Abstract Fermentation in a solid medium is a technique used for the production of chitin, pigments, proteins and lipids. In the present work, changes in the chemical and microbiological composition were evaluated in micro silages of shrimp (Litopeneus vanamei) and grasshopper (Sphenarium purpurascens) exoskeletons, fermented with a commercial inoculum of Lactobacillus plantarum AVG-112. The amount of molasses for fermentation, proximal composition and microbiological count of the silages, were determined. The waste was mixed with sugarcane molasses as a carbon source and inoculated using a commercial strain (Lactobacillus plantarum AVG-112). After 5 days of fermentation, both silages presented acceptable physical and chemical characteristics. Total coliforms, molds and yeasts were not present and were inhibited by the ensiling process. We concluded that fermentation in a solid medium has suitable characteristics for use as a food supplement for aquatic organisms.

Resumen La fermentación en medio sólido es una técnica utilizada para la producción de quitina, pigmentos, proteínas y lípidos. En el presente trabajo se evaluaron los cambios en la composición química y microbiológica en micro ensilados de exoesqueletos de camarón (Litopeneus vanamei) y chapulín (Sphenarium purpurascens) fermentados con un inoculo comercial de Lactobacillus plantarum AVG-112. Se determinó la cantidad de melaza para la fermentación, la composición proximal y la cuenta microbiológica de los ensilados. Los desechos se mezclaron con melaza de caña de azúcar como fuente de carbono y se inoculó usando una cepa comercial (Lactobacillus plantarum AVG-112). A los 5 d de fermentación ambos ensilados presentaron características físicas y químicas aceptables. Los coliformes totales, mohos y levaduras no estuvieron presentes siendo inhibidos por el proceso de ensilaje. Concluimos que la fermentación en medio sólido tiene características adecuadas para su utilización como suplemento en alimentos para organismos acuáticos.

Resumo A cultura do milho é utilizada na alimentação humana, pecuária e avícola, bem como na panificação, flocos de milho, xarope de milho, amido de milho e óleos de milho. O estudo de campo consistiu em um ensaio experimental sobre a incidência desse complexo de insetos-praga na cultivar de milho Azam durante a temporada de Kharif 2020 na Estação de Pesquisa Agrícola, Baffa, Mansehra. O ensaio foi estabelecido no Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) e, em seguida, dividido em três repetições. O resultado obtido no ensaio mostrou que várias espécies de pragas foram registradas durante o período experimental; no entanto, foi observado um baixo nível da população. As espécies de insetos obtidas foram pulgão-da-folha-do-milho (6,90 ± 5,5) – por polegada quadrada –, cigarrinha-do-milho (1,32 ± 0,63), broca-do-caule-do-milho (0,63 ± 0,29), besouro-da-pulga-do-milho (0,43 ± 0,28), tripses (0,38 ± 0,22), lagarta-cabeluda (0,21 ± 0,22), gafanhoto (0,17 ± 0,11) e mosca (0,11 ± 0,08) ao longo da temporada

Abstract The maize crop is used as food for humans, livestock and poultries forms, it is also used in bread making, corn flakes, corn syrup, corn starch and corn oils. The field study consisted of one experimental trial, about the incidence of that insect pest complex on maize cultivar Azam during the Kharif season 2020 at the Agricultural, Research Station, Baffa, Mansehra. The trial was laid out in the Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD), and then it was divided into three replications. The result obtained from the trial showed that a number of the pest species were recorded during the experimental period; however, the population was noticed at a low level. The obtained insect species were corn leaf aphid (6.90 ± 5.5) per square inch, corn leafhopper (1.32 ± 0.63), maize stem borer (0.63 ± 0.29), corn flea beetle (0.43 ± 0.28), Thrips (0.38 ± 0.22), Hairy caterpillar (0.21 ± 0.22), Grasshopper (0.17 ± 0.11) and shoot fly (0.11 ± 0.08) throughout the season

Resumen Las tucuras causan graves pérdidas económicas en la agricultura a nivel mundial. En la actualidad, los insecticidas químicos siguen siendo el único medio utilizado para el control de acridios, pero los efectos de su utilización son ambientalmente preocupantes. El objetivo de este trabajo fue probar la eficacia de la cepa Beauveria bassiana (LPSc 1067) sobre seis especies de tucuras consideradas plagas de Argentina. En cuanto a la patogenicidad de B. bassiana sobre ninfas de tercer estadio de las diferentes especies tratadas, se encontraron diferencias significativas (DF= 5; F= 9.93; P<0.0001). Los valores de mortalidad más altos (100%) se registraron en ninfas de Trimerotropis pallidipennis y Dichroplus maculipennis y la mortalidad más baja se observó en ninfas de Scotussa lemniscata con una mortalidad de 48,6 +3,5%. El tiempo medio de supervivencia (MST) más bajo se registró para T. pallidipennis (3,5 +0,15 días) y el MST más alto se observó en ninfas de Dichroplus pratensis (7,48 +0,28 días). Los resultados sugieren que B. bassiana LPSc 1067 constituye un excelente candidato para ser estudiado en profundidad como agente de control biológico de T. pallidipennis y D. maculipennis.

Abstract Grasshoppers affect agriculture worldwide, causing serious economic damage. Currently, the application of chemical insecticides against grasshoppers is the only effective strategy, even considering the significant environmental concern. This study aimed to test the entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana (LPSc 1067) as biocontrol agent on six harmful grasshopper species in Argentina. Significant differences were observed (DF= 5; F= 9.93; P<0.0001) when considering B. bassiana pathogenicity on third-instar nymphs of the different grasshopper species. The highest mortality (100%) was registered on Trimerotropis pallidipennis and Dichroplus maculipennis nymphs while the lowest mortality (48.6 ±3.5%) was observed on Scotussa lemniscata nymphs. The lowest mean survival time (MST) was recorded for T. pallidipennis (3.5 ±0.15 days) and the highest MST was observed on Dichroplus pratensis nymphs (7.48 ±0.28 days). Results suggest that B. bassiana LPSc 1067 may constitute an excellent candidate to be further studied as biological control agent of T. pallidipennis and D. maculipennis.

Resumen El melanoplino Scotussa lemniscata (Stål), es considerado una de las especies de acridios plaga de los pastizales de la región pampeana. El principal objetivo de este estudio fue estimar las tasas de consumo de machos y hembras de S. lemniscata desde el quinto estadio de desarrollo hasta el estadio adulto bajo condiciones controladas (30ºC, 14L: 10O, 40% HR). Los ensayos de consumo fueron llevados a cabo utilizando como recurso alimenticio el pasto forrajero perenne Festuca arundinacea (Schreber) (Poaceae). El estudio de estos aspectos es importante para realizar una determinación más precisa del estatus de plaga de esta especie. Los resultados muestran que el consumo realizado por los individuos según su sexo y estadio de desarrollo fue significativamente diferente, el consumo incrementó desde el quinto estadio hasta los adultos pre-reproductivo en ambos sexos, también se observó que las hembras adultas consumieron (118,81 ± 9,41 mg/día) significativamente más que el resto de los individuos. Los machos adultos tuvieron un consumo diario similar al de las ninfas hembras de quinto estadio. Estos conocimientos pueden contribuir al desarrollo de estrategias eficaces y sostenibles de manejo de las poblaciones de estos insectos.

Abstract The Melanoplinae Scotussa lemniscata (Stål), is considered a pest grasshopper of the Pampa region grasslands of Argentina. The goal of this study was to estimate the consumption rates of males and females S. lemniscata as fifth-instar nymphs and adults under controlled conditions (30ºC, 14L:10D, 40% RH). The consumption trials were carried out using the perennial grass Festuca arundinacea (Schreber) (Poaceae) as food source. The study of these aspects is necessary to determine its current pest status more accurately. Consumption rates differed according to sex and stage of development. These where higher in the pre-reproductive adult stage vs. fifth-instar nymphs for both sexes. Additionally adult females consumed significantly more (118.81 ± 9.41 mg/day) than the rest of individuals. The consumption of adult males and fifth-instar females was similar. Knowledge on consumption rates could contribute to the development of effective sustainable population management strategies.

Natural enemies are major challenges in laboratory rearing of grasshoppers, but the identity and virulence of these towards the edible long-horned grasshopper Ruspolia differens (Serville) is scarcely known. In this study, fungi and bacteria were isolated from R. differens collected from Mbarara, Masaka, Hoima, Kampala and Kabale districts in Uganda in 2018, cultured on standard microbial media, identified using molecular techniques and screened for virulence against the insect in laboratory bioassays. Fourteen and nine species of fungi and bacteria were isolated from R. differens, respectively, with the number of isolates varying based on collection site. The most prevalent entomopathogenic fungal species were Aspergillus flavus Link (27.3%), Fusarium equiseti (Corda) (24.2%), Mucorfragilis Fresen (12.1%), Clonostachys rosea (Link) (6.0%) and Aspergillus tamarii Kita (6.0%); whereas the most prevalent bacterial isolates were Serratia marcescens Bizio (38.1(0)%), Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner) (14.3%) and Enterobacter cloacae (Jordan) (14.3%). Nine of the fungal species namely Clavispora lusitaniae Rodrigues de Miranda, Lichtheimia corymbifera (Cohn), Trichoderma koningii Oudem, F. equiseti, M. fragilis, Aspergillus niger van Tieghem, Epicoccum sorghinum (Saccardo), C. rosea, Penicillium commune Charles Thorn; and five bacterial species (Proteus penneri Hickman, S. marcescens, B. thuringiensis, Staphylococcus sciuri Kloos and Enterococcus faecalis (Andrewes and Horder)) were ~5-7-fold and ~4-5-fold, more lethal to third instars of R. differens than untreated controls, respectively. This study is the first to report C. lusitaniae, Exserohilum mcginnis Padhye and Ajello, E. sorghinum, P. penneri and E. cloacae as insect pathogens. The results suggest a need to quarantine field collected R. differens before introducing them into the insectary, as well as performing antimicrobial practices during rearing of the insect to prevent entomopathogen-based mortality.

Resumen Se revisa la taxonomía del género de saltamontes de la zona transicional Neártico-Neotropical Romalea (Romaleidae), considerando Taeniopoda como su sinónimo junior (syn. n.). Se reconocen 12 especies de Romalea, cuya distribución va del sur de los EUA hasta Panamá. Se redescriben las siguientes especies: R. auricornis (Walker, 1870), comb. rev., R. citricornis (Bruner, 1907), comb. n., R. centurio (Drury, 1773), comb. rev., R. eques (Burmeister, 1838), comb. rev., R. gutturosa (Bolívar, 1901), comb. n., R. microptera (Palisot de Beauvois, 1817), R. obscura (Bruner, 1907), comb. n. (= Taeniopoda bicristata), R. picticornis (Walker, 1870), comb. rev. (= Taeniopoda stali, syn. n.), R. reticulata (Fabricius, 1781) comb. n., R. tamaulipensis (Rehn, 1904) comb. n., y R. varipennis (Rehn, 1905) comb. n. Se describe una especie nueva de Guatemala, R. guatemalensis sp. nov.

Abstract The taxonomy of the transitional Nearctic-Neotropical lubber grasshopper genus Romalea (Romaleidae) is revised, considering Taeniopoda as its junior synonym (syn. n.). Twelve species of Romalea are recognized, whose distribution extends from southern USA to Panama. The following species are redescribed: R. auricornis (Walker, 1870), comb. rev., R. citricornis (Bruner, 1907), comb. n., R. centurio (Drury, 1773), comb. rev., R. eques (Burmeister, 1838), comb. rev., R. gutturosa (Bolívar, 1901), comb. n., R. microptera (Palisot de Beauvois, 1817), R. obscura (Bruner, 1907), comb. n. (= Taeniopoda bicristata), R. picticornis (Walker, 1870), comb. rev. (= Taeniopoda stali, syn. n.), R. reticulata (Fabricius, 1781) comb. n., R. tamaulipensis (Rehn, 1904) comb. n., and R. varipennis (Rehn, 1905) comb. n. A new species from Guatemala, R. guatemalensis sp. nov., is described.

Resumen La distribución de los recursos utilizados por las aves direcciona procesos ecológicos como la selección del hábitat. El objetivo del presente estudio fue comparar durante dos inviernos consecutivos, la selección del hábitat de gorriones de pastizal y evaluar la influencia de la precipitación anual y la biomasa de semillas disponible en el suelo. Durante dos inviernos colectamos semillas del suelo en 45 sitios usados por el gorrión de Baird (Centronyx bairdii) y el gorrión chapulín (Ammodramus savannarum) y en lugares aleatorios (n= 45) sin aves registradas. Determinamos los sitios de uso mediante la captura de aves a las que les colocamos un transmisor y dimos seguimiento mediante telemetría. Los sitios utilizados por los gorriones tuvieron una biomasa de semillas significativamente mayor que los sitios aleatorios, y fue similar entre especies. Por lo que el recurso alimenticio juega un papel importante en la selección del hábitat invernal de los gorriones. Además, encontramos una correlación positiva entre la precipitación anual y la biomasa de semillas, lo que resulta importante ante un escenario de cambio climático, por la influencia que encontramos en las aves para seleccionar sitios de invernada con mayor biomasa de semillas en años de menor cantidad de lluvia. Nuestros resultados amplían la información disponible sobre la selección del hábitat invernal de C. bairdii y A. savannarum en México.

Abstract The distribution of resources used by birds directs ecological processes, such as habitat selection. The aim of the present study was to compare in two consecutive winters the habitat selection of grassland sparrows, and to evaluate the influence of annual precipitation and available ground seed biomass. Over two winters we collected seeds from the ground at 45 sites used by Baird’s Sparrow (Centronyx bairdii) and Grasshopper Sparrow (Ammodramus savannarum) and at random sites (n = 45) where no birds were registered. We determined used sites by radio-tracking captured birds fitted with a transmitter. Sites used by sparrows had significantly higher seed biomass than random sites, and this was similar between species. Therefore, the food resource plays an important role in the selection of the winter habitat of the sparrows. In addition, we found a positive correlation between annual precipitation and seed biomass, which is important in a climate change scenario, due to the influence we found on the birds to select wintering sites with higher seed biomass in years with less rainfall. Our results expand the available information on the winter habitat selection of C. bairdii and A. savannarum in Mexico.

Host-associated genetic differentiation in grasshoppers has received limited attention, due to a lack of information on grasshopper-plant associations. The bladder grasshopper, Bullacris unicolor (Linnaeus, 1758) (Orthoptera: Pneumoridae), is a phytophagous species that can occur on at least six host plants within its geographic range. However, the relationship between host plant association and genetic variation of bladder grasshoppers has not been studied before. In light of this, the present study examined host plant-related genetic [mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase 1 (CO1) and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) gene regions] and morphological (antennal length, body length, head width, abdomen width, femur length, tibia length and pronotum length) divergence within a population of B. unicolor. We used two plant species, belonging to different families, namely Didelta spinosa (L.fil.) Aiton (Asteraceae) and Roepera morgsana (L.) Beier & Thulin (Zygophyllaceae), to evaluate variation between individuals collected on these two sympatric host plants at a single locality in the Northern Cape, South Africa. The results demonstrated non-significant host related genetic variation with very low values of FST, indicating a low level of variation. The phylogram strongly indicated that there are no host-associated genetic differences in B. unicolor by displaying limited genomic clustering, whereas some differentiation was observed between the morphological measurements of males and females among host plants. Further studies using microsatellite molecular markers may help to discern population genetic structure. In addition, significant host-associated morphological divergence highlights the need to examine the mechanisms by which host utilization affects morphological features.

Abstract: Data mining process can be hampered by high dimensional large datasets, so feature selection become a mandatory task in prior for dimensionality reduction of datasets. Main motive of feature selection process is to choose most informative features and use them to maximize the classification accuracy. This work introduces a novel two phase crossover operator with grey wolf algorithm to solve the problem of feature selection. Two phase crossover improves the exploitation part. First phase crossover is used for feature selection and second phase used for adding some more important information and improve the classification accuracy. The KNN classifier improved the classification accuracy which is most famous classifier based on wrapper method. Ten-fold crossover validation is used to defeat the over-fitting problem which is always a milestone in the way of accuracy. Experiments are applied using various datasets and results prove that proposed algorithm outperform and provide better results.

Abstract Grasshoppers are among the dominant insects in most grassland systems. These insects’ communities tend to exhibit temporal variations in the distribution and abundance of their species, and during outbreak years cause important economic loss in both implanted pastures and crops. In the study area, Laprida county, as well as in other ones of Buenos Aires province, this pest problem has been recognized since last century. The aim of this study was to analyze the pest management of grasshoppers made by farmers and related institutions in Laprida using both qualitative (interviews and documentary observation) and quantitative methods (surveys). About 80% of surveyed farmers considered that grasshoppers are the main pest in the region, and 60% of them apply chemical insecticides against this pest, mainly on crops. Besides, only 12.8% of surveyed farmers are aware of nonchemical alternatives for pest control, such us biological control and natural enemies. Most of interviewed farmers acknowledged the importance of preventive management through systematic grasshopper monitoring and spot treatments in risky areas. Additionally, farmers showed interest for implement more environmentally-safer strategies such as biological control.

Resumen Las tucuras se encuentran entre los insectos dominantes en la mayoría de los sistemas de pastizal. Las comunidades de estos insectos exhiben variaciones temporales en la distribución y abundancia de sus especies, y durante años de explosiones poblacionales (outbreaks), causan sustanciales pérdidas económicas en pasturas implantadas y cultivos. En el área de estudio, partido de Laprida, como en otras zonas de la provincia de Buenos Aires esta problemática es reconocida desde el siglo pasado. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar el manejo de tucuras plaga realizado por los productores e instituciones vinculadas al agro en el partido de Laprida. Para ello se utilizaron métodos cualitativos (entrevistas y observación documental) y cuantitativos (encuestas). El 80% de los productores encuestados considera que las tucuras representan una de las principales plagas de la región, y el 60% de los mismos aplica insecticidas químicos sobre estos insectos, principalmente en cultivos. No obstante, solamente el 12.8% de los encuestados conoce un control alternativo al químico, tal como el control biológico. La mayoría de los entrevistados admiten la importancia de implementar controles preventivos mediante monitoreos sistemáticos de tucuras y tratamientos localizados en zonas de riesgo. Además, los entrevistados mostraron interés por implementar estrategias más seguras para el medioambiente, tales como el control biológico.

Resumo A forma urbana interfere no acesso dos edifícios à energia solar, o que influencia os níveis de radiação (irradiância), iluminação natural (iluminância) e potencial de produção energética, sendo necessário, portanto, considerar o aproveitamento da energia solar no desenho urbano. O estudo objetiva otimizar formas urbanas para o aproveitamento da energia solar em edifícios, considerando-se maximizar irradiância na cobertura e, ao contrário, minimizar irradiância e obter nível satisfatório de iluminância nas fachadas. Aplica-se à Região Administrativa do Gama (Distrito Federal), submetida à Lei de Uso e Ocupação do Solo (Luos). O método proposto é uma simplificação de Martins, Adolphe e Bastos (2014) e inclui a classificação de formas urbanas no ArcGIS; a definição e o cálculo do desempenho solar de 67 cenários, com DIVA e Grasshopper; e análises de iluminância e irradiância com vistas a otimizar formas urbanas. Os resultados mostram dificuldade em atingir níveis satisfatórios de iluminância em lotes pequenos, próximos e com alta taxa de ocupação. Obtiveram-se sete formas urbanas otimizadas, o que evidencia a necessidade de revisão dos parâmetros da Luos. Conclui-se sobre a relevância do desenho dos lotes (tamanho, afastamentos, orientação) e sua integração com os parâmetros de ocupação (taxa de ocupação e número de pavimentos).Ométodo utilizado demonstrou-se viável para otimizar formas urbanas quanto à energia solar e à iluminação natural,podendo ser replicado em outras condições.

Abstract The urban form influences buildings’ access to the sun, interfering in the levels of radiation (irradiance), daylight (illuminance) and energy production potential. Hence, one must consider the proper use of solar energy in the design of the urban form. This study aims to optimize urban forms based on the use of solar energy in buildings, considering the maximisation of irradiance on the roofs, and at the same time, the minimisation of irradiance and reception of a satisfactory level of illumination on façades. The study was applied in the Administrative Region of Gama (Distrito Federal, Brazil), subject to the Land Use and Occupancy Laws (LUOS). The method is a simplification of Martins, Adolphe and Bastos (2014) and includes the classification of the urban fabric, using ArcGIS; the calculation of the solar performance for 67 scenarios, using both DIVA and Grasshopper software; and an analysis, with irradiance and illuminance criteria, to define optimised urban forms. The results show that it is difficult to achieve satisfactory levels of illuminance on façades in lots that are small, close together and with high occupancy rates. Seven optimised forms were obtained, highlighting the need to review the LUOS parameters. The study concludes that the design of lots (size, spacing, orientation) and their integration with occupancy parameters (occupancy rate and number of floors) is highly relevant in urban planning. The method is feasible and can be replicated in different conditions.

Resumo Observa-se o crescente interesse pela sustentabilidade dos recursos naturais de nosso planeta. A arquitetura, imersa em um dos setores industriais responsáveis por grandes transformações do ambiente construído, mostra-se um canal para a incorporação racional de materiais com viés ecológico. Este artigo aborda pesquisa cujo objetivo foi o desenvolvimento de painéis compósitos de fibra da folha do abacaxizeiro e resina vegetal. O texto contempla a descrição dos procedimentos experimentais adotados e discute os resultados das caracterizações físicas - massa específica, teor de umidade e absorção de água - e mecânicas - resistências à flexão e à tração, e módulo de elasticidade em tração. O compósito foi desenvolvido com a adoção de diferentes teores de fibras, empregadas no sentido longitudinal. A fim de recomendar usos para os compósitos confeccionados, realizou-se comparação com o ANSI A208.1 - American National Standard Institute (ANSI, 2016), procedendo-se à simulação computacional, por meio da modelagem paramétrica via Rhinoceros 3D 5.12, Grasshopper 0.9.0076 e Karamba 3D 1.3.0. Os resultados experimentais indicaram um material com valores médios de massa específica entre 610 kg/m3 e 760 kg/m3, e resistência à tração entre 56,27 MPa e 81,58 MPa, direcionando sua classificação como painel compósito de partícula. A modelagem paramétrica reforçou as aplicações do produto no ambiente construído.

Abstract The sustainability of our planet’s natural resources has been a growing and pressing concern in the past few years. Architecture, as one of the industrial sectors responsible for great transformations in the built environment, is a means for the rational adoption of eco-friendly materials. This paper discusses a research project that employed an experimental procedure to produce composite materials using pineapple leaf fibre and vegetable resin. The article describes the experimental procedures adopted and the results of physical characterisation - specific gravity, moisture content and water absorption - and mechanical ones - flexural and tensile strengths, and tensile modulus of elasticity. The composite was developed with different fibre contents, used in the longitudinal direction. In order to recommend applications for the composites, a comparison was done with ANSI A208.1 (ANSI, 2016), and a computer simulation using parametric modelling with Rhinoceros 3D 5.12, Grasshopper 0.9.0076 and Karamba 3D 1.3.0. The experimental results produced a material with moisture content values between 610 kg/m3 and 760 kg/m3, and tensile strength between 56.27 MPa and 81.58 MPa, classifying of the material as a particle board. The parametric modelling reinforces the applications of the product in the built environment.

Abstract Borellia bruneri, a common grasshopper in much of the grasslands of Argentina and Uruguay, is considered, according to the categories widely accepted for defining the pest status of grasshopper species, a “Frequent plague of importance”. In order to determine fundamental aspects of its biology and reproduction, three cohorts of B. bruneri were monitored under controlled conditions (30º C, 14L: 10D, 40% RH). The total duration of nymphal development was 50.6 days, both males and females having five nymphal instars. There was a significant difference in the duration of the different stages within each cohort. In the three cohorts, the first instar duration (12.87 days) was longer than the rest, approximately 5.6 days more than the second that was the shortest (7.26 days). The average longevity of female adults was 56.6 days, and in males, 54.4 days. The number of egg-pods per female was 3.5 and the amount of eggs per egg-pod was 10.8. Mean fecundity was 37.9 eggs per female with an oviposition rate of 1.20 eggs/female/day. Finally, knowing the life cycle of B. bruneri is relevant in order to optimize the control measures for this species.

Abstract The grasshopper Rhammatocerus brasiliensis shows polymorphism of B chromosomes, but the magnitude of B-chromosome occurrence and the factors that may contribute to their dispersion in the species remain unknown thus far. The present study analyzed the occurrence and dispersion of B chromosomes in R. brasiliensis individuals from 21 populations widely distributed in the Brazilian Northeast. The genetic connectivity between 10 populations was verified through analysis of ISSR markers from 200 individuals. Of the 21 populations, 19 presented individuals with one B chromosome, three with two, and one with three B chromosomes. The B chromosome is of medium size and constitutive heterochromatin (CH) located in the pericentromeric region. A variant B chromosome was observed in three populations, similar in size to that of chromosome X, gap and CH, and located in the terminal region. B chromosome frequencies in different populations varied from 0% to 18,8%, mean 8,5%. The wide distribution of the B chromosome is likely a consequence of the positive gene flow among the analyzed populations. B-chromosome occurrence in populations of R. brasiliensis possibly follows the population genetic structure of the species and, owing to the existence of a variant, its origin may not be recent.

O desenvolvimento urbano inadequado e a drenagem descontrolada das águas de chuva vêm causando transtornos cada vez mais intensos aos centros urbanos. A adoção de ferramentas computacionais no estudo do comportamento hídrico tem sido, por sua vez, cada vez mais explorada. Neste contexto, este trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar o desenvolvimento de uma ferramenta algorítmico-paramétrica, com base nos fundamentos do Método Racional, que permita identificar o coeficiente de escoamento superficial de águas pluviais e vazão máxima de determinada bacia, na cidade de Juiz de Fora. Para a sua elaboração, foram utilizados o software Rhinoceros e o plugin Grasshopper. Como pontos positivos alcançados, destacam-se a facilidade de se fazer simulações/manipulações e os resultados satisfatórios encontrados. Como ponto frágil, aponta-se a dificuldade no reconhecimento da cobertura dos solos.

Inadequate urban development and the uncontrolled drainage of rainwater have been causing intense disruption to urban centers. The adoption of computational tools in the study of water behavior has been increasingly explored. In this context, this work aims to present the development of an algorithmic-parametric tool, based on the fundamentals of the Rational Method, which allows to identify the coefficient of surface runoff of rainwater and maximum flow of a certain basin. The Rhinoceros software and the Grasshopper plugin were used for its elaboration. The positive points achieved are the ease of doing simulations / manipulations and the satisfactory results found. As a fragile point, it is pointed out the difficulty in recognizing the soil cover.