Abstract A total of 381 specimens of the tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus collected monthly from May 2017 to May 2018 in the Laguna de Los Patos, Cumaná, Venezuela, to evaluate reproductive parameters of this non-native species. Significant differences were found in relation to average height and weight between males and females, with the highest values in males. The sex ratio was 1:1.5 (males:females), which deviates significantly from the expected 1:1 ratio. The mean length of sexual maturity (Lm50) was 18.0 cm in females and 20.1 cm in males, reflecting that females mature at smaller sizes than males. The monthly variations of the gonadosomatic index (GSI) and the stages of sexual maturity show two reproductive peaks during the study, in October 2017 and April 2018, coinciding with the rainy and dry seasons in the region respectively. The condition factor (CF) showed significant differences between months, but not between sexes, with an average of 1.87 in females and 1.84 in males. The average absolute fecundity was 921 ± 604.6 eggs per fish, with a relative fecundity of 8.36 ± 3.09 eggs per gram of fish. Differences in oocyte size in mature females confirm that the species can spawn repeatedly over a period, which is considered an important factor for the establishment of tilapia in non-native environments. 38 201 Patos Cumaná Venezuela nonnative non native 11.5 115 1 1.5 5 1:1. malesfemales, malesfemales , (males:females) 11 1: Lm50 Lm (Lm50 180 18 0 18. 20 20. GSI (GSI study respectively CF (CF months sexes 187 87 1.8 184 84 92 6046 604 6 604. fish 836 8 36 8.3 309 3 09 3.0 period environments 11. 15 1. (males:females Lm5 (Lm5 2 9 60 83 8. 30 3. (Lm

Resumo Um total de 381 espécimes da tilápia Oreochromis mossambicus foram coletados mensalmente de maio de 2017 a maio de 2018, na Laguna de Los Patos, Cumaná, Venezuela, para avaliar parâmetros reprodutivos desta espécie não nativa. Foram encontradas diferenças significativas em relação às médias de altura e peso entre machos e fêmeas, sendo os maiores valores no sexo masculino. A razão sexual foi de 1:1,5 (machos:fêmeas), o que se desvia significativamente da proporção esperada de 1:1. O comprimento médio de maturação sexual (Lm50) foi de 18,0 cm nas fêmeas e 20,1 cm nos machos, refletindo que as fêmeas amadurecem em tamanhos menores que os machos. As variações mensais do índice gonadossomático (IGS) e dos estágios de maturidade sexual mostram dois picos reprodutivos durante o estudo, em outubro de 2017 e abril de 2018, coincidindo com as estações chuvosa e seca na região, respectivamente. O fator de condição (FC) apresentou diferenças significativas entre os meses, mas não entre os sexos, com média de 1,87 no sexo feminino e 1,84 no masculino. A fecundidade absoluta média foi de 921 ± 604,6 ovos por peixe, com fecundidade relativa de 8,36 ± 3,09 ovos por grama de peixe. Diferenças no tamanho dos ovócitos em fêmeas maduras confirmam que a espécie pode desovar repetidamente ao longo de um período, o que é considerado um fator importante para o estabelecimento de tilápias em ambientes não nativos. 38 201 2018 Patos Cumaná Venezuela nativa masculino 11,5 115 1 1,5 5 1:1, machosfêmeas, machosfêmeas , (machos:fêmeas) 11. 11 1. 1:1 Lm50 Lm (Lm50 180 18 0 18, 20 20, IGS (IGS estudo região respectivamente FC (FC meses sexos 187 87 1,8 184 84 92 6046 604 6 604, peixe 836 8 36 8,3 309 3 09 3,0 período nativos 11, 15 1, (machos:fêmeas 1: Lm5 (Lm5 2 9 60 83 8, 30 3, (Lm

RESUMO: O presente estudo testou a hipótese de que um aumento nos níveis iônicos (Na+, Cl-, Ca2+, Mg2+, and K+) no conteúdo do trato gastrointestinal (CTG), bem como no índice hepatosomático (IHS), no índice gonadosomático (IGS) e no fator de condição de Fulton (FCF) estão associados com o período de reprodução de jundiá (Rhamdia quelen). Assim, nós objetivamos verificar os níveis iônicos da fase fluida das diferentes porções do CTG, bem como IHS, IGS e FCF de jundiá em diferentes estações do ano em uma barragem no sul do Brasil. Os níveis mais altos de Na+ e Cl- do CTG foram encontrados na primavera. Os valores de Na+ e Cl- do estômago foram inferiores aos outros segmentos. Os níveis de K+ e Ca2+ no CTG foram maiores no inverno, exceto no estômago, onde os valores aumentaram no verão. Os níveis mais altos de K+ foram encontrados no intestino anterior. Os níveis mais altos de Ca2+ foram encontrados no intestino anterior e médio no inverno e na primavera. No verão, os níveis de Mg2+ no intestino foram mais baixos. Os valores de IGS e FCF foram maiores no inverno e na primavera, e do IHS foram maiores no inverno. Em conclusão, íons no CTG e HSI, GSI e FCF foram maiores no período de reprodução (inverno e primavera). RESUMO Na+, Na (Na+ Cl, Cl , Ca2 Ca Mg2 Mg K (CTG) (IHS) (IGS (FCF Rhamdia quelen. quelen . quelen) Assim Brasil primavera segmentos verão baixos conclusão HSI primavera) (Na (CTG (IHS

ABSTRACT: The current study tested the hypothesis that an increase in the ionic levels (Na+, Cl-, Ca2+, Mg2+, and K+) in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), and hepatosomatic index (HSI), gonadosomatic index (GSI), and Fulton’s condition factor (FCF) are associated with the reproduction period of silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen). So, we verified ionic levels of the fluid phase of the different portions of the GIT content, HSI, GSI, and FCF of silver catfish in different seasons in a dam in southern Brazil. The highest Na+ and Cl- levels in GIT were found in spring. The stomach’s Na+ and Cl- values were lower than the other segments. The K+ and Ca2+ levels in GIT were higher in winter, except in the stomach, where the values increased in summer. The highest K+ levels were reported in the anterior intestine. The highest Ca2+ levels in winter and spring were reported in the anterior and mid-intestines. In summer, the Mg2+ levels in the intestine were lower. The values of GSI and FCF were higher in winter and spring, and those of HSI were higher in winter. In conclusion, ions in the GIT and HSI, GSI, and FCF were higher in the reproduction period (winter for spring). ABSTRACT Na+, Na (Na+ Cl, Cl , Ca2 Ca Mg2 Mg K GIT, (GIT) (HSI) (GSI) Fultons Fulton s (FCF Rhamdia quelen. quelen . quelen) So content Brazil stomachs stomach segments summer midintestines. midintestines mid intestines. intestines mid-intestines conclusion spring) (Na (GIT (HSI (GSI

Abstract. The Peruvian moonfish (Selene peruviana) is an important fisheries resource that is landed in the main fishing harbors of Ecuador. At the local level, little information is available regarding the biology of this species, which hinders the development of management plans. The present study evaluates the reproductive characteristics of S. peruviana such as the size at sexual maturity and reproductive cycle. Specimens were obtained from artisanal and industrial catches from January 2017 to December 2018. The morphometric characteristics, sex, and maturity stage of 886 specimens were determined, and the gonadosomatic index (GSI), hepatosomatic index (HSI), and relative condition factor (Kn) were estimated. The length-weight relationship and length at sexual maturity (L50) were evaluated with an allometry equation and multi-model analyses, respectively. The mean capture size (total length, TL) was 23.62 cm for males and 22.97 cm for females. A sex ratio (M:F) of 0.70:1.00 (χ 2 = 26.28, P < 0.05) was obtained. The allometric factor of the length-weight relationship for both sexes (b) was 2.63 (t = 12.16, P < 0.05), and the coefficient of determination (r 2) was 0.89, which suggests that negative allometric growth was present. The L50 (TL) was estimated to be 22.61, 23.86, and 23.27 cm for males, females, and sexes combined, respectively. The monthly GSI, HSI, and Kn values were significantly different (K-W, P < 0.05) among study months. The maximum GSI values were observed in February and March, which constituted the period of highest reproductive activity. The HSI and Kn values exhibited similar trends. The size at sexual maturity was similar to the average catch size, which could indicate that S. peruviana is currently at the limit of its optimal catch size.

Resumen. El pez luna peruano, Selene peruviana, es un importante recurso desembarcado en las principales caletas pesqueras del Ecuador. A nivel local, existe poca información sobre la biología de esta especie, lo cual dificulta el desarrollo de planes de manejo. El presente estudio evalúa aspectos reproductivos de S. peruviana como la talla de madurez sexual y el ciclo reproductivo. Se obtuvieron muestras de capturas artesanales e industriales desde enero de 2017 hasta diciembre de 2018. Las características morfométricas, el sexo y la etapa de madurez de 886 especímenes fueron registrados y se estimó el índice gonadosomático (IGS), el índice hepatosomático (IHS) y el factor de condición relativo (Kn). La relación talla-peso y la talla de madurez sexual (L50) se evaluaron mediante la ecuación de alometría y análisis multimodelos, respectivamente. La talla media de captura (longitud total, LT) fue de 23.62 cm para los machos y 22.97 cm para las hembras. Se obtuvo una proporción de sexos (M:H) de 0.70:1.00 (χ2 = 26.28, P < 0.05). El factor alométrico de la relación longitud-peso para sexos combinados (b) fue 2.63 (t = 12.16, P < 0.05) y el coeficiente de determinación (r 2) fue 0.89, lo que sugiere una relación alométrica negativa. La L50 (LT) se estimó en 22.61, 23.86 y 23.27 cm para machos, hembras y sexos combinados, respectivamente. Los valores mensuales de IGS, IHS y Kn mostraron diferencias significativas (K-W, P < 0.05) entre los meses de estudio. Los valores máximos de IGS se observaron durante febrero y marzo, siendo el periodo de mayor actividad reproductiva. Los índices de IHS y Kn mostraron tendencias similares. La talla de madurez sexual fue similar a la talla media de captura, lo que podría indicar que S. peruviana se encuentra en el límite de su talla óptima de captura.

Resumen. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la maduración gonadal, calidad de los huevos y larvas de hembras de Macrobrachium tenellum alimentadas con dietas con diferentes niveles de proteínas y lípidos, utilizando indicadores morfológicos y pruebas de estrés. Se capturaron reproductores de M. tenellum en el río Ameca, Jalisco-Nayarit. Se probaron ocho dietas experimentales con cuatro niveles de proteína (30, 35, 40 y 45% P) y dos niveles de lípidos (4 y 12% L), se evaluó la fecundidad (FC), esfuerzo reproductivo (ER), la tasa de eclosión (TE), índice gonadosomático (IGS), índice hepatosomático (IHS), y pruebas de estrés en larvas: supervivencia en inanición y tolerancia a salinidad alta (45 ups). Los resultados muestran que las interacciones entre proteínas y lípidos tienen efectos diferentes en la calidad de huevos y las pruebas de estrés en larvas. La dieta que presentó el promedio más alto en FC, ER y TE fue P30L12, a su vez, la dieta P30L4 obtuvo los promedios más bajos en dichos parámetros. Los IGS e IHS fueron independientes de los tratamientos dietarios y no se encontraron diferencias haciendo comparaciones entre ambos índices. La dieta P30L4 no es la mejor opción para reproductoras de la especie y se recomienda la dieta P35L4 ya que garantiza una calidad de huevos y larvas similar a la mayoría de las dietas evaluadas.

Abstract. This work aimed to determine the gonadal maturation, egg and larval quality of Macrobrachium tenellum females fed diets with different protein and lipid levels, using morphological indicators and stress tests. M. tenellum broodstock were captured in the Ameca River, Jalisco-Nayarit. Eight experimental diets with four protein levels (30, 35, 40 and 45% P) and two lipid levels (4 and 12% L) were tested. Fecundity (FC), reproductive effort (RE), hatching rate (HT), Gonadosomatic Index (GSI), Hepatosomatic Index (HSI), and larval tests: starvation survival and tolerance to high salinity (45 psu), were evaluated. The results show that protein-lipid interactions have different effects on egg quality and larval stress tests. The diet with the highest mean in FC, RE and HT was P30L12, while the P30L4 diet obtained the lowest averages in these parameters. The GSI and HSI were independent of the dietary treatments and no differences were found when comparing the two indexes. The present study showed that the P30L4 diet is not the best option for broodstock of the species and the P35L4 diet is recommended since it guarantees egg and larval quality similar to most of the diets evaluated.

ABSTRACT The Brazilian bocachico is a rheophilic fish from the northeast region of Brazil that holds great economic and scientific interest. The absence of evident sexual dimorphism and the invasive character of sexing methods and evaluation of gonadal maturation are obstacles to its artificial reproduction. In this scenario, ultrasonography emerges as a non-invasive method for sexing. The objectives of this study were to establish an ultrasound sexing method for Brazilian bocachico and select equations to estimate the gonadosomatic index (GSI), gonad weight (GW), and gonad volume (GV) of live bocachico. A total of 32 bocachico fish (18 females and 14 males) were analyzed ultrasonographically and morphologically. The association of morphometric and ultrasonographic parameters was investigated using Pearson Correlations. The following prediction equations were selected using multiple regression analysis: GSI = 16.22 × transvarea; GW = 30.3 × transvarea; and GV = 0.001260036 × pixels. A model capable of predicting the sex of the animals based on the ultrasonographic parameters was obtained using partial least-squares discriminant analysis with principal component analysis. The significance level adopted was P < 0.05. In conclusion, ultrasonography is a useful tool to perform sexing and evaluate the gonads during the breeding season, contributing to artificial reproduction in captivity. interest scenario noninvasive non GSI, , (GSI) GW, (GW) (GV 3 18 (1 1 males morphologically Correlations 1622 16 22 16.2 transvarea 303 30 30. 0001260036 0 001260036 0.00126003 pixels leastsquares least squares 005 05 0.05 conclusion season captivity (GSI (GW ( 162 2 16. 000126003 00126003 0.0012600 00 0.0 00012600 0012600 0.001260 0. 0001260 001260 0.00126 000126 00126 0.0012 00012 0012 0.001 0001 001 0.00 000

Abstract Aim We investigated trophic and reproductive traits of feral guppy Poecilia reticulata and southern platyfish Xiphophorus maculatus in a headwater creek located in the Paraíba do Sul River basin, southeastern Brazil. Methods Fish were collected bimonthly from January to December 2017 using sieve in Lopes Creek. Stomach items were analyzed and developmental stages of females were classified as 1 (Non-gravid), 2 (Yolked ova), 3 (Eyed embryos), and 4 (Mature embryos). The mean values of fecundity and population structure for each developmental stage were determined for females using six length classes. Bimonthly mean values of gonadosomatic index of females were overlayed with average bimonthly rainfall, water level/temperature, and the sex ratio was calculated. The juvenile-to-adult proportion was calculated bimonthly, and the phenotype (ornamental-type × wild-type) was also analyzed. Results The guppy and southern platyfish fed, primarily, on detritus, and both species showed reproductive activity during all the sampling period. The mean fecundity of P. reticulata and X. maculatus was high and the smallest gravid female of guppy measured 0.8 cm SL, and southern platyfish 1.0 cm. The GSI of both species showed peaks coinciding with the highest rainfall, water level/temperature, and females were significantly more frequent than males. Juveniles were found during all the sampling period, and both species were represented by wild-type forms. Conclusions P. reticulata and X. maculatus presented opportunistic feeding, long reproductive period, high fecundity and early maturity. The year-round presence of reproductive females, juveniles and wild-type phenotypes suggests establishment of populations in the study area. We hypothesize that the introduction of both species has occurred several years ago, and the continued exposure to predation seems to have molded their life-history traits and phenotype. basin Brazil 201 Creek Nongravid, Nongravid Non , (Non-gravid) Yolked ova, ova ova) Eyed embryos, embryos embryos) Mature embryos. . classes rainfall leveltemperature level temperature level/temperature juveniletoadult juvenile adult ornamentaltype ornamental type wildtype wild fed primarily detritus period P X 08 0 8 0. SL 10 1. males forms feeding maturity yearround year round area ago lifehistory life history 20 (Non-gravid

Resumo Objetivo Investigamos as características tróficas e reprodutivas de populações do guppy Poecilia reticulata e plati Xiphophorus maculatus ferais em um riacho de cabeceira localizado na bacia do rio Paraíba do Sul, sudeste do Brasil. Métodos Exemplares foram coletados bimestralmente de janeiro a dezembro de 2017 utilizando-se peneira no riacho Lopes. Os itens alimentares foram analisados e os estágios de desenvolvimento embrionário de fêmeas foram classificados como 1 (Não grávida), 2 (Ovo), 3 (Embrião com olhos) e 4 (Embrião formado). Os valores médios da fecundidade e estrutura populacional para cada estágio de desenvolvimento embrionário foram determinados para as fêmeas usando seis classes de comprimento. Os valores médios bimestrais do Índice Gonadossomático de fêmeas foram associados com a precipitação média bimestral, nível/temperatura da água e a razão sexual foi calculada. A proporção juvenil-adulto foi calculada bimestralmente, e os fenótipos ornamental/selvagem também foram analisados. Resultados O guppy e plati se alimentaram especialmente de detritos, e ambas espécies apresentaram atividade reprodutiva durante todo o período amostral. A fecundidade média de P. reticulata e X. maculatus foi alta e a menor fêmea grávida de guppy mediu < 1,0 cm e plati 1,0 cm CP. O IGS de ambas as espécies apresentaram picos coincidindo com maior precipitação, nível/temperatura da água, sendo as fêmeas mais numerosas que machos. Juvenis foram encontrados durante todo o período amostral, e ambas as espécies foram representadas pelo fenótipo selvagem. Conclusões P. reticulata e X. maculatus apresentaram alimentação oportunista, longo período reprodutivo, alta fecundidade e maturidade precoce. A presença de fêmeas reprodutivas, juvenis e do fenótipo selvagem durante todo o período amostral sugere estabelecimento das espécies na área de estudo. Hipotetizamos que a introdução do guppy e plati ocorreu há vários anos, e que a contínua exposição à predação parece ter moldado aspectos de sua história de vida e fenótipo. Sul Brasil 201 utilizandose utilizando Lopes Não grávida, , grávida) Ovo, Ovo (Ovo) Embrião olhos formado. formado . formado) comprimento bimestral níveltemperatura nível temperatura juveniladulto juvenil adulto ornamentalselvagem ornamental detritos P X 10 0 1, CP machos oportunista reprodutivo precoce estudo anos 20 (Ovo

Abstract The success of Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) inopinatus infection in fish involves a complexity of variables. This study aims to evaluate the relationship between abundance of P. (S.) inopinatus with biometric and somatic parameters, sex, relative condition factor (Kn) and hosts diet, as well as to evaluate length relationship of the parasites and the hosts. The fishes were collected by the mesh method and data, length, weight, sex, gonad and liver weight, Gonadosomatic index (GSI) and hepatosomatic index (HSI), Kn and stomach content were recorded. Twenty-seven specimens of P. (S.) inopinatus were collected in the intestine from Serrasalmus rhombeus and 52 from Leporinus friderici. In general, the prevalence, mean intensity and mean abundance of infection was higher in L. friderici. The total abundance was explained by the variables GSI, HSI total length, gonad and liver weight. Fish relative condition factor (kn) and sex were not influenced by the infection, being that the parasite infection did not impair the body condition of the hosts. There is no relationship between host length and parasite length in any of the evaluated fish species. On average, S. rhombeus parasites are 0.69 cm larger than L. friderici parasites. Spirocamallanus (Spirocamallanus P S (S. parameters (Kn diet data weight GSI (GSI HSI, , (HSI) recorded Twentyseven Twenty seven 5 general prevalence L kn (kn species average 069 0 69 0.6 (S (HSI 06 6 0.

ABSTRACT. In Ecuador, Peprilus medius is an important fishery resource whose destination is for local consumption and export. There are few local studies on its reproductive biology, and its capture is not regulated. Therefore, this study evaluates the most relevant aspects of its reproductive activity. Samples were obtained monthly from January to December 2017 from the capture of the purse seine fleet and the artisanal gillnet fleet landing near Manta. The morphometric analysis included the length-weight relationship, estimated using the allometry equation. The size at sexual maturity is based on the L50 criterion; the reproductive cycle was determined according to the monthly analyses of the gonadosomatic index (GSI), hepatosomatic index (HSI), and relative condition factor (Kn). A total of 334 specimens were analyzed, with average sizes of 22.0, 21.87, and 21.91 cm of total length (TL), for males, females, and combined sexes, respectively. Sex ratio was 1.17M: 1F (P > 0.05), while the length-weight relationship showed negative allometric growth for both males and females (b = 2.58; CI95% 2.48-2.72). Size at sexual maturity L50 was estimated at 21.84 and 21.23 cm TL for males and females, respectively. The GSI and HSI values and Kn showed significant differences among months (P < 0.05), with a marked seasonality during the single reproductive period. Mean size at first capture of 21 cm TL is recommended.

RESUMO: Para avaliar a possível ocorrência de alterações reprodutivas em caprinos machos associado ao consumo de Cenostigma pyramidale, foram utilizados 16 animais divididos em dois grupos experimentais, G1 e G2 (grupo controle). Animais pertencentes ao G1 receberam 2% de volumoso, com base no peso vivo (PV), constituído de 100% de C. pyramidale e o G2 receberam 2%, com base no PV, de feno de Panicum maximum ‘Massai’. Todos os grupos receberam 1%, com base no PV, de suplementação concentrada, além de sal mineralizado e água ad libitum. A cada 30 dias os animais eram submetidos à pesagem, biometria testicular e coletas de sêmen. O sêmen foi avaliado quanto ao volume, turbilhonamento, vigor, motilidade, concentração espermática, defeitos maiores, menores e totais. Após 120 dias os animais foram castrados e os testículos coletados. Foram realizadas as mensurações testiculares e coletados fragmentos para o processamento histológico, para determinação do índice gonadossomático, diâmetro dos túbulos seminíferos, altura do epitélio germinativo, proporção volumétrica e volume dos componentes do parênquima testicular, comprimento total dos túbulos seminíferos, comprimento de túbulo seminífero por grama de testículo, índices leydigossomático e tubulossomático. Os dados foram avaliados quanto à normalidade pelo teste t de Student, os dados com distribuição normal foram analisados por análise de variância com 5% de probabilidade e os não paramétricos, pelo teste de Kruskal-Wallis, a 5% de probabilidade. Houve diferenças significativas (p<0,05) para índice gonadossomático (G1=0,48±0,08 e G2=0,34±0,09) e altura do epitélio germinativo (G1=52,95±2,99 e G2=47,63±2,67) entre os tratamentos. O feno de catingueira promoveu aumento no peso corporal e consequentemente maior peso testicular, o que contribui para elevação do IGS. Concluiu-se que o consumo da C. pyramidale não possui efeito tóxico sobre os parâmetros testiculares, seminais e histológicos do testículo dos caprinos e que a planta, por suas características nutricionais promoveu melhora no desenvolvimento corporal dos animais e por ser uma planta adaptada ao clima do semiárido, se constitui uma fonte alternativa de alimentação para esta categoria animal, durante períodos de escassez de alimento.

ABSTRACT: This study aimed to assess the possible occurrence of reproductive changes in male goats associated with ingestion of Cenostigma pyramidale hay. Sixteen animals divided into two experimental groups, G1 and G2 (control group) were used. Animals in G1 received 2% of forage, based on live weight (LW), composed of 100% of C. pyramidale, and animals in G2 received 2% of Panicum maximum “Massai’ grass hay, based on LW. Both groups received 1% of concentrated feed supplementation based on LW, along with mineralized salt and water ad libitum. The goats were subjected to weighing, testicular biometry, and semen and blood collection every 30 days. After 120 days, the animals were castrated and their testes were collected. Testicular measurements were performed and fragments were collected for histological processing to determine the gonadosomatic index (GSI), diameter of the seminiferous tubules, height of the germinal epithelium (HGE), volumetric proportion and volume of the testicular parenchyma components, total length of the seminiferous tubules, length of the seminiferous tubules per gram of testis, and leydigosomatic and tubulosomatic indexes. The data were evaluated for normality using the Student’s t-test. Data with normal distribution were assessed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the non-parametric data were evaluated using the Kruskal-Wallis test, both at 5% probability. Statistically significant differences (p<0.05) were observed for GSI (G1=0.48 ±0.08 and G2=0.34 ±0.09) and HGE (G1=52.95 ±2.99 and G2=.47.63 ±2.67) between treatments. Consumption of C. pyramidale hay increased LW and, consequently, testicular weight, contributing to high GSI. In conclusion, ingestion of C. pyramidale has no toxic effect on the testicular, seminal and histological parameters of goat testis. Due to its nutritional characteristics, consumption of this plant improves animal body development. Because C. pyramidale is adapted to semi-arid regions, it can be an alternative source of feed for goats during periods of shortage.

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the gonadosomatic index (GSI) and the weight/length ratio in important shrimp populations (Xiphopenaeus kroyeri (Heller, 1862), Litopenaeus schmitti (Burkenroad, 1936), Rimapenaeus constrictus (Stimpson, 1874)) from the northern littoral of São Paulo State. The samples were collected between 2015 and 2016, with 212 females that were identified, classified according to their gonadal development stage, and measured (CL). The gonads were macroscopically classified into immature, spent and developed, and were then removed. Both body (BodW) and gonad (GonW) dry weights were obtained in order to calculate the gonadosomatic index. Weight/length relationship and weight gain rate were assessed. The weight gain presented negative allometry, indicating that the animals grow faster than they gain weight. The weight/length relationship showed a pattern of continuous reproduction, as previously determined for tropical species. From the GSI values, it was possible to separate the three predetermined gonadal stages, proving that macroscopic evaluation is reliable for evaluating the reproductive period of these shrimps. These results can be used as a guide for fishery stocks management and monitoring.

Resumo: O hábito alimentar de peixes associado à morfologia do tubo digestivo pode fornecer informações biológicas e ecológicas úteis. Entre janeiro e dezembro de 2012, examinamos 16 espécies de peixes descartadas por pesca de arrasto na Bacia Potiguar, nordeste do Brasil, e as classificamos em quatro grupos, de acordo com o Índice Alimentar-IAi. Nossos objetivos foram: (1) fornecer informações sobre a composição da dieta de uma espécie representante de cada grupo (Opisthonema oglinum, Conodon nobilis, Larimus breviceps e Sphoeroides testudineus), (2) examinar a morfologia de seu tubo digestivo e (3) associar os itens alimentares ingeridos com as características morfológicas descritas. O conteúdo estomacal foi coletado e classificado de acordo com o IAi nas categorias: principal, acessória e secundária; fragmentos de esôfago, estômago e intestino delgado foram examinados pela técnica de secção em parafina. Os dados biométricos (comprimento total-CT, comprimento padrão-CP e peso total-PT), peso do estômago-PE e peso gonadal-PG foram registrados e aplicados em dois índices: (1) Índice de Repleção Estomacal - IR (IR = PE / PT × 100) e (2) Índice Gonadossomático - IGS (IGS = PG / PT × 100) para análises de atividade alimentar e reprodutiva, respectivamente. As principais categorias alimentares foram: (1) Teleostei para C. nobilis, (2) Crustacea para L. breviceps e O. oglinum, e (3) Mollusca para S. testudineus. Maior atividade alimentar ocorreu durante a estação seca, e o IGS foi maior na estação chuvosa. O exame morfológico revelou estrutura regular dos tecidos analisados, destacando-se a presença de glândulas gástricas tubulares e camadas musculares espessas no estômago (O. oglinum; L. breviceps); cecos pilóricos bem desenvolvidos no intestino (O. oglinum; C. nobilis; L. breviceps); e presença de pseudoestômago (S. testudineus). Nosso estudo confirma que o tubo digestivo das espécies examinadas possui adequação morfológica ao hábito alimentar carnívoro e fornece informações úteis sobre as estruturas dos tecidos associados à composição da dieta.

Abstract: Fish feeding habit associated to the morphology of their digestive tube can provide useful biological and ecological information. Between January and December 2012, we examined 16 fish species discarded by trawl in the Potiguar basin, northeastern Brazil, and classified them into four groups according to Alimentary Index - IAi. Our aims were to: (1) provide information on diet composition of one species represented by each group (Opisthonema oglinum, Conodon nobilis, Larimus breviceps and Sphoeroides testudineus), (2) examine the morphology of their digestive tube, and (3) associate ingested food items with the morphological features. Stomach contents were collected and classified according to IAi: main, accessory and secondary categories; fragments of esophagus, stomach, and small intestine were examined using paraffin section technique. Biometric data (total length-TL, standard length-SL and total weight-TW), stomach weight-SW, and gonadal weight-GW were recorded and applied in two indices: (1) the stomach Repletion Index - SRI (SRI = SW/TW × 100) and (2) the gonadosomatic index - GSI (GSI = GW/TW × 100) for the analyses of feeding and reproductive activities, respectively. The main food categories were (1) Teleostei for C. nobilis, (2) Crustacea for L. breviceps and O. oglinum, and (3) Mollusca for S. testudineus. The feeding activity was higher during the dry season, while the GSI was higher in the rainy season. The morphological analysis revealed a regular structure of the tissues analyzed. We highlight the presence of tubular gastric glands and strong muscular walls in the stomach (O. oglinum; L. breviceps); well-developed pyloric caecum in the intestine (O. oglinum; C. nobilis; L. breviceps); and presence of pseudo-stomach (S. testudineus). Our study confirms that the digestive tube of the examined species has morphological adequacy for carnivorous feeding habit, providing useful information on tissue structures associated to diet composition.

Abstract: This study was carried out, monthly, in the Saros Bay (Northern Aegean Sea, Turkey) between January 2015 and December 2015. The gonadosomatic index (GSI) and absolute fecundity (Fa) of the blotched picarel (Spicara maena) were analyzed . GSI values suggested the spawning period of S. maena was from April to June. The relations between the absolute fecundity and total length (TL), total weight (TW) and age (A) of the blotched picarel females were estimated as Fa= 287.52TL1.40, Fa= 153.33TW + 6,680.9 and Fa= 2,407.5A + 5,289.6, respectively. The present study contributes to the reproductive biology of S. maena by reporting the first data about the fecundity of the species for the Aegean Sea.

Resumen: Este estudio se llevó a cabo mensualmente en la Bahía de Saros (norte del mar Egeo, Turquía) entre enero y diciembre 2015. Se analizó el índice gonadosomático (IGS) y la fecundidad absoluta (Fa) del trompero Spicara maena. Los valores de IGS sugirieron que el período de desove de S. maena fue de abril a junio. Las relaciones entre la fecundidad absoluta y la longitud total (TL), el peso total (TW) y la edad (A) de las hembras del trompero se estimaron como Fa= 287,52TL1.40, Fa= 153,33TW + 6.680,9 y Fa = 2.407,5A + 5.289,6, respectivamente. El presente estudio contribuye a la biología reproductiva de S. maena al determinar los primeros datos sobre la fecundidad de la especie para el Mar Egeo.

Abstract: Although Mulloidichthys dentatus is a commercially important species in this region of the Mexican Pacific, most aspects of its biological life cycle, including reproduction, are not known. The main goal of this study was the description of several reproductive traits of M. dentatus in the southern coast of Jalisco, Mexico. Monthly sampling was carried on from January 1998 to December 2008. Fish were caught using a set of gill nets with different mesh sizes. A total of 1,590 individual were sampled and total length (TL), total weight, sex and maturation stage were determined for each fish. Gonads were extracted and preserved for histological analyses. Minimum, mean and maximum TL of fish sampled were 16.5, 30.9 and 40.0 cm, respectively. A total of 899 females and 691 males were collected with the overall sex ratio equal to 1.3:1. Maximum values of gonadosomatic index (GSI) and mean oocyte diameter, as well as the percentages of gonads in advanced reproduction stages suggest that M. dentatus has three main reproductive periods in March, May-July and November. Significant correlation between both sexes was found for GSI and condition factor. Seven oocyte development phases were found in ripe ovaries, which suggest asynchronic oocyte development. Cell arrangement found in testis was of lobular type with an externally well-defined sperm duct. Maturation length was 25.4 cm for females and 24.5 cm for males. As these values are less than the mean lengths observed in catches (31.9 and 29.7 cm TL), it can be assumed that more than 50% of caught individuals have had a reproductive event (99% female and male).

Resumen: Aunque Mulloidichthys dentatus se captura de manera comercial en esta región del Pacífico mexicano, no se conoce gran parte de su biología básica, incluida la reproducción. Este estudio describe aspectos reproductivos de M. dentatus en la costa sur de Jalisco, México. El trabajo se realizó entre enero de 1998 a diciembre de 2008 con muestreos mensuales. Los organismos fueron capturados con redes de enmalle de diferente luz de malla. Se obtuvieron 1.590 organismos, a los cuales se les registró la longitud total, peso total, se les extrajeron las gónadas, se determinó el sexo, se evaluó el estadio de madurez y se procesaron histológicamente las gónadas. Las longitudes mínima, promedio y máxima fueron 16,5, 30,9 y 40,0 cm, respectivamente. Del total de organismos, 899 fueron hembras y 691 machos. La proporción sexual fue dominada por las hembras (1,3:1 H:M). Los valores máximos del índice gonadosomático (IGS), del diámetro promedio de los ovocitos, así como los porcentajes de organismos con gónada en estadio capaz de reproducirse, sugieren que M. dentatus presenta tres periodos reproductivos: en marzo, de mayo a julio y en noviembre. Se encontró correlación temporal entre sexos para el IGS y factor de condición relativo. El ovario maduro presentó 7 fases de desarrollo de ovocitos, lo que sugiere que el desarrollo de los ovocitos es asincrónico. El arreglo de las células que se encontró en el testículo fue de tipo lobular, observándose de manera clara un conducto espermático bien definido de manera externa. La longitud de madurez fue de 25,4 cm para hembras y 24,5 cm para machos; debido a que estas longitudes son menores a las de captura promedio (31,9 y 29,7 cm LT) más del 50% de los organismos ya habrían tenido un evento reproductivo (99% de hembras y machos).

Resumo: Com o objetivo de avaliar a influência da barragem de Três Marias na reprodução da piranha branca, Serrasalmus brandtii, foram analisados 1569 exemplares capturados de junho de 2011 a maio de 2012 em três trechos da bacia do rio São Francisco: seção 1 = reservatório de Três Marias (RTM); seção 2 = segmento do rio São Francisco (SRF) imediatamente a jusante do RTM; e seção 3 = segmento RSF na confluência com o rio Abaeté. O comprimento total (CT), peso corpóreo (PC), índice de gonadossomático (IGS) e estágio de maturação gonadal foram determinados para cada amostra, enquanto o diâmetro do folículo vitelogênico, fecundidade absoluta (FA) e relativa (FR) foram determinadas para fêmeas. Nas três seções estudadas, a atividade reprodutiva foi registrada ao longo do ano, incluindo fêmeas desovadas e machos espermiados. Maiores frequências de fêmeas e machos na fase de maturação/maduro foram encontradas nos meses de novembro/dezembro e janeiro/fevereiro, coincidindo com o período de maior temperatura, precipitação e concentração de oxigênio dissolvido. O IGS médio e o diâmetro do folículo vitelogênico foram maiores nas seções 1 e 3 do que na seção 2 (P <0,05), enquanto FA e FR foram maiores na seção 1 (P <0,05) do que nas seções 2 e 3. Os resultados do presente estudo mostraram que S. brandtii teve menor desempenho reprodutivo na seção 2, provavelmente devido a perturbações térmicas causadas pela barragem, confirmando a influência das barragens na reprodução de peixes a jusante de reservatórios de usinas hidrelétricas.

Abstract: In order to assess the influence of the Três Marias dam on the reproduction of the white piranha, Serrasalmus brandtii, 1569 specimens captured from June 2011 to May 2012 in three sections of the São Francisco River basin were analyzed: section 1 = Três Marias reservoir (TMR); section 2 = São Francisco River (SFR) segment immediately downstream of TMR; and section 3 = SFR segment at the confluence with the Abaeté River. Total length (TL), body weight (BW), gonadosomatic index (GSI), and gonadal maturation stages were determined for each specimen, while vitellogenic follicle diameter, and absolute (AF) and relative (RF) fecundities were also determined for females. Reproductive activity, including spawned females and spermed males, was recorded throughout the year in the three river segments. Higher frequencies of females and males at the maturing/mature stage were found in the November/December and January/February, which coincided with the period of higher temperature, rainfall, and dissolved oxygen concentration. Mean GSI and vitellogenic follicle diameter were higher in sections 1 and 3 than in section 2 (P <0.05), while AF and RF were higher in section 1 (P <0.05) than in sections 2 and 3. The results of the present study showed that S. brandtii had lower reproductive performance in section 2, probably due to thermal disturbances caused by the dam, thus confirming the influence of dams on the reproduction of fish downstream from hydroelectric plant reservoirs.

Resumo O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a dinâmica reprodutiva de Lycengraulis grossidens e Platanichthys platana, na lagoa do Peri, uma lagoa costeira de água doce subtropical do Brasil. As amostras foram coletadas a cada dois meses, de junho/2008 a abril/2012 em nove pontos de amostragem. Para a captura de larvas, juvenis e adultos foram utilizados diferentes apetrechos de pesca. As variáveis limnológicas foram obtidas com sonda multiparâmetro. Estatisticamente, mais fêmeas do que machos foram capturadas para as duas espécies baseado no teste de qui-quadrado (χ2). Grande número de peixes em maturação e maduros foram comuns em quase todos os meses de coleta. O índice gonadossomático (RGS) de L. grossidens variou significativamente apenas entre os meses, sendo mais elevada em agosto, outubro e dezembro para as fêmeas e em outubro para os machos; e não foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre os anos. Não foi encontrado diferença significativa para o RGS de P. platana entre os meses para cada sexo; entretanto, diferenças significativas foram obtidas para as fêmeas no ano três (junho 2010-abril 2011) e quatro (junho 2011-abril 2012) e no ano três (junho 2010-abril 2011) para os machos. Para as duas espécies, o RGS apresentou uma correlação negativa com a temperatura e o nível de água. A distribuição das larvas apresentou variação temporal. As larvas de L. grossidens foram mais abundantes em outubro/2010, apresentando correlação positiva com a transparência da água. As larvas da espécie P. platana foram mais abundantes em junho/2011, apresentando correlação positiva com a transparência da água e negativa com a temperatura e a precipitação. A presença de L. grossidens e P. platana em diferentes estádios de maturação e a ocorrência de larvas confirmou que essas espécies se reproduzem na lagoa do Peri. O período reprodutivo foi mais pronunciado no outono e no inverno, porém a atividade reprodutiva ocorreu durante todo o período de coleta. Em conclusão, nossos resultados mostraram que os fatores abióticos influenciam fortemente o padrão temporal da atividade reprodutiva e a assembleia de larvas da L. grossidens e da P. platana na lagoa do Peri, Brasil.

Abstract We evaluated the reproductive dynamics of two fish species, Lycengraulis grossidens and Platanichthys platana, in a subtropical freshwater coastal lagoon (Peri Lagoon) in Brazil. Samples were collected from nine sites every two months from June 2008 to April 2012. Different fishing methods were used to capture larvae, juveniles, and adults. Limnological variables were obtained using multiparameter probe. More females than males were collected of both fish species and the chi-square test (χ2) was used to confirm that the sex ratio was female-biased. Large numbers of maturing and mature fishes were observed in almost every sampling month. The gonadosomatic index (GSI) of L. grossidens was the highest in August, October, and December for females and in October for males, and no significant difference was found across years. The GSI of P. platana showed no significant difference across months for either sex; however, significant differences were recorded in year three (June 2010-April 2011) and year four (June 2011-April 2012) for females and in year three (June 2010-April 2011) for males. For both species, GSI was negatively correlated with temperature and water level. L. grossidens larvae were more abundant in October 2010, showing a positive correlation with water transparency, whereas P. platana larvae were more abundant in June 2011, showing a positive correlation with water transparency and negative correlation with temperature and precipitation. Both species were represented by different stages, including larvae, which confirm that these species reproduce in Peri Lagoon. Reproduction was more pronounced in autumn and winter; however, reproductive activity was evident throughout the sampling period. In conclusion, our results show that abiotic factors strongly influence the temporal pattern of reproductive activity and larval assemblages of both L. grossidens and P. platana in Peri Lagoon, Brazil.