Resumen El objetivo del presente estudio fue comparar las habilidades prelectoras en 50 preescolares uruguayos de 5 años de edad de diferente nivel socioeconómico (NSE) y analizar el impacto de estas habilidades en el aprendizaje de la lectura. Para ello, se evaluó a los niños mediante pruebas de vocabulario receptivo, conciencia fonológica, conocimiento sobre el nombre y el sonido de las letras, y denominación rápida de objetos a fin del nivel preescolar Tiempo 1 (T1). Un año más tarde, se evaluó a un subgrupo de la muestra inicial mediante una prueba de lectura de palabras Tiempo 2 (T2). Los resultados señalaron la existencia de correlaciones significativas entre los predictores (T1) y la lectura de palabras (T2) y entre todas las variables evaluadas y el nivel socioeconómico de los niños. La comparación del desempeño intergrupal señaló la existencia de diferencias significativas en todas las habilidades evaluadas a favor del nivel socioeconómico medio. Sin embargo, el desempeño en la lectura de palabras de ambos grupos fue bajo. Por otra parte, un análisis de regresión mostró que, para los niños de nivel socioeconómico bajo, el nivel de conciencia fonológica fue el que explicó la mayor parte de la varianza en la eficiencia lectora. El nivel de lectura de los niños de nivel socioeconómico medio fue mayormente explicado por el conocimiento del nombre de las letras. Los resultados ponen en evidencia la importancia de atender a las diferencias que se generan temprano en el desarrollo de habilidades lingüísticas fundamentales para aprender a leer.

Abstract Learning to read transforms lives. Reading contributes to knowledge acquisition, cultural engagement, and success in the school. The unequal distribution of literacy skills in a society is associated with economic and social inequalities as a result, children with a poor foundation in literacy before entering formal schooling are more likely to struggle academically and to drop out of school. For these reasons, there has been an intense scientific interest for decades in understanding how children learn to read. It is well established that in the early stages of reading development, phonological awareness, letter name-sounds knowledge, and the naming speed are three independent longitudinal predictors of children’s later word-reading skills in alphabetic-writing systems. Phonological awareness constitutes the ability to recognize and manipulate the sounds of their own language, meanwhile letter knowledge promotes the discovery of systematic relationships between writing and oral language. As early readers develop some level of phonological awareness and some level of letter knowledge, they can recognize written words through phonological recoding processes, in which graphemes are recoded as phonemes and assembled to pronounce words. In addition, rapid naming expresses the speed at which phonological information is accessed from a graphic label. Phonological processing and letter knowledge are powerfully affected by the experience, stimulation, and support that children receive before beginning formal education. Most children acquire these abilities relatively effortlessly during early childhood. However, there is a significant number of children in Latin America who experience difficulties in their pre-literacy skills development. This study examined the cognitive profiles of a total of 50 Uruguayan preschoolers from different socioeconomic backgrounds from two public schools in Montevideo, Uruguay. Twenty-six children from low-income households were compared to peers from middle-income. At the end of the pre-schooling period (time 1) receptive vocabulary, phonological awareness, letter name-sounds knowledge, and object naming speed tests were administered to children. One year later (time 2), word -reading of a subgroup of children was measured. Significant correlations were observed between all predictors at time 1; between predictors at time 1 and word reading at time 2; and between all measured abilities and socioeconomic status. Comparative analysis between children of different socioeconomic status showed that children growing up in poverty contexts performed more poorly than their peers from middle-income families in all the tests. Nonetheless, both groups performed poorly in word reading. Descriptive statistics indicated that, out of a total of 26 words, low SES children correctly read a total of 7 words per minute, and medium SES children a total of 14 words. Finally, regression analyses indicated that phonological awareness contributed 30 % variance in predicting the total score achieved in a reading-word test in children of low-income families, meanwhile letter name knowledge contributed 74 % variance in predicting the total score achieved in a reading-word test in their peers from middle-income families. In general terms, results of pre-reading skills and reading performance seem to indicate that children of different socioeconomic status use different word recognition strategies according to their level of letter-knowledge of and phonological processing. Discussion considers international literature pointing out that children who enter elementary school with limited reading-related skills are unlikely to be able to keep pace with their peers. These findings warn about the importance to elaborate systematic and high-quality educational proposals to try to reduce the gap in reading development for children from low-income families. Developing literacy and language skills before formal schooling sets a child up for success in school and life. Results also suggest the importance of analyzing the variables that affect reading development in populations that are not the majority described.

Resumen El aprendizaje basado en competencias en educación primaria requiere la formación integrada de múltiples competencias. Debido a su complejidad inherente, su evaluación supone retos importantes. Este artículo presenta los resultados de experiencias de formación y evaluación realizadas en escuelas de Costa Rica y de Japón durante el año escolar del 2019, dirigidas a desarrollar competencias ATC21s (Evaluación y Enseñanza de las Competencias del Siglo XXI) relacionadas con conciencia ciudadana, pensamiento crítico y literacidad en TIC. En cada país, un grupo experimental (26 estudiantes en Costa Rica y 27 en Japón) participó en dos unidades de aprendizaje, que incorporaron cortos animados, organizadores gráficos e historietas para abordar problemas comunitarios. Los resultados de ambas unidades fueron evaluados mediante el análisis de historietas y cuestionarios. Los grupos de control (25 estudiantes en Costa Rica y 27 en Japón) participaron solo en los cuestionarios, los cuales se centran en los conceptos de comunidad y participación ciudadana. El análisis de historietas se enfocó en la conciencia ciudadana y en las habilidades de pensamiento crítico de las personas participantes, y el análisis de cuestionarios se centró en nociones vinculadas con comunidad y participación ciudadana. En Costa Rica, el análisis de las historietas mostró incrementos significativos en los puntajes de pensamiento crítico (PPC) y conciencia ciudadana (PCC) entre las dos unidades. En las dos unidades, el estudiantado japonés mostró un mejor desempeño en PPC y PCC que sus pares costarricenses. En ambos países se encontraron correlaciones significativas entre PPC y PCC. En los grupos experimentales y de control de ambos países, el análisis de los cuestionarios no mostró resultados concluyentes. Estos resultados muestran que la narrativa es más adecuada que la descripción y la exposición para que las personas estudiantes expresen actitudes activas y críticas relacionadas con ciudadanía y democracia.

Abstract Competency-based learning in elementary education requires the integrated instruction of multiple competencies. Because of its inherent complexity, the assessment of such instruction poses significant challenges. This study presents the results of instructional and assessment experiences implemented in elementary schools of Costa Rica and Japan during the 2019 school year. These activities aimed at developing ATC21s competencies related to local and global citizenship, critical thinking, and ICT literacy. In each country, an experimental group (26 students in Costa Rica and 27 in Japan) participated in two learning units that incorporated animated shorts, graphic organizers, and comics to address community issues. The results from both units are assessed through the analysis of comics and questionnaires. Control groups (25 students in Costa Rica and 27 in Japan) participated only in the questionnaires, which focused on concepts related to community and citizen participation. The comics’ analysis focused on the participants’ citizens self-awareness and critical thinking skills. The questionnaires’ analysis dealt with attitudes related to community and citizen participation. In Costa Rica, the analysis of the comics showed significant increases in critical thinking (PPC) and citizen self-awareness (PCC) scores in the second unit. In both units, Japanese students showed better performance in PPC and PCC than their Costa Rican peers. In both countries, correlations were found between PPC and PCC. The analysis of the questionnaires did not show conclusive results in either country. These results suggest that narrative is more suitable than description and exposition for students to express active and critical attitudes related to citizenship and democracy.

Resumo Este estudo verificou o valor preditivo das tarefas do teste Figuras Complexas de Rey (tipo de cópia e tipo de memória) e do Desenho da Figura Humana (inteligência não verbal) para avaliar o rendimento escolar em crianças do Ensino Fundamental I. Realizou-se um estudo com delineamento transversal em que participaram 344 alunos, com idades entre os seis e 10 anos (M = 7,99; DP = 1,47). Aplicou-se coletivamente, em sala de aula, as Figuras Complexas de Rey e o Desenho da Figura Humana. Os resultados evidenciaram correlações significativas positivas entre a percepção visual, a memória imediata e a inteligência não verbal com as notas de português e matemática. O modelo de path analysis indicou que a inteligência não verbal foi capaz de predizer o rendimento escolar das disciplinas de língua portuguesa e matemática, enquanto as habilidades de planejamento e percepção visual foram significativas para predizer o rendimento em matemática.

Abstract This study verified the predictive value of the tasks of the Rey Complex Figures test (type of copy and type of memory) and the Drawing of the Human Figure (non-verbal intelligence) to assess school performance in children of Elementary School I. A cross-sectional study involving 344 students, aged between six and 10 years old (M = 7.99; SD = 1.47). Rey Complex Figures and the Human Figure Drawing were applied collectively in the classroom. The results showed significant positive correlations between visual perception, immediate memory and non-verbal intelligence with Portuguese and math scores. The path analysis model indicated that non-verbal intelligence was able to predict school performance in Portuguese and mathematics subjects, while planning and visual perception skills were significant in predicting math performance.

Resumen Este estudio verificó el valor predictivo de las tareas del Test de la Figura Compleja de Rey (tipo de copia y tipo de memoria) y del Dibujo de la Figura Humana (inteligencia no verbal) para evaluar el desempeño escolar de los niños de la Escuela Primaria I. Se realizó un estudio transversal en el que participaron 344 alumnos con edades entre 6 y 10 años (M = 7.99; SD = 1.47). Los tests de la Figura Compleja de Rey y del Dibujo de la Figura Humana fueron aplicados colectivamente en clase. Los resultados mostraron correlaciones positivas significativas entre la percepción visual, la memoria inmediata y la inteligencia no verbal con el rendimiento en las asignaturas de lengua portuguesa y matemáticas. El modelo de path analysis indicó que la inteligencia no verbal fue capaz de predecir el rendimiento en lengua portuguesa y matemáticas, mientras que las habilidades de planificación y percepción visual fueron significativas para predecir el rendimiento en matemáticas.

ABSTRACT In the present work, the recovery of municipal solid waste was studied through plasma gasification with air and steam as gasifying agents. When the quality requirements of the gas produced are met in this process, correlations are generated between the operational parameters that make it difficult to predict its performance. This problem was addressed through inverse modeling of the process and sensitivity analysis. For this, a procedure was established, which used the graphic method and the exploration of the operating regions using a mathematical model of the process. As results, the operating region where the process requirements are met and the joint effects of the operational parameters in it were determined. In addition, it was verified that it is possible to produce a suitable gas for direct integration into a synthetic fuel production scheme and the most influential parameters on the performance indicators were determined.

RESUMEN En el presente trabajo fue estudiada la valorización de residuos sólidos municipales mediante la gasificación por plasma con aire y vapor como agentes gasificantes. Cuando en este proceso se establecen requisitos de calidad del gas producido, se generan correlaciones entre los parámetros operacionales que dificultan la predicción de su desempeño. Dicha problemática fue abordada mediante la modelación inversa del proceso y el análisis de sensibilidad. Para ello se estableció un procedimiento, que empleó el método gráfico y la exploración de las regiones de operación utilizando un modelo matemático del proceso. Como resultados se determinó la región de operación donde se cumplen los requisitos del proceso y los efectos conjuntos de los parámetros operacionales en ella. Además, se comprobó que es posible producir un gas adecuado para integración directa a un esquema de producción de combustibles sintéticos y se determinaron los parámetros más influyentes sobre los indicadores de desempeño.

Resumen Introducción: A pesar de que la disminución de serpientes parece ser una realidad en muchas partes del mundo, algunos informes se basan en evidencia anecdótica y existe la necesidad de estudios prolongados e intensivos, especialmente en los trópicos, para corroborar. Objetivo: Investigar si las poblaciones de serpientes en Bahía Drake están disminuyendo y si existe una relación con la presa, el tiempo, la temperatura, la lluvia y la luz de la luna. Metodología: Contamos las serpientes que se ven por hora al caminar por un sendero en el bosque costero de la Bahía Drake, Costa Rica. Recorrimos el sendero por la noche durante un total de 842 noches (más de 4 000 horas de observaciones), desde el 2012 hasta el 2017, y registramos todas las serpientes individuales que pudimos ver con linternas de cabeza. Utilizamos pruebas ANDEVA para verificar correlaciones entre conteos por hora con luz de luna y lluvia; y análisis gráfico para asociaciones con dieta, temperatura, mes y año. Resultados: Registramos 25 especies (cinco familias); se alimentan principalmente de vertebrados terrestres. Las cuentas por hora han disminuido a lo largo de los años, especialmente para especies que se alimentan de anfibios y reptiles; Mastigodryas melanolomus se ha mantenido en números similares; y Siphlophis compressus no se ha visto desde mayo de 2016. La temperatura es relativamente constante durante todo el año en Drake, pero el mes afectó fuertemente los conteos, que aumentaron de agosto a septiembre. La mayoría de las especies se observaron con mayor frecuencia en noches lluviosas (0.11 por hora versus solo 0.03 por hora en noches sin lluvia, ANDEVA P < 0.05); vimos menos Leptodeira septentrionalis en noches brillantes (0.12 por hora, frente a 0.21 por hora en noches oscuras; ANDEVA, P = 0.01), pero todas las demás especies no se vieron afectadas por la luz de la luna (ANDEVA, P > 0.05). Conclusión: El recuento nocturno de serpientes en la Bahía de Drake, Costa Rica, no se ve muy afectado por la luz o la temperatura, pero es más bajo cuando no llueve y muestra un fuerte descenso desde 2012 hasta 2017, particularmente para las especies que se alimentan de anfibios y reptiles. No tenemos ninguna razón para creer que la disminución sea una interpretación errónea o que las serpientes se mudaron a otra parte, la disminución de las serpientes en Drake parece ser real y necesita la atención de las autoridades de conservación.

Abstract Introduction: Even though snake declines seem to be a reality in many parts of the world, some reports are based on anecdotal evidence and there is a need of prolonged and intensive studies, especially in the tropics, for corroboration. Objective: Toinvestigate if snake populations in Drake Bay are decreasing, and if there is a relationship with prey, time, temperature, rain and moonlight. Methods: We counted snakes seen per hour when walking along a single trail in the coastal forest of Drake Bay, Costa Rica. We walked the trail at night for a total of 842 nights (over 4 000 hours of observations), from 2012 through 2017 and recorded all the individual snakes we could see with head flashlights. We used ANOVA tests to check correlations among counts per hour with moonlight and rain; and graphic analysis for associations with diet, temperature, month and year. Results: We recorded 25 species (five families); which feed mostly on terrestrial vertebrates. Counts per hour have fallen over the years, especially for species that prey on amphibians and reptiles; Mastigodryas melanolomus has remained in similar numbers; and Siphlophis compressus has not been seen since May 2016. Temperature is relatively constant along the year in Drake, but month strongly affected the counts, which increased from August to September. Most species were seen more often in rainy nights (0.11 per hour versus only 0.03 per hour in nights without rain, ANOVA P < 0.05); we saw less Leptodeira septentrionalis on bright nights (0.12 per hour, versus 0.21 per hour in dark nights; ANOVA, P = 0.01), but all other species were unaffected by moonlight (ANOVA, P > 0.05). Conclusion: Night field counts of snakes in Drake Bay, Costa Rica, are not strongly affected by light or temperature, but are lower when there is no rain and show a strong decline from 2012 through 2017, particularly for species that feed on amphibians and reptiles. We have no reason to believe that the decline is an erroneous interpretation or that the snakes moved elsewhere, the decline of snakes in Drake seems to be real and needs attention from the conservation authorities.

Abstract In this work the analysis of the energetic performance of flat solar air heaters with simple cover operating in forced circulation regime was developed. For the analysis, the collector was modelled and simulated with Computational Dynamic Fluid technique, using the Fluent 6.3code.The collector performance versus the change of design parameters (length, air canal height) and the change of operating conditions (the incident solar radiation and air velocity)was analyzed. The graphic dependence and correlations of hourly and daily collector thermal efficiency, of exit air temperature as function of the collector length, of the air canal height, of the air velocity and of solar incident radiation were carried out. The found correlations are useful for the designers of solar air heaters as tools to improve the design in function of desired aim, either higher exit air temperature, higher efficiency or any combination of these parameters

Resumen En esta investigación se realizó el análisis del desempeño energético de los colectores solares planos de aire con cubierta simple operando con circulación forzada. Para el análisis se modeló y simuló el colector mediante técnicas de la Dinámica de los Fluidos Computacional, utilizando el código Fluent 6.3. Se analizó el comportamiento del colector ante la variación de los parámetros de diseño (longitud, altura del canal de aire) y de las condiciones de operación (horario del día/ radiación solar incidente y velocidad del aire). Como resultado se obtuvo la dependencia del rendimiento térmico horario y diario del colector, de la temperatura de salida en función de la longitud del colector, la altura del canal, la radiación incidente y la velocidad del aire. Los resultados obtenidos ofrecen a los diseñadores de calentadores solares planos de aire de las herramientas para mejorar el diseño en función del resultado deseado, sea mayor temperatura de aire entregado, mayor rendimiento o alguna combinación de estos parámetros.

Abstract Objective To evaluate variables of tobacco health warnings associated with their emotional impact, the perception of smoking risks and the perceived effectiveness to avoid tobacco use. Materials and methods Teenagers (151) and adults (168) evaluated 27 tobacco health warnings selected from the sets used on tobacco packages in Argentina and in other countries. A standardized affective rating-scale system and a structured questionnaire measured respectively the emotional impact (hedonic valence and emotional arousal), and the cognitive-behavioral attributions. The correlation between emotional and cognitive-behavioral evaluations was analyzed by age, sex, education level, smoker status, stage of quitting and susceptibility of non-smokers teenagers. Results Strong significant correlations between cognitive-behavioral and emotional assessments were observed. The warnings depicting graphic images of tobacco-related injuries and suffering were considered more valuable for tobacco control, helping quitting and preventing initiation. Conclusions Using graphic images with high emotional arousal is recommended for both adults and teenagers.

Resumen Objetivo Evaluar el impacto emocional y las respuestas cognitivas y actitudinales de las advertencias sanitarias, para evitar el consumo del tabaco. Material y métodos Se evaluaron 27 advertencias sanitarias de control del tabaco, procedentes de Argentina y de otros países, en 151 adolescentes y 168 adultos. Se aplicó un instrumento estandarizado para medir valencia y activación emocional y un cuestionario estructurado para la medición cognitivo-actitudinal. Se analizaron las correlaciones según edad y sexo, nivel de instrucción, condición de fumador, etapa de cambio en fumadores y susceptibilidad en adolescentes no fumadores. Resultados Se observó alta correlación entre las valoraciones cognitivo-actitudinales y las emocionales. Las advertencias basadas en imágenes cruentas y de sufrimiento generaron más respuestas actitudinales asociadas con el abandono y la prevención del consumo del tabaco. Conclusiones Se recomienda el uso de advertencias con altos niveles de activación emocional tanto para adultos como para adolescentes.

Abstract Objective To evaluate variables of tobacco health warnings associated with their emotional impact, the perception of smoking risks and the perceived effectiveness to avoid tobacco use. Materials and methods Teenagers (151) and adults (168) evaluated 27 tobacco health warnings selected from the sets used on tobacco packages in Argentina and in other countries. A standardized affective rating-scale system and a structured questionnaire measured respectively the emotional impact (hedonic valence and emotional arousal), and the cognitive-behavioral attributions. The correlation between emotional and cognitive-behavioral evaluations was analyzed by age, sex, education level, smoker status, stage of quitting and susceptibility of non-smokers teenagers. Results Strong significant correlations between cognitive-behavioral and emotional assessments were observed. The warnings depicting graphic images of tobacco-related injuries and suffering were considered more valuable for tobacco control, helping quitting and preventing initiation. Conclusions Using graphic images with high emotional arousal is recommended for both adults and teenagers.

Resumen Objetivo Evaluar el impacto emocional y las respuestas cognitivas y actitudinales de las advertencias sanitarias, para evitar el consumo del tabaco. Material y métodos Se evaluaron 27 advertencias sanitarias de control del tabaco, procedentes de Argentina y de otros países, en 151 adolescentes y 168 adultos. Se aplicó un instrumento estandarizado para medir valencia y activación emocional y un cuestionario estructurado para la medición cognitivo-actitudinal. Se analizaron las correlaciones según edad y sexo, nivel de instrucción, condición de fumador, etapa de cambio en fumadores y susceptibilidad en adolescentes no fumadores. Resultados Se observó alta correlación entre las valoraciones cognitivo-actitudinales y las emocionales. Las advertencias basadas en imágenes cruentas y de sufrimiento generaron más respuestas actitudinales asociadas con el abandono y la prevención del consumo del tabaco. Conclusiones Se recomienda el uso de advertencias con altos niveles de activación emocional tanto para adultos como para adolescentes.

In this paper the analysis of the energetic performance of flat solar collectors for air heating with simple cover operating in natural circulation regime was developed. For the analysis the collector was modelled and simulated with CFD technics, using the Fluent 6.3code. The collector performance was analyzed versus the change of design parameters (length, air canal height) and versus the change of the solar radiation (day hours). As results the graphic dependence and correlations of hourly and daily collector thermal efficiency, of exit air temperature and of air mass flow as function of the collector length, of the air canal height and of the solar incident radiation were obtained. The obtained correlations are useful for the designers of solar air heaters as tools to optimize the design as function of desired objective, either higher air temperature, higher efficiency, higher hot mass flow or any combination of this parameters.

El objetivo fue realizar el análisis del desempeño energético de los colectores solares planos de aire con cubierta simple operando con circulación natural. Para el análisis se modeló y simuló mediante técnicas Computational Fluid Dynamics. Fue analizado el comportamiento del colector ante la variación de los parámetros de diseño y las condiciones de operación (horario del día/ radiación solar incidente). Como resultado se obtuvo la dependencia gráfica y las correlaciones del rendimiento térmico horario y diario del colector, de la temperatura de salida y del flujo de aire entregado en función de la longitud, de la altura del canal y de la radiación incidente. Las correlaciones obtenidas permiten a los diseñadores el uso de herramientas para optimizar el diseño en función del resultado deseado, bien sea mayor temperatura de aire, mayor rendimiento, mayor flujo de aire caliente o alguna combinación de estos parámetros.

Se examinaron las respuestas gráficas de hombres y mujeres jóvenes, de 17 años en promedio, inscritos en cursos de nivelación en ciencias. Se encontró que predominan en toda la población alusiones a material de laboratorio y a experimentos. La categoría denominada Iconos/Iconemas (representaciones de sensaciones o sentimientos, o figuras geométricas aisladas) aparece con frecuencia en la población de 17 años. Los análisis muestran que el porcentaje de población que incluye el cuerpo humano en sus expresiones nunca es superior al 30%. Cuando aparecen figuras humanas sus escenarios dejan ver que son experimentadores, no se muestra el cuerpo humano como parte del estudio químico. Al indagar sobre la orientación vocacional, se encontró que los hombres prefieren carreras científicas y las mujeres optan por programas del área de la salud. El artículo concluye que es posible indagar y analizar la percepción esencial sobre el área de la química gracias al estudio de expresiones gráficas y considerar correspondencias entre edad, sexo y orientación vocacional. Esta información es útil tanto para planear y orientar las actividades de aula, como para inquirir paradigmas y concepciones, y establecer el grado de abstracción y el conocimiento de los estudiantes sobre el alcance y la aplicabilidad de la química.

Graphic answers about meaning of chemistry were examined in men and women (around 17 years old) enrolled in remedial courses in sciences areas. Representations of laboratory material and chemical experiments predominated. The icons category (representations of sensations and feelings or isolated geometric figures) appears frequently in population around 17 years old. The analysis shows the percentage of population that includes the human body in their representation is never upper than 30%; when human representations were done, seems they are experimentalists; the human body is not part of the chemical study. By vocational orientation examination, predominance for men in scientific careers and women in health areas were found. The research concludes is possible enquire the essential perception about the chemistry by analyzing of graphic expressions and considering correlations between age, sex and vocational orientation. This information is useful to planning and orienting the classroom activities. In addition, it is possible to investigate paradigms and preconceptions and to stablish the abstraction level and the knowledge about scope and applicability of the chemistry.

Na esta pesquisa, examinaram as repostas gráficas de homens e mulheres jovens, de 17 anos na media, inscritos nas disciplinas de nivelação em ciências. A majoritária das respostas, com na população pesquisada, são referências ao material do laboratório e experimentos. A categoria denominada Ícones (representações de sensações ou sentimentos, ou figuras geométricas isoladas) aparece com frequência na população de 17 anos. Os analises apresentam que a percentagem da população que usa as expressões corporais nunca é maior que 30%. Quando aparecem figuras humanas, os seus cenários mostram que são experimentadores; o corpo humano não faz parte do estudo químico. Al perguntar sobre a orientação vocacional, encontrou se que os homens preferem carreiras científicas e as mulheres escolhem os programas da área da saúde. O artigo conclui que é possível indagar e analisar a percepção essencial sobre a química com a ajuda do estudo de expressões gráficas e encontrar correlações entre a idade, o sexo e a orientação vocacional. Esta informação é útil tanto para planear e orientar as atividades da aula quanto para inquirir paradigmas e concepções, e estabelecer o grado de abstração e o conhecimento dos estudantes sobre o alcance e a aplicabilidade da química.

Das espécies frutíferas nativas do Nordeste, o muricizeiro (Byrsonima dealbata Griseb) destaca-se dupla finalidade, consumo "in natura" e industrialização. As populações locais vivem do extrativismo e tem no murici uma fonte de renda, comercializando-o em feiras livres. Apesar da importância social das espécies frutíferas nativas para algumas regiões, no entanto, há poucas informações a cerca destas espécies. Em vista do exposto, o objetivo foi avaliar frutos de diferentes genótipos de muricizeiros por meio da caracterização biométrica e as relações genéticas entre os mesmos. Analisaram-se 18 genótipos de muricizeiros, oriundos dos municípios Pacajus, Fortaleza e Paraipaba, CE. Foram realizadas 30 medições, onde cada medição correspondeu a um fruto, nos quais foram analisados: massa, diâmetro, comprimento, cor (L, a*, b*), firmeza e rendimento, sendo este com base em 100 g de polpa. Dos resultados obtidos obteve-se predominância de frutos oblongos, com destaque para o genótipo EM 4 por apresentar maior massa dos frutos. Foram estimadas: variância residual, variância genética, repetibilidade e correlações fenotípicas entre as variáveis estudadas. As técnicas multivariadas aplicadas (agrupamento de genótipos por meio da otimização de Tocher, análise de componentes principais e análise da dissimilaridade dos genótipos, expressa em dendrograma, com base no método do vizinho mais próximo) foram concordantes entre si, demonstrando que os genótipos EM 3, EM 4 e PAC 6 foram divergentes entre si e entre os demais, possuindo variabilidade genética, permitindo potencial uso dos mesmos em programas de melhoramento.

Of the species of fruits native to the northeast of Brazil, the nance tree (Byrsonima dealbata Griseb) stands out for offering the potential for both fresh consumption and industrialization. The local populations live by harvesting fruits, and find a source of income in the nance fruit, selling it in street markets. Despite the social importance of those fruit species which are native to certain regions, there is little information about these species. In view of the above, the objective here was to evaluate the fruits of different nance genotypes, using biometric characterization and the genetic relationships between those genotypes. Eighteen genotypes of the nance were analysed, taken from the municipalities of Pacajus, Fortaleza and Paraipaba in the state of Ceará. Thirty measurements were taken, each corresponding to a single fruit, in which the following were analysed: weight, diameter, length, color (L, a*, b*) firmness and yield, this last being based on 100g of pulp. From the results, oblong fruit were predominant, especially the EM 4 genotype which presented the greatest weight. The residual variance, genetic variance, repeatability and phenotypic correlations between variables were all estimated. The multivariate techniques used (genotype clustering using Tocher optimisation, principal-component analysis, and analysis of the dissimilarity of the genotypes expressed as a dendrogram based on nearest-neighbor methodology) had similar results, showing that the three genotypes EM 3, EM 4 and PAC 6 presented different results from each other and the rest of the group, having a genetic variability which would potentially allow for usage in breeding programs.

A partir do estágio alfabético de aquisição da escrita o aprendiz precisa enfrentar questões relativas à ortografia, entre elas a segmentação do escrito em palavras gráficas. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a segmentação convencional de palavras e sua relação com a consciência morfossintática em uma amostra de alunos de 4º e 5º anos do ensino fundamental de escolas públicas. Os resultados revelaram uma discrepância entre a identificação oral de palavras e o desempenho na segmentação da escrita, sendo três os critérios utilizados pelos alunos para definição de “palavra”: 1º) sentido pleno; 2º) sequência de letras e não apenas uma ou duas; 3º) frequência de utilização do vocábulo. Análises estatísticas mostraram correlações positivas e significativas entre segmentação convencional e consciência morfossintática. Infere-se que as habilidades morfossintáticas favorecem o estabelecimento da noção convencional de palavra e sugere-se que os professores promovam o desenvolvimento dessas habilidades para garantir aos alunos maior domínio na linguagem escrita.

Starting with the alphabetic stage of writing acquisition, the learner struggles with issues related to spelling, including the segmentation of writing in graphic words. This study examined the conventional segmentation of words and its relation to morphosyntactic awareness in a sample of students in the 4th and 5th years of elementary education in public schools. Results reveal a discrepancy between the oral identification of words and performance in the segmentation of writing, with three criteria being used by students to define “word”: (1st) full meaning; (2nd) sequence of letters, not only one or two; (3rd) frequency of word use. Statistical analyses revealed significant positive correlations between conventional segmentation and morphosyntactic awareness. It is inferred that morphosyntactic skills support the establishment of the conventional notion of the word, and it is suggested that teachers promote the development of these skills, in order to ensure a greater command of the written language.

Desde la etapa alfabética de adquisición de la escritura, el aprendiz necesita enfrentar cuestiones relativas a la ortografía, entre ellas la segmentación de la escritura en palabras gráficas. Se investigó la segmentación convencional de palabras y su relación con la consciencia morfosintáctica en una muestra de alumnos de 4º y 5º año de la enseñanza primaria de escuelas públicas. Los resultados revelaron discrepancia entre la identificación oral de palabras y el desempeño en la segmentación de la escritura. Los alumnos utilizaron tres criterios para la definición de “palabra”: 1º) sentido pleno; 2º) secuencia de letras, no sólo una o dos; 3º) frecuencia de utilización del vocablo. Análisis estadísticos mostraron correlaciones positivas y significativas entre segmentación convencional y conciencia morfosintáctica. Se infiere que las habilidades morfosintácticas favorecen la noción convencional de palabra y se sugiere que los profesores promuevan el desarrollo de esas habilidades, garantizando mayor dominio del lenguaje escrito.

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the genetic divergence between hybrids obtained from 10 sexual genitors of the Panicum maximum breeding program at Embrapa Beef Cattle. For this, the following morphological descriptors were used: plant height, growth habit, leaf aspect, leaf waxiness, hair density on the sheath (DePB) and blade (DePL), degree of hardiness of the hairs on the leaf sheath (DuPB) and blade (DuPL) and length of hairs on the sheath and blade. The characteristics growth habit and waxiness were not included in the analysis for being invariant. The phenotypic correlations were low and, therefore, not used to eliminate variables. By the principal component analysis, an 84.3% accumulation of the variation was observed until the fourth component. The last four principal components presented an estimate lower than 0.7 and allowed the identification of the variables DePB, DuPB and DuPL as the least important for diversity studies. The morphological characters used were not efficient to distinguish the progenies, but allowed the formation of morphological groups that converged with the graphic analysis of the principal components. An apparent error rate of 17.04% was observed in the classification of the individuals in the groups and 55.5% in the classification of the individuals in the progenies. The individuals in the P. maximum half-sib progenies are genetically divergent, but may not be grouped with only the descriptors used in this experiment. The pubescence characteristics were the least important in the discrimination of the genotypes.

Objetivo: Este es un estudio de tipo transversal que tiene como objetivo establecer cómo evoluciona la talla, el peso, y el Índice de Masa Corporal (IMC) de acuerdo a la edad y al género, en 22.406 niños y 23.277 niñas en edades comprendidas entre los 7 y 17años, de 386 instituciones educativas oficiales del Distrito Capital. Método: Se evaluó el peso, la talla y se calculó el (IMC). La edad se calculó en meses y la distribución percentilada, el valor z-score y el diseño de los gráficos se realizó según el método LMS. Resultados: Las curvas de percentiles que se construyeron, para las tres mediciones, garantizando una buena clasificación de los niños. Se observa un dimorfismo sexual a partir del inicio del incremento del peso y la talla. La edad, presenta correlaciones de (r=0.82) con el peso para ambos géneros, (r=0,82 mujeres r=0,87 hombres) con la talla y (r=0,61 mujeres r=0,47 hombres) con el IMC. Se observan concordancias y diferencias con otros estudios realizados previamente en Colombia. Conclusiones: Se estableció cómo evolucionan estas variables de acuerdo al género y la edad, y se crearon valores percentilares para cada una de ellas. Los patrones de referencia construidos con los datos sirven de punto de partida y deben ser complementadas con estudios longitudinales. El estudio muestra la necesidad de realizar este tipo evaluaciones periódicamente para actualizar los datos de referencia y verificar cómo estas variables evolucionan de una generación a otra y determinar la aceleración secular del crecimiento.

Objective: This is a cross-sectional study aimed to establish the evolving size, weight, and body mass index by age and gender in 22,406 children and 23,277 girls aged between 7 and 17 from 386 official educational institutions of the capital district. Method: Weight, height and calculated body mass index (BMI) was evaluated. The age was calculated in months, and the distribution percentile, z-score value and the graphic design was done according to the LMS method. Results: The percentile curves that were constructed for the three measurements ensure a good classification of children. Sexual dimorphism is observed from the beginning of the increase in weight and size. The age presents correlations (r=0,82) with weight for both genders, (r=0,82 women r= 0,87 men) with size and (r=0,61 women r=0,47 men) with BMI. Concordances and differences are observed with other previous studies in Colombia. Conclusions: It was established how these variables evolve according to gender and age, and percentile values were created for each of them. Reference standards built with our data provide a starting point and should be supplemented with longitudinal studies. The study shows the need to perform periodically such evaluations to update the reference data and check how these variables evolve from one generation to another, and determine the secular acceleration growth.

A partir do estágio alfabético de aquisição da escrita o aprendiz precisa enfrentar questões relativas à ortografia, entre elas a segmentação do escrito em palavras gráficas. Este estudo investiga relações entre a segmentação convencional de palavras, a consciência morfossintática, a ortografia e a compreensão da leitura de alunos do 4º e 5º anos do ensino fundamental em escolas públicas de Curitiba. Resultados revelam maior dificuldade na identificação oral de palavras do que na segmentação da escrita. Análises estatísticas mostraram correlações positivas e significativas entre todas as variáveis investigadas. Infere-se que as habilidades morfossintáticas favorecem o estabelecimento da noção convencional de palavra e sugere-se que os professores promovam o desenvolvimento dessas habilidades, para garantir aos alunos maior domínio na linguagem escrita.

Since the alphabetic stage of reading acquisition the learner faces issues related to orthography, including the segmentation of the writing in graphic words. This study investigates the relationships between conventional segmentation of words, morphosyntactic awareness, orthography and reading comprehension of 4th and 5th year pupils from public elementary schools in Curitiba. The results reveal a greater difficulty in the oral identification of words than in the segmentation of writing. Statistical analysis show positive and statistically significant correlations between all investigated variables. The results indicate that morphosyntactic skills promote the establishment of the conventional word concept and suggest that teachers who encourage the development of these skills can warrant a greater ability of pupils in written language.