ésta a su vez con su composición química y su resistencia a la descomposición, además la dinámica de las emisiones fue diferente por tipo de material y por tipo de suelo. La incorporación de RO de tipo bagazos es una opción para incrementar la actividad microbiana edáfica, pero con mayor emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI); mientras que los RO de compostas generan un incremento en la captura de COS y, por ende, mayor almacén de C y una menor emisión de CO2.

Abstract The study of soil respiration (microbial CO2 emission) due to the incorporation of organic waste (RO) from agroindustry (bagasse and bagasse compost), allows estimating the environmental effect in relation to the CO2 emission, due to carbon mineralization during its decomposition process, which must be considered from the climate change point of view. Therefore, the objective was to evaluate the CO2 emission dynamics due to the mineralization of four lignocellulosic materials, incorporated into soils of different textures. Using the alkaline respiration technique, CO2 respiration was quantified in Regosol and Luvisol by incorporating two bagasse (TBD and TBA) and their composts (TCD and TCA) for 30 d under controlled humidity and temperature conditions. The TBD and TBA treatments increased microbiological activity with higher emissions, while the TCD and TCA treatments increased the soil organic C (COS) content with lower emissions. The CO2 emission was related to the mineralization of the RO and this in turn to its chemical composition and resistance to decomposition; in addition, the dynamics of the emissions were different by type of material and of soil. The incorporation of bagasse type RO is an option to increase soil microbial activity, but with greater greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions; while composted RO generates an increase in the capture of COS and, therefore, a greater store of C and a lower emission of CO2.

Abstract Since 2010, there has been an approximate annual increase of 1% in CO2 emissions due to buildings. The reduction of energy consumption and consequently the mitigation of Greenhouse Gases are global goals due to the global issue of climate change. A key step in achieving these goals is to improve the energy performance of buildings, thereby reducing energy consumption and emissions generated by the built environment. In this regard, the present research focuses on identifying and estimating strategies to reduce energy consumption in buildings known as Community Police Units (UPCs) located in the city of Guayaquil, which corresponds to a very hot and humid climate zone. The study consists of statistical analysis of the historical energy performance of 43 buildings sharing the same architectural design. Additionally, the selection of a representative building was made for energy use monitoring and energy simulation. The results revealed a potential saving of 16 000 kWh per year by reducing the control temperature of the air conditioning system by 1°C and adjusting the on/off schedule. This is equivalent to 1 150 USD and 5 metric tons of CO2 emissions.

Resumen: Desde el 2010 existe un incremento aproximado del 1% anual respecto a las emisiones de CO2 a causa de los edificios. La disminución del consumo energético y consecuentemente la mitigación de los Gases de Efecto Invernadero son metas a nivel mundial debido a la problemática global del cambio climático. Un paso clave para alcanzar estas metas es mejorar el desempeño energético de las edificaciones y de esta manera reducir la energía consumida y las emisiones generadas por el parque edificado. En este sentido, la presente investigación se centra en identificación y estimación de estrategias para reducir el consumo de energía de los edificios llamados Unidades de Policía Comunitaria (UPC) localizadas en la ciudad de Guayaquil, y que corresponde a una zona climática húmeda muy calurosa. El estudio está compuesto por el análisis estadístico del rendimiento energético histórico de 43 edificios, que comparten el mismo diseño arquitectónico. Además, se realizó la selección de un edificio representativo para el monitoreo del uso de energía y simulación energética. Los resultados evidenciaron un potencial de ahorro de 16 000 kWh al año, al disminuir 1°C la temperatura de control del sistema de climatización y modificando el horario de encendido y apagado. Esto es equivalente a 1 150 USD y 5 toneladas equivalentes de CO2.

Abstract The use of sandwich panels in construction is a viable alternative in the search for materials with low self-weight, lower thermal conductivity, and resistance to compression. To increase the sustainability of this solution, it is necessary to replace the steel reinforcement of the faces and the EPS core with materials that have lower energy costs and reduce greenhouse gas emissions during production. In this context, this study aims to develop a sandwich panel with a lightweight concrete core made from oil palm endocarp as a substitute for conventional coarse aggregate and faces with mortar reinforced with short sisal fibers. The bioconcrete was produced with two levels of oil palm endocarp (100% and 150% of the binder mass) and two water/binder ratios, 0.35 and 0.45. The increase in the content of endocarp results in increased water absorption and reduced mechanical strength, but the panels had a specific mass lower than 1480 kg/m³ and compressive strength greater than 7 MPa, qualifying them for use as infill masonry. The use of sisal fibers allowed an increase in toughness under flexure even after the initiation of panel cracking. selfweight, selfweight self weight, weight self-weight conductivity compression solution production context 100% 100 (100 150 waterbinder ratios 035 0 35 0.3 045 45 0.45 148 kgm³ kgm kg m³ m kg/m MPa masonry cracking 10 (10 15 03 3 0. 04 4 0.4 14 1 (1 (

Resumo O uso de painéis sanduíche na construção civil é uma alternativa viável na busca por materiais com baixo peso próprio, menor condutividade térmica e resistentes à compressão. Para aumentar a sustentabilidade dessa solução, é preciso substituir o reforço de aço das faces e o núcleo em EPS por materiais que apresentem menor custo energético e redução da emissão de gases do efeito estufa durante a produção. Nesse contexto, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo, desenvolver um painel sanduíche com núcleo de concreto leve feito com endocarpo do dendê em substituição do agregado graúdo convencional e faces com argamassa reforçada com fibras curtas de sisal. O bioconcreto foi produzido com dois teores de endocarpo do dendê (100% e 150% da massa de aglomerante) e duas relações água/aglomerante, de 0,35 e 0,45. O aumento do teor de endocarpo resulta em aumento da absorção de água e redução da resistência mecânica, mas os painéis apresentaram massa específica menor que 1480 kg/m³ e resistência a compressão maior que 7 MPa o que os qualifica para uso como alvenaria de vedação. O uso de fibras vegetais permitiu o aumento da tenacidade sob flexão mesmo após o início da fissuração do painel. próprio solução produção contexto objetivo sisal 100% 100 (100 150 aglomerante águaaglomerante água/aglomerante 035 0 35 0,3 045 45 0,45 mecânica 148 kgm³ kgm kg m³ m kg/m vedação 10 (10 15 03 3 0, 04 4 0,4 14 1 (1 (

ABSTRACT The objective of this work was to estimate greenhouse gas emissions from livestock farming in Cuba for the period 1990-2016. The methodology used was the 2006 IPCC Guidelines. We worked with two estimation methods, level 1, where country data and default emission factors from the 2006 IPCC Guidelines are used, and level 2 method that uses data of the country, but emission factors calculated from country data. CH4 emissions were estimated for the Enteric Fermentation category and CH4 and N2O emissions for the Manure Management category. Enteric Fermentation was the most relevant category with 76.1% of greenhouse gas emissions from the Livestock sector. At the animal component level, cattle were the most important with 72.1% of greenhouse gas emissions from the Livestock sector. The significant subcategories in the Livestock sector were: Enteric fermentation “Cattle”, Manure management “Cattle”, Manure management “Swines”; which are the ones to which greater effort and resources will have to be dedicated.

RESUMEN El objetivo de este trabajo fue estimar las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero procedentes de la ganadería de Cuba para el período 1990-2016. La metodología utilizada fue las Directrices del IPCC 2006. Se trabajó con dos métodos de estimación, el de nivel 1, donde se utilizan datos del país y factores de emisión por defecto de las Guías del IPCC 2006 y el método de nivel 2 que utiliza datos del país, pero factores de emisión calculados a partir de datos del país. Se estimaron las emisiones de CH4 por la categoría Fermentación entérica y las emisiones de CH4 y N2O por la categoría Gestión del estiércol. La Fermentación entérica fue la categoría de mayor relevancia con un 76,1 % de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero del sector Ganadería. A nivel de componente animal, el ganado vacuno fue el de mayor importancia con un 72,1 % de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero del sector Ganadería. Las subcategorías significativas en el sector Ganadería fueron: Fermentación entérica “Ganado vacuno”, Gestión del estiércol “Ganado vacuno”, Gestión del estiércol “Porcinos”; que son a las que habrá que dedicar mayor esfuerzo y recursos.

Abstract The objective of this research was to estimate greenhouse gas emissions from livestock in Cuba in the period 1990-2020. The methodology used is based on the 2006 IPCC Guidelines. CH4 emissions were estimated for the Enteric Fermentation subcategory, and CH4 and N2O emissions for the Manure Management subcategory. The activity data were obtained from the Annual Statistical Yearbooks published by the National Office of Statistics and Information. Characteristic parametric data of bovine livestock in the country were available, provided by the Ministry of Agriculture. These data made possible to calculate, for each type of cattle, country-specific emission factors and the annual average nitrogen excretion, to estimate CH4 emissions from Enteric Fermentation and Manure Management, and N2O emissions from Manure Management, respectively. Default emission factors from the 2006 IPCC Guidelines were used for the remaining species. Emissions for both subcategories in 2020 decreased with respect to the 1990 base year, as a consequence of reduced livestock populations. Enteric fermentation was the most relevant subcategory with 81.2% of greenhouse gas emissions from the Livestock category. Cattle constituted the only significant subcategory of emissions from Enteric Fermentation and Manure Management.

Resumen El objetivo de la presente investigación fue estimar las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero procedentes de la ganadería de Cuba en el período 1990-2020. La metodología utilizada fue las Directrices del IPCC 2006. Se estimaron las emisiones de CH4 por la subcategoría Fermentación entérica y las emisiones de CH4 y N2O por la subcategoría Gestión del estiércol. Los datos de actividad fueron obtenidos de los Anuarios Estadísticos de la Oficina Nacional de Estadísticas e Información. Se dispuso de datos paramétricos característicos de la ganadería vacuna en el país, proporcionados por el Ministerio de la Agricultura. Estos datos permitieron calcular, para cada tipo de ganado vacuno, factores de emisión propios de país y el promedio anual de excreción de nitrógeno, para estimar las emisiones de CH4 por Fermentación entérica y Gestión del estiércol, y las de N2O por Gestión del estiércol, respectivamente. Para las restantes especies se usaron factores de emisión por defecto de las Directrices del IPCC 2006. Las emisiones de ambas subcategorías en el año 2020 disminuyeron con respecto al año base 1990, como consecuencia de la reducción de las poblaciones de ganado. La Fermentación entérica fue la subcategoría de mayor relevancia con un 81.2 % de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero de la categoría Ganadería. El ganado vacuno constituyó la única subcategoría significativa de emisiones por Fermentación entérica y Gestión del estiércol.