ABSTRACT Biochar can promote crop production and soil quality. However, its characteristics depend on the waste used in its production and its effects may vary according to the species being cultivated and the management adopted. The aim of this study was to evaluate the application of biochar from animal waste on soil quality and the agronomic characteristics of the cowpea. An experiment was set up to test three types of biochar (bovine-BB, swine-SB and poultry-BP), with added fertiliser (BBF, SBF and BPF) and two control treatments, including the addition of calcium magnesium oxide (CT) and calcium magnesium oxide with fertiliser (CTF), giving a total of eight treatments with four replications. There was a respective increase of up to 102.94%, 1048%, 1560% and 360.22% in stem diameter, number of pods, number of grains per pod and stem dry matter from adding the biochar. The poultry biochar increased each of the above parameters even with no added fertiliser. There was no difference in basal soil respiration or β-glucosidase enzyme activity, whereas organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), microbial carbon and soil labile carbon were greater with biochar. BBF gave the highest TOC content (24.40 g kg-1), while BP and BPF increased TN by around 61%. The application of biochar + fertiliser contributed to an average reduction of 56% in the soil metabolic quotient. Poultry biochar favoured both the agronomic characteristics of the cowpea and soil quality, while bovine biochar showed more marked results with the addition of fertiliser. However adopted bovineBB, bovineBB BB, BB (bovine-BB swineSB swine SB poultryBP, poultryBP , poultry-BP) BBF, (BBF CT (CT CTF, CTF (CTF) replications 10294 102 94 102.94% 1048 1048% 1560 36022 360 22 360.22 diameter pods βglucosidase β glucosidase activity TOC, (TOC) TN, (TN) 24.40 2440 24 40 (24.4 kg1, kg1 kg 1 kg-1) 61 61% 56 quotient poultry-BP (CTF 1029 10 9 102.94 104 156 3602 36 2 360.2 (TOC (TN 24.4 244 4 (24. kg-1 6 5 102.9 15 3 360. 24. (24 kg- 102. (2 (

Abstract Introduction. Corn is one of the oldest known food grains. With climate change and frequent and severe droughts, the water available in the soil will be considerably reduced. Water deficit affects maize crop development to varying degrees, and sensitivity to this stress varies at different development stages. Objective. To identify the phenological stages most sensitive to water deficit in maize. Materials and methods. The experiment was conducted during two growing seasons in 2020 and 2021 in El Ejido, Los Santos province, Panama, under semi-controlled conditions in the greenhouse facilities of the Instituto Coronel Segundo de Villarreal. The commercial corn hybrid ADV-9293 was used and agronomic management was carried out according to the recommendations of the Institute for Agricultural Innovation of Panamá (IDIAP). Plant height, leaf length and width, stem diameter, biomass and yield components, such as number of rows per ear, number of grains per row and 100-grain mass, were determined throughout the crop cycle. Soil moisture was also determined by the gravimetric method. Water deficit at different stages was generated by drought simulation. Results. The grain yields of the control were higher than the different treatments evaluated with 12.83 t ha-1, followed by the treatment with grain filling stress with 10.31 t ha-1. Two periods were determined to be more sensitive to water deficit; these were the stages from 20 to 35 and 40 to 55 days after planting. Water deficit in the different phenological stages of the crop had a negative impact on the relative chlorophyll content. Conclusion. The pre-flowering and flowering stages were more sensitive to water deficiency in maize.

Resumen Introducción. El maíz es uno de los granos alimenticios más antiguos conocido. Con el cambio climático y las sequías severas y frecuentes, se reducirá en gran medida el agua disponible en el suelo. El déficit hídrico afecta en diversos grados el desarrollo del cultivo de maíz y la sensibilidad a este estrés varía en las diferentes etapas de desarrollo. Objetivo. Identificar las etapas fenológicas más sensibles al déficit hídrico en el cultivo de maíz. Materiales y métodos. El experimento se realizó durante dos ciclos en los años 2020 y 2021 en El Ejido, Provincia de Los Santos, Panamá. Se desarrolló bajo condiciones semicontroladas en la casa de cultivo del Instituto Coronel Segundo de Villarreal. Se utilizó el híbrido de maíz comercial ADV-9293. El manejo agronómico se realizó según las recomendaciones del Instituto de Innovación Agropecuaria de Panamá (IDIAP). Durante todo el ciclo del cultivo, se determinaron las variables altura de planta, largo y ancho de hojas, diámetro del tallo, biomasa y los componentes del rendimiento como número de hileras por mazorca, número de granos por hilera y peso de cien granos. También, se determinó la humedad del suelo por el método gravimétrico. El déficit hídrico en distintas etapas se generó a través de la simulación de sequía. Resultados. El rendimiento de grano del testigo superó los diferentes tratamientos evaluados con 12,83 t ha-1, seguido por el tratamiento con estrés en el llenado de grano con 10,31 t ha-1. Se determinaron dos períodos más sensibles al déficit hídrico; los cuales son las etapas comprendidas desde los 20 a 35 y 40 a 55 dds. El déficit hídrico, durante las diferentes etapas fenológicas del cultivo, tuvo un impacto negativo en el contenido relativo de clorofilas. Conclusión. Las etapas de prefloración y floración resultaron más sensibles a la deficiencia hídrica en el cultivo del maíz.

Abstract Introduction. In Mexico, 85 % of the crops are white maize, 10 % white yellow and 5 % other colors. Biochemical studies of pigmented native maize have been carried out, but there is little information on colour-improved maize. Objective. To evaluate the phytochemical content and antimicrobial capacity of two pigmented maize hybrids grown at the Tecnológico Nacional de México-Valle del Yaqui. Materials and methods. Extraction of biocompounds from a portion of the maize grains grown in southern Sonora, Mexico, during the summer-winter 2020 cycle was performed on red and purple maize hybrids. A thirty-part solution of ethanol, acetic acid and water was used. Proximal composition, anthocyanin, polyphenol and flavonoid content were determined by standardized methods. Antioxidant capacity was determined by ABTS (2,2’-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid)) and DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) methodologies. In addition, antimicrobial capacity and minimum inhibitory concentration were determined. Results. Purple maize showed higher content of anthocyanins (340.98±5.21 mg/100 g) and polyphenols (173.68±24.23 mg gallic acid/100 g) compared to red maize. Flavonoids are more abundant in purple maize (575.10±27.88 mg quercetin/100 g). Both maize hybrids exhibited more than 50 % antioxidant capacity against ABTS and DPPH radicals. Regarding antimicrobial activity, higher inhibition was observed for Escherichia coli and Salmonella (18 % and 47 %), and lower for Staphylococcus aureus and Shigella (19 % and 34 %) compared to gentamicin. Conclusion. Purple maize showed higher content of anthocyanins, polyphenols and flavonoids. Both hybrids had an antioxidant capacity higher than 50 %. Antimicrobial activity was higher against E. coli and Salmonella, than against S. aureus and Shigella.

Resumen Introducción. En México, el 85 % de las siembras son maíces blancos, el 10 % amarillo blancos y el 5 % de otros colores. Se han realizado estudios bioquímicos de maíces nativos pigmentados, pero existe poca información en maíces mejorados en color. Objetivo. Evaluar el contenido de fitoquímicos y capacidad antimicrobiana de dos híbridos de maíz pigmentado cultivados en el Tecnológico Nacional de México, Valle del Yaqui. Materiales y métodos. En granos de híbridos de maíz de color rojo y morado se realizaron las extracciones de biocompuestos a partir de una porción del maíz cultivado en el sur de Sonora, México, durante el ciclo verano-invierno 2020. Se utilizó una solución de etanol, ácido acético y agua en una proporción de treinta partes. La composición proximal, contenido de antocianinas, polifenoles y flavonoides se determinaron mediante métodos estandarizados. La capacidad antioxidante se evaluó mediante las metodologías ABTS (2,2’-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid)) y DPPH (2,2-difenil-1-picrilhidracilo). Además, se determinó la capacidad antimicrobiana y la concentración mínima inhibitoria. Resultados. El maíz morado presentó mayor contenido de antocianinas (340,98±5,21 mg/100 g) y polifenoles (173,68±24,23 mg de ácido gálico/100 g), en comparación con el maíz rojo. Los flavonoides son más abundantes en el maíz morado (575,10±27,88 mg de quercetina/100 g). Ambos híbridos de maíz exhibieron una capacidad antioxidante superior al 50 % frente a los radicales ABTS y DPPH. Respecto a la actividad antimicrobiana, se observó mayor inhibición para Escherichia coli y Salmonella (18 % y 47 %), y menor para Staphylococcus aureus y Shigella (19 % y 34 %) en comparación con la gentamicina. Conclusión. El maíz morado mostró mayor contenido de antocianinas, polifenoles y flavonoides. Ambos híbridos tuvieron una capacidad antioxidante mayor al 50 %. La actividad antimicrobiana fue mayor contra E. coli y Salmonella, que contra S. aureus y Shigella.

ABSTRACT Storage is one of the main stages during grain production. The present study was conducted to evaluate the use of silo bags as an alternative for storing landrace cowpea grains. The experiment used samples of the Arigozinho, Manteiguinha, and Quarentão cowpea varieties from Cruzeiro do Sul - Acre, harvested in the 2021 crop season. The samples (500 g) were stored in raffia and silo bags for 30, 60, 90, and 120 days. The experimental design was completely randomized, arranged in a split-plot-in-time scheme (2 × 5) with four replicates. Storage conditions represented the plots: silo bags and raffia bags. The subplots comprised five storage conditions: 0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 days for each landrace cowpea variety. The insect species identified in all varieties was Zabrotes subfasciatus, with infestation ranging from 49% to 98% in raffia bags and less than 10% in silo bags over 120 days. A depreciation in grain quality was observed during storage in raffia bags. There was increase in electrical conductivity, fluctuations in water content, and reductions in bulk density and germination due to the higher degree of infestation in all the investigated varieties. The grains stored in silo bags showed minimal variations over the 120 days, maintaining their initial quality throughout the storage period. The bag silo storage system is an effective alternative for controlling Z. subfasciatus and maintaining the grain quality of the varieties Arigozinho, Manteiguinha, and Quarentão for a period of up to 120 days. production Arigozinho Manteiguinha Acre 202 season 500 (50 g 30 60 90 12 randomized splitplotintime split plot time 2 ( 5 replicates plots 0 variety 49 98 10 conductivity content Z 20 50 (5 3 6 9 1 4

RESUMO O armazenamento é uma etapa crucial durante a produção de grãos. Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar o uso de silo bolsa como alternativa no armazenamento de grãos crioulos de feijão-caupi. Para o estudo utilizou-se amostras de feijão-caupi, das variedades Arigozinho, Manteiguinha e Quarentão, procedentes do município de Cruzeiro do Sul - Acre, safra 2021. As amostras de 500 g foram armazenadas em silos bolsa e sacos de ráfia, durante 30, 60, 90, 120 dias. O experimento foi inteiramente casualizado, com parcelas subdivididas no tempo (2 × 5), com quatro repetições. As parcelas foram as condições de armazenamento: silo bolsa e sacos de ráfia, e as subparcelas, os períodos de armazenamento: 0, 30, 60, 90 e 120 dias para cada variedade crioula de feijão-caupi. Zabrotes subfasciatus foi identificado em todas as variedades, com infestações de 49 a 98% em sacos de ráfia e inferiores a 10% em silo bolsa ao longo de 120 dias. Foi observado a depreciação na qualidade dos grãos durante o período de armazenamento em sacos de ráfia. Houve aumento na condutividade elétrica, flutuações no teor de água, redução da massa específica aparente e na germinação, devido ao maior grau de infestação em todas as variedades investigadas. Os grãos em silo bolsa apresentaram mínimas variações e mantiveram a qualidade inicial durante 120 dias. O armazenamento em silo bolsa é eficaz no controle de Z. subfasciatus e na manutenção da qualidade dos grãos das variedades Arigozinho, Manteiguinha e Quarentão por até 120 dias. feijãocaupi. feijãocaupi feijão caupi. caupi feijão-caupi utilizouse utilizou se feijãocaupi, caupi, Arigozinho Acre 2021 50 30 60 12 casualizado 2 ( 5, 5 , 5) repetições subparcelas 0 9 4 98 10 elétrica água germinação investigadas Z 202 3 6 1 20

ABSTRACT Aeration is carried out by blowing external air into the silo, with the aim to keep the temperature in the mass of stored grains at safe levels. In the present study, the energy efficiency of aeration of stored sunflower grains was estimated, and a model was proposed and tested to estimate the energy efficiency of aeration, using different algorithms in supervised and unsupervised machine learning. The objective of the work was to develop a Web application based on data mining and modeling with machine learning. The database was composed of information on the average temperature at the height of the sensors, average temperature of the silo, external ambient temperature, occurrence of aeration, if there was cooling, heating and direct heating during aeration, and the energy efficiency of the aeration process. The model for estimating the energy efficiency of the aeration process proved to be efficient, identifying that the energy efficiency was 97.78% during the aeration of stored sunflower grains. Among the classifier algorithms tested, Support Vector Machine (SVM-Poly) showed the best metrics and indicators, hence being recommended for implementation in system development networks capable of predicting the aeration status of stored grains. silo levels study estimated learning sensors cooling efficient 9778 97 78 97.78 SVMPoly SVM Poly (SVM-Poly indicators 977 9 7 97.7 97.

RESUMO A aeração é realizada por meio da insuflação do ar externo para dentro do silo, tendo como objetivo manter a temperatura da massa de grãos armazenados em níveis seguros. No presente estudo foi estimada a eficiência energética da aeração de grãos de girassol armazenados, assim como proposto e testado um modelo de estimativa da eficiência energética da aeração, utilizando diferentes algoritmos no aprendizado de máquinas supervisionado e não supervisionado. O objetivo no trabalho foi desenvolver uma aplicação Web a partir da mineração e modelagem dos dados com o aprendizado de máquinas. O banco de dados foi composto pelas informações da temperatura média do nível dos sensores, temperatura média do silo, temperatura ambiente externa, ocorrência de aeração, se houve resfriamento, aquecimento e aquecimento direto durante aeração, e a eficiência energética do processo de aeração. O modelo de estimativa da eficiência energética do processo de aeração demonstrou-se eficiente, identificando que durante a aeração de grãos de girassol armazenados a eficiência energética foi de 97,78%. Dentre os algoritmos classificadores testados na Máquina de Vetores de Suporte (SVM-Poly) apresentou as melhores métricas e indicadores, sendo recomendado para implementação em redes de desenvolvimento de sistemas capaz de predizer o status da aeração de grãos armazenados. silo seguros sensores externa resfriamento demonstrouse demonstrou eficiente 9778 97 78 97,78% SVMPoly SVM Poly (SVM-Poly indicadores 977 9 7 97,78 97,7 97,

ABSTRACT The use of CO2 sensors has been reported as an effective tool in the early detection of signs of deterioration, allowing good accuracy in decision-making about the quality of stored grains. The objective of this study was to quantify the CO2 levels produced by maize grains stored at ambient temperature in a prototype silo, with initial moisture contents of 14, 16 and 18% w.b., and to evaluate the quality of the product over time and the technical breakage. Analyses of moisture content, ash, proteins, lipids, Hue Angle (color), germination and electrical conductivity were performed. Inside the silos, the amount of CO2, relative air humidity and temperature were monitored every hour. Grain quality evaluations were carried out at four storage times (0, 30, 60 and 90 days). A completely randomized design in a 3 × 4 factorial scheme with six replicates was used. Grains with higher moisture contents showed higher technical breakage and losses associated with CO2 emissions. Moisture content, protein, lipids, germination, bulk density, lightness and chroma decreased over time, while the electrical conductivity increased, resulting in greater damage to membranes and loss of quality of maize grains. Monitoring of CO2 in the grain mass is a good tool to assess the quality of grain, and higher initial moisture content caused greater level of CO2 emission and reduction in quality of maize grains. CO deterioration decisionmaking decision making silo 14 1 18 wb w b w.b. ash proteins lipids color, color , (color) performed silos hour 0, 0 (0 30 6 9 days. days . days) used emissions protein density increased w.b (color (

RESUMO O uso de sensores de CO2 tem sido reportado como uma medida eficaz na detecção precoce de sinais de deterioração, permitindo uma boa acurácia na tomada de decisão sobre a qualidade de grãos armazenados. Neste estudo objetivou-se quantificar os níveis de CO2 produzidos por grãos de milho armazenados em temperatura ambiente em silo protótipo, com teores de água iniciais de 14, 16 e 18% b.u., bem como avaliar a qualidade do produto ao longo do tempo e a quebra técnica. Foram realizadas análises de teor de água, cinzas, proteínas, lipídeos, Hue Angle (cor), germinação e condutividade elétrica. No interior dos silos foi monitorada a quantidade de CO2, umidade relativa do ar e temperatura a cada uma hora. As avaliações de qualidade dos grãos ocorreram em quatro tempos de armazenamento (0, 30, 60 e 90 dias). Foi usado o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 3 × 4 e seis repetições. Os grãos mais úmidos apresentaram maior quebra técnica e perdas associadas a emissões de CO2. Os teores de água, proteína, lipídeos, germinação, massa específica aparente, L* e croma reduziram ao longo do tempo, enquanto que a condutividade elétrica aumentou, resultando em maior danificação das membranas e perda de qualidade dos grãos de milho. O monitoramento do CO2 na massa de grãos é uma boa ferramenta para avaliar a qualidade dos grãos, e maior teor de umidade inicial causou maior nível de emissão de CO2 e redução na qualidade dos grãos de milho. CO deterioração objetivouse objetivou se protótipo 14 1 18 bu b u b.u. cinzas proteínas lipídeos cor, cor , (cor) hora 0, 0 (0 30 6 9 dias. dias . dias) casualizado repetições proteína aparente L aumentou b.u (cor (

ABSTRACT Grains are hygroscopic materials and, during storage, they are subject to exchanging moisture with the environment according to temperature and relative air humidity, making it important to monitor these factors. Digital temperature and relative air humidity sensors appear as an alternative for monitoring the moisture of grain mass inside silos; they are simple to install and use. Digital sensors present outstanding precision in temperature measurements. The objective in this study was to assess the efficiency and applicability of intergranular relative air humidity sensors linked to digital temperature sensors in the thermometry system of silos storing soybeans. Two samples of soybeans were analyzed in the upper, middle and lower thirds of the silo, for grain mass temperature, intergranular relative air humidity, estimated equilibrium moisture content according to collected data, and moisture content of the sampled grains. Moisture contents obtained from sensor measurements using the hygroscopic equilibrium equation and determined using the oven method were compared. The equilibrium moisture content estimated by the data provided by the sensors did not differ by the Tukey test (p ≤ 0.05) from the moisture content determined by the oven method. Digital temperature and relative air humidity sensors have proven to be efficient, as they contribute to estimating the equilibrium moisture content with satisfactory precision. storage factors use upper silo grains compared p 0.05 005 0 05 efficient 0.0 00 0.

RESUMO Grãos são materiais higroscópicos, e em seu armazenamento estão sujeitos às trocas de vapor de água de acordo com a temperatura e umidade relativa do ar, sendo importante o monitoramento desses fatores. Os sensores digitais de temperatura e umidade relativa do ar surgem como alternativa para monitoramento da temperatura da massa de grãos no interior de silos, apresentando simplicidade de instalação e utilização. Sensores digitais apresentam destacada precisão nas medições de temperatura. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a eficiência e aplicabilidade de sensores de umidade relativa do ar intergranular atrelados a sensores digitais de temperatura no sistema de termometria de silos armazenando grãos de soja. Duas amostragens de grãos de soja no terço superior, médio e inferior do silo foram analisadas para a temperatura da massa de grãos, umidade relativa do ar intergranular, teor de água de equilíbrio estimado conforme dados coletados e teor de água dos grãos amostrados. Realizou-se a comparação do teor de água obtido a partir das medições dos sensores usando a equação do equilíbrio higroscópico e pela determinação através do método da estufa. O teor de água de equilíbrio estimado pelos dados fornecidos pelos sensores não diferenciou pelo teste de Tukey (p ≤ 0.05) do teor de água determinado pela estufa. Os sensores digitais de temperatura e umidade relativa do ar demonstraram-se eficientes, visto que contribuem para estimativa do teor de água de equilíbrio com precisão satisfatória. higroscópicos fatores utilização superior amostrados Realizouse Realizou se estufa p 0.05 005 0 05 demonstraramse demonstraram eficientes satisfatória 0.0 00 0.

Resumen En zonas de clima árido y semiárido, la disponibilidad y la calidad del agua son factores críticos para el desarrollo de la agronomía. Para enfrentar el desafío, una alternativa para el aprovechamiento de este recurso es la implementación de técnicas eficientes y sostenibles como el uso de riego por goteo. El objetivo del trabajo fue analizar el comportamiento agronómico del centeno en condiciones desfavorables de agua y temperatura para determinar la efectividad de la estabilidad fenotípica en la Costa de Hermosillo, Sonora, México. Se sembraron dos genotipos de centeno bajo un diseño experimental de parcelas divididas (parcela grande: tres niveles de agua y parcela chica: dos genotipos de semillas obtenidas en ciclos diferentes). Se evaluaron las características agronómicas de la planta, las características fisicoquímicas del grano; y se determinó la significancia entre las distintas variables con un análisis de correlación. El análisis de varianza reveló efectos sobre la altura de la planta, el número de espigas y de granos, tamaño de grano, el peso de mil granos, rendimiento y contenido de proteína del centeno debido a los diferentes regímenes hídricos utilizados. Se obtuvieron entre 219-314 espigas por metro lineal, con tamaño de grano comercialmente aceptable (7.45-7.95 mm largo x 2.18-2.40 mm ancho). También se observaron valores de rendimiento altos (1.72-3.11 t ha-1), así como un excelente contenido de proteína (20.3-22.8%). Estos resultados demuestran que el centeno es un cereal versátil que se adapta a condiciones ambientales adversas como disminución en la cantidad de agua de riego y temperaturas extremadamente altas.

Abstract In areas with arid and semi-arid climates, the availability and quality of water are critical factors for the development of agronomy. To face the challenge, an alternative for the use of this resource is the implementation of efficient and sustainable techniques such as the use of drip irrigation. The objective of the work was to analyze the agronomic behavior of rye under unfavorable water and temperature conditions to determine the effectiveness of phenotypic stability on La Costa de Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico. Two rye genotypes were planted under a split plot experimental design (large plot: three water levels and small plot: two genotypes of seeds obtained in different cycles). The agronomic characteristics of the plant, the physicochemical characteristics of the grain were evaluated; and the significance between the different variables was determined with a correlation analysis. The analysis of variance revealed effects on plant height, number of spikes and grains, grain size, thousand grain weight, yield and protein content of rye due to the different water regimes used. Between 219-314 spikes per linear meter were obtained, with a commercially acceptable grain size (7.45-7.95 mm long x 2.18-2.40 mm wide). High yield values (1.72-3.11 t ha-1) were also observed, as well as excellent protein content (20.3-22.8%). These results demonstrate that rye is a versatile cereal that adapts to adverse environmental conditions such as a decrease in the amount of irrigation water and extremely high temperatures.

ABSTRACT The cowpea is a legume with a high nutritional value and represents one of the most important self-consumption items in the country. However, under storage conditions its main problem are bruchids, which decrease the nutritional value and fertility of the seeds. Bruchids spread more frequently unintentionally throughout the world, this is due their adaptability. In the first months of 2023, damage was observed to stored cowpea grains of the species Vigna unguiculata, presenting round holes, decreasing the nutritional value and fertility of the seeds. The inspection of grains recorded the presence of a beetle, which was identified as Decellebruchus atrolineatus, Family Chrysomelidae, Subfamily Bruchinae.

RESUMEN El poroto es una leguminosa comestible con un alto valor nutritivo y representa uno de los rubros de autoconsumo más importantes en el país. Sin embargo, en condiciones de almacenamiento su principal problema son los brúquinos, quienes disminuyen el valor nutricional y la fertilidad de las semillas. Por la adaptación que poseen, los brúquinos, se diseminan con mayor frecuencia de manera involuntaria. En los primeros meses del año 2023, fueron observados daños en granos almacenados de poroto de la especie Vigna unguiculata, presentando orificios redondeados. La inspección de dichos granos registró la presencia de un coleóptero, que fue identificado como Decellebruchus atrolineatus, Familia Chrysomelidae, Subfamilia Bruchinae.

ABSTRACT: Buckwheat is known for its aptitude as green manure, as it increases soil’s physical and chemical properties at the same time it has none or very few fertilization requirements besides a fast canopy closure and has no ravagers or natural enemies documented in Brazil. This crop has the potential to fill an empty period known as the “Autumn gap” in Southern Brazil, which is characterized by the low or no forage offer at all, justified by the fact its forage has the same quality as that of a grass forage, besides, its grains, highly nutritious, can also be consumed by humans, ruminants, or non-ruminants. This review aims to provide relevant information about recent buckwheat research to make it a viable alternative for the Autumn gap. ABSTRACT manure soils soil s Brazil gap all grains nutritious humans ruminants nonruminants. nonruminants non ruminants. non-ruminants

RESUMO: O trigo mourisco é conhecido por sua aptidão como adubo verde, melhorando as propriedades físicas e químicas do solo ao mesmo tempo que possui nenhuma ou baixíssimas requisições de fertilização, além de rápido fechamento de dossel e de não possuir pragas nem outros inimigos naturais documentados no Brasil. Essa cultura tem o potencial de cultivo para preencher o período de tempo conhecido como “vazio outonal” no Sul do Brasil, período caracterizado pela baixa ou nenhuma oferta de forragem. O valor nutritivo é bom, além de seus grãos, altamente nutritivos, também poderem ser consumidos por humanos, ruminantes e não-ruminantes. Essa revisão visa fornecer informações relevantes da pesquisa sobre o trigo mourisco nos últimos anos objetivando o incentivo a viabilização dessa cultura como alternativa no vazio outonal no sul do Brasil. RESUMO verde fertilização Brasil forragem bom grãos nutritivos humanos nãoruminantes. nãoruminantes ruminantes. não-ruminantes

ABSTRACT Increasing paddy consumption can be done through efforts to increase yields by improving production technology, one of which is using organic nano silica fertilizer. Food biofortification efforts in paddy are also considered a solution for improving nutrition to help improve community nutrition. This research aims to determine the colour cultivar and dosage of nano silica organic fertilizer and the interaction between the two, which provide high growth and production and determine the nutritional quality of functional paddy. Functional paddy planting occurred in Manakku Village, Labakkang District, Pangkep Regency, South Sulawesi, from May to August 2023. The research was arranged in a separate plot design with the main plot varying doses (kg ha-1) of nano silica organic fertilizer consisting of control (d0), 500 (d1), 1000 (d2), and 1500 (d3), as well as subplots of four cultivars of red rice (Oryza sativa L.), namely Inpari 24 (v1), Pamelen (v2), Pamera (v3) and Inpago 7 (v4) as well as one cultivar of black rice Jeliteng (v5). The results were that the interaction of 1000 kg ha-1 organic nano silica fertilizer and red rice ‘Inpago 7’ (d2v4) provides the best yield of 5.62 t ha-1. Characters that have a significant positive correlation with yield are plant height (0.64**), number of productive tiller (0.74**), grain total (0.54*), and weight of 1000 grains (0.88**). The quality of functional rice based on glycaemic index (GI) analysis showed that the black rice ‘Jeliteng’ with a dose of organic nano silica fertilizer of 1000 kg ha-1 (58.9%) had the lowest GI value.

RESUMEN La densidad de plantas influye directamente en el crecimiento, desarrollo y productividad de plantas de sésamo. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el efecto de diferentes densidades de siembra del sésamo negro sobre sus parámetros agronómicos. El trabajo fue realizado en el periodo 2020-2021, en la localidad de Monte Grande, San Pedro del Paraná, Itapúa-Paraguay. Los tratamientos fueron: (D50) con 50.000; (D75) 75.000; (D100) 100.000; (D125) 125.000; (D150) 150.000 y (D175) 175.000 plantas ha-1 respectivamente, dispuestos en un diseño de bloques completos al azar, con cuatro repeticiones. Fueron evaluadas la altura de planta, número de ramas por planta, número de cápsulas por planta, número de granos cápsula, peso de mil granos y rendimiento de granos. Los resultados obtenidos fueron sometidos a Análisis de Varianza (ANOVA) y comparados por Test de Tukey al 5% de probabilidad de error. La densidad de siembra influyó significativamente sobre el número de ramas y cápsulas por planta, peso de mil granos y rendimiento de grano. El tratamiento D50 obtuvo mayor número de ramas (3,2 uds.), y de cápsulas por planta (124,2 uds.), y peso de mil granos (2,8 g). Sin embargo, el tratamiento D100 presentó el mayor rendimiento de grano (1.079 kg ha-1). La densidad de siembra más adecuada del sésamo negro fue de 100.000 plantas ha-1, para las condiciones edafoclimáticas de la Región Sur del país.

ABSTRACT The plant density can influence the growth, development, and productivity of sesame. The objective was to evaluate the effect of different planting densities of black sesame on its agronomic parameters. The study was conducted during the period 2020-2021, in the locality of Monte Grande, San Pedro del Paraná, Itapúa-Paraguay. The treatments were: (D50) with 50.000; (D75) 75.000; (D100) 100.000; (D125) 125.000; (D150) 150.000; and (D175) 175.000 plants ha-1 respectively, arranged in a randomized complete block design, with four replications. Plant height, number of branches plant-1, capsules plant-1, grains capsule-1, thousand grain weight, and grain yield were evaluated. The results were subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and compared by Tukey's test at a 5% probability of error. Planting density significantly influenced the number of branches plant-1, capsules plant-1, thousand grain weight, and grain yield. Treatment D50 obtained the highest number of branches plant-1 (3,2 units), capsules plant-1 (124,2 units), and thousand grain weight (2,8 g). However, treatment D100 showed the highest grain yield (1.079 kg ha-1). The most suitable planting density for black sesame was 100.000 plants ha-1, for the soil and climatic conditions of the Southern Region of the country.

RESUMEN El conocimiento del tiempo de drenaje del maíz y del material vegetativo menos susceptible a la inundación son elementos importantes al momento de diseñar la infraestructura de desagüe en los campos agrícolas. Ante esto, este ensayo tuvo como objetivo evaluar el efecto de tres tiempos de saturación hídrica del suelo en tres híbridos de maíz, dentro de la etapa de floración. Se utilizó un diseño de bloques completos al azar, bajo un esquema factorial de 36 unidades experimentales y con distancia de siembra de 0,90 m x 0,25 m. Se emplearon los híbridos DK-7508, EMBLEMA y ADV9313 (niveles del Factor A); los mismos que en etapa plena de floración se inundaron durante 24, 48 y 72 horas, con un tratamiento testigo (0 horas) (niveles del factor B). Se valoró el tamaño y peso de mazorcas, índice grano/tusa, peso de 100 granos y el rendimiento de granos. Se aplicaron modelos de análisis de varianza con esquemas bi-factoriales, se realizó la prueba de Tukey en la comparación de medias para los híbridos, y ajustes de regresión por polinomios ortogonales para verificar tendencias en cuanto a los tiempos de inundación. Se establecieron diferencias significativas (p<0,05) en todas las variables de acuerdo a los tiempos de inundación, con reducciones en el rendimiento de 36,80%, 18,42% y 18,73% para los híbridos DK-7508, EMBLEMA y ADV9313, respectivamente, a las 72 horas de inundación. Predominó la tendencia lineal en las variables y se determinó un tiempo de drenaje entre 29 y 48 horas para una pérdida máxima del 10%, según el híbrido evaluado.

ABSTRACT Knowledge of the drainage time of corn and the vegetative material less susceptible to flooding are important elements when designing drainage infrastructure in agricultural fields. Given this, this trial aimed to evaluate the effect of three times of soil water saturation in three corn hybrids, within the flowering stage. A complete randomized block design was used, under a factorial scheme of 36 experimental units and with a planting distance of 0.90 m x 0.25 m. The hybrids DK-7508, EMBLEMA and ADV9313 were used (Factor A levels); the same ones that in the full flowering stage were flooded for 24, 48 and 72 hours, also evaluating a control treatment (0 hours) (factor B levels). The size and weight of ears, grain/cob index, weight of 100 grains and yield were evaluated. Analysis of variance models with bi-factor schemes, Tukey test in the comparison of means for the hybrids and regression adjustments by orthogonal polynomials were applied to verify trends in terms of flooding times. Significant differences (p<0.05) were established in all variables according to flooding times, with reductions in yield of 36.80%, 18.42% and 18.73% for the DK-7508 hybrids. EMBLEMA and ADV9313, respectively, at 72 hours of flooding. The linear trend predominated in the variables and a drainage time was determined between 29 and 48 hours for a maximum loss of 10%, depending on the hybrid evaluated.

ABSTRACT Corn is a crop of great importance and with a growing demand, but it requires a large amount of inputs. Therefore, cover crops preceding the corn crop are being evaluated in order to reduce the need for the use of chemical fertilizers. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of different combinations and proportions of cover crop seeds on the productivity of silage and corn grains. The treatments implemented were: T1 - fallow; T2- Black oats-100%; T3- Vetch-100%; T4- 90% vetch + 10% black oats; T5- 75% Vetch + 25% Black oats and T6- 50% Vetch + 50% Black oats, in a randomized block experimental design with three replications. In all treatments, the green and dry mass of the cover crops were evaluated, in addition to the silage and grain productivity of the corn cultivated in the sequence. As a result, it was observed that T2 (100% oat) presented the highest amount of green and dry mass with values of 31,366 kg ha-11 and 5,420 kg ha-1, respectively. Regarding corn silage productivity, the predecessor treatments with vetch (T3 - 100%) and the combination of 90% vetch + 10% black oat (T4) and 75% vetch + 25% black oat (T5), presented the best results, with productivity of 62,775 kg ha-1; 62,451 kg ha-1; and 61,751 kg ha-1, respectively. These treatments also resulted in higher corn grain productivity, with values of 13,860 kg ha-1; 13,720 kg ha-1; and 13,650 kg ha-1, respectively. Therefore, single oats as a cover crop showed the best production of green and dry mass, but did not increase the productivity of silage and corn grains. However, the cultivation of single vetch (100%) or in intercropping (90% and 75%) with black oats resulted in greater productivity of silage and corn grains.

RESUMO O milho é uma cultura de grande importância e com demanda crescente, mas que precisa de grande quantidade de insumos. Por isso, plantas de cobertura antecedendo a cultura estão sendo avaliadas a fim de reduzir a necessidade de uso de adubos químicos. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes combinações e proporções de sementes de plantas de cobertura na produtividade de silagem e grãos de milho. Os tratamentos implantados foram: T1- pousio; T2- Aveia preta-100%; T3- Ervilhaca-100%; T4- 90% ervilhaca + 10% Aveia preta; T5- 75% Ervilhaca + 25% Aveia preta e T6- 50% Ervilhaca + 50% Aveia preta, em delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso com três repetições. Em todos os tratamentos foram avaliadas a massa verde e seca das plantas de cobertura, além da produtividade de silagem e grãos do milho cultivado na sequência. Como resultados, observou-se que o T2 (100% aveia) apresentou a maior quantidade de massa verde e seca com valores de 31.366 kg ha-1 e 5.420 kg ha-1, respectivamente. Com relação a produtividade de milho silagem, os tratamentos antecessores com ervilhaca (T3-100%) e a combinação de 90% ervilhaca + 10% aveia preta (T4) e de 75% ervilhaca + 25% aveia preta (T5), apresentaram os melhores resultados, com produtividade de 62.775 kg ha-1; 62.451 kg ha-1; e 61.751 kg ha-1, respectivamente. Esses tratamentos também resultaram em maior produtividade de grãos de milho, com valores de 13.860 kg ha-1; 13.720 kg ha-1; e 13.650 kg ha-1, respectivamente. Portanto, a aveia solteira como planta de cobertura apresentou a melhor produção de massa verde e seca, porém não incrementou na produtividade de silagem e de grãos de milho. No entanto, o cultivo da ervilhaca solteira (100%) ou em consórcio (90% e 75%) com aveia preta resultou em maior produtividade de silagem e grãos de milho.

Abstract Additive manufacturing has evolved from a rapid prototyping technology to a technology with the ability to produce highly complex parts with superior mechanical properties than those obtained conventionally. The processing of metallic powders by means of a laser makes it possible to process any type of alloy and even metal matrix composites. The present work analyzes the tensile and compressive response of 316L stainless steel processed by laser-based powder bed fusion. The resulting microstructure was evaluated by optical microscopy. Regarding the mechanical properties, the yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, percentage of elongation before breakage, compressive strength and microhardness were determined. The results show that the microstructure is constituted by stacked micro molten pools, within which cellular sub-grains are formed due to the high thermal gradient and solidification rate. The compressive strength (1511.88 ± 9.22 MPa) is higher than the tensile strength (634.80 ± 11.62 MPa). This difference is mainly associated with strain hardening and the presence of residual stresses. The initial microhardness was 206.24 ± 11.96 HV; after the compression test, the hardness increased by 23%.

Resumen La fabricación aditiva ha evolucionado desde una tecnología de prototipado rápido hasta una con la capacidad de producir piezas altamente complejas con propiedades mecánicas que superan las logradas de manera convencional. El procesamiento de polvos metálicos mediante tecnología láser permite el tratamiento de una amplia gama de aleaciones e incluso materiales compuestos. Este estudio analiza la respuesta a tracción y compresión del acero inoxidable 316L fusionado mediante fusión selectiva láser. La microestructura resultante fue analizada mediante microscopía óptica. En cuanto a las propiedades mecánicas, se determinaron la resistencia a la fluencia, la resistencia última a la tracción, el porcentaje de elongación antes de la fractura, la resistencia a la compresión y la microdureza. Los resultados muestran que la microestructura está compuesta por micropiletas fundidas apiladas, dentro de las cuales se generan subgranos celulares debido al alto gradiente térmico y la alta velocidad de solidificación. La resistencia a la compresión (1511.88 ± 9.22 MPa) es superior a la resistencia a tracción (634.80 ± 11.62 MPa). Esta diferencia está principalmente asociada con el endurecimiento por deformación y las tensiones residuales. La microdureza inicial fue de 206.24 ± 11.96 HV, y después de la prueba de compresión, la dureza aumentó en un 23 %.