Chitosan (CS) blends with collagen (CL) and Aloe vera (AV) have gained significant attention in the biomedical field due to their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and potential for wound healing applications. In this study, we investigated the preparation and characterization of CS/CL and CS/AV blends using selective precipitation and co-precipitation techniques. The synthesis processes were analyzed for yield and 4-hydroxyproline content (in CS/CL blends). The materials were characterized using bromatological analyses, viscosity measurements, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). These eco-friendly methods effectively promoted interactions between the biopolymers, resulting in homogeneous blends with tunable properties. Besides, they are simple, fast, safe, and require minimal infrastructure. This study demonstrated that selective precipitation and co-precipitation are effective methods for producing chitosan/collagen and chitosan/Aloe vera blends. These methods foster interactions and miscibility between the biopolymers, as confirmed by FTIR, XRD, viscosity, and 4-Hy content analyses. They also align with green chemistry principles by avoiding organic solvents, reducing environmental risks, and minimizing waste. The high yields achieved, especially for CS/AV blends (exceeding 96%), make these materials compatible with lyophilization procedures. The absence of segregated phases after appropriate washing underscores their suitability for pharmaceutical formulations and other applications. CS (CS CL (CL AV (AV biocompatibility biodegradability applications CSCL CSAV coprecipitation co techniques 4hydroxyproline hydroxyproline 4 . blends) analyses measurements Fouriertransform Fourier transform FTIR , (FTIR) Xray X ray XRD (XRD) SEM. SEM (SEM) ecofriendly eco friendly biopolymers properties Besides simple fast safe infrastructure chitosancollagen chitosan chitosanAloe 4Hy Hy solvents risks waste achieved exceeding 96%, 96 96% 96%) procedures (FTIR (XRD (SEM 9

Resumen La vegetación es una parte vital de la infraestructura urbana por los servicios ambientales y los beneficios que provee a la población, por lo que es importante conocer su diversidad y estructura. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar la estructura y composición florística de árboles, palmas y arbustos ubicados en áreas urbanas públicas de la ciudad de Tapachula, en el estado de Chiapas. Se recabó información dasométrica de ocho parques públicos, cinco áreas verdes públicas, cuatro camellones o jardineras y 38 calles, con una superficie total de 27.32 ha. Se registró el diámetro normal (1.30 m de la base del suelo) y la altura total. Se calculó la densidad de especies por área verde. La diversidad fue evaluada mediante los índices de Shannon-Weiner y de Margalef. Taxonómicamente, se identificaron 130 especies, 109 géneros y 44 familias. De los taxa registrados, 65 pertenecen a especies nativas (550 individuos) y 65 a exóticas (1 927 individuos). Ficus microcarpa es el taxón exótico preponderante con un Índice de Valor de Importancia (IVI) de 6.14. De las especies nativas, Roseodendron donnell-smithii destaca como el elemento más representativo (IVI=1.45). El Índice de Shannon-Weiner calculado para diferentes áreas verdes registró 2.7≤H’≤3.3 y el Índice de Margalef 5.2≤D Mg ≤15.2, lo cual evidencia que las calles poseen una gran diversidad de especies.

Abstract Urban vegetation is a vital part of urban infrastructure due to the environmental services it provides and the benefits to the population; therefore, it is important to know its diversity and structure. The objective of this work was to assess the structure and floristic composition of trees, palms and shrubs located in public urban areas of the city of Tapachula, state of Chiapas. Mensuration information was collected from eight public parks; five public green areas, four medians and 38 streets, with a total area of 27.32 ha. Normal diameter (1.30 m base from the ground) and total height were recorded. The density of species per urban green area was calculated. Diversity was evaluated using the Shannon-Weiner and Margalef indexes. Taxonomically, 130 species, 109 genera and 44 families were identified. Of the 130 specific taxa recorded, 65 belong to native species and 65 exotic. The total number of individuals was 1 927 exotic and 550 native. Ficus microcarpa is the predominant exotic with 6.14 Importance Value Index (IVI). Of the native species, Roseodendron donnell-smithii stands out as the most representative (IVI=1.45). The Shannon-Weiner Index calculated for different green areas registered 2.7≤H'≤3.3 and the Margalef Index 5.2≤D Mg ≤15.2, showing that the streets have a great species diversity.

A model was composed that integrated demand for railway services, systemic capacity design of production factors, operating efficiency, and the financial viability of the designed railway operations of a dedicated rail freight project. The design model incorporated efficiency measures essential to successfully developing new railway systems. The investment in rail infrastructure concerning the geometric parameters and their effect on the project's viability was deduced. A relationship between the geometric layout of track alignment and the hauling process of freight was determined. Results from simulation work to ascertain the operating efficiency informed the design of train-crossing capacity. The effect of inefficiencies on the performance of the production factors and the influence thereof on the rail tariff and the internal rate of return was determined. The design model covered the range of demand from low volumes of dedicated freight to the advent of heavy-haul operations, and will find its application in cases of new green-field projects. The design parameters applied in sub-models were correlated with the results of field tests and individual new railway projects undertaken in Southern Africa. The results of the effect of systemic operating efficiency on the capacity of the rolling stock fleet were illustrated.

Abstract Urban trees play an important role within cities due to the environmental services they provide and their contribution to mitigating the current climate crisis. In this context, the objective of this study was to evaluate the tree vegetation of five public parks in the Texcoco de Mora municipality in order to estimate the environmental services they provide. A census was carried out per park and the data were processed through the i-Tree® Eco v6 software. 1 325 individuals from 23 families and 37 genera were recorded with a richness of 55 species in the five parks, an average density of 157 trees ha-1 and a total of 242.6 megagrams of carbon storage with a carbon capture of 10.5 Mg year-1. The avoided rain runoff was 481 m3 year-1 and the value represented by these environmental services is MXN $894 514.93 for carbon storage, MXN $38 650 annually for carbon capture, and MXN $481.93 for runoff. The replacement value of the trees reaches MXN $24 408 534. A tree cover of 30 485 m2 was estimated, which represents a factor of 0.86 m2 inhabitant-1. It is concluded that Texcoco is below the recommended factor of trees per inhabitant proposed by the UN. It is necessary to study the green areas, medians, alignment trees and community parks, to achieve a more complete panorama of the municipality.

Resumen El arbolado urbano desempeña un papel importante dentro de las ciudades por los servicios ambientales que provee y por su contribución a la mitigación de la actual crisis climática. En ese contexto, el objetivo del presente estudio consistió en evaluar la vegetación arbórea de cinco parques públicos del municipio Texcoco de Mora a fin de estimar los servicios ambientales que proporcionan. Se realizó un censo por parque y se procesaron los datos a través del software i-Tree ® Eco V6. Se registraron 1 325 individuos de 23 familias y 37 géneros con una riqueza de 55 especies en los cinco parques, una densidad promedio de 157 árboles ha-1 y un total de 242.6 megagramos de almacenamiento de carbono con una captura de 10.5 Mg año-1. El escurrimiento de lluvia evitado fue de 481 m3 año-1 y el valor que representan estos servicios ambientales en pesos es de MXN $894 514.93 para el almacenamiento de carbono, MXN $38 650 anuales para la captura del mismo y MXN $481.93 para el escurrimiento. El valor de sustitución del arbolado es de MXN $24 408 534.00. Se estimó una cobertura arbórea de 30 485 m2, lo cual representa un factor de 0.86 m2 habitante-1. Se concluye que Texcoco está por debajo del factor recomendado de arbolado por habitante propuesto por la ONU. Es necesario estudiar las áreas verdes, camellones, árboles de alineamiento y parques comunitarios para tener un panorama del municipio más completo.

The need for sustainable and environmentally friendly energy sources is very important if future generations are to be spared of the misdoings of past generations. Climate change, environmental pollution, radiation pollution, and altering of the balanced ecology of the green planet earth is now a significant challenge, because if not mitigated, some island nations will disappear in the future, due to human activities energized by unsustainable fossil fuels. Based on these facts, Germany has taken concrete and important steps to stem the tide of this ill wind by embracing the Green Hydrogen system. This is more obvious in the transport system that produces more than 40% of Green House Gases in Europe. Because Germany is an industrialized European nation, the government has introduced Green Hydrogen for transportation in accordance with European Union energy policy. Therefore, this paper provides a clear, concise analysis and implementation of Green Hydrogen energy in the smart energy system. The paper presents Green Hydrogen analysis in transportation in four sections, namely, Geographical, Chemical, social, and economic aspects, respectively. The last section of this paper is the discussion of results from cost/feasibility analysis, which shows that although the expected or forecasted GH cost is US$7.11per kg from 2020 to 2050, the current growth in the green hydrogen infrastructure and technology, reduced the overall cost of GH in 2020 to $1.60/kg. An erudite conclusion and recommendations are made at the end of this research.

ABSTRACT The concern for climate change has driven the search for sustainable energy solutions. In this context, green hydrogen stands out as an emerging and promising option, given its carbon-free production and extensive applicability. However, its academic approach at the Peruvian level is still limited. Therefore, the objective is to analyze the potential of green hydrogen in Peru, considering technical, economic, environmental, and regulatory aspects. The study is based on a review of Peru's current energy matrix, identifying its challenges and limitations, and explores the opportunities and advantages that it could offer in the national context, also examining international experiences. It is observed that Peru has a diverse energy matrix but faces challenges in terms of infrastructure, dependence on fossil fuels, and vulnerability to international price fluctuations. Green hydrogen has the potential to harness renewable natural resources and offers economic, environmental, and social benefits, as well as greater energy diversification and security. It is concluded that the successful implementation of green hydrogen in Peru will require addressing technical obstacles, establishing a solid regulatory framework, and ensuring access to affordable financing. International experiences highlight the collaboration between the government, industry, and academic institutions to accelerate the development of these technologies. Additionally, the establishment of regulatory and political frameworks that provide security and promote collaboration is necessary. One limitation of the work is that it briefly addresses the cost aspect of production plants, a potential point for future research.

RESUMEN La preocupación por el cambio climático ha impulsado la búsqueda de soluciones energéticas sostenibles. En este contexto, el hidrógeno verde se destaca como una opción emergente y prometedora, dada su producción libre de emisiones de carbono y extensa aplicabilidad. No obstante, su abordaje académico a nivel peruano es aún escueto. A partir de ello, se tiene como objetivo analizar el potencial del hidrógeno verde en el Perú, considerando aspectos técnicos, económicos, ambientales y regulatorios. El estudio se basa en una revisión de la matriz energética actual peruana, identificando sus retos y limitaciones, y explora las oportunidades y ventajas que este podría ofrecer en el contexto nacional, examinando también experiencias internacionales. Se observa que el Perú posee una matriz energética diversa, pero enfrenta retos en términos de infraestructura, dependencia de combustibles fósiles y vulnerabilidad a fluctuaciones de precios internacionales. El hidrógeno verde tiene el potencial de aprovechar los recursos naturales renovables y ofrece beneficios económicos, ambientales y sociales, así como una mayor diversificación y seguridad energética. Se concluye que la implementación exitosa del hidrógeno verde en el Perú requerirá abordar obstáculos técnicos, establecer un marco regulatorio sólido y garantizar el acceso a financiamiento asequible. Las experiencias internacionales resaltan la colaboración entre el gobierno, industria e instituciones académicas para acelerar el desarrollo de estas tecnologías. Asimismo, el establecimiento de un marco regulatorio y político que proporcione seguridad y fomente la colaboración es menester. Una limitación del trabajo es que aborda sucintamente el ámbito de costo de las plantas de producción, punto posible de futuras investigaciones.

Abstract At present more than 50% of the human population of Planet Earth, live in urban areas. The natural environment is changed considerably by cities: increase of population, productions of tons of waste, daily, change of biodiversity. The relationships human-nature were disrupted in cities due to the artificial construction of infrastructure. In order to protect biodiversity and recover nature in cities, Urban Forest Parks, as part of green infrastructure are a very important action. At the same time the psycology of urban populations can be improved. The use of Urban Forest Parks to improve social relations, education, physical activities in older adults can improve their cognitive ability and performance. 50 Earth areas waste daily humannature action improved relations education performance 5

Resumo Atualmente, mais de 50% da população humana do Planeta Terra, vive em áreas urbanas. O ambiente natural é extremamente alterado pelas cidades: aumento da poluição do ar, produção diária de toneladas de lixo, resíduos sólidos e líquidos, perda da biodiversidade. Devido ao sistema totalmente artificial das cidades, houve uma disrupção da interação espécie humana-natureza. Parques Florestais Urbanos são uma das iniciativas mais importantes para recuperar a biodiversidade das áreas urbanas, e são parte da infraestrutura verde. Ao mesmo tempo, a psicologia das populações urbanas pode ser muito melhorada, se o uso dos Parque Florestais Urbanos pelos adultos, mais velhos, for estimulado. Relações sociais, educação, atividades físicas, são estimuladores da capacidade cognitiva e podem melhorar a performance de cidadãos de maior idade. Atualmente 50 Terra cidades ar lixo líquidos humananatureza. humananatureza natureza. natureza humana-natureza verde tempo melhorada adultos velhos estimulado sociais educação físicas idade 5

ABSTRACT: To investigate the development and dynamics of green manure research, we collected 802 and 4588 papers on green manure research from China national knowledge infrastructure (CNKI) and Web of Science (WoS) between 1992 and 2021, respectively, and conducted quantitative and visual analyses based on bibliometric methods on the annual number of publications, authors and institutions, keywords, and emergent words. The main research hotspots in the field of green manure are discussed and summarized based on the results of the visualization analysis and the important publications explored by the results of the visualization analysis. The results showed that: the overall number of publications on green manure research exhibits an increasing trend, and research in this field is receiving more and more attention; the United States is the core country in this research field, with a great influence; although, the number of Chinese publications is large, the intermediary centrality value is small and the level of scientific research needs to be improved; the research characteristics in the field of green manure research mainly focus on green manure cultivation technology, the effects on soil and crops, and the effects on pests and diseases. The study was conducted based on CiteSpace, a visualization tool of bibliometrics, with comprehensive literature information and intuitive results, providing important references for relevant researchers to understand the extent of research in this field, academic communication, and grasp research dynamics. ABSTRACT 80 458 CNKI (CNKI WoS (WoS 199 2021 respectively institutions keywords words that trend attention influence although large improved technology crops diseases CiteSpace bibliometrics communication 8 45 19 202 4 1 20 2

RESUMO: Para investigar o desenvolvimento e a dinâmica da pesquisa de adubo verde, coletamos 802 e 4.588 artigos sobre pesquisa de adubo verde da infraestrutura nacional de conhecimento da China (CNKI) e da Web of Science (WoS) entre 1992 e 2021, respectivamente, e realizamos estudos quantitativos e visuais. Análises baseadas em métodos bibliométricos sobre o número anual de publicações, autores e instituições, palavras-chave e palavras emergentes. Os principais focos de pesquisa na área de adubação verde são discutidos e resumidos com base nos resultados da análise de visualização e nas importantes publicações exploradas pelos resultados da análise de visualização. Os resultados mostram que: o número total de publicações sobre a pesquisa de adubação verde apresenta uma tendência crescente, e as pesquisas nessa área estão recebendo cada vez mais atenção; os Estados Unidos são o país central neste campo de pesquisa, com grande influência, embora o número de publicações chinesas seja grande, o valor de centralidade intermediária seja pequeno e o nível de pesquisa científica precise ser melhorado; as características da pesquisa no campo da pesquisa de adubo verde concentram-se principalmente na tecnologia de cultivo de adubo verde, nos efeitos sobre o solo e as culturas e os efeitos sobre pragas e doenças. O estudo foi realizado com base no CiteSpace, ferramenta de visualização da bibliometria, com informações bibliográficas abrangentes e resultados intuitivos, fornecendo referências importantes para pesquisadores relevantes compreenderem a extensão da pesquisa neste campo, a comunicação acadêmica e a compreensão da dinâmica da pesquisa. RESUMO 80 4588 4 588 4.58 CNKI (CNKI WoS (WoS 199 2021 respectivamente visuais instituições palavraschave chave emergentes que crescente atenção influência melhorado concentramse concentram se doenças CiteSpace bibliometria intuitivos 8 458 58 4.5 19 202 45 5 4. 1 20 2

Abstract Forests and farms are often replaced by counter-urbanization, in which people move from urban to rural areas, causing the progressive growth of rural areas beyond cities. This article delves into the counterurbanization process in the peri-urban forest of Guadalajara, Mexico known as “Bosque La Primavera'' (BLP), discussing three key elements: (1) the absence of a forest buffer zone, (2) the shift from agricultural to industrial and tertiary activities, and (3) green tourism and neo-ruralism moving to the countryside. A mixed methodological approach based on the Theory of Change (ToC) was used. Data was collected from an organization implementing a forest conservation program in 2020 and 2021. Twelve interviews were conducted with brigade members and academics. From the counterurbanization perspective, this study illustrates how unregulated urbanization, land use changes, and green tourism have all contributed to the progressive degradation of forest reserves in the BLP. Due to the growing links between urban and rural areas, rural economies in peri-urban forests are gradually being replaced by industrial and tertiary practices, whereas tourist amenities require new services that alter rural living patterns. counterurbanization, counter urbanization counter-urbanization cities periurban peri Guadalajara Bosque Primavera Primavera' BLP, BLP , (BLP) elements 1 (1 zone 2 (2 activities 3 (3 neoruralism neo ruralism countryside ToC (ToC used 202 2021 academics perspective changes practices patterns (BLP ( 20

Resumo As florestas e as quintas são frequentemente substituídas pela contra-urbanização, em que as pessoas se deslocam das zonas urbanas para as zonas rurais, provocando o crescimento progressivo das zonas rurais para além das cidades. Este artigo analisa o processo de contra-urbanização na floresta periurbana de Guadalajara, México, conhecida como "Bosque La primavera'' (BLP), discutindo três elementos-chave: (1) a ausência de uma zona tampão florestal, (2) a mudança de actividades agrícolas para actividades industriais e terciárias, e (3) o turismo verde e o neo-ruralismo a deslocarem-se para o campo. Foi utilizada uma abordagem metodológica mista baseada na Teoria da Mudança (ToC). Os dados foram recolhidos numa organização que está a implementar um programa de conservação florestal em 2020 e 2021. Foram realizadas doze entrevistas com membros da brigada e académicos. Na perspetiva da contra-urbanização, este estudo ilustra como a urbanização desregulada, as mudanças no uso da terra e o turismo verde contribuíram para a degradação progressiva das reservas florestais na BLP. Devido às ligações crescentes entre as zonas urbanas e rurais, as economias rurais nas florestas periurbanas estão a ser gradualmente substituídas por práticas industriais e terciárias, enquanto as comodidades turísticas exigem novos serviços que alteram os padrões de vida rurais. contraurbanização, contraurbanização contra urbanização, cidades Guadalajara México Bosque primavera primavera' BLP, BLP , (BLP) elementoschave elementos chave elementos-chave 1 (1 2 (2 terciárias 3 (3 neoruralismo neo ruralismo deslocaremse deslocarem campo ToC. ToC . (ToC) 202 2021 académicos desregulada (BLP ( (ToC 20

RESUMO A cidade de São Paulo possui três viveiros municipais de distribuição de exemplares de plantas que atendem à demanda de seus projetos paisagísticos e o aumento da cobertura arbórea. Um deles (Manequinho Lopes) recebe mudas de árvores pelos processos de compensação ambiental contratados pela Secretaria Municipal do Verde e Meio Ambiente (SVMA). Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o cenário da biodiversidade arbórea recebida entre julho de 2013 e julho de 2018 pelo viveiro Manequinho Lopes, como medida de compensação ambiental. Os resultados indicaram que 144.727 mudas de árvores foram recebidas pelo viveiro, com aproximadamente 80% do total pertencendo a apenas 30 espécies, sendo que metade delas pertencem a apenas 10 grupos diferentes. Encontramos apenas duas famílias predominantes: Myrtaceae e Bignoniaceae, evidenciando o futuro risco de homogeneização biótica. Em relação aos atributos ecológicos, constatou-se que 33% das espécies eram zoocóricas, 16% autocóricas e 22% anemocóricas. A maioria deles eram espécimes não ameaçados de extinção. Lopes SVMA. SVMA . (SVMA) 201 144727 144 727 144.72 80 3 1 diferentes predominantes Bignoniaceae biótica ecológicos constatouse constatou se 33 zoocóricas 16 22 anemocóricas extinção (SVMA 20 14472 14 72 144.7 8 2 1447 7 144.

ABSTRACT São Paulo city has three municipal nurseries for the distribution of urban tree specimens that meet the demand for its public landscape projects and increase in tree covering. One of them (Manequinho Lopes) receives tree seedlings from the environmental compensation processes contracted with the Municipal Secretariat for Green and Environment (MSGE). This paper aimed to evaluate the scenario of tree biodiversity received between July 2013 and July 2018 by the Manequinho Lopes nursery, as a measure of environmental compensation. The results indicated that 144,727 tree seedlings were received by the nursery, with approximately 80% of the total belonging to only 30 species, half of them belonging to only 10 different groups. We found just two predominated families: Myrtaceae and Bignoniaceae, highlighting a biotic homogenization risk. Regarding ecological attributes, it was found that 33% of the species were zoochoric, 16% autochorous and 22% anemochoric. Most of them were non-endangered specimens. covering MSGE. MSGE . (MSGE) 201 nursery 144727 144 727 144,72 80 3 1 groups families Bignoniaceae risk attributes 33 zoochoric 16 22 anemochoric nonendangered non endangered (MSGE 20 14472 14 72 144,7 8 2 1447 7 144,

Ho bohlokoa ho sireletsa libaka tsa tikoloho tse hlokometsoeng joalo ka masimo a arotsoeng bakeng sa meaho ea litoropo le libaka tsa polokelo ea meru, molemong oa lits'ebeletso tsa tikoloho, moruo, sechaba le setso. Leha ho le joalo, libaka tse joalo li tlokotsing ka lebaka la ts'ebeliso ea batho ka ho fapana, ho akarelletsa le matla a naha a litoropong. Ka hona, boithuto bona bo ikemiselitse ho sebelisa mekhoa e bonts'ang maemo a tikoloho esale pele, le ho lekola litlamorao tse ka bang teng nakong e tlang litoropong tse sa tsotelleng tikoloho ho ts'ehetsa mantlha a Leano la Tekolo ea Tikoloho bakeng sa moralo le leano la ntlafatso ea litoropo le libaka. Boithuto bona bo sebelisitse Geographic Information Systems, limmapa tse seng li ntse li le teng tsa ts'ebeliso ea mobu, merero ea ts'ebeliso ea mobu, mohlala o netefalitsoeng oa ts'ebeliso ea mobu, le mekhoa e meng ea maemo ho bolela esale pele maemo a kamoso a lefats'e litoropong ka mohlala oa Markov. Ho sebelisitsoe maikutlo a litsebi a ipapisitseng le mokhoa oa boholo ba tsusumetso ea tikoloho le kutloelo-bohloko ea eona, ele ho hlalosa bohlokoa ba phello ea tikoloho. Ka ho etsa joalo, boholo ba tsusumetso ea tikoloho sebakeng se amehileng sa tikoloho bo arotsoe ka bo tlaase haholo (> 0% <5%), bo tlaase (>5% <10%), bo mahareng (>10% <15%), bo holimo (> 15% <20%), le bo holimo ka ho fetisisa (>20%). Liphuputso li fumane tsusumetso e kholo le e seng ea bohlokoa ea tikoloho litoropong haholo-holo libakeng tse hlokometsoeng tse amanang le litloahelo le maemo a mang. Molemo oa tlhahisoleseling e tsoang phuputsong ena ke ho tshehetsa ba etsang liqeto ho sebetsana le mathata a amanang le tshebetso ea Tekolo ea Tikoloho le moralo oa tshebeliso ea mobu Afrika e ka borwa ho Sahara le likarolong tse ling.

Environmentally sensitive areas such as lands demarcated for urban green infrastructure and regional forest reserves by urban and regional plans are crucial to be protected, due to the environmental, economic, social, and cultural services they provide. However, such environmentally sensitive areas are threatened by various human activities, including urban land dynamics. This study, therefore, aims to deploy scenario alternatives to predict and evaluate the environmental impacts of the possible future urban land dynamics in environmentally sensitive areas to support the core of the Strategic Environmental Assessment process for sustainable urban and regional development planning and policy. The study deployed Geographic Information Systems, existing land-cover maps, land-use plans, calibrated and validated land-use/land-cover model, and scenario alternatives to predict the possible future urban and regional land dynamics using the Markov model. Experts' judgement, based on a matrix method of environmental impact magnitude and environmental sensitivity, was used to define environmental impact significance. In so doing, the environmental impact magnitude in the environmentally sensitive area is categorised into very low (>0% <5%), low (>5% <10%), medium (>10% <15%), high (>15% <20%), and very high (>20%). Key findings showed a significant and non-significant environmental impact of the possible future urban dynamics in environmentally sensitive areas associated with the business-as-usual scenario and alternative scenarios, respectively. The information from this study is useful to support decision makers in addressing problems associated with the applied Strategic Environmental Assessment process and land-use planning in sub-Saharan Africa and other parts of the Global South.

Omgewingsensitiewe gebiede soos lande wat vir stedelike groen infrastruktuur en streeksbosreservate deur stedelike en streeksplanne afgebaken is, is van kardinale belang om beskerm te word weens die omgewings-, ekonomiese, sosiale en kulturele dienste wat hulle verskaf. Sulke omgewingsensitiewe ge-biede word egter bedreig deur verskeie menslike aktiwiteite, insluitend stedelike gronddinamika. Hierdie studie het ten doel om scenario-alternatiewe te ontplooi om die omgewingsimpakte van die moontlike toekomstige stedelike grond-dinamika in omgewingsensitiewe ge-biede te voorspel en te evalueer om die kern van die Strategiese Omgewings-evalueringsproses vir volhoubare stede-like en streeksontwikkelingsbeplanning en -beleid te ondersteun. Die studie het Geografiese Inligtingstelsels, bestaande grondbedekkingskaarte, grondgebruik-planne, gekalibreerde en bekragtigde grondgebruik/grondbedekkingsmodel, en scenario-alternatiewe ontplooi om die moontlike toekomstige stedelike en streeksgronddinamika met behulp van die Markov-model te voorspel. Kenners se oordeel gebaseer op 'n matriksme-tode van omgewingsimpakgrootte en omgewingsensitiwiteit is gebruik om omgewingsimpakbetekenis te definieer. Sodoende word die omgewingsimpa-kgrootte in die omgewingsensitiewe gebied gekategoriseer in baie laag (>0% <5%), laag (>5% <10%), medium (>10% <15%), hoog (>15% <20%), en baie hoog (>20%). Sleutelbevindinge het 'n beduidende en nie-beduidende omgewingsimpak van die moontlike toekomstige stedelike dinamika in omgew-ingsensitiewe gebiede geassosieer met onderskeidelik die "business-as-usual"-scenario asook alternatiewe scenario's getoon. Die inligting uit hierdie studie is nuttig om besluitnemers te ondersteun in die aanspreek van probleme wat verband hou met die toegepaste Strategiese Omgewingsbeoordelingsproses en grondgebruikbeplanning in Afrika suid van die Sahara en ander dele van die Globale Suide.

As deel van die strewe na volhoubare ontwikkeling, kan lewende muurstelsels biofiliese waarde en ekosisteemdienste verskaf. Ten spyte van hul voordele en potensiaal om globale uitdagings krisisse aan te spreek, beperk hul ekonomiese haalbaarheid, veerkragtigheid, instandhouding en volhoubaarheid hul toepassing en gebruik. Hierdie artikel gee 'n oorsig van 'n pragmatiese studie wat die faktore wat lewende mure se prestasie as groen infrastruktuur (GI) belemmer, evalueer het, en die werkverrigting van buitemuurse modulëre lewende mure as GI ontleed het. Die doel is om 'n stel kriteria te ontwikkel om die mees geskikte LWS vir groen infrastruktuur te bepaal. Datavaslegging het 'n gemengde metode-metodologie behels. Plaaslike kundiges het deur middel van vraelyste insig gegee in plaaslike lewende mure-tipologieë. Die ses maande-lange eksperimentele studie het twee geselekteerde LWSs van 4m² elk in omvang op die Universiteit van Pretoria se Future Africa-kampus in Pretoria, in Suid-Afrika se Gauteng-provinsie, behels. Veranderlikes het minimum en maksimum daaglikse temperature, relatiewe humiditeit, neerslag, grondtemperatuur, waterinhoud en elektriese geleidingsvermoë, blaarbiomassa-opbrengs en plantstres ingesluit. Die navorser het vars en droë biomassa-opbrengste gemonitor met 'n gekalibreerde laboratorium skaal as die primêre prestasie-aanwyser. Plantstres, die sekondêre prestasie-aanwyser, is deur chlorofilfluoressensie-analise gemeet. Data is statisties ontleed. Die bevindinge lê die grondslag vir die verbetering van lewende mure as GI wat kan bydra tot meer volhoubare stede. Dit word bereik deur tegniese kenmerke vir lewende mure te definieer om hul werkverrigting as GI te verbeter. Die resultate bevoordeel plaaslik vervaardigde, lae-tegnologie, buitemuurse modulêre lewende mure met beperkte, robuuste, liggewig, herwonne komponente wat ongekompliseerde samestelling behels. Stelsels moet lae-tegnologie besproeiing behels. Die lewende muur-posisie moet die plantgewasse se ligvereistes en besoedeling in ag neem. Potte moet beperkte sonblootstelling kry, en 'n grondvolume van 3 liters en 'n minimum diepte van 200mm hê.

Living wall systems (LWSs) can provide biophilic value and ecosystem services as part of the quest for sustainable development. Despite their benefits and potential to mitigate global challenges such as cooling, air purification, sound absorption, and human well-being, their economic feasibility, resilience, maintenance, and sustainability impact on their application and use. This article gives an overview of a pragmatic study which synthesised the factors hampering LWSs' performance as green infrastructure (GI) and analysed the performance of outdoor modular LWSs as GI. The study aims to establish criteria for selecting the most suitable LWSs as green infrastructure. Data capturing involved a mixed-method methodology. Local experts provided insight into local LWS typologies through questionnaires, which were analysed qualitatively. The six-month experimental study involved two selected LWSs of 4m² each in extent on the University of Pretoria's Future Africa campus in Pretoria, in South Africa's Gauteng province. Variables included minimum and maximum daily temperatures, relative humidity, precipitation, soil temperature, water content and electrical conductivity, leaf biomass yield, and plant stress. The researcher monitored fresh and dry biomass yields with a calibrated laboratory balance as the primary performance indicator. Plant stress, the secondary performance indicator, was measured by chlorophyll fluorescence analysis. Experimental data were statistically analysed. The findings lay the groundwork for improving LWSs as GI, which can contribute to more sustainable cities. This is achieved by defining LWSs' technical characteristics to enhance their performance as GI. The results favour locally produced, low-technology, outdoor modular LWSs with limited, robust, lightweight, recycled components entailing uncomplicated assembly. Systems must involve low-technology irrigation. The LWS position should consider the plant crops' light requirements and pollution. Pots should receive limited sun exposure and have a soil volume of 3 litres and a minimum depth of 200mm.

Abstract The UN's New Urban Agenda has penetrated urban planning at the same time as extreme events caused by climate change. In view of the scenario of increased flooding in Belo Horizonte, state of Minas Gerais, the Master Plan approved instruments to mitigate the impacts through discounts on the fees charged for additional building rights for new buildings that use “green and blue infrastructure.” The applicability of this incentive is analyzed across the territory based on a comparison between the discounts and the costs of new sustainable techniques. It is concluded that the instruments tend to be adopted where land value is higher, being insufficient for a large part of the city, mainly areas with greater climate vulnerability, which demand more direct interventions from the government. UNs UN s change Horizonte Gerais green infrastructure. infrastructure techniques higher city vulnerability government

Resumo A Nova Agenda Urbana da ONU penetra o planejamento urbano ao mesmo tempo que eventos extremos causados pelas mudanças climáticas. Diante do cenário de intensificação de inundações em Belo Horizonte – MG, o Plano Diretor aprovou instrumentos para mitigar tais impactos. por meio de descontos na Outorga Onerosa do Direto de Construir para novas edificações que utilizem “infraestruturas verdes e azuis”. Analisa-se a aplicabilidade desse incentivo pelo território, com base na comparação entre esses descontos e os custos das novas técnicas sustentáveis. Conclui-se que os instrumentos tendem a ser adotados onde o solo é mais valorizado, sendo insuficientes para grande parte da cidade, em especial as áreas de maior vulnerabilidade climática, que demandam intervenções mais diretas do poder público. climáticas MG impactos infraestruturas azuis. azuis . azuis” Analisase Analisa se território sustentáveis Concluise Conclui valorizado cidade climática público

Abstract The description of the structure and the knowledge of the physical and structural damages of urban trees are essential for their maintenance and conservation as well for urban planning and public safety. The objective of this analysis was to characterize the tree structure, the physical damage of the trees and the obstruction of the buildings that influence the green areas of the Facultad de Ciencias Agrícolas y Forestales de la Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua (Graduate School of Agricultural and Forest Sciences of the Autonomous University of Chihuahua) in the City of Delicias, state of Chihuahua. Indexes of richness (D Mg ) and diversity of species (H' and D) were determined and the horizontal structure was evaluated through the Importance Value Index (IVI). The morphology, the current state of the trees and the physical and structural damage present through direct observation were also analyzed. 48 species were identified, 21 were native and 27 were introduced, exhibiting a richness of 7.05 (D Mg ) and a diversity of 3.09 (H'). A density of 209 N ha-1 and a dominance of 2 318.67 m2 ha-1 were obtained. According to the IVI, the most important species were: Pinus halepensis, Thuja occidentalis, Fraxinus uhdei, Ligustrum lucidum, Sapindus drummondii, Platanus occidentalis and Morus alba, representing 48.61 % of the total. 89.25 % of the trees have a desirable morphological structure, 92.92 % have a vigorous crown and most of them are without damage, where the main deterioration sign turned out to be mainly associated with the loss of bark pieces.

Resumen La descripción de la estructura y el conocimiento de los daños físicos y estructurales del arbolado urbano son fundamentales para su mantenimiento y conservación, así como para la planificación urbana y la seguridad pública. El objetivo de este análisis fue caracterizar la estructura arbórea, los daños físicos del arbolado y la obstrucción de las edificaciones que influyen en las áreas verdes de la Facultad de Ciencias Agrícolas y Forestales de la Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua en la Ciudad de Delicias, Chihuahua. Se determinaron índices de riqueza (D Mg ) y diversidad de especies (H' y D) y se evaluó la estructura horizontal mediante el Índice de Valor de Importancia (IVI). También se analizó la estructura morfológica, el estado actual del arbolado y los daños físicos y estructurales presentes mediante observación directa. Se identificaron 48 especies, 21 nativas y 27 introducidas, con una riqueza de 7.05 (D Mg ) y una diversidad de 3.09 (H’). Se registró una densidad de 209 N ha-1 y una dominancia de 2 318.67 m2 ha-1. De acuerdo con el IVI, las especies más importantes fueron: Pinus halepensis, Thuja occidentalis, Fraxinus uhdei, Ligustrum lucidum, Sapindus drummondii, Platanus occidentalis y Morus alba que representaron 48.61 % del total. Una alta proporción de los árboles (89.25 %) tiene una estructura morfológica aérea deseable, y 92.92 % portan una copa vigorosa que prácticamente no tiene daños. El principal signo de deterioro está asociado a la pérdida de fragmentos de corteza.

Resumen Introducción. Las actividades pesqueras generan un volumen de desechos relacionados con el procesamiento de especies (vísceras, cabezas y espinas), los descartes de la fauna acompañante, especies de bajo valor comercial y pérdidas relacionadas con problemas de manejo. La producción de harina de pescado es el proceso más común para recuperar los nutrientes de los subproductos del procesamiento del pescado. Sin embargo, aquellos lugares con infraestructura reducida o donde el volumen de residuos producidos no justifique la ecuación económica para la conversión en harina o aceite de pescado, el ensilaje biológico podría ser la tecnología de elección para promover una gestión sostenible de los residuos. Objetivo. Recopilar, organizar y resumir la literatura relacionada con la fermentación biológica de residuos de pescado y sus aplicaciones. Desarrollo. Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica (enero 1994 – diciembre 2020) referida al aprovechamiento integral de los residuos de la pesca, principalmente focalizada a la utilización de las bacterias ácidos lácticas en la biofermentación de los mismos. La información se organizó en diferentes secciones: ensilado de pescado, bacterias acido lácticas, fuentes de hidratos de carbono referidas a la elaboración de ensilados biológicos de pescado. Conclusiones. Los estudios analizados destacan la posibilidad de utilizar una amplia variedad de fuentes de hidratos de carbono, iniciadores biológicos y condiciones de fermentación de desechos de pescado. Los resultados satisfactorios muestran el potencial uso de los desechos de pescado en diferentes aplicaciones. Este trabajo podría aportar a las pesquerías que quieran adoptar esta tecnología para el tratamiento adecuado de los residuos con la finalidad de contribuir a la bioeconomía de reciclaje.

Abstract Introduction. Different fishing activities generate a waste volume related to the processing species (viscera, heads and bones), the discards of the companion fauna, species of low commercial value and the losses related to handling problems. Fish meal production is the most common process for recovery nutrients from these fish processing byproducts. However, those places with reduced infrastructure or where the volume of wastes produced do not justified the economic equation for conversion into fish meal or oil, the biological silage could be the technology of choice to promote a sustainable waste management. Objective. To compilate, organize and summarize literature related to biological fermentation of fish waste and its applications. Development. A bibliographic review was carried out (January 1994 - December 2020) referring to the comprehensive use of fishing residues mainly focused on the use of lactic acid bacteria in fish waste fermentation. The information was organized in different sections: fish silage, lactic acid bacteria and carbohydrate sources for biological silage. Conclusions. The studies analyzed in this review highlight the possibility of using a wide variety of carbohydrate sources, biological starters and fish waste fermentation conditions. The satisfactory results show the potential use of fish waste in different applications. This work could contribute to the fisheries that decide to adopt this kind technology in order to provide an innovative and viable recycling bioeconomy.