ABSTRACT. The essay addresses the contemporary problem of the sources of obligation in light of the development of law that has given rise to obligations of protection-subspecie of obligations in the classical sense-. In particular, the article 1173 of the Italian Civil Code, by providing that sources of obligations can also be facts or acts capable of producing them in accordance with the legal system, opens itself to a progressive typicality: the judge, although he cannot create atypical obligations in the strict sense, can recognize new ones by applying general principles and rules of the legal system. From this perspective, pre-contractual liability based on the obligation of good faith and other provisions of the civil code establish a principle of protection of reliance, especially when it comes to professional activities. Hence an important innovation that adds to contracts and illicit acts the reliance arising from qualified social contacts, as sources of a liability that can be called relational.

RESUMEN. El ensayo aborda el problema contemporáneo de las fuentes de la obligación a la luz del desarrollo del derecho que ha hecho emerger las obligaciones de protección -subespecie de obligaciones en el sentido clásico-. En particular, el artículo 1173 del Código Civil italiano, al prever como fuentes de las obligaciones los hechos o actos capaces de producirlas de conformidad con el ordenamiento jurídico, se abre a una tipicidad progresiva: el juez, aunque no pueda crear obligaciones atípicas en sentido estricto, puede reconocer otras nuevas aplicando principios y normas generales del ordenamiento jurídico. Desde esta perspectiva, la responsabilidad precontractual basada en la obligación de buena fe y otras disposiciones del código civil establecen un principio de protección de la confianza especialmente cuando se trata de actividades profesionales. De ahí una importante innovación que suma a los contratos y hechos ilícitos la confianza surgida de contactos sociales calificados, como fuentes de una responsabilidad que puede denominarse relacional.

ABSTRACT. This paper studies the recognition, from the legal, case law, and doctrinal perspective, of cooperation or collaboration as a demand derived from the principle of contractual good faith, both in the Colombian legal system so in the instruments of modern law. It highlights that the use of these concepts has been equivocal, which is why it is pertinent to identify the different meanings attributed to them. Specifically, the article remarks on the advances in the identification of a contractual requirement that implies the contractual creditor to abandon a distant or omissive attitude, who, in contrast, must actively participate in the performance.

RESUMEN. El presente artículo de investigación estudia el reconocimiento, desde la perspectiva legal, jurisprudencial y doctrinal, de la cooperación o colaboración como una exigencia derivada del principio de buena fe contractual, tanto en el ordenamiento colombiano como en los instrumentos del moderno derecho. Se evidencia que el empleo de estos conceptos ha sido equívoco, razón por la cual es pertinente identificar los diferentes significados que se han atribuido a los mismos. En concreto, el artículo destaca los avances en la identificación de una exigencia contractual que implica para el acreedor contractual abandonar una actitud distante u omisiva para, en contraste, adoptar una exigencia de participar activamente en el cumplimiento.

The article examines the role that equipment for good works, as an integral part of church ministry, can play in revitalising and help congregations to grow. The investigation is conducted through an exegetical analysis of Ephesians 2, focusing on verse 10. The results of the study of Ephesians are then compared with other Scriptures where good works are mentioned. From this research, it becomes clear that good works do not play a role in the justification and salvation of believers, because it is solely the work of God's undeserved grace. However, good works are an integral part of God's purpose in his redemption of humanity. Humanity is not saved by good works but rather unto good works. According to Ephesians, good works serve to proclaim the greatness of God's grace towards believers. God prepares the good works for believers. Believers are enabled to do good works through the gifts that Christ and the Spirit give them, and the equipment they receive through the special services. From the Gospels, it is evident that good works were a characteristic of Jesus' mission, and therefore also the calling of his disciples. In the pastoral letters, good works are described as part of Christ's purpose for which He acquired a people for Himself. The ultimate goal of equipping from the Word, is the ability to do good works. Therefore, good works testify to maturity in faith, reliability, and dedication. A lack of good works puts a question mark on someone's faith. The conclusion from the research is that deliberate equipping of members to actively do good works, should be an integral part of church ministry. Each member of the congregation should be held responsible for using the opportunities that God creates for them, to do good works. The lack of a structured ministry of equipping members for distributing God's grace by good works, can be a leading cause of stagnation and decline in congregations. CONTRIBUTION: The article contributes to practical theological reflection on ministry in the church through in-depth exegetical analysis and comparison of Scripture with Scripture. The place of equipping for good works, which is often overlooked in reformed circles, is highlighted here

Resumo A discricionariedade dos agentes públicos vem ganhando importância como objeto de estudo por ser questão relevante na gestão e implementação de políticas públicas. Servidores públicos enfrentam decisões discricionárias de formas variadas, indo desde a construção de modos criativos para gerar bons impactos sociais até, no limite extremo, à inação, por medo de posterior responsabilização por conduta considerada indevida. Este estudo buscou compreender a experiência da discricionariedade para os servidores de carreiras de gestão e os dilemas existentes nessa atuação. Para tanto, procedeu-se a pesquisa qualitativa com especialistas em políticas públicas do estado de São Paulo e gestores governamentais do estado de Pernambuco. A pesquisa de campo englobou coleta por meio de 5 grupos focais. Na sequência, os dados foram analisados por meio da técnica da análise de conteúdo. Identificou-se que o principal dilema enfrentado pelos burocratas se encontra entre decidir dentro de sua competência e no melhor de seu conhecimento ou a inação, por medo de responsabilização, caso a decisão seja julgada como ilegal ou de má-fé. Por consequência, tem-se o chamado “apagão das canetas”. Há um constante trade-off entre a discricionariedade e a responsabilização, havendo meios pelos quais os servidores se valem para atenuar os riscos de sofrer sanções. variadas até extremo inação indevida atuação tanto procedeuse procedeu Pernambuco focais sequência conteúdo Identificouse Identificou máfé. máfé má fé. fé má-fé consequência temse tem apagão canetas. canetas . canetas” tradeoff trade off sanções

Abstract The discretion of public agents has been gaining importance as an object of study because it is a relevant issue in the management and implementation of policies. Public servants face discretionary decisions in various ways, ranging from the construction of creative ways to generate good social impacts to, at the extreme limit, inaction for fear of subsequent blame for conduct considered improper. This study sought to understand how the experience of discretionary public servants in management careers takes place and their dilemmas. Qualitative research was carried out with specialists in public policies from the state of São Paulo and government managers from the state of Pernambuco. Field research included data collection through 5 focus groups and content analysis. The results show that the main dilemma faced by bureaucrats refers to decision-making based on their competence and current knowledge or inaction for fear of punishment if the decision is judged as illegal or in bad faith. Consequently, there is the so-called “apagão das canetas,” i.e., a decision paralysis. There is a constant trade-off between discretion and blame, and public servants develop strategies to mitigate the risks of being sanctioned. limit improper dilemmas Pernambuco analysis decisionmaking making faith Consequently socalled so called apagão canetas, canetas ie i e i.e. paralysis tradeoff trade off sanctioned i.e

Resumen La discrecionalidad de los agentes públicos ha ido cobrando importancia como objeto de estudio por ser un tema relevante en la gestión e implementación de políticas públicas. Los servidores públicos enfrentan decisiones discrecionales de diversas formas, que van desde la construcción de formas creativas para generar buenos impactos sociales hasta, en el límite extremo, la inacción, por temor a la responsabilización posterior por su conducta considerada impropia. Este estudio buscó comprender la experiencia de la discrecionalidad en los servidores públicos de carreras gerenciales y los dilemas existentes en ese desempeño. Para ello, se realizó una investigación cualitativa con especialistas en políticas públicas del estado de São Paulo y gestores gubernamentales del estado de Pernambuco. La investigación de campo incluyó la recolección a través de 5 grupos focales A continuación, los datos se analizaron mediante la técnica de análisis de contenido. Se identificó que el principal dilema que enfrentan los burócratas es entre decidir dentro de su competencia y a su leal saber y entender o la inacción, por temor a la responsabilización, si la decisión es juzgada como ilegal o de mala fe. En consecuencia, existe el llamado “apagón de bolígrafos”. Existe un constante trade-off entre la discrecionalidad y la responsabilización, y existen medios a los cuales los funcionarios recurren para mitigar los riesgos de ser sancionados. hasta extremo inacción impropia desempeño ello Pernambuco continuación contenido fe consecuencia apagón bolígrafos. bolígrafos . bolígrafos” tradeoff trade off sancionados

Resumo A contínua popularização do acesso à internet permitiu um expressivo crescimento das redes sociais nas últimas décadas. A alta velocidade com que as informações são difundidas no meio virtual, em uma sociedade cada vez mais conectada, sinaliza a potencialidade lesiva da utilização inadequada das redes sociais. É crescente a preocupação acerca dos impactos da disseminação de discursos de ódio e notícias falsas, além do compartilhamento não autorizado de nudez e pornografia. Esse estudo objetiva investigar se a concepção de virtude proposta por Cícero, dialoga com o atual aparato jurídico-normativo - e, em especial, com o instituto da responsabilidade civil - frente aos danos decorrentes do exercício abusivo da liberdade de expressão nas redes sociais. Essa pesquisa recorreu ao método dedutivo e à revisão bibliográfica. Muitos conceitos tratados por Cícero foram incorporados pelo pensamento jurídico ocidental ao longo da história, a exemplo da boa-fé e do bem comum, os quais impõem limites ao exercício das liberdades individuais, como a liberdade de expressão, além de representar importantes balizas a orientar a interpretação e a aplicação de todo o ordenamento. A razão, a prudência e a moderação devem se fazer presentes para a preservação de um debate produtivo e respeitoso entre os membros da comunidade. O exercício abusivo da liberdade de expressão, com repercussão negativa na esfera de terceiros, viola os preceitos de Justiça (“não fazer mal a outrem” e "dar a cada um aquilo que lhe é devido"), reclamando a aplicação da responsabilidade civil como mecanismo apto à reparação dos danos.

Abstract The steady growth of Internet access has led to a significant increase of social media in the last decades. The high speed at which information spreads online, in an increasingly connected society, indicates the harmful potentiality of the inappropriate use of social media. There is increasing concern about the impact of hate speech and the spread of fake news, as well as the dissemination of intimate images, nude photos or pornography without consent. This study examines whether the concept of virtue as proposed by Cicero is applicable to the contemporary legal apparatus and its compatibility with civil liability standards when confronted with damages due an abusive exercise of free speech on social media. A deductive approach and literature review were used in this research. Many of the concepts discussed by Cicero have been incorporated into Western law throughout history, such as good faith and the common good, which place limits on the exercise of individual freedoms, such as freedom of expression, and also provide important guideposts for the interpretation and application of the entire legal system. Reason, prudence and moderation must be present to ensure respectful and productive debate among members of society. The abusive exercise of the right to free expression, with negative effects on third parties, violates the precepts of justice ("do no harm" and "to give each his own") and requires the enforcement of civil liability as an appropriate means of redress.

The article critically assesses the quality of the research of four articles published under the theme "Faith and the Natural Sciences" in the Journal of Humanities, 63(2):192-261. Lewis Vaughn's statement in his book The Power of Critical Thinking is taken as cue for assessing the articles. He wrote (Vaughn, 2005:3): "Critical thinking focuses not on what causes a belief, but whether it is worth believing. A belief is worth believing, or accepting, if we have good reasons to accept it." The conclusion of the authors already expressed in the first of the articles, namely that the Bible and the Christian religion support the results of modern science, is scrutinised critically in the current article. In the first section the issue of how researchers are able to distinguish between truth and falsity is discussed. The authors of the articles under discussion answered this question in terms of a scientific method consisting of the following steps: (1) observation, (2) questioning, (3) formulation of a hypothesis, (4) challenging the hypothesis, (5) formulation of a theory. However, they are of the opinion that research done by natural scientists differs from the kind of research done by researchers in the humanities, social sciences and religion. According to them the latter group may commence their research with presuppositions. Research in theology may serve as an example. According to their reasoning religious convictions are allowed to guide the research. They therefore distinguish between religious convictions and interpretations based on religious convictions respectively. Researchers in theology may critically assess the quality of the interpretations - but never the religious convictions themselves since this can lead to questioning of eternal religious truths. While I agree with their exposition of the scientific process as a method of discovering the truth about an aspect of the world in which we live, I argue against their conviction that research done in the humanities, social sciences and religion differs from that done in the natural sciences and that faith convictions are allowed to play a role in the research process. My argument is illustrated with reference to two examples - one from the natural sciences, and one from the human sciences. The example from the natural sciences focuses on astronomy and the paradigm shift brought about by Copernicus's (1774-1543) and Galileo Galilei's (1564-1642) investigations. Prior to their research findings astronomers were convinced that the earth is the centre of the universe and that the sun, moon and planets revolve around the earth. The abovementioned observations led to the discarding of the geocentric model of the universe. However, Copernicus's and Galileo's new hypothesis was not immediately accepted. It took time before the heliocentric model of the universe was accepted. This shift can also be called a shift in perspective. The different scholars looked at the same natural phenomena but saw different pictures. The identification of sources in the Pentateuch serves as an example of a similar process in the human sciences. Jean Astruc (1684-1766) believed that Moses was the author of the Pentateuch. However, his research of the book of Genesis revealed that Moses had used different names for God: Elohim and Yahweh. This led Astruc to formulate the hypothesis that Moses had used two older sources (E and J) to write the book of Genesis. He also identified a third source consisting of smaller fragments in Genesis. This was the beginning of the so-called four-sources hypothesis concerning the origin of the Pentateuch and resulted in the identification of the sources J, E, D, and P. Julius Wellhausen (1844-1918) used this hypothesis to argue that the priestly material (the laws, regulations and prescriptions) originated after the prophetic material. He discarded the old conviction that the priestly material originated during the early history of Israel. This also led to questioning of the conviction that Moses was the author of the Pentateuch. It would appear that the authors of the articles under consideration are totally oblivious of recent research findings, since they still refer to Moses as the author of Genesis. In the second section of the current article the relationship between truth and history is discussed. In the first sub-section of this part of the article the dawn of a historical consciousness in the Western world is considered. Charles Darwin (1809-1882) benefitted from such consciousness. He merged history with biology and argued that animal and plant species are not static, but that they do change over time. This led to his book The Origin of Species published in 1859 which the authors of the four articles erroneously referred to as the 18th century. The second sub-section of this part of the article discusses Thomas Kuhn's (1922-1996) identification of paradigms and paradigm shifts in the history of the natural sciences. It is subsequently argued that the history of biblical research reflects similar paradigms and paradigm shifts and concludes that there was a major paradigm shift towards the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century. This shift entails a different look at the Bible. The Bible was no longer regarded as a special book containing the words of God. Rather, scholars became convinced that the Bible was entirely a human book. James Barr (1924-2006) eloquently formulated it as follows (1973:120): "If one wants to use the Word-of-God type of language, the proper term for the Bible would be Word of Israel, Word of some leading early Christians." The previous two sections of the current article identified the defects in the arguments entertained in the articles under discussion (June, 2023). The authors'assumption that research in the humanities and social sciences differs from scientific research is found to be problematical. Furthermore, they would appear to disregard the research history of the subjects they are comparing, since no mention is made of the paradigm shift in biblical studies. But that is not all, the authors also superimposed their convictions onto the text of the Bible as if such convictions were shared by people living in the ancient Near Eastern world. In the third section of the current article Genesis 1:1-2:4a and Genesis 2:4b-3:24 are properly analysed as etiological stories to drive home the nail that the research as reflected in said articles is unconvincing.

In hierdie artikel word die kwaliteit beoordeel van die navorsing wat in die vier artikels, gepubliseer onder die tema "Geloof en Wetenskap" in die Tydskrif vir Geesteswetenskappe, 63(2):192-261 tot uitdrukking kom. As vertrekpunt dien die oortuiging dat alle standpunte en menings rasioneel en krities beoordeel moet word om die feitelikheid, oftewel waarheidsgehalte daarvan te bepaal. In die ondersoek word die wetenskaplike navorsingsproses in ag geneem en die standpunt verdedig dat natuurwetenskaplike en geesteswetenskaplike navorsing nie wesenlik van mekaar verskil nie. Dit wys die standpunt van die navorsers af dat geesteswetenskaplike navorsing vanuit bepaalde geloofsvoorveronderstellings gedoen mag word. Daar word verder geargumenteer dat waarheid en geskiedenis ten nouste met mekaar saamhang, want wat in een eeu waar mag wees, kan in 'n volgende eeu as onwaar bewys word; daarom is 'n historiese bewussyn van die allergrootste belang. Die gebrek aan 'n sodanige bewussyn kan navorsers duur te staan kom, omdat hulle uitsprake kan maak en standpunte kan inneem wat histories nie korrek is nie. Die navorsers van die onderhawige artikels se poging om te bewys dat Genesis 1-3 met die moderne natuurwetenskaplike resultate versoen kan word, is onoortuigend, omdat hulle nie die historiese en kulturele kontekste van dáárdie verhale in ag neem nie. Voorts lees die navorsers hul oortuigings in die tekste in en laat sodoende die Bybel buikspreek.

ABSTRACT The article analyzes, in accordance with legal ethics provisions, the behavior of a lawyer who pretends to litigate in his own name but he actually is doing so for the interest of a third party whose identity remains hidden. This conduct is called sham litigation and the lawyer who displays it, sham litigator. CEP of 1948 and 2011 have not expressly penalized sham litigants, but disciplinary rulings have sentenced them in application of general duties ( e.g ., the duty of candor before court). A similar trend exists in comparative law, judging it as deviance from due professional conduct. Comparative law also shows that the identity of plaintiffs is not protected by the duty of confidentiality. The article begins by describing CEP 2011 rules which justify penalizing apparent litigants. Then it refers to the rules of CEP 1948 and the case law developed by the Chilean Bar Association in this regard. Subsequently, it deals with sham litigation in comparative law. It then considers two additional issues: the possibility that the sham litigation is covered by the duty of confidentiality in Chile and whether the law on appearance in court could authorize sham litigation.

RESUMEN El artículo analiza, a la luz de la ética profesional de la abogacía, la conducta de un abogado que simula litigar a nombre propio en circunstancias que lo hace por el interés de un tercero, cuya identidad permanece oculta. Esta conducta es llamada litigación aparente y el abogado que la despliega, litigante aparente. Los CEP de 1948 y de 2011 no han condenado expresamente al litigante aparente, pero la jurisprudencia sí sobre la base de deberes generales ( v.gr ., el deber de honradez ante el tribunal). Existe una tendencia similar en el derecho comparado, por desviación del correcto actuar profesional. El derecho comparado muestra, además, que la identidad de la persona que acciona no está amparada por el deber de confidencialidad. El artículo comienza describiendo las reglas del CEP de 2011, que justifican la condena del litigante aparente. Luego, se refiere a las reglas del CEP de 1948 y la jurisprudencia que el Colegio de Abogados desarrolló al respecto. Después, aborda la litigación aparente en el derecho comparado. Finaliza considerando dos puntos adicionales: la posibilidad de que el litigante aparente esté cubierto por el deber de confidencialidad en Chile y si la legislación sobre comparecencia en juicio podría autorizar la litigación aparente.

RESUMEN. Esta investigación identifica cómo ha sido interpretado por las altas cortes el artículo 1058 c.co. a la hora de resolver reclamaciones de seguros en las que las aseguradoras se niegan a pagar la indemnización por considerar que las tomadoras incumplieron con su deber precontractual de información. Se evidencia que las primeras interpretaciones favorecían la defensa planteada por las aseguradoras, pero que esta postura cambió al inclinarse las cortes por interpretaciones que privilegian a las demandantes, de tal forma que se tiende a mantener la validez del contrato de seguro y a condenar al pago de la indemnización.

ABSTRACT. This paper analyzes over 50 judicial decisions by the Colombian Supreme and Constitutional Courts to determine how the regime on precontractual nondisclosure and misrepresentation set in article 1058 of the Colombian Commercial Code has been interpreted. It shows that up to the first half of the 20th century the Courts tended to side with insurance companies by focusing on the insured's pre-contractual disclosure duties, but that during the last decade a shift has occurred and novel interpretation that favor the insured's position have become prevalent.

Abstract The general objective of this research is to identify the reasons or motives that have led to the vertiginous increase in cases of sexual harassment in the workplace against female workers since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. The provisional hypothesis is that in the context of labor relations in which women are employees hierarchically subordinate to men or groups of men, there has been an alarming increase in cases of sexual harassment violence, mainly because the Coronavirus pandemic has highlighted the situations of violence that already exist in Brazilian society, generating a kind of systemic pandemic, which occurs when a viral pandemic interacts directly with other diseases and/or social problems. The specific objectives are to present the institute of sexual harassment at work, to present the relationship between the COVID-19 pandemic and the increase in the number of cases of sexual harassment in labor relations practiced against women and to propose a reflection on this socio-legal phenomenon based on Pierpaolo Donati’s relational paradigm and Antonio Márquez Prieto’s Relational Justice. The approach used was deductive; the research technique was documental and the method of procedure was monographic. It was concluded that the only way to put an end to the hierarchy of gender inequality at work is through a collective commitment to reciprocity and good faith within the legal culture. COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 society andor problems sociolegal socio Donatis Donati s Prietos Prieto Justice deductive monographic culture COVID1 1 COVID-

Resumo A presente investigação tem como objetivo geral identificar quais os motivos ou as razões que permitiram o aumento vertiginoso dos casos de assédio sexual laboral contra as trabalhadoras a partir da deflagração da pandemia da COVID-19. Como hipótese provisória indica-se que no âmbito das relações trabalhistas nas quais a mulher figura como empregada hierarquicamente subordinada a homens ou grupo de homens, houve um aumento alarmante dos casos de violência de assédio sexual, principalmente porque a pandemia do Coronavírus evidenciou as situações violência já existentes na sociedade brasileira, gerando uma espécie de pandemia sistêmica, cuja ocorrência se dá quando uma pandemia virótica interage diretamente com outras doenças e/ou problemas sociais. Os objetivos específicos são apresentar o instituto do assédio sexual laboral, apresentar a relação entre a pandemia de COVID-19 e o aumento do número de casos de assédio sexual nas relações trabalhistas praticado contra as mulheres e propor uma reflexão acerca desse fenômeno sociojurídico a partir do paradigma relacional de Pierpaolo Donati e da Justiça Relacional de Antonio Márquez Prieto. O método de abordagem utilizado foi o dedutivo; a técnica de pesquisa foi a documental e o método de procedimento o monográfico. Concluiu-se que a única forma de acabar com a hierarquia da desigualdade de gênero no trabalho é a partir da vinculação coletiva à reciprocidade e à boa-fé, no âmbito da cultura jurídica. COVID19. COVID19 COVID 19. 19 indicase indica brasileira sistêmica eou sociais COVID-1 Prieto dedutivo monográfico Concluiuse Concluiu boafé, boafé boa fé, fé boa-fé jurídica COVID1 1 COVID-

RESUMEN Objetivos: reflexionar sobre los impactos de la Ley General de Protección de Datos Personales en la práctica de enfermería. Métodos: se trata de un artículo reflexivo llevado a cabo mediante una recolección intencional de materiales referentes al tema. Resultados: la legislación regula la confidencialidad, el tratamiento y la puesta en común de los datos, exigiendo medidas institucionales de protección. Corresponde al equipo de enfermería actuar de forma preventiva, tanto en la atención como en la gestión, para evitar el uso indebido de los datos personales de los pacientes. La ley permite la investigación académica siempre que el propósito sea claro, los datos se recojan con un fin explícito y se anonimicen. Consideraciones Finales: aunque la Ley General de Protección de Datos de Carácter Personal exige un cuidado mayor con relación al tratamiento de los datos, se basa en preceptos de buena fe y respeto de los derechos del individuo, conceptos que están en consonancia con el código deontológico de la enfermería. Objetivos Métodos tema Resultados confidencialidad protección preventiva gestión pacientes claro anonimicen Finales individuo

ABSTRACT Objectives: to reflect on the impacts of the General Personal Data Protection Law on Nursing practice. Methods: reflection article, through the intentional collection of materials relating to the topic. Results: legislation regulates confidentiality, processing and data sharing, requiring institutional protection measures. The nursing team is responsible for acting preventively, both in care and in the management role, in order to avoid the misuse of the patient’s personal data. The law allows academic research to be carried out as long as the purpose is clear, data collection occurs with an explicit purpose and data is anonymized. Final Considerations: although the General Personal Data Protection Law requires greater care in relation to data processing, it is established on precepts of good faith and respect for the rights of the individual, concepts aligned with the nursing code of ethics. Objectives practice Methods article topic Results confidentiality sharing measures preventively role patients patient s clear anonymized Considerations individual ethics

RESUMO Objetivos: refletir sobre os impactos da Lei Geral de Proteção de Dados Pessoais na prática da enfermagem. Métodos: artigo de reflexão, por meio da coleta intencional de materiais referentes ao tema. Resultados: a legislação regulamenta o sigilo, o tratamento e o compartilhamento dos dados, exigindo medidas de proteção institucionais. À equipe de enfermagem cabe agir preventivamente, tanto na assistência quanto no papel gerencial, a fim de evitar o mau uso dos dados pessoais do paciente. A lei permite a realização de pesquisas acadêmicas desde que a finalidade esteja clara, que a coleta de dados ocorra com um propósito explícito e que seja realizada a anonimização dos dados. Considerações Finais: apesar da Lei Geral de Proteção de Dados Pessoais exigir maiores cuidados em relação ao tratamento dos dados, ela é estabelecida em preceitos de boa-fé e em respeito aos direitos do indivíduo, conceitos alinhados ao código de ética da enfermagem. Objetivos Métodos reflexão tema Resultados sigilo institucionais preventivamente gerencial paciente clara Finais boafé boa fé indivíduo

Abstract: In this article we contend that, given the aesthetic fact of human imperfection, it is possible to imagine that rationality emanates from the value of solidarity. We identify an evolution of the principle of good faith towards the principle of solidarity. Thus, dignity, the foundation of all rights, reaches its highest expression.

Resumen: Este trabajo argumenta que a partir del hecho estético de la imperfección humana es posible imaginar que el objeto de la racionalidad brota del valor de la solidaridad. Identifica una evolución del principio de buena fe hacia el principio de solidaridad y así la dignidad, fundamento de todos los derechos, alcanza su mejor expresión.

Daily reports in the media about the extent of corruption in South Africa and the plight of whistle-blowers who dare to report it demonstrates the inadequacy of protective measures in South Africa. The murder of whistle-blower Babita Deokaran saw other whistle-blowers go into hiding, fearing for their own safety, and calls for urgent measures to be implemented to ensure the physical safety of whistle-blowers. The United Nations Convention Against Corruption (UNCAC) contains measures that could be implemented to protect the physical safety of whistle-blowers. Currently, the only legislation specifically protecting whistle-blowers in South Africa is the Protected Disclosures Act (PDA),1 which only protects against detriment in the workplace. A number of other statutes provide a measure of protection, but they are fragmented and by no means adequate. A legal comparison with the United Kingdom (UK), Ireland and the United States of America (US) may provide guidelines for reform in South Africa. The UK is currently debating the Protection for Whistleblowing Bill (Bill 27) in the House of Lords to improve protection for whistle-blowers. This Bill proposes to sever the required link to employment so that any person reporting wrongdoing will be protected if certain requirements are met. Bill 27 also establishes the Office of the Whistleblower, which has wide-ranging powers to protect whistle-blowers. The Irish Protected Disclosures (Amendment) Act 2022 was amended to broaden the definition of "worker" to include persons not previously protected and to establish an Office of the Commissioner similar to the Office of the Whistleblower in Bill 27, although with limited power. Neither the UK nor Ireland requires whistle-blowers to report in good faith; the focus is on the message instead of the messenger. Financial rewards for whistle-blowers in the US have proved to be highly successful and could be implemented in South Africa. It is recommended that physical protection of whistleblowers be prioritised, that a Whistle-Blowers' Office with wide-ranging powers be established, that protection be extended to persons outside the employment relationship, that whistle-blowers be rewarded for reporting on wrongdoing in prescribed circumstances, that the burden of proof be reversed and that the good faith requirement for protection be dropped.

Evangelism, for various reasons, is once again back on the agenda of the church and theology. As a result of negative experiences and practices of evangelism in the past, it is now necessary to rediscover evangelism in a post-Christendom context to enable the theological recovery of evangelism. This new understanding of evangelism can then contribute to the recovery of authentic practices in spreading the good news. To achieve this, evangelism must be rediscovered as essential to mission (participation in the missio Dei). Further to this, evangelism is rediscovered as an invitation to missional discipleship in the coming of the kingdom of God (missional discipleship as participation in the coming of the kingdom). This research was based on the starting point that evangelism takes place through an integrated missional congregation as the evangelist. This implies that evangelism is not an additional extra practice by a few members but an integral part of congregational ministry. Evangelism is then understood and integrated holistically as martyria by the entire faith community. The gospel of the kingdom is then embodied in their faithful presence (being), loving service (deeds) and words of hope at appropriate times (speaking). This holistic approach will free evangelism from reductionisms and dichotomies that have added to the fact that evangelism has fallen out of favour. These practices of evangelism are determined by the theology (content) and serviceable style of Jesus and contextually discerned in faith as participating in God's mission. The empirical research was based on 49 questionnaires received from 43 Dutch Reformed (DR) congregations from the Northern Synods and 6 other churches. The qualitative research comprised structured interviews with 10 pastors from participating DR congregations. Simple random sampling was used to select the participants of the study. Intradisciplinary and/or interdisciplinary implications: This research was conducted from the perspectives of practical theology and missiology. However, it also leaned into systematic theology (dogmatics) about missional ecclesiology and the identity of the church. The understanding of the integrated missional congregation (faith community) made use of systems theory, which is an interdisciplinary approach. The ethics of the practices of evangelism have points of contact with ethics.

RESUMEN. Teniendo a la vista el estado actual del derecho de contratos, el presente artículo indaga sobre la justificación normativa de diversos deberes de conducta derivados de la buena fe. Se procura demostrar que algunos deberes encuentran su justificación normativa en un modelo de individualismo desinteresado -que, en términos generales, impone la necesidad de no lesionar los legítimos intereses del otro-, mientras que otros la encuentran en un modelo de altruismo moderado -que, en determinadas hipótesis, impone un deber de sacrificar o poner en riesgo la satisfacción de los intereses propios-. Se concluye que, aunque buena parte de los deberes derivados de la buena fe encuentran su justificación normativa en un modelo de altruismo moderado, la buena fe reposa sobre una fundamentación normativa dual en el estado actual del derecho de contratos.

ABSTRACT. This article, bearing in mind the current state of contract law, inquires about the normative justification of various duties of conduct derived from good faith. It seeks to demonstrate that some duties find their normative justification in a model of disinterested individualism -which, in general terms, imposes the duty of not to harm the legitimate interests of the other- while others find it in a model of moderate altruism -which, in certain hypotheses, it imposes a duty to sacrifice or jeopardize the satisfaction of one's own interests-. It is concluded that, although a good part of the duties derived from good faith find their normative justification in a model of moderate altruism, good faith continues to find a dual normative foundation in the current state of contract law.

RESUMEN. La sentencia SC5513 de 2021 trata dos aspectos relevantes relativos a las restituciones consecutivas a la nulidad de un contrato. El primero se refiere al interrogante de hasta qué punto la buena fe en estos escenarios de nulidad contractual puede asimilarse o debe diferenciarse de la buena fe posesoria. El segundo concierne las dos tesis que ha sostenido la Corte en cuanto al momento a partir del cual el contratante de buena fe debe restituir los frutos en los escenarios de nulidad contractual. Ambos puntos ameritan un estudio crítico a partir de la jurisprudencia reciente de la Corte Suprema de justicia.

ABSTRACT. Judgment SC5513-2021 deals with two relevant aspects concerning consecutive restitutions after the nullity of a contract. The first refers to the question of to what extent good faith in these scenarios of contractual nullity can be assimilated or should be differentiated from good faith in possession. The second concerns the two theses that the Court has sustained regarding the moment from which the contracting party in good faith must return the benefits in the scenarios of contractual nullity. Both points deserve a critical study based on the recent decisions of the Supreme Court of Justice.