ABSTRACT One of the most effective and cost-efficient methods to manage plant parasitic nematodes is to use resistant cultivars. However, little information on the resistance of commercial okra cultivars grown in the country was available. Therefore, nine okra cultivars were evaluated for their comparative resistance against Meloidogyne incognita, the most damaging root-knot nematode. None of the tested okra cultivars showed high level of resistance. However, three cultivars viz. Pusa Swami, PB Selection and Green Star appeared as moderately resistant. Sabz Pari, Neelum and Tulsi were found moderately susceptible to the nematode. Two cultivars i.e. Ikra-1 and Ikra-2 were susceptible and Arka Anamika was highly susceptible. The okra cultivars differed significantly in their growth parameters depending on their response to M. incognita. Moderately resistant cultivars sustained little damage as compared to moderately susceptible or susceptible cultivars while the highly susceptible cultivar suffered the maximum damage by the nematode. Significant differences in the numbers of galls, eggmasses and reproductive factors of M. incognita on the nine okra cultivars were also observed. The highest numbers were found on Arka Anamika, followed by Ikra-1 and Ikra-2. The lowest numbers were found on the moderately resistant cultivars, followed by the moderately susceptible ones. High and positive correlations between the number of galls and eggmasses and the decreases in growth metrics were found using linear and non-linear regression analysis. costefficient cost efficient However available Therefore rootknot root knot nematode viz Swami Pari ie i e i.e Ikra1 Ikra 1 Ikra- Ikra2 2 M observed Ikra2. 2. ones nonlinear non analysis

Resumo: Este artigo apresenta o estado da arte de uma plataforma de monitoramento de áreas verdes urbanas – UrbVerde – para municípios do Estado de São Paulo. Sua construção se baseia em Cloud Computing e sensoriamento remoto orbital. Objetiva-se prover métricas de monitoramento das desigualdades socioambientais a partir das escalas municipal e intraurbana, incluindo indicadores de vegetação, temperatura de superfície e sistemas de espaços livres (parques e praças), relacionando-os com dados populacionais agrupados por setores censitários. Constitui-se, assim, uma base de informações acompanháveis e de livre acesso com potencial de aplicação para a construção de políticas públicas, a exemplo do programa Município VerdeAzul. Por meio das ferramentas interativas de análise e correlação de dados, destaca-se o aspecto inter-relacional das variáveis geográficas envolvidas, representando um ganho de inteligência de governança. Além disso, a abordagem utilizada fornece novos olhares sobre a distribuição e a acessibilidade das infraestruturas verdes nos municípios, promovendo a sensibilização dos gestores e uma maior inclusão da população nos processos de tomada de decisão. Deste modo, espera-se, com o apoio de uma tecnologia disruptiva, estimular conjuntamente o processo de suporte à decisão para a retomada verde na Década da Restauração de Ecossistemas (2021-2030), viabilizando o processo de transformação dos municípios em cidades inteligentes e sustentáveis.

Abstract: This article presents the state of the art of a monitoring platorm for urban green areas – UrbVerde – in the municipalites of the São Paulo State. Its constructon is based on Cloud Computing and orbital remote sensing. The objective is to provide metrics for monitoring socio-environmental inequalites from a local and intraurban scale, including vegetaton indexes, surface temperature, and open space systems (parks and squares), relating them to population aspects grouped by censitary sectors. It, thus, constitutes a trackable information base with potential for the implementaton of public policies, such as the Municípios VerdeAzul program. Through interactive data analysis and correlaton tools, the inter-relatonal aspect of the involved geographic variables is highlighted, representing a gain of governance intelligence. In additon, the approach in use provides new insights into the distribution and accessibility of municipalites’ green infrastructure, promoting awareness among managers and greater inclusion of the population in decision-making processes. In this way, it is expected, with the support of disruptive technology, to jointily stimulate the processes of decision support for green recovery in the Decade of Ecosystem Restoraton (2021-2030), enabling the process of transforming the municipalites into smart and sustainable cites.

Resumen: Este articulo presenta el estado del arte de la plataforma de monitoreo de áreas verdes urbanas – UrbVerde – para municipios del Estado de São Paulo. Su construcción se basa en Cloud Computing y teledetección orbital. El objetivo es proporcionar métricas para el seguimiento de las desigualdades socioambientales desde las escalas municipal e intraurbana, incluyendo indicadores de la vegetación, la temperatura superficial y el sistema de espacios abiertos (parques y plazas), relacionándolos con los datos de población agrupados por sectores censales. Se constituye, así, una base de informaciones rastreables y de libre acceso con potencial de aplicación en la construcción de políticas públicas, como el programa Municipio VerdeAzul. A través de las herramientas interactivas de análisis y correlación de datos, se resalta el aspecto interrelacional de las variables geográficas involucradas, lo que representa un incremento en inteligencia de gobernanza. Además, el enfoque utilizado proporciona nuevos conocimientos sobre la distribución y accesibilidad de la infraestructura verde en los municipios, promoviendo la concienciación entre los administradores y una mayor inclusión de la población en los procesos de toma de decisiones. De esta forma, se espera, con el apoyo de una tecnología disruptiva, estimular de manera conjunta el proceso de soporte a las decisiones para la recuperación verde en la Década de Restauración de Ecosistemas (2021-2030), viabilizando el proceso de transformación de los municipios en ciudades inteligentes y sustentables.

ABSTRACT Some podand sulfonamides were designed to Cu2+ ion recognition. Some green chemistry metrics were evaluated in order to know the environmental impact of the reactions. Cu2+ complexes studio with the ligands were done, given adequate complexation constants for Cu2+ recognition by ligands LA2 y LA6. All complexes precipitated instantaneously when directly react with copper ions resulting in blue complexes. For LA2 a color change to olive green in 8 minutes was observed maybe due to a molecular reorganization. LA2 can be used as a part of an ion recognition kit that detect concentration in the order of 10-3 mol·dm-3.

RESUMEN En esta investigación fueron diseñadas sulfonamidas naftalénicas tipo podando para el reconocimiento iónico de Cu2+. Se evaluaron algunas métricas de la química sostenible para evaluar el impacto ambiental de las reacciones empleadas. Se realizó un estudio de formación de complejos en disolución dando constantes de complejación adecuadas para el reconocimiento de Cu2+ para los ligandos LA2 y LA6. Todos los complejos precipitan instantáneamente al reaccionar directamente con iones Cu2+ formando complejos de color azul. Para el ligando LA2 ocurre un cambio de color hacia el verde olivo al cabo de los 8 minutos debido a una reorganización molecular. El uso del ligando LA2 puede constituir parte de un kit de reconocimiento iónico que detecta concentraciones del orden de 10-3 mol·dm-3.

ABSTRACT The purpose of this article is to move towards a more complete understanding of the qualitative properties of solutions to discrete boundary value problems. In particular, we introduce and develop sufficient conditions under which the existence of a unique solution for a third-order difference equation subject to three-point boundary conditions is guaranteed. Our contributions are realized in the following ways. First, we construct the corresponding Green’s function for the problem and formulate some new bounds on its summation. Second, we apply these properties to the boundary value problem by drawing on Banach’s fixed point theorem in conjunction with interesting metrics and appropriate inequalities. We discuss several examples to illustrate the nature of our advancements.

RESUMEN El propósito de este artículo es avanzar hacia un entendimiento más completo de las propiedades cualitativas de las soluciones a problemas discretos de valor en la frontera. En particular, introducimos y desarrollamos condiciones suficientes bajo las cuales se garantiza la existencia de una única solución para una ecuación en diferencias de tercer orden sujeta a condiciones de borde en tres puntos. Nuestras contribuciones son de dos tipos. En primer lugar, construimos las funciones de Green correspondientes para el problema y formulamos nuevas cotas para su suma. En segundo lugar, aplicamos estas propiedades al problema de valor en la frontera usando el teorema del punto fijo de Banach junto con métricas interesantes y desigualdades apropiadas. Discutimos varios ejemplos para ilustrar la naturaleza de nuestros avances.

Resumen Para modelar las condiciones de medición de potencia de un sistema energético, se requiere una referencia inicial hecha dentro de la especificación de un modelo genérico de consumo de energía. Este modelo de consumo se basa en el estado energético de un sistema compuesto por Bienes, Redes y Servicios (GNS), que soporta las capacidades de gestión energética. Para ello, se diseñó e implementó una herramienta proto-tipo para registrar el consumo de energía a nivel de dispositivo, lo que permitirá optimizar su uso. La idea principal es recopilar información relacionada con la energía en redes IP que admitan el protocolo SNMP, además del estándar propuesto en RFC-7460, y la tecnología verde de TI. La información obtenida está relacionada con la energía consumida de los dispositivos que soportan esas tecnologías. Luego, esta información se procesa para evaluar diferentes características de consumo de energía de la red. La brecha de conocimiento que impacta esta investigación es la de la gestión de sistemas de información, donde los objetivos que se persiguen son establecer métricas y esquemas metodológicos para la adquisición de datos sobre comportamientos medibles en el ámbito del consumo energético.

Abstract To model the power measurement conditions of an energy system, an initial reference should be made within the specification of a generic energy consumption (EC) model. This EC model is based on the energy state of a system comprising goods, networks, and services, which supports energy management capabilities. Therefore, a prototype tool to record power consumption (PC) at the device level is designed and implemented, thereby enabling devise use optimization. The core is to collect energy-related information in internet protocol networks that support the simple network management protocol, in addition to the standard proposed in RFC-7460, and the green information technology. The information obtained is related to the energy consumed by devices that support those technologies. Then, the information is processed to evaluate different PC characteristics of the network. This research impacts the knowledge gap of information system management, where the objective sought is to establish metrics and methodological schemes for obtaining data regarding measurable behaviors in the EC field.

Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of economic growth, trade openness and manufacturing on CO2 emissions in India. Design/methodology/approach: The study employed autoregressive distributive lag (ARDL) bounds test approach and uses CO2 emissions, trade, manufacturing and GDP per capita to examine the relationship using an annual time series data from World Development Indicators during 1971 to 2016. Findings: Results depict that there exists a long-run relationship between CO2 emissions and other variables. Trade openness significantly reduces CO2 emissions, whereas manufacturing and GDP have a significant and positive impact on CO2 in the long run. Research limitations/implications: The findings of the study contribute to the body of knowledge by providing new evidence on the relationship between developmental metrics and the environment. These findings are critical for policymakers and regulatory bodies to focus on economic development without jeopardizing environmental degradation. Practical implications - In order to keep its commitment to sustainability, India needs to develop policies that encourage cleaner production methods and establishment of non-polluting industries. Simultaneously, it must disincentivize industries that emit CO2 by policy frameworks such as carbon taxes, pollution taxes or green taxes. Originality/value: None of studies examine at how these environmental factors interact in India. Kilavuz and Dogan (2020) used the same variables, but their scope was limited to Turkey. As a result, the study is the first to examine this relationship for India, contributing to the body of knowledge on economic growth, manufacturing, trade openness and environmental concerns.

Resumo A fragmentação florestal é um dos fatores que interferem na sustentabilidade dos recursos naturais, biodiversidade e qualidade de vida. Diante disso, são essenciais estudos que avaliem quanti e qualitativamente as propriedades ambientais de determinado ecossistema e/ou paisagem. Para tanto, a análise da ecologia da paisagem atua de forma eficaz. Diante disso o presente estudo buscou avaliar, a partir de métricas de paisagem, a qualidade dos remanescentes florestais presentes na parte da sub-bacia hidrográfica do rio Atibaia que cobre o município de Campinas/SP. Para tanto, utilizaram-se as métricas: Tamanho; Índice de Área Central; Índice de Circularidade; Distância do Vizinho mais Próximo; Proximidade à Curso d’Água; Produção de Água; Grau de Uso e Ocupação do Solo no Entorno e Grau de Erodibilidade do Solo. Estas foram analisadas individualmente e através do Índice de Qualidade Ambiental (IQrem). Verificou-se o alto grau de fragmentação florestal, dado o elevado número de remanescentes, especialmente pequenos e com baixa representativa de área central, porém localizados próximos uns aos outros. Além disso, por tratar-se de sub-bacia produtora de água para abastecimento, ressalta-se a necessidade de estratégias específicas de conservação desses remanescentes a fim de garantir a produção de água em termos quantitativos e qualitativos.

Abstract Forest fragmentation is one of the factors which interfere in the sustainability of natural resources, biodiversity and life quality. In view of this, studies that assess the quantitative and qualitative environmental properties of a given ecosystem and/or landscape are essential. Therefore, the analysis of landscape ecology acts effectively. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate, based on landscape metrics, the quality of the forest remnants presents in the Atibaia river sub-basin covering the municipality of Campinas/SP. For that, the following metrics were used: Size; Central Area Index; Circularity Index; Distance from the Nearest Neighbor; Proximity to the Watercourse; Water Production; Degree of Land Use and Occupation in the Surroundings and Degree of Soil Erodibility. These were analyzed individually and through the Environmental Quality Index (IQrem). There was a high degree of forest fragmentation, given by the high number of remnants, especially small and with a low representative central area, however, located close to each other. In addition, as this watershed is a water-producing for supply, the need for specific conservation strategies for these remnants is emphasized, in order to guarantee water production in quantitative and qualitative terms.

Abstract This paper reports the results of the project "Spatial Analysis of Landscape Configuration in Three Protection and Management Areas of Bogotá D.C.: Formulation of Integrated Landscape Management Guidelines for Impro- ving Ecosystem Services". The project was carried out by the Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services research team at the Scientific Subdirectorate of Bogotá Botanical Garden. The project analyzes landscape elements and their potential linkages to strategic management areas related to the Fucha basin: the Bosque Oriental de Bogotá Forest Protection Reserve and the Priority Public Occupation Areas of the Franja de Adecuación, a buffer zone between the city and the eastern hills. The main objectives of the study were to identify the zones with less availability of urban green areas and show a increasing these areas could expand the spaces suitable for supplying cultural ecosystem services. The study followed the "Model for Studying Landscapes in Mountainous Zones" methodological approach. This model examines three landscape dimensions: verticality, horizontality, and transversality. Verticality addresses the multiple elements of the landscape along the river axis; horizontality analyzes the organization pattern and spatial configuration of the landscape; and transversality assesses the relationships between landscape elements by means of network and proximity analyses. Landscape elements of the Fucha river basin were analyzed using geographic information system tools and field work. The river has been channeled in the urban portion of its basin, where the main land-use is residential, especially along the riverbank in the middle basin, where large green areas and parks with recreational infrastructure exist. By contrast, the lower part of the urban basin harbors mainly industrial and commercial sectors, characterized by constructions standing very close to the canal, few green spaces, and presence of solid waste. In the upper middle basin, groups of street dwellers live along the canal, along with small settlements and self-construction neighborhoods. The upper basin corresponds to the forest reserve, where the vegetation cover includes shrublands, secondary forest and moorland, interspersed with patches of eucalyptus and pine plantations, and some acacias at the edge of the reserve. Landscape metrics were calculated and analyzed using the ArcGIS IndiFrag tool. These showed that 61% of the landscape elements correspond to urban areas or artificial surfaces, including commercial, residential, industrial, ser- vice and recreation areas, urban facilities and public spaces, canals, roads and railways. The remaining 39% corresponds to undeveloped areas such as urban green areas, water bodies (wetlands and rivers), unbuilt areas, and protected areas. Aggregation metrics showed that, although industrial uses occur in high density, they do not comprise a large number of buildings; therefore, they correspond to units located in a specific sector to the center of the urban basin. The most widely scattered elements are recreational spaces, urban facilities, and green areas, which show a low probability of occurrence is the landscape. The analysis of the expansion of urban green areas toward unoccupied areas revealed that a ~50% increase does not contribute to better meet the demand, given the current distribution of landscape elements in the urban basin. The connections with the lowest displacement costs between urban green areas were analyzed using the ArcGIS Matrix Green tool. Three critical sectors demanding attention were identified. The first is located in the lower basin, where small urban green areas are found with no connections with large green areas. The second sector is located in the middle basin, where a recently developed urban zone, along with a low availability of spaces for developing green areas were identified. The third is located in the northeast part of the middle basin, characterized by the lowest availability of green areas and no spaces available for their development. Finally, the upper part of the basin has been identified as an area that could supply cultural ecosystem services for the city, and potential access routes to that zone were identified by conditioning the connections with the slope.

Resumen Este artículo presenta los resultados del proyecto “Análisis espacial de configuración del paisaje en tres áreas de protección y manejo de Bogotá, D. C. Formulación de lineamientos de manejo integrado de paisaje para el mejoramiento de Servicios Ecosistémicos” desarrollado por la Línea de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Servicios Ecosistémicos de la Subdirección Científica del Jardín Bo- tánico de Bogotá (JBB). El proyecto se enfoca específica- mente en la microcuenca río Fucha; se basó en la observación de elementos del paisaje y su conexión potencial por medio de tres áreas estratégicas de ordenamiento para la ciudad: la Reserva Forestal Protectora Bosque Oriental de Bogotá (RFPBOB), las Áreas de Ocupación Pública Prioritaria (AOPP) de la Franja de Adecuación de los Cerros Orientales y la Microcuenca Fucha. De igual manera es un ejercicio de acercamiento a la implementación de la pro- puesta metodológica “Modelo de acercamiento al estudio de zonas de montaña”, como forma del análisis del paisaje a partir de tres dimensiones: verticalidad, horizontalidad y transversalidad, con el cual se identificaron zonas para el mejoramiento de Servicios Ecosistémicos (SE) culturales.

A procedure for the assessment and optimization of the greenness of solvents in synthesis was developed. It involves two optimization components, aiming at the optimization of both the intrinsic greenness of the solvents and their efficiency to improve the overall green performance of the synthesis, evaluated with mass, energy and time greenness metrics. The procedure was tested in a study with educational purpose for assessing and improving the greenness of solvents used in the workup step of a ionic liquid synthesis that involves a solventless reaction step (1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride) and proved useful to systematize the aspects that should be considered to choose the solvents used in the workup. The results show that there may be a competition in the solvent choice between a safer solvent and a more hazardous solvent with better performance of the overall synthesis process, which requires optimization for reaching a balanced solution. The study illustrates the problems of the substitution of solvents in synthetic processes to improve greenness, as well as the importance of the utilization of a battery of greenness metrics for evaluation of the overall synthesis outcomes.

This article reports a study, performed in educational context, to increase the greenness of the extraction of R-(+)-limonene from orange peels. Protocols from the literature were evaluated with the green star (GS)metric and new protocols, based in them, were designed to increase the overall greenness. These were tested in the laboratory and their greenness was assessed by traditional greenness metrics and metrics inspired in the industrial activity. Results showed that the steam distillation technique presents the largest overall greenness when evaluated by the GS, because organic solvents are not involved, but mass and energy metrics indicate that the extractions by solvent techniques are greener. This conflict denotes the complexity of the concept of chemical greenness and the need of using several types of metrics when greenness evaluation is at stake. The results show that the inclusion of experiments on the R-(+)-limonene extraction in the educational laboratory is efficient to show the difficulties of assessing the greenness of chemistry and of implementing Green Chemistry.

In this century, chemists find themselves with a new challenge. They need to efficiently generate materials to maintain quality of life, but they have to do so reducing the negative effects on the environment and human health. Teaching green chemistry is fundamental to promote future scientists who can create safely and efficiently non-toxic products and processes in the way for a sustainable future. The use of a multicomponent reaction, as the Passerini reaction, for the generation of new molecules as drug candidates, is described here as an experiment for undergraduate organic chemistry laboratory. It is a fast, efficient and simple process which generates a complex product using simple reactants in one step. Different metrics were determined in order to measure how environmentally friendly this reaction is, in the conditions tested. The student will be able to discuss: green chemistry, development of bioactive molecules, diversity-oriented synthesis, multicomponent reactions, and chemistry in aqueous solution.

En este siglo, los químicos se han encontrado con un nuevo desafío: producir de manera eficiente los materiales necesarios para mantener la calidad de vida de los seres vivos, reduciendo los efectos negativos sobre el medio ambiente y la salud humana. En este sentido, es fundamental el rol del docente en la formación de futuros científicos que puedan generar de manera segura y eficiente productos y procesos no tóxicos, hacia el camino de un futuro sustentable. En este trabajo se describe el uso de una reacción multicomponente, la reacción de Passerini, como un experimento de laboratorio en un curso de grado de Química Orgánica. Es un proceso rápido, eficiente y simple que permite obtener productos complejos a partir de moléculas sencillas y en un paso de reacción. Diferentes parámetros fueron analizados para determinar cuán amigable es esta reacción con el medio ambiente, en las condiciones ensayadas. El estudiante tendrá la posibilidad de discutir sobre química verde, desarrollo de moléculas bioactivas, síntesis orientada a la diversidad, reacciones multicomponente y química en disolución acuosa.

This article reports a study to increase the overall greenness of chemical syntheses for first-year university laboratories. The separate evaluation of the micro-greenness of the three stages of synthesis (reaction, isolation and purification) using the Green Star (GS) was implemented and their respective contribution to overall greenness was investigated for two examples: syntheses of cobalt (III) tris(acetylacetonate) and potassium nitrilosulfonate. Results showed that the post-reaction (work-up) steps are the most problematic for overall greenness. Greenness optimization can be achieved by combining the greenest procedures for each step obtained from different protocols available in the literature.

The use of a battery of three mass metrics (atomic economy - AE, reaction mass efficiency - RME, and mass intensity - MI) for systemic evaluation of the material greenness of synthesis reactions is presented. Material greenness is discussed in terms of materialization/dematerialization of the reaction system and also according to the first two Principles of Green Chemistry, and is shown to involve two components: atomic greenness (incorporation of the atoms provided by reagents into the product, evaluated by AE and RME); and massic greenness (global mass of reagents and non-stoichiometric materials, evaluated by MI, related to the production of residues).

Besides high industrial development, Brazil is also an agribusiness country. Each year about 330 million metrics tons (Mg) of biomass residues are generated, requiring tremendous effort to develop biomass systems in which production, conversion and utilization of bio-based products are carried out efficiently and under environmentally sustainable conditions. For the production of biofuels, organic chemicals and materials, it is envisaged to follow a biorefinery model which includes modern and proven green chemical technologies such as bioprocessing, pyrolysis, gasification, Fischer-Tropsch synthesis and other catalytic processes in order to make more complex molecules and materials on which a future sustainable society will be based. This paper presents promising options for valorization of Brazilian agroindustrial biomass sources and residues originating from the biofuel production chains as renewable energy sources and addresses the main aspects of the thermochemical technologies which have been applied.

O primeiro estágio de processamento da informação do estímulo visual consiste na contagem de fótons pelas células fotorreceptoras. Nos estágios pós-receptorais a informação de intensidade absoluta do estímulo é transformada em comparações de informações provindas de áreas adjacentes da retina e momentos sucessivos. Essa métrica implementada pelo sistema visual para quantificar o estímulo é chamada de contraste - contraste espacial ou simultâneo e contraste temporal ou sucessivo. A presença de contraste é essencial para a geração de percepção visual consciente no domínio do espaço e do tempo e em três dimensões ortogonais de cores - branca e preta; azul e amarela; verde e vermelha. Uma curva em forma de sinodelimita os limiares de detecção de contraste em função da frequência especial ou temporal do estímulo. Ela é chamada função de sensibilidade ao contraste e é afetada por uma série de fatores ópticos e neurais. Neurônios de diferentes classes contribuem para regiões diferentes da função de sensibilidade ao contraste e suas atividades representam as ações de vias de processamento visual que se estendem da retina ao córtex visual. Investigações básicas e clínicas têm dado suporte à importância do estudo da sensibilidade ao contraste espacial de luminância (branco e preta) como uma ferramenta indicadora da função visual em sujeitos normais e afetados por disfunções neuro-oftalmológicas.

The first step in the information processing of visual stimuli corresponds to foton counting by photorreceptor cells. In the post-receptoral steps, information on the stimulus absolute intensity is converted in comparisons between information coming from adjacent retinal areas or successive moments. This metrics implemented by the visual system to quantify the stimulus is called contrast - spatial or simultaneous contrast and temporal or successive contrast. Contrast is essential to the generation of conscious visual perception in the domain of space and time and in three orthogonal color dimensions - black and white, blue and yellow, and green and red. A Bell-shaped curve delimits the thresholds of contrast detection as a function of spatial or temporal frequency. It is called contrast sensitivity function and is affected by several optical and neural factors. Different classes of neurons contribute to different regions of the contrast sensitivity function and their activities represent the work of visual processing pathways that begin in the retina and end in the visual cortex. Basic and clinical investigations have given support to the importance of the study of luminance (black and white) spatial contrast sensitivity as a tool to evaluate the visual function in normal and subjects affected by neuro-ophthalmologic dysfunctions.