Abstract Introduction. In prepubertal heifers, Kisspeptin-10 has stimulated the secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and in postpartum lactating cows, it has stimulated LH secretion without evidence of inducing ovulation. Objective. To induce ovulation using Kisspeptin-10 or gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in beef-producing cows under subtropical conditions in Mexico. Materials and methods. The study was conducted in the northeastern region of the state of Puebla uring the years 2020 to 2021, with 252 Bos taurus x Bos indicus cows. The estrous synchronization protocol involved the insertion of an intravaginal device impregnated with progesterone (1.9 g) and intramuscular injection of 2 mg of estradiol benzoate (day 0). On day seven, the intravaginal device was removed, and cows were immediately intramuscularly injected with 0.150 mg of D-cloprostenol. On the following day (day eight), Kisspeptin-10 was as effective as GnRH in inducing ovulation. 56 hours after the removal of the intravaginal device (day nine), cows were intramuscularly injected with GnRH or Kisspeptin-10. Cows were assigned to four treatments: T1, 100 µg of GnRH (positive control), T2, T3, and T4 with 500 µg, 1000 µg, and 1500 µg of Kisspeptin-10, respectively. Ovulation was detected via ultrasonography four days post-treatment. The response variable evaluated was the ovulation rate. Data were analyzed using generalized linear models with a logit link function. Results. Ovulation rates obtained with T1 and T4 were statistically equal (99.9%; p>0.05) and higher (p<0.05) than those achieved with T2 (98.5%) and T3 (88.4%), with the latter two being statistically equal (p>0.05). Conclusion. Kisspeptin-10 1500 µg was as effective as GnRH in inducing ovulation.

Resumen Introducción. En becerras prepúberes, la Kisspeptina-10 ha estimulado la secreción de las hormonas luteinizante (LH) y folículo estimulante (FSH), y en vacas posparto amamantando ha estimulado la secreción de LH sin evidencia de inducir la ovulación. Objetivo. Inducir la ovulación con Kisspeptina-10 u hormona liberadora de gonadotropinas (GnRH), en vacas productoras de carne en condiciones subtropicales de México. Materiales y métodos. El estudio se realizó en la región nororiente del estado de Puebla durante los años 2020 al 2021, con 252 vacas cruzadas Bos taurus x Bos indicus. El protocolo de sincronización estral consistió en la aplicación de un dispositivo intravaginal impregnado con progesterona (1,9 g) y la inyección intramuscular de 2 mg de benzoato de estradiol (día 0). El día siete se removió el dispositivo intravaginal y de inmediato las vacas fueron inyectadas vía intramuscular con 0,150 mg de D-cloprostenol. Al día siguiente (día ocho), las vacas fueron inyectadas vía intramuscular con 1 mg de benzoato de estradiol. Entre 52 y 56 horas posteriores al retiro del dispositivo intravaginal (día nueve), las vacas se inyectaron vía intramuscular con GnRH o Kisspeptina-10. Las vacas se asignaron a cuatro tratamientos: T1, 100 µg de GnRH (control positivo), T2, T3 y T4 500 µg, 1000 µg y 1500 µg de Kisspeptina-10, respectivamente. La ovulación se detectó mediante ultrasonografía a los cuatro días post-tratamiento. La variable de respuesta evaluada fue la tasa de ovulación. Los datos se analizaron mediante modelos lineales generalizados y se aplicó una función liga logit. Resultados. Las tasas de ovulación obtenidas con T1 y T4 fueron iguales estadísticamente (99,9 %; p>0,05) y mayores (p<0,05) que las logradas con T2 (98,5 %) y T3 (88,4 %), estas dos últimas fueron iguales estadísticamente (p>0,05). Conclusión. La Kisspeptina-10 1500 µg fue tan efectiva como la GnRH para inducir la ovulación.

RESUMEN Introducción: Según el DSM-V, la pseudociesis se incluye en la categoría "otros síntomas somáticos específicos y trastornos relacionados" y se define como la falsa creencia de estar embarazada que se asocia con signos objetivos y síntomas de embarazo. La confirmación de la pseudociesis se consigue con un resultado negativo de la gonadotropina coriónica humana beta en la sangre y/o la orina asociado a un hallazgo ecográfico negativo. Materiales y métodos: se presenta el caso de mujer con síntomas y signos de embarazo que corresponden a pseudociesis, la paciente siguió creyendo que estaba embarazada debido a sus síntomas, a pesar de que las pruebas de embarazo dieron negativo. Conclusión: La pseudociesis es una enfermedad poco frecuente que a menudo se asocia a otras comorbilidades psiquiátricas y diagnósticos diferenciales poco claros. Es necesario la realización de más estudios, incluyendo series de casos y revisiones sistemáticas para comprender mejor esta infrecuente condición y sus otras variantes.

ABSTRACT Introduction: According to the DSM-V, pseudocyesis is included in the category "other specific somatic symptoms and related disorders" and is defined as a false belief of being pregnant that is associated with objective signs and symptoms of pregnancy. Confirmation of pseudocyesis is achieved with a negative blood and/or urine beta-human chorionic gonadotropin result and a negative ultrasound finding. Materials and methods: We present a case of a woman with symptoms and signs of pregnancy corresponding to pseudocyesis, the patient continued to believe she was pregnant because of her symptoms, despite negative pregnancy tests. Conclusion: Pseudocyesis is a rare condition that is often associated with other psychiatric comorbidities and unclear differential diagnoses. Further studies, including case series and systematic reviews, are needed to better understand this rare condition and its other variants.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of artificial insemination (AI) services in Holstein x Brahman cows under a heat induction programme. Three experiments were carried out. In Exp. 1, a retrospective analysis of the efficiency of AI insemination of 41 000 cows treated with the combination of progesterone and oestradiol benzoate or equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) was carried out. In Exp. 2 it was evaluated 863 cows inseminated after heat induced with progesterone and oestradiol benzoate to know the physiological events that occur before and after service in herds with a high incidence of anoestrus. Gynaecological examinations and determination of progesterone in milk were performed. The purpose of Exp. 3 was to improve the effectiveness of AI services for cows in postpartum anoestrus treated with progesterone and oestradiol benzoate combined with a technique to identify and induce the return to service of females that did not conceive. Only 30% of the cows exceeded 40% conception. The best results were obtained when using eCG (47% vs 29%). The problems associated with the low conception rate were unfertilized oestrus, embryonic mortality and anoestrus after breeding (Exp. 2). The return to service induction technique increased (p<0.001) the conception rate of the second induced service and the percentage of accumulated pregnancy in the treated group compared to the control (69.0 and 32.0%, respectively) (Exp. 3).

RESUMEN El trabajo tuvo como objetivo evaluar la eficiencia de los servicios de inseminación artificial (IA) en vacas Holstein x Brahman bajo programa de inducción del celo, Se realizaron tres experimentos. En el Exp. 1 se efectuó un análisis retrospectivo de la eficiencia de la inseminación artificial de 41 000 vacas tratadas con la combinación de progesterona y benzoato de estradiol o gonadotropina coriónica equina (eCG). En el Exp. 2 se trabajó con 863 vacas inseminadas de celo inducido con progesterona y benzoato de estradiol para conocer los eventos fisiológicos que ocurren antes y después del servicio en rebaños con alta incidencia de anestro. Se hicieron exámenes ginecológicos y determinación de progesterona en leche. El Exp. 3 tuvo como fin mejorar la eficacia de los servicios de IA de vacas en anestro posparto tratadas con progesterona y benzoato de estradiol combinado con una técnica para identificar e inducir el retorno al servicio de las hembras que no llegasen a concebir. Solo 30% de las vacas superaron el 40% de concepción. Los mejores resultados se obtuvieron al utilizar la eCG (47% vs 29%). Los problemas asociados a la baja tasa de concepción fueron los celos no fertilizados, la mortalidad embrionaria y el anestro posterior al servicio (Exp. 2). La técnica de inducción del retorno al servicio aumentó (p<0.001) la tasa de concepción del segundo servicio inducido y el porcentaje de preñez acumulada en el grupo tratado respecto al testigo (69.0 y 32.0%, respectivamente) (Exp. 3).

ABSTRACT In 2007 the Nordic group came to the following unanimous conclusions: In general, hormonal treatment is not recommended, considering the poor immediate results and the possible long-term adverse effects on spermatogenesis. Thus, surgery is to be preferred. However, defective mini puberty inducing insufficient gonadotropin secretion is one of the most common causes of nonobstructive azoospermia in men suffering from congenital isolated unilateral or bilateral cryptorchidism. The extent of alteration in the unilateral undescended testis correlate with the contralateral descended testis, indicating that unilateral cryptorchidism is a bilateral disease. Idiopathic central hypogonadism explains the phenomenon of defective mini puberty in otherwise healthy cryptorchid boys. We therefore recommend hormonal treatment for cryptorchid boys with defective mini puberty. Gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa) treatment following surgery to correct cryptorchidism restores mini puberty via endocrinological and transcriptional effects and prevents adult infertility in most cases. Several genes are important for central hypogonadotropic hypogonadism in mammals, including many that are transcribed in both the brain and testis. At the molecular level, there is no convincing evidence that heat shock is responsible for the observed pathological testicular changes. Thus, impaired transformation of gonocytes is not the result of temperature stress but rather a hormonal imbalance. Cryptorchidism should therefore be considered a serious andrological problem that cannot be successfully treated by early orchidopexy alone. 200 conclusions general recommended longterm long term spermatogenesis Thus preferred However disease GnRHa (GnRHa cases mammals level changes imbalance alone 20 2

Resumo O polvo com chifres Eledone cirrhosa, uma espécie de tamanho médio encontrada no Golfo Arábico ao largo da Arábia Saudita, foi coletado mensalmente no Golfo Arábico ao largo da cidade de Dammam durante o período de janeiro a dezembro de 2022. As amostras foram dissecadas e preparadas para exame por microscopia eletrônica. Durante a maturação genital, os túbulos seminíferos se estabelecem nos testículos, com espermatogônias ativas se dividindo. Espermatócitos 1 são observados no túbulo, seguidos de aumento de espermatogônias e espermatócitos em agosto. A espermiogênese começa com espermátides esféricas evoluindo para espermátides alongadas. Em setembro, as espermatogônias ativas, as divisões meióticas e o aumento da espermiogênese continuam. Os espermatozoides aparecem na Bolsa de Needham, indicando maturidade sexual. O ovário passa por vários estágios de desenvolvimento, com oócitos no estágio I em junho e julho, seguido pelo estágio II em outubro e novembro. No estágio IIIc, os cordões foliculares invadem o citoplasma do oócito, formando numerosas inclusões lipídicas e grânulos proteicos. O citoplasma contém cisternas de retículo endoplasmático e um Aparelho de Golgi pouco desenvolvido. O estágio IV ocorre em novembro, caracterizado pelo máximo desenvolvimento dos cordões foliculares e pelo início da vitelogênese. O ooplasma contém numerosas inclusões lipídicas, um sincício e células secretoras. A partir de dezembro, os oócitos do estágio V estão principalmente presentes, indicando a fase de atividade de secreção máxima. As plaquetas da gema acumulam-se no ooplasma do ovócito e o córion se forma na zona pelúcida. Em janeiro, os primeiros óvulos lisos são encontrados no ovário de alguns polvos e sua proporção aumenta continuamente. Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar a ação mitogênica da gonadotrofina bem como identificar os períodos de intensa multiplicação celular durante o ciclo sexual por meio de métodos citológicos. cirrhosa Saudita 2022 eletrônica genital testículos dividindo túbulo agosto alongadas setembro continuam Needham julho novembro IIIc oócito proteicos desenvolvido vitelogênese secretoras presentes máxima acumulamse acumulam pelúcida continuamente citológicos 202 20 2

Abstract The horned octopod Eledone cirrhosa, a medium-sized species found in Arabian Gulf off Saudi Arabia, was collected monthly from the Arabian Gulf off Dammam city during January to December 2022. Samples were dissected and prepared for examination using transmission electron microscopy. During genital maturation, seminiferous tubules are established in the testis, with active spermatogonia dividing. Spermatocytes 1 are observed in the tubule, followed by an increase in spermatogonia and spermatocytes in August. Spermiogenesis begins, with spherical spermatids evolving into elongated spermatids. In September, active spermatogonia, meiotic divisions, and increased spermiogenesis continue. Spermatozoa appear in Needham's pouch, indicating sexual maturity. The ovary undergoes various stages of development, with oocytes at stage I in June and July, followed by stage II in October and November. In stage III, follicular cords invade the oocyte's cytoplasm, forming numerous lipid inclusions and protein granules. The cytoplasm contains cisternae of endoplasmic reticulum and a poorly developed Golgi apparatus. Stage IV occurs in November, characterized by the maximum development of follicular cords and the beginning of vitellogenesis. The ooplasm contains numerous lipid inclusions, a syncytium, and secretory cells. From December, stage V oocytes are mainly present, indicating the activity phase of maximum secretion. Yolk platelets accumulate in the oocyte ooplasm, and chorion forms at the zona pellucida. In January, the first smooth eggs are found in some octopuses' ovary, with their proportion increasing steadily. This study aimed to investigate the mitogenic action of gonadotropin and identify the periods of intense cell multiplication during the sexual cycle using cytological methods. cirrhosa mediumsized medium sized Arabia 2022 microscopy maturation testis dividing tubule August begins September divisions continue Needhams Needham s pouch maturity July November III granules apparatus vitellogenesis syncytium cells present secretion pellucida octopuses steadily methods 202 20 2

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of three doses of equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) for ovarian superstimulation on ovarian response, follicular development and cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) collection in llamas. For this purpose, eighteen multiparous non-lactating adult (4–7 yo) female llamas with an average body condition of 2.8 (BCS 1–5) were submitted to a follicular ablation (FA) to induce a new follicular wave emergence. Two days after FA (Day 0), synchronized llamas were randomly allocated to three treatment groups (n = 6/group) and given 500, 750 and 1000 IU of eCG (Novormon®, Syntex, Buenos Aires, Argentina) per animal respectively to induce ovarian superstimulation. Transrectal ultrasonography were performed on Days 2, 4, and 6; and ovum pick up (OPU) was performed on Day 6. Data was evaluated by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), repeated measures ANOVA, and 2-tailed Chi-square. The average size (mm) of follicles was greater (p≤ 0.05) in the 1000 IU group compared to the other groups. There was a greater (p≤ 0.05) number of follicles ≥ 7 mm in the 1000 IU group compared to the 500 IU group. Number of COCs collected on Day 6 and the COC recovery rate were not different among groups. In conclusion, a single dose of 1000 IU of eCG induced the best ovarian response resulting in larger and greater number of follicles at the time of OPU. (eCG cumulusoocyte cumulus oocyte (COCs purpose nonlactating non lactating 4–7 47 4 (4– yo 28 2 8 2. BCS 1–5 15 1 5 (FA emergence 0, 0 , 0) n 6/group 6group 75 100 Novormon®, Novormon (Novormon® Syntex Aires Argentina OPU (OPU oneway one way ANOVA (ANOVA) 2tailed tailed Chisquare. Chisquare Chi square. square Chi-square (mm p≤ p (p 0.05 005 05 50 conclusion 4– (4 1– 10 Novormon® (Novormon (ANOVA 0.0 00 ( 0.

ABSTRACT Objective: Data regarding rare FPAs from India, a resource limited setting, are limited. We describe a case series of rare FPAs from a single center in western India. Materials and methods: This was a retrospective case record review of patients diagnosed between January 2010 and July 2022. The diagnosis was based on biochemical (inappropriately elevated serum FSH/LH) and pathologic (positive immunostaining for FSH/LH) features in patients with FGA, and elevated serum thyroid hormones and normal/elevated TSH in patients with TSHomas. Results: We identified 11 patients with a total of six FGAs (median age 43.5 years, five men, one FGA cosecreting TSH, median largest dimension 40 mm, range 33–60 mm) and six TSHomas (median age 34.5 years, four women, two TSHomas cosecreting GH, median largest dimension 42.5 mm, range 13–60 mm). Symptoms of sellar mass effects led to pituitary imaging in most patients with FGA. Patients with TSHomas had symptoms of excess hormone secretion (GH/TSH) or sellar mass effects. The TSHomas that cosecreted GH/FSH were larger than those secreting only TSH. Transsphenoidal resection was the most common first-line therapy but significant residual disease was frequent (3 out of 6 FGAs and 4 out of 5 TSHomas). Conclusion: This is the first and second case series of FGAs and TSHomas, respectively, from India. In this study, TSHomas presented at younger age, were larger and had low surgical cure rates. Objective India setting methods 201 2022 inappropriately FSH/LH FSHLH FSH LH positive normalelevated normal Results 1 435 43 43. years men mm 3360 33 60 33–6 345 34 34. women GH 425 42 42. 1360 13 13–6 mm. . GH/TSH GHTSH (GH/TSH GHFSH firstline line 3 ( TSHomas) Conclusion respectively study rates 20 202 336 33– 136 13– 2

Abstract This review aims to discuss the main factors involved in the development of early antral follicles until gonadotropin dependence. This follicular phase is characterized by intense proliferation of granulosa cells, formation of a fluid-filled cavity, morphological differentiation of cumulus cells, mural granulosa cells and recruitment of theca cells. The interaction between oocyte, granulosa and theca cells is crucial for follicular growth and hormone production. Growth factors produced by the oocyte, such as growth and differentiation factor-9 (GDF-9) and bone morphogenetic protein-15 (BMP-15), regulate granulosa cell proliferation and differentiation and antral cavity development, as well as stimulate the production of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) receptors in granulosa cells. In response to FSH, granulosa cells secrete C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP), which acts through its receptor to increase cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) production and consequently follicular development. Granulosa cells also produce insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and increase aromatase enzyme activity, which results in greater sensitivity to gonadotropins and follicular steroidogenesis. The absence of IGF-1 signaling causes cessation of follicular growth at the early antral stage. Many other local factors are involved in the regulation of follicular development. Therefore, this review brings relevant data for a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in the control of early antral follicle growth, emphasizing the role of endocrine and paracrine factors, the oocyte-granulosa cell interaction and the processes of follicular atresia. The challenges for the establishment of efficient culture systems for in vitro growth of early antral follicles are also discussed. dependence fluidfilled fluid filled oocyte factor9 factor 9 factor- GDF9 GDF (GDF-9 protein15 protein 15 protein-1 BMP15, BMP15 BMP , (BMP-15) folliclestimulating stimulating FSH (FSH Ctype C type CNP, CNP (CNP) cGMP (cGMP insulinlike insulin like factor1 1 IGF1 IGF (IGF-1 activity steroidogenesis IGF- stage Therefore oocytegranulosa atresia discussed (GDF- protein1 protein- BMP1 (BMP-15 (CNP (IGF- (GDF (BMP-1 (IGF (BMP- (BMP

Resumo Esta revisão tem como objetivo discutir os principais fatores envolvidos no desenvolvimento de folículos antrais iniciais até a dependência de gonadotrofinas. Essa fase folicular é caracterizada por intensa proliferação de células da granulosa, formação de uma cavidade preenchida por líquido, diferenciação morfológica das células do cumulus, células da granulosa murais e recrutamento de células da teca. A interação entre oócito, células da granulosa e da teca é determinante para o crescimento folicular e produção hormonal. Fatores de crescimento produzidos pelo oócito, fator de crescimento e diferenciação-9 (GDF-9) e proteína morfogenética óssea-15 (BMP-15), regulam a proliferação e diferenciação de células da granulosa, e o desenvolvimento da cavidade antral, bem como estimulam a produção de receptores do hormônio folículo estimulante (FSH) nas células da granulosa. Em resposta ao FSH, as células da granulosa secretam o peptídeo natriurético tipo C (CNP), que atua através de seu receptor para aumentar a produção de monofosfato de guanosina cíclico (GMPc) e consequentemente o desenvolvimento folicular. As células da granulosa também produzem o fator de crescimento semelhante à insulina 1 (IGF-1) e aumentam a atividade da enzima aromatase, o que resulta em maior sensibilidade às gonadotrofinas e esteroidogênese folicular. A ausência de sinalização do IGF-1 causa cessação do crescimento folicular no início do estágio antral. Muitos outros fatores locais estão envolvidos na regulação do desenvolvimento folicular. Por tanto essa revisão traz dados relevantes para uma melhor compreensão dos mecanismos envolvidos no controle do crescimento de folículos antrais iniciais, enfatizando o papel dos fatores endócrinos e parácrinos, a interação oócito-células da granulosa e os processos de atresia folicular. Os desafios para o estabelecimento de sistemas de cultivo eficientes para o crescimento in vitro de folículos antrais iniciais também são discutidos. líquido cumulus oócito hormonal diferenciação9 9 diferenciação- GDF9 GDF (GDF-9 óssea15 óssea 15 óssea-1 BMP15, BMP15 BMP , (BMP-15) antral FSH (FSH CNP, CNP (CNP) GMPc (GMPc IGF1 IGF (IGF-1 aromatase IGF- parácrinos oócitocélulas discutidos (GDF- óssea1 óssea- BMP1 (BMP-15 (CNP (IGF- (GDF (BMP-1 (IGF (BMP- (BMP

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: We aimed to assess the impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic on the clinical presentation of tubal ectopic pregnancies. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study was conducted at a tertiary center and included 76 cases of tubal ectopic pregnancies. The study period was divided into two groups: the pre-coronavirus disease group (January 2018 to February 2020, Group 1; n=47, 61.8%) and the coronavirus disease group (March 2020 to February 2022, Group 2; n=29, 38.2%). Subgroup analysis was also performed for tubal ruptured ectopic pregnancies as Group 1 (n=15, 62.5%) and Group 2 (n=9, 37.5%). RESULTS: No statistically significant differences were observed between the pre-coronavirus disease and coronavirus disease groups in terms of demographic characteristics. Although the serum beta-human chorionic gonadotropin level was found to be higher in Group 2, the difference was not statistically significant (p=0.7). The groups appeared to be similar in treatment management, duration of hospitalization, and blood transfusion needs (p=0.3, p=0.6, and p=0.5, respectively). Additionally, no significant difference was observed between the groups in the evaluation of ruptured ectopic pregnancies (p=0.5). In the subgroup analysis of tubal ruptured ectopic pregnancies, no significant difference was observed. CONCLUSION: To the best of our knowledge, there are few studies evaluating the effect of the pandemic on tubal ectopic pregnancies in the literature. Although we did not report statistically significant differences between groups in our study, given the potential prolonged duration of the pandemic, healthcare professionals should actively prompt their patients to seek necessary medical assistance. OBJECTIVE 201 METHODS 7 precoronavirus pre January n47 n 47 n=47 61.8% 618 61 8 March 202 2022 n29 29 n=29 38.2%. 382 38.2% . 38 38.2%) n=15, n15 15 (n=15 62.5% 625 62 5 n=9, n9 9 (n=9 37.5%. 375 37.5% 37 37.5%) RESULTS characteristics betahuman beta human p=0.7. p07 p p=0.7 0 (p=0.7) management hospitalization p=0.3, p03 3 (p=0.3 p06 6 p=0.6 p05 p=0.5 respectively. respectively respectively) Additionally p=0.5. (p=0.5) CONCLUSION knowledge literature assistance 20 n4 4 n=4 61.8 n2 n=2 38.2 n=15 n1 (n=1 62.5 n=9 (n= 37.5 p0 p=0. (p=0.7 p=0.3 (p=0. (p=0.5 n= 61. 38. n=1 62. (n 37. p=0 (p=0 p= (p= (p

Abstract Lipid metabolism is essential for ensuring oocyte maturation and embryo development. β-Oxidized fatty acids (FA) are a potent source of energy for cells, particularly for bovine somatic follicular cells. Superstimulatory protocols using follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) or FSH combined with equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) are capable of stimulating the follicular microenvironment and drive the expression of biomarker genes associated with lipid metabolism in the cumulus-oocyte complex (COC) for better embryo development. In this study, we assesed the effects of FSH and FSH/eCG protocols on the expression of genes related to lipid metabolism in bovine granulosa cells (GCs). Further, we measured triglyceride levels in follicular fluid (FF) obtained from both superstimulatd and non-superstimulated cows (synchronized cows). In summary, superstimulation with gonadotropins maintained the TG levels in bovine FF and ensured GCs mRNA abundance of ACSL1, ACSL3, ACSL6, SCD, ELOVL5, ELOVL6, FASN, FADS2, and SREBP1. We, however, found the abundance of CPTIB mRNA to be lower in GCs obtained from cows subjected to FSH/eCG protocols than synchronized cows. In conclusion, the findings of this study showed that ovarian superstimulation around the preovulatory phase has a mild impact on the lipid metabolism in GCs. development βOxidized β Oxidized FA (FA (FSH eCG (eCG cumulusoocyte cumulus COC (COC FSHeCG . (GCs) Further (FF nonsuperstimulated non superstimulated cows) summary ACSL1 ACSL ACSL3 ACSL6 SCD ELOVL5 ELOVL ELOVL6 FASN FADS2 FADS SREBP1 SREBP We however conclusion (GCs

ABSTRACT Objective: Both pulsatile gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and combined gonadotropin therapy are effective to induce spermatogenesis in men with congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (CHH). This study aimed to evaluate the effect of pulsatile GnRH therapy on spermatogenesis in male patients with CHH who had poor response to combined gonadotropin therapy. Materials and methods: Patients who had poor response to combined gonadotropin therapy ≥ 6 months were recruited and shifted to pulsatile GnRH therapy. The rate of successful spermatogenesis, the median time to achieve spermatogenesis, serum gonadotropins, testosterone, and testicular volume were used for data analysis. Results: A total of 28 CHH patients who had poor response to combined gonadotropin (HCG/HMG) therapy for 12.5 (6.0, 17.75) months were recruited and switched to pulsatile GnRH therapy for 10.0 (7.25, 16.0) months. Sperm was detected in 17/28 patients (60.7%). The mean time for the appearance of sperm in semen was 12.0 (7.5, 17.5) months. Compared to those who could not achieve spermatogenesis during pulsatile GnRH therapy, the successful group had a higher level of LH60min (4.32 vs. 1.10 IU/L, P = 0.043) and FSH60min (4.28 vs. 1.90 IU/L, P = 0.021). Testicular size increased during pulsatile GnRH therapy, compared to previous HCG/HMG therapy (P < 0.05). Conclusion: For CHH patients with prior poor response to one year of HCG/HMG therapy, switching to pulsatile GnRH therapy may induce spermatogenesis. Objective gonadotropinreleasing releasing (GnRH CHH. . (CHH) methods gonadotropins testosterone analysis Results 2 HCGHMG HCG HMG (HCG/HMG 125 12 5 12. 6.0, 60 0 (6.0 17.75 1775 17 75 100 10 10. 7.25, 725 7 25 (7.25 16.0 160 16 1728 17/2 60.7%. 607 60.7% (60.7%) 120 7.5, (7.5 17.5 175 LHmin LH min 4.32 432 4 32 (4.3 vs 110 1 1.1 IUL IU L IU/L 0.043 0043 043 FSHmin FSH 4.28 428 (4.2 190 90 1.9 0.021. 0021 0.021 021 0.021) 0.05. 005 0.05 05 0.05) Conclusion (CHH 6.0 (6. 17.7 177 7.25 72 (7.2 16. 172 17/ 60.7 (60.7% 7.5 (7. 17. 4.3 43 3 (4. 11 1. 0.04 004 04 4.2 42 19 9 002 0.02 02 00 0.0 6. (6 7.2 60. (60.7 7. (7 4. (4 0. ( (60. (60

RESUMEN La enfermedad trofoblástica gestacional es definida como un grupo heterogéneo de lesiones, las cuales surgen a partir del epitelio trofoblástico de la placenta luego de una fertilización anormal. Se presenta el caso de una paciente de 35 años de edad, con diagnóstico de neoplasia trofoblástica gestacional posmolar en etapa I, que se detectó tras estudios imagenológicos de seguimiento y determinación de la hormona gonadotropina coriónica humana, para lo cual llevó tratamiento con quimioterapia y terapéutica de mantenimiento con metotrexato por 5 días o metotrexato/ácido folínico por 8 días, hasta la normalización de la gonadotropina coriónica humana. Lo más relevante es que, aunque estos tumores abarcan menos del 1 % de los tumores ginecológicos, representan una amenaza para la vida de las mujeres en edad reproductiva.

ABSTRACT Gestational trophoblastic disease is defined as a heterogeneous group of lesions, which arise from the trophoblastic epithelium of the placenta after abnormal fertilization. The case of a 35-year-old female patient is presented with a diagnosis of posmolar gestational trophoblastic neoplasia in stage I, which was detected after follow-up imaging studies and determination of human chorionic gonadotropin, for which she underwent chemotherapy treatment and maintenance therapy with methotrexate for 5 days or methotrexate/folinic acid for 8 days, until normalization of human chorionic gonadotropin The most relevant thing is that, although these tumors comprise less than 1% of gynecological tumors, they represent a threat to the life of women of reproductive age.

Abstract Objective 26% of all pregnancies end in miscarriage, and up to 10% of clinically diagnosed pregnancies, and recurrent pregnancy loss is 5% among couples of childbearing ages. Although there are several known causes of pregnancy loss in the first half, including recurrent pregnancy loss, including parental chromosomal abnormalities, uterine malformations, endocrinological disorders, and immunological abnormalities, about half of the cases of pregnancy loss in its first half remain unexplained. Methods The review includes observational controlled studies (case-control or cohort, longitudinal studies, reviews, meta-analyses), which include the study of biochemical factors for predicting pregnancy losses in the first half, in singlet pregnancy. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) was used to assess the research quality. Results Finally, 27 studies were included in the review, which has 134904 examined patients. The results of the review include estimates of β-human chorionic gonadotropin, progesterone, pregnancy-associated protein – A, angiogenic vascular factors, estradiol, α-fetoprotein, homocysteine and CA-125 as a predictors or markers of the first half pregnancy losses. Conclusion It may be concluded that to date, research data indicate the unavailability of any reliable biochemical marker for predicting pregnancy losses in its first half and require either a combination of them or comparison with clinical evidence. A fairly new model shall be considered for the assessment of α-fetoprotein in vaginal blood, which may have great prospects in predicting spontaneous miscarriages. 26 miscarriage 10 5 ages abnormalities malformations disorders unexplained casecontrol case control cohort reviews metaanalyses, metaanalyses meta analyses , meta-analyses) NewcastleOttawa Newcastle Ottawa NOS (NOS quality Finally 2 13490 patients βhuman β human gonadotropin progesterone pregnancyassociated associated estradiol αfetoprotein, αfetoprotein α fetoprotein, fetoprotein CA125 CA 125 CA-12 date evidence blood miscarriages 1 meta-analyses 1349 CA12 12 CA-1 134 CA1 CA- 13

Abstract Objective This study aimed to investigate the effects of the presence of subchorionic hematoma (SH) in early pregnancies with threatened miscarriage (TM) on levels of first-trimester maternal serum markers, pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A), and free β-human chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG) levels. Methods The data of TM cases with SH in the first trimester between 2015 and 2021 were evaluated retrospectively. The data of age and gestational age-matched TM cases without SH were also assessed to constitute a control group. Demographic characteristics, obstetric histories, ultrasonographic findings, and free β-hCG and PAPP-A levels of the groups were compared. Results There were 119 cases in the study group and 153 cases in the control group. The median vertical and longitudinal lengths of the SH were 31 mm and 16 mm. The median age of both groups was similar (p=0.422). The MoM value of PAPP-A was 0.088 (.93) in the study group and 0.9 (0.63) in the control group (p=0.519). Similarly, the MoM value of free β-hCG was 1.04 (0.78) in the study group and 0.99 (0.86) in the control group (p=0.66). No significant relationship was found in the multivariate analysis between free β-hCG MoM, PAPP-A MoM, age, gravida, and vertical and longitudinal lengths of the hematoma (p>0.05). Conclusion The level of PAPP-A and free β-hCG were not affected by the SH. Therefore, these markers can be used reliably in TM cases with SH for the first-trimester fetal aneuploidy screening test. (SH (TM firsttrimester pregnancyassociated pregnancy associated proteinA protein A PAPPA, PAPPA PAPP , (PAPP-A) βhuman β human βhCG hCG (β-hCG 201 202 retrospectively agematched matched characteristics histories findings compared 11 15 3 1 p=0.422. p0422 p p=0.422 . 0 422 (p=0.422) 0088 088 0.08 .93 93 (.93 09 9 0. 0.63 063 63 (0.63 p=0.519. p0519 p=0.519 519 (p=0.519) Similarly 104 04 1.0 0.78 078 78 (0.78 099 99 0.86 086 86 (0.86 p=0.66. p066 p=0.66 66 (p=0.66) gravida p>0.05. p005 p>0.05 05 (p>0.05) Therefore test (PAPP-A 20 p042 p=0.42 42 (p=0.422 008 08 0.0 .9 (.9 0.6 06 6 (0.6 p051 p=0.51 51 (p=0.519 10 1. 0.7 07 7 (0.7 0.8 8 (0.8 p06 p=0.6 (p=0.66 p00 p>0.0 (p>0.05 2 p04 p=0.4 4 (p=0.42 00 (. (0. p05 p=0.5 5 (p=0.51 p0 p=0. (p=0.6 p>0. (p>0.0 (p=0.4 ( (0 (p=0.5 p=0 (p=0. p>0 (p>0. p= (p=0 p> (p>0 (p= (p> (p

Abstract Reproductive maturation is a complex physiological process controlled by the neuroendocrine system and is characterized by an increase in gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) pulsatile secretion. Nutrition during early development is a key factor regulating puberty onset, which is defined as first ovulation in females. In heifers, nutrient restriction after weaning delays puberty, whereas elevated levels of nutrition and energy reserves advance reproductive maturation. Recent studies in cattle and other animal models have shown that the dam’s nutrition during gestation can also program the neuroendocrine system in the developing fetus and has the potential to alter timing of puberty in the offspring. Among the metabolic signals that modulate brain development and control timing of puberty is leptin, a hormone produced primarily by adipocytes that communicates energy status to the brain. Leptin acts within the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus to regulate GnRH secretion via an upstream network of neurons that includes neurons that express neuropeptide Y (NPY), an orexigenic peptide with inhibitory effects on GnRH secretion, and alpha melanocyte-stimulating hormone (αMSH), an anorexigenic peptide with excitatory effects on GnRH neurons. Another important population of neurons are KNDy neurons, neurons in the arcuate nucleus that co-express the neuropeptides kisspeptin, neurokinin B, and dynorphin and have strong stimulatory effects on GnRH secretion. Our studies in beef heifers indicate that increased nutrition between 4 to 8 months of age advances puberty by diminishing NPY inhibitory tone and by increasing excitatory inputs of αMSH and kisspeptin, which collectively lead to increased GnRH/LH pulsatility. Our ongoing studies indicate that different planes of nutrition during gestation can alter maternal leptin concentrations and promote changes in the fetal brain. Nonetheless, at least in Bos indicus-influenced heifers, deficits programmed prenatally can be overcome by adequate postnatal nutrition without negatively impacting age at puberty or subsequent fertility. gonadotropinreleasing gonadotropin releasing (GnRH LH (LH onset females dams dam s offspring NPY, , (NPY) melanocytestimulating melanocyte stimulating αMSH, (αMSH) coexpress co kisspeptin B GnRHLH pulsatility Nonetheless indicusinfluenced indicus influenced fertility (NPY (αMSH