ABSTRACT Amazonia (defined herein as the Amazon basin) is home to the greatest concentration of biodiversity on Earth, providing unique genetic resources and ecological functions that contribute to ecosystem services globally. The lengthy and complex evolutionary history of this region has produced heterogeneous landscapes and riverscapes at multiple scales, altered the geographic and genetic connections among populations, and impacted rates of adaptation, speciation, and extinction. In turn, ecologically diverse Amazonian biotas promoted further diversification, species coexistence, and coevolution, with biodiversity accumulating over tens of millions of years. Important events in Amazonian history included: (i) late Cretaceous and early Paleogene origin of major rainforest plant and animal groups; (ii) Eocene-Oligocene global cooling with rainforests contracting to tropical latitudes separating Atlantic coastal and Amazonian rainforests; (iii) Miocene uplift of central and northern Andes that separated Pacific coastal and Amazonian rainforests, spurred formation of mega-wetlands in the western Amazon, and contributed to the origin of the modern transcontinental Amazon River; (iv) late Neogene formation of the Panamanian Isthmus that facilitated the Great American Biotic Interchange; (v) Pleistocene climate oscillations followed by late Pleistocene-Holocene human colonization and megafaunal extinctions; and (vi) modern era of widespread anthropogenic deforestation, defaunation, and ecological transformations of regional landscapes and global climates. Amazonian conservation requires decade-scale investments into biodiversity documentation and monitoring to leverage existing scientific capacity, and strategic habitat planning to allow continuity of evolutionary and ecological processes now and into the future. defined basin Earth globally scales populations adaptation speciation extinction turn diversification coexistence coevolution years included i (i groups ii (ii EoceneOligocene Eocene Oligocene iii (iii megawetlands mega wetlands River iv (iv Interchange v (v PleistoceneHolocene Holocene extinctions vi (vi deforestation defaunation climates decadescale decade scale capacity future

RESUMEN La Amazonía (definida como la cuenca amazónica) concentra la mayor biodiversidad de la Tierra, proporcionando recursos genéticos y funciones ecológicas únicas que contribuyen a los servicios ecosistémicos a nivel mundial. La compleja historia evolutiva de esta región produjo paisajes heterogéneos a múltiples escalas geográficas, alteró las conexiones geográficas y genéticas entre las poblaciones e influyó en las tasas de adaptación, especiación y extinción. Las biotas amazónicas, ecológicamente diversas, promovieron una mayor diversificación, coexistencia de especies y coevolución, acumulando biodiversidad a lo largo de decenas de millones de años. Acontecimientos importantes en la historia de la Amazonía incluyeron: (i) orígenes durante el Cretácico tardío y el Paleógeno temprano de los principales grupos de plantas y animales; (ii) enfriamiento global del Eoceno-Oligoceno, contrayendo los bosques a latitudes tropicales y separando los de la costa Atlántica de los amazónicos; (iii) levantamiento de los Andes centrales y del norte en el Mioceno, separando las selvas tropicales de la costa del Pacífico y de la Amazonía, estimulando la formación de megahumedales en la Amazonía occidental y contribuyendo al origen del moderno Río Amazonas transcontinental; (iv) formación del istmo de Panamá durante el Neógeno tardío, facilitando el Gran Intercambio Biótico Americano; (v) oscilaciones climáticas del Pleistoceno seguidas por la colonización humana y las extinciones de megafauna; (vi) era moderna de deforestación antropogénica generalizada, defaunación y transformaciones ecológicas de paisajes regionales y climas globales. La conservación de la Amazonía requiere inversiones por décadas en la documentación y el seguimiento de la biodiversidad para impulsar la capacidad científica existente, así como la planificación estratégica del hábitat para permitir la continuidad de los actuales y futuros procesos evolutivos y ecológicos. definida amazónica Tierra mundial adaptación extinción amazónicas diversas diversificación coevolución años incluyeron i (i animales ii (ii EocenoOligoceno, EocenoOligoceno Eoceno Oligoceno, Oligoceno Eoceno-Oligoceno amazónicos iii (iii Mioceno transcontinental iv (iv Americano v (v megafauna vi (vi generalizada globales existente ecológicos

Abstract Climate change (CC) is the greatest evidence of the "metamorphosis of the world" and is changing the temperature and rainfall patterns, but also the social, cultural and health systems on planet Earth. The unpredictability of climactic phenomena and their multidimensional impacts on human and environmental health contribute to making our understanding of the world increasingly difficult. Moreover, history has proven that technoscience alone is not enough to deal with these problems. A global appeal is now emerging for the humanities and social sciences to also deal with the human and non-human issues raised by CC, notably through their integration with the areas of health and sustainability. The aim of this article is to present and discuss some of the first results of the Composing Worlds: Humanities, Well-Being and Health transdisciplinary network, which consists of a network of experts in the humanities, social sciences and health who think about issues of well-being and health in contemporary technological societies. The methodology used in the first phase of the project consisted of an interview with open questions, made by the network of 12 researchers. This was an exploratory study that used thematic analysis to identify the original key ideas of each author and corresponding main themes. The themes were then organised into semantic groups or thematic clusters. It is hoped that some of these clusters will contribute to discussing how CC has already altered our ways of being, living and thinking about the world, and will also contribute to dealing with the challenges related to the risks of CC on health and well-being throughout the 21st century.

Resumo As alterações climáticas (AC) são a maior evidência da “metamorfose do mundo” e estão a mudar os regimes de temperatura e de pluviosidade, mas também os sistemas sociais, culturais e de saúde no planeta Terra. A imprevisibilidade dos fenómenos climáticos e os seus impactes multidimensionais na saúde humana e ambiental contribuem para tornar a nossa compreensão do mundo cada vez mais difícil. Além disso, a história provou que a tecnociência, sozinha, não é suficiente para lidar com estes problemas. Um apelo global está agora a despertar para que as humanidades e as ciências sociais também lidem com as questões humanas e não humanas levantadas pelas AC, nomeadamente através da sua integração com as áreas da saúde e da sustentabilidade. Este artigo tem como objetivo apresentar e discutir alguns dos primeiros resultados da rede transdisciplinar Compor Mundos: Humanidades, Bem-Estar e Saúde, que consiste numa rede de especialistas em humanidades, ciências sociais e da saúde que pensam sobre as questões do bem-estar e da saúde nas sociedades tecnológicas contemporâneas. A metodologia usada na primeira fase do projeto consistiu numa entrevista com perguntas abertas, construída de forma participativa pela rede de 12 investigadores. Tratou-se de uma pesquisa exploratória que utilizou a análise temática para identificar as ideias-chave originais de cada autor e a indução dos temas principais correspondentes. Os temas foram então organizados em grupos de correspondência semântica, ou clusters temáticos. Espera-se que alguns destes clusters contribuam para discutir como as AC já alteraram as nossas maneiras de ser, viver e pensar sobre o mundo, e contribuam também para lidar com os desafios relacionados com os riscos das AC na saúde e no bem-estar ao longo do século XXI.

Abstract The objective of the article is to discuss the methodological perspective of networks and connections that aims to build pluri-regional conceptions capable of strengthening the studies of the local and regional press in a historical-communicational perspective. This methodological movement seeks to break with silencing and macrostructural and hegemonic logics that, in the historical synthesis, privilege the centers of power. This is because, regardless of the scale, whether local, regional or national, journalism vehicles do not need connections in networks and, consequently, historical press research lacks connected methodological perspectives, strengthening the local against the global and positioning the global in relation to the location.

Resumo O objetivo do artigo é debater a perspectiva metodológica das redes e conexões que visa construção de concepções plurirregionais capazes de fortalecer os estudos da imprensa local e regional numa perspectiva histórico-comunicacional. Este movimento metodológico busca romper com silenciamentos e lógicas macroestruturais e hegemônicas que, na síntese histórica, privilegiam os centros de poder. Isso porque, independente da escala, se local, regional ou nacional, os veículos de jornalismo prescindem de conexões em redes e, consequentemente, as pesquisas históricas da imprensa carecem de olhares metodológicos conectados, fortalecedores do local perante o global e localizadores do global em relação ao local.

Résumé L'objectif de l'article est de discuter la perspective méthodologique des réseaux et des connexions qui vise à construire des conceptions plurirégionales capables de renforcer les études de la presse locale et régionale dans une perspective historico-communicationnelle. Ce mouvement méthodologique cherche à rompre avec le silence et les logiques macrostructurales et hégémoniques qui, dans la synthèse historique, privilégient les centres de pouvoir. En effet, quelle que soit l'échelle, qu'elle soit locale, régionale ou nationale, les véhicules du journalisme n'ont pas besoin de connexions dans les réseaux et, par conséquent, la recherche de presse historique manque de perspectives méthodologiques connectées, renforçant le local par rapport au global et situant le global, par rapport à l'emplacement.

Resumen El objetivo del artículo es discutir la perspectiva metodológica de redes y conexiones que pretende construir concepciones plurirregionales capaces de fortalecer los estudios de la prensa local y regional en una perspectiva histórico-comunicacional. Este movimiento metodológico busca romper con silenciadores y lógicas macroestructurales y hegemónicas que, en la síntesis histórica, privilegian los centros de poder. Esto se debe a que, independientemente de la escala, ya sea local, regional o nacional, los vehículos periodísticos no necesitan conexiones en red y, en consecuencia, la investigación de la prensa histórica carece de perspectivas metodológicas conectadas, fortaleciendo lo local frente a lo global y ubicando lo global, en relación a la ubicación.

Abstract From a global history perspective, the article reveals how the Incas were idealized as bearers of esoteric knowledge since the 16th century, focusing on the case of Inca Garcilaso de la Vega (1539-1616) and his appropriation by the French Martinist Henri Girgois (1833-?) in Argentina in the 19th century. The article demonstrates how this contributed to giving an Americanist orientation to Latin American esotericism that persists to this day. It also shows how the concept of “Western esotericism” emerged

Resumen Desde la perspectiva en historia global, el artículo revela cómo los incas fueron idealizados como portadores de conocimientos esotéricos desde el siglo xvi, focalizándose en el caso de Inca Garcilaso de la Vega (1539-1616) y su apropiación por el martinista francés Henri Girgois (1833-?) en la Argentina del siglo xix. El artículo demuestra cómo esto contribuyó a dar una orientación americanista al esoterismo latinoamericano que perdura hasta nuestros días. Además, muestra cómo el concepto de “esoterismo occidental” surgió en Buenos Aires como resultado de las relaciones conflictivas de Girgois con los teósofos argentinos y su posterior adhesión al martinismo.

Abstract The National Institute of Biodiversity of Costa Rica (INBio), the first institution of its kind worldwide, was created in 1989 as a civil society organization, with the mission of promoting greater awareness of the value of biodiversity, to achieve its conservation and promote human development. It operated within the framework of a national biodiversity conservation strategy consisting of three types of actions: “save, know and use”, forming a publicprivate alliance with the National System of Conservation Areas, whose work represented the first step of “saving”. INBio focused on the generation of scientific knowledge of Costa Rican biodiversity (knowing) and the search and promotion of its intelligent use (using). This article describes the genesis of the institution and its main contributions to the knowledge and use of Costa Rican biodiversity between 1989-2015. These include the results of the protected areas biodiversity inventory process and the development of the largest systematic collection of biological specimens in the country’s history, fully systematized; the development of an information management system that integrated all the information from the inventory and the specimens in its collection in digital format, allowing global access to this information or its correlation with that of other sources. The results of promoting and facilitating the use of information through five programs: Natural Sciences and Conservation Biology, for scientific purposes; Bioliteracy and Education, conceptually designed for the teaching and development of awareness about the value of biodiversity; Bioprospecting, the systematic search for economic uses of biodiversity for medicinal, agricultural and industrial purposes; Conservation for Development, the use of the information for wild areas conservation purposes, surrounding communities or nature tourism, among others; Technical Assistance and Training, program in charge of assisting public and private entities, inside and outside the country, in the development of initiatives in which Biodiversity was the central element. The main results of its work and the national and international awards that INBio received for its innovative approaches and contributions are described, as well as the financial and political reasons why INBio discontinued its activities in the period 2015-2016 are summarized. Viewing the work of INBio as a first stage, the importance and need to continue with a state program on the knowledge and use of Costa Rican biodiversity is raised, in addition to its protection, with the goal of creating awareness of its value before the serious threats to life on Earth.

Resumen El Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad de Costa Rica (INBio), la primera institución en su género en el mundo, fue creado en 1989 como una organización de la sociedad civil, con la misión expresa de promover una mayor conciencia del valor de la biodiversidad, para lograr su conservación y fomentar el desarrollo humano. En el marco de una estrategia nacional de conservación de la biodiversidad consistente en tres tipos de acciones: “salvar, conocer y utilizar”, se conformó una alianza público-privada con el Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación, cuya labor representó el primer paso de “salvar”. El INBio se centró en la generación de conocimiento científico de la biodiversidad costarricense (el “conocer”) y en la búsqueda y promoción de su uso inteligente (el “usar”). Este artículo describe la génesis de la institución y sus principales aportes al conocimiento y la utilización de la biodiversidad costarricense en el período 1989-2015. Estos incluyen los resultados del proceso de inventario de la biodiversidad de las áreas protegidas y el desarrollo de la colección sistemática de especímenes biológicos más grande en la historia del país, totalmente sistematizada; el desarrollo de un sistema de manejo de información que integró en formato digital toda la información del inventario y de los especímenes de su colección, permitiendo el acceso global a estos datos o su correlación con la de otras fuentes. Los resultados de la promoción y la facilitación del uso de la información se lograron mediante cinco programas: Ciencias Naturales y Biología de la Conservación, con fines científicos; Bioalfabetización y Educación, conceptualmente diseñados para la enseñanza y el desarrollo de la conciencia del valor de la biodiversidad; Bioprospección, la búsqueda sistemática de usos económicos de la biodiversidad para fines medicinales, agrícolas e industriales; Conservación para el Desarrollo, el empleo de la información para la conservación de áreas silvestres, comunidades circunvecinas o turismo naturalista, entre otros; y Asistencia Técnica y Capacitación, programa encargado de asistir a entidades públicas y privadas, dentro y fuera del país, en el desarrollo de iniciativas en que la biodiversidad fuera el elemento central. Se describen los principales resultados de su labor y los reconocimientos nacionales e internacionales que el INBio recibió por sus novedosos enfoques y aportes, al igual que se resumen las razones de carácter financiero y político por las cuales el INBio descontinuó sus actividades en el período 2015-2016. Vista la labor del INBio como una primera etapa, se plantea la importancia y necesidad de continuar con un programa estatal sobre el conocimiento y uso de la biodiversidad costarricense, en adición a su protección, con el fin último de que exista conciencia de su valor ante las serias amenazas para la vida en el planeta.

Abstract Objectives: evaluate the surgical effectiveness of endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy (eDCR) and determine predictive factors of clinical and surgical success. Study Design: retrospective descriptive study. Materials and Methods: review of clinical records of patients undergoing eDCR in a tertiary center between 2017 and 2022, and statistical analysis. Results: a total of 90 procedures were performed in 82 patients, including 17 revisions, with an overall clinical success rate of 89%. Exposure of the agger nasi (p=.018) and removal of the mucoperiosteal flap (p=.005) were statistically significant factors associated with higher clinical success. Revision surgery, history of dacryocystitis, silicone tube placement, and wide frontal maxillary apophysis osteotomy hadn’t reach statistical significancy in surgical success (p>.05). Conclusion: the authors emphasize the importance of removing the mucoperiosteal flap and opening the agger nasi, favoring the marsupialization of the lacrimal sac in the lateral wall, for surgical success.

Resumo Objetivos: avaliar a eficácia cirúrgica das dacriocistorrinostomias endoscópicas (DCRe) e determinar fatores preditivos de sucesso clínico e cirúrgico. Desenho do Estudo: estudo retrospetivo, descritivo. Material e Métodos: revisão dos registos clínicos e exames complementares de doentes submetidos a DCRe realizadas num centro hospitalar terciário entre 2017 e 2022, e análise estatística. Resultados: totalizaram-se 90 procedimentos em 82 doentes, incluindo 17 revisões, verificando-se uma taxa global de sucesso clínico de 89%. Associaram-se a maior eficácia clínica, estatisticamente significativa, a exposição da agger nasi (p=0.018) e a remoção do retalho mucoperiósteo (p=0.005). A cirurgia de revisão, antecedentes de dacriocistite, colocação de tubo de silicone e a osteotomia ampla da apófise frontal do maxilar não estiveram associados, de modo estatisticamente significativo, a melhor sucesso cirúrgico (p>0.02). Conclusão: corroborando a literatura, os autores enfatizam a importância da remoção do retalho mucoperiósteo e a abertura da agger nasi, favorecendo a marsupialização do saco lacrimal na parede lateral, no sucesso cirúrgico.

Abstract After the end of the Cold War and the Soviet bloc, the 1990’s promised the expansion of capitalism to the most remote corners of the planet. Globalization was the way economic liberalism assumed this purpose by ensuring that economies and cultures, states or regions abandoned particularisms of history to be global protagonists of the change that was announced. After the crises of the neoliberal model that inaugurated the 21st century, globalization and development became anachronic concepts and unable to fulfill future projects at different scales. In these deep crises intolerance and the far right also gain space on a global level. War and political violence are normalized and constitute greater threats to social life. Through ethnography in two differentiated contexts - one urban and in the north of Portugal, and the other in the Pyrenees mountains of Aragon - we observe forgotten territories of this process of globalization and people who have chosen to turn their lives into utopias made concrete in the reciprocity and solidarity of collective constructions. It is in these ethnographic examples that anthropology can be found in the diversity of social experience and in the possible paths that, after all, have never ceased to be traversed in the world that exists now.

Resumo Após o fim da Guerra Fria e do bloco soviético, os anos 90 do século passado prometeram a expansão do capitalismo aos mais recônditos cantos do planeta. A globalização era a forma como o liberalismo económico assumia esse propósito garantindo que economias e culturas, estados ou regiões abandonavam particularismos da história para serem protagonistas globais da mudança que se anunciava. Após as crises do modelo neoliberal que inauguraram o século XXI, globalização e desenvolvimento tornaram-se conceitos anacrónicos e incapazes de cumprir projetos de futuro em diferentes escalas. Nessas crises profundas a intolerância e a extrema-direita ganham espaço também ao nível global. A guerra e violência política normalizam-se e constituem-se como ameaças maiores para a vida social. Através da etnografia em dois contextos diferenciados - um urbano no Norte de Portugal e outro nas montanhas dos Pirenéus de Aragão - observamos territórios esquecidos desse processo de globalização e pessoas que optaram por fazer das suas vidas utopias tornadas concretas na reciprocidade e na solidariedade das construções coletivas. É nestes exemplos etnográficos que a antropologia se poderá encontrar na diversidade da experiência social e nos caminhos possíveis que, afinal, não deixaram nunca de ser percorridos no mundo que existe agora.

Resumen La pequeña agricultura del secano de Chile Central se enfrenta hoy a diversas limitaciones como son la escasez o variabilidad de regímenes de lluvias anuales, la influencia del cambio climático global y lejanía de los centros de desarrollo. La implementación de programas para el desarrollo agrícola requiere de un adecuado diagnóstico y evaluación de la sostenibilidad de los sistemas agrícolas, lo que es posible realizar usando una diversidad de índices. Este estudio analizó la sostenibilidad de la pequeña agricultura de secano de la Región de Valparaíso en Chile Central a través del marco SAFA Smallholders de la FAO. Esta herramienta ha sido validada en diferentes contextos, incluyendo indicadores en dimensiones social, ambiental, económico y de gobernanza. En particular, se evaluó la sostenibilidad de 30 predios representativos de la zona en cuanto a la diversidad de cultivos, enfoque de producción (convencional vs. agroecológico) y el acceso a agua para riego. Al no existir antecedentes previos de este tipo de evaluaciones mediante la herramienta SAFA en el país, este estudio podría considerarse como exploratorio. Los resultados muestran un nivel de sostenibilidad intermedio con un valor promedio de 60% en una escala de 1-100%. Los predios con mayor diversidad de cultivos y prácticas agroecológicas revelaron más altos niveles de sostenibilidad que aquellos con enfoque en monocultivo y prácticas convencionales. Los resultados sugieren fomentar prácticas agroecológicas acorde a la precariedad de recursos hídricos disponibles; reforzar los programas e iniciativas que contribuyan a la participación de los productores en sus organizaciones gremiales e inversiones comunitarias de su territorio; mejorar su liquidez con el acceso a diferentes fuentes de financiamiento; y ampliar a un mayor público las capacitaciones técnicas y de gestión.

Abstract Small-scale agriculture in the drylands of Central Chile is facing several challenges, such as scarcity or variability of annual rainfall regimes, the impact of global climate change, and distance from development centers. The implementation of programs for agricultural development requires an adequate diagnosis and assessment of the sustainability of agricultural systems, which can be conducted using a diversity of indices. This study analyzed the sustainability of small-scale dryland agriculture in the Valparaíso Region in Central Chile through the FAO SAFA Smallholders framework. This tool has been validated in different contexts, including indicators in social, environmental, economic and governance dimensions. In particular, the sustainability of 30 representative farms in the study area was evaluated in terms of crop diversity, production approach (conventional vs. agroecological) and access to water for irrigation. As there is no previous history of the use of the SAFA tool in this type of evaluations in the country, this study could be considered exploratory. The results show an intermediate level of sustainability with an average value of 60% on a scale of 1-100%. Farms with greater diversity of crops and agroecological practices revealed higher levels of sustainability than those with a focus on monoculture and conventional practices. The results highlight the importance of promoting agroecological practices according to the precariousness of available water resources; reinforcing programs and initiatives that contribute to the participation of farmers in their union organizations and community investments in their territory; improving farmers’ liquidity through the access to different financing sources; and expanding technical and management training to a larger audience.

Abstract One of the major transformations of the first half of the new century in our societies will be the demographic transition. The increase in the number of elderly people is confronting us with new needs and demands from the hand of the most educated, richest and most communicated cohort of elderly in the history of humanity. Aspects such as health services, social protection, governance, human rights, sustainability, the economy and the labor market, or public policy itself, will be impacted by this new global and emerging market. To think of this new society is to think of a new paradigm: the new longevity. An approach from citizen empowerment towards institutions and different sectors and not from “top down” as the different theoretical frames of reference have always been.

Resumen Una de las mayores transformaciones de la primera mitad del nuevo siglo en nuestras sociedades será la transición demográfica. El aumento del número de personas mayores nos esta confrontado con nuevas necesidades y demandas de la mano de la cohorte de mayores mas educada, rica y comunicada en la historia de la humanidad. Aspectos como los servicios de salud, la protección social, la gobernabilidad, los derechos humanos, la sostenibilidad, la economía y el mercado laboral o la misma política pública, se verán impactadas por este nuevo grupo/mercado global y emergente. Pensar esta nueva sociedad es pensar un nuevo paradigma: la nueva longevidad. Una aproximación desde el empoderamiento ciudadano hacia las instituciones y los diferentes sectores y no desde “arriba hacia abajo” como siempre han sido los diferentes marcos teóricos de referencia.

Resumo Uma das grandes transformações da primeira metade do novo século em nossas sociedades será a transição demográfica. O aumento do número de idosos está nos confrontando com novas necessidades e demandas da mão da coorte de idosos mais instruída, mais rica e mais comunicada da história da humanidade. Aspectos como serviços de saúde, proteção social, governança, direitos humanos, sustentabilidade, economia e mercado de trabalho, ou as próprias políticas públicas, serão impactados por esse novo mercado global e emergente. Pensar nessa nova sociedade é pensar em um novo paradigma: a nova longevidade. Uma abordagem do empoderamento dos cidadãos às instituições e aos diferentes setores e não de “cima para baixo” como sempre foram os diferentes referenciais teóricos.

Abstract: The journey of Federico Saúl, alias José Cristóbal Porto, has all the characteristics of an adventure novel. The alleged Turk went from Constantinople to China, where -in Portuguese Macao- he took a ship to San Blas. From there, he went south to Nicaragua on foot and then returned to Mexico, where he was imprisoned in 1795 as a suspicious foreigner. This article reconstructs Federico Saúl’s journey as he recounted it to the Spanish authorities. It is primarily based on a file from the Archive of the Indies, contextualized with the support of other sources and historiographic contributions. This article is not limited to the purely anecdotal, but uses this particular case to analyze the identification practices applied by the Spanish authorities to determine the identity of this strange traveler who claimed to be a convert to Christianity and an herbalist with curative skills. The story of Federico Saúl connects the Americas with Asia, Africa and Europe, involving historical events such as the Crusades, the French Revolution and the botanical exploration of the Americas. It is therefore a microhistorical case that shows how the global mobility of people and ideas at the end of the eighteenth century involved a challenge in terms of the identification of travelers.

Resumen: El viaje de Federico Saúl alias José Cristóbal Porto tiene todas las características de una novela de aventuras. El supuesto turco llegó desde Constantinopla a China, donde -en el portugués Macao- tomó un barco que lo llevó a San Blas. Allí se encaminó por tierra hacia el sur hasta Nicaragua, y luego de vuelta a México, donde en 1795 las autoridades lo tomaron preso por considerarlo un extranjero sospechoso. Este artículo reconstruye el viaje de Federico Saúl, tal y como se lo presentó a las autoridades españolas. Se basa principalmente en un expediente del Archivo de Indias, y lo toma como punto de partida para contextualizarlo con ayuda de otras fuentes y de aportes historiográficos. El trabajo no se limita a lo puramente anecdótico, sino que utiliza este caso particular para analizar qué prácticas de identificación aplicaron las autoridades españolas para averiguar quién era ese viajero extraño que decía haberse convertido al cristianismo y ser un herbolario con la facultad de curar. La historia de Federico Saúl conecta América con Asia, África y Europa, y en ella se cruzan acontecimientos históricos como la cruzada contra el islam, la revolución francesa, y la exploración botánica de América. Es, por lo tanto, un caso microhistórico que muestra cómo la movilidad global de personas e ideas a finales del siglo XVIII supuso un reto para la identificación de viajeros.

During the Suez crisis, the written media served as the primary method which provided the British populace with information. Strong anti-Egyptian sentiment permeated the British press. It was constantly fuelled by the Government's propaganda strategy. In the USA the crisis was also covered by the news media, particularly in the light of the fact that it was President Eisenhower's greatest foreign policy challenge at the time and the crisis reached its zenith a few days before his re-election. Nasser utilised the Egyptian press and radio to accomplish his goals against Britain and France and to promote his nationalist image inside and outside of Egypt. When a permanent member's veto prevented the Security Council from fulfilling its primary responsibility of maintaining international peace and security, the General Assembly could consider the matter and make recommendations to member states to restore international peace and security. In November 1956, the "Uniting for Peace" resolution, which stipulates this procedure, went into effect. Prior to the crisis, two-thirds of Europe's crude oil was transported via the Suez Canal. Due to the strategic significance of Suez, the canal zone was always vigilantly guarded by Britain. After the crisis, oil emerged as the new deterrent in international affairs, and the crisis was the primary impetus for the establishment of the Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) in 1961. When the crisis broke out and the canal was closed, the strategic significance of the sea route around the Cape regained prominence, and in subsequent months, port traffic in South Africa increased. South Africa and the United Kingdom were already negotiating the status of the naval base at Simonstown, which was subsequently transferred to South Africa. In order to receive training from the Algerian National Liberation Army (Front de Libération Nationale - FLN) in preparation for the South African revolution, Nelson Mandela joined the revolutionary forces of Algeria in 1961. He visited FLN training camps where he established Umkhonto weSizwe (Spear ofthe Nation) or MK ofthe African National Congress (ANC). According to Mandela, his visits to Egypt were educational, whereas his encounters in Algeria served a different purpose. He received training in revolutionary strategy and tactics, as well as military instruction. All of these were crucial elements for him in shaping the ANC into a liberation movement. During a visit to Algeria following his release from prison, he declared that he deemed Algeria to be his home and that he regarded himself to be an Algerian. Algeria provided a great deal of military and diplomatic instruction to liberation movements. The Third World won a decisive diplomatic victory at Suez. The geopolitical implications of the crisis were thus widespread and significant. Several changes took place with regard to the policies of the nations involved and the climate of global affairs changed. The crisis resulted in significant geopolitical ramifications and had profound effects for the nations involved. Furthermore, within a wider regional framework, significant transformations occurred in the political structure of multiple nations. The crisis necessitated political decision modifications and the implementation of new policy ideas by the key stakeholders involved, including Egypt, Britain, France, and the USA. The crisis also had an influence on other countries, including South Africa. Undoubtedly, this particular juncture in history can be seen as being of significant consequence. Nasser emerged as a central figure in this crisis, garnering increased recognition both domestically and internationally. One notable accomplishment of his was his adeptness in retaining his position as the political leader of Egypt for a duration of 18 years, even in the face of significant opposition. He is generally recognised as an important political figure in modern Egyptian history and is highly respected as an emblematic figure in the Arab world. This is mostly due to his significant contributions to social justice, Arab unity, and unwavering resistance against colonialism and imperialism.

Tydens die Suezkrisis was die gedrukte media die primêre bron van kommunikasie en byvoorbeeld in Brittanje die belangrikste wyse waarop die publiek ingelig is. In die VSA het nuusberigte ook die krisis gedek, veral omdat dit President Eisenhower se grootste buitelandse beleidsuitdaging op daardie tydstip was. In Egipte het Nasser ywerig en behendig die pers en radio aangewend om sy binne- en buitelandse doelstellings te bereik. Toe die Veiligheidsraad verhinder is om internasionale vrede en veiligheid te handhaaf as gevolg van die vetoreg wat een van die permanente lede uitgeoefen het, het die Algemene Vergadering die aangeleentheid oorweeg en aanbevelings met die "Uniting for Peace"-prosedure gemaak, wat tot die stigting van die eerste vredesmag van die Verenigde Nasies gelei het. Kort voor die krisis is tweederdes van al Europa se olie deur die Suezkanaal verskeep. Die Suezkrisis het later aanleiding gegee tot die stigting van die Organisasie van Petroleum Uitvoerlande (OPUL) in 1960. Met die sluiting van die kanaal, is die aandag weereens op die strategiese waarde van die seeroete om die Kaap gevestig om die toenemende verkeer te kan akkommodeer. Teen daardie tyd was Suid-Afrika en Brittanje reeds besig om oor die vlootbasis te Simonstad te onderhandel wat later aan Suid-Afrika oorgedra is. Nelson Mandela het by die revolusionêre magte van Algerië aangesluit en militêre opleiding van hulle ontvang. Ander bevrydingsbewegings van Afrika het ook militêre en diplomatieke opleiding gekry. Die geopolitieke implikasies van die krisis was wydverspreid en betekenisvol.

Abstract: Over the past decades, tourism has become a key economic industry for many countries. In today’s global economy, it is an essential source of employment and revenue. Tourism as a leisure activity is a very popular form of recreation which involves the movement of people to foreign cities to visit new and unfamiliar places of interest (POIs). The task of recommending personalised tours for tourists is very demanding and time-consuming. The recommended tours must satisfy the tourist’s interests and must at the same time be completed within a limited time span and within some budget. In existing itinerary recommender systems, if there is no past visit history about a particular POI, then that POI is not included in the recommended itinerary. To address this challenge, we have devised an algorithm called PIONEER which is based on a genetic algorithm for suggesting an itinerary based on tourist interests, POI popularity, and travel costs. Our algorithm recommends itineraries for tourists who want to visit locations which are unfamiliar to them. We have used the publicly available Flickr dataset in our work. The results demonstrate the superiority of our PIONEER algorithm compared to the baseline algorithms with regards to metrics like precision, recall and F1-Score.

Abstract Introduction Pregnancy, being a situation of vulnerability and with its inherent changes, places women at a great risk of depression. In Mexico, the prevalence of probable depression in pregnant women treated at the Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, was 17.8%, assessed using the Edinburgh Perinatal Depression Scale (EPDS). To date, there are no data regarding this issue in Sonora. Objective To determine the prevalence of depressive symptoms in pregnant women treated at the Hospital Infantil del Estado de Sonora (México). Method An observational, descriptive, transversal, and prospective study was conducted in 2021, applying the EPDS in 168 2nd/3rd trimester pregnant women, selected by non-probabilistic sampling by consecutive cases. Sociodemographic variables, pathological/non-pathological, gynecological, and obstetrical personal history were explored. The analysis was performed using measures of central tendency and dispersion for quantitative variables; for qualitative variables, frequency and percentage; χ2 test to assess differences in distribution of depressive symptomatology by age and the rest of variables. Results A global prevalence of “probable depression” of 14.3% was determined. The majority, within 20-29 age group, with a partner and a planned/desired pregnancy. High school educational level, 50%. History of intimate partner violence, 54.2%. Almost 40%, primigravida. Substance use, denied. Overweight/obesity, in 70%. Discussion and conclusion There is a high prevalence of depressive symptoms during pregnancy, going unnoticed for reasons such as insufficient knowledge (patient/health care providers), since there is no routine screening. It is imperative to work on prevention, detection and treatment, since it entails multiple consequences at a binomial, family, and social level.

Resumen Introducción El embarazo, al ser una situación de vulnerabilidad y los cambios que conlleva, ubica a las mujeres en mayor riesgo de padecer depresión. En México, la prevalencia de probable depresión en embarazadas en el Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, fue del 17.8%, mediante la Escala de Depresión Perinatal de Edimburgo (EPDS). Hasta hoy, no se cuenta con datos en Sonora sobre este problema. Objetivo Determinar la prevalencia de sintomatología depresiva en embarazadas atendidas en el Hospital Infantil del Estado de Sonora (México). Método Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo, transversal y prospectivo en 2021, utilizando la EPDS en 168 embarazadas cursando 2o/3er trimestre, seleccionadas por muestreo no probabilístico por casos consecutivos. Se exploraron variables sociodemográficas, antecedentes patológicos/no patológicos y ginecoobstétricos. El análisis se realizó mediante medidas de tendencia central y dispersión para variables cuantitativas; para cualitativas, frecuencia y porcentaje; prueba de χ2 para evaluar diferencias en distribución de sintomatología depresiva por edad y resto de variables. Resultados Se determinó prevalencia global de “probable depresión” de 14.3%. La mayoría, grupo etario 20-29 años, con pareja y embarazo planeado/deseado. Escolaridad preparatoria, 50%. Antecedente de violencia de pareja, 54.2%. Casi 40%, primigestas. Consumo de sustancias, negado. Sobrepeso/obesidad, en 70%. Discusión y conclusión Existe una alta prevalencia de sintomatología depresiva durante el embarazo, pasando desapercibida por motivos como conocimiento insuficiente (paciente y proveedores de salud), pues no se cuenta con un tamizaje rutinario. Es apremiante trabajar en prevención, detección y tratamiento, ya que conlleva múltiples consecuencias a nivel binomio, familiar y social.

ABSTRACT Classical developmentalism was heterodox economics that showed countries require a moderate intervention of the state in the economy to industrialize and catch up. Growth depends on investments and on a satisfying expected rate of profit, which import tariffs legitimized by the infant industry argument assure. Latin American countries adopted this industrial policy from the 1950s and experienced high growth rates. But the infant argument loses validity with time. In the 1980s, under the pressure of the Global North, Latin American countries adopted the neoliberal reforms, and are quasi-stagnant since then. New developmentalism emerged in the 2000s, made the critique of conventional economics, proposed a new growth strategy focused on a competitive exchange rate, and legitimized the use of import tariffs with the Dutch disease argument. up profit assure s rates time 1980s North reforms quasistagnant quasi stagnant then 2000s

RESUMO O desenvolvimentismo clássico é uma teoria econômica heterodoxa que mostrou que os países precisam de intervenção moderada do Estado na economia para se industrializar. Os países latino-americanos adotaram essa política industrial a partir da década de 1950 e tiveram altas taxas de crescimento. Mas o argumento da indústria nascente perde validade com o tempo. Na década de 1980, sob a pressão do Norte, os países latino-americanos adotaram as reformas neoliberais e estão quase estagnados desde então. O novo desenvolvimentismo surgiu nos anos 2000, fez a crítica da economia convencional, formulou uma macroeconomia do desenvolvimento baseada nos cinco preços macroeconômicos, desenvolveu um argumento contraintuitivo contra a política de crescimento com endividamento e poupança externa e a retomada de tarifas de importação para neutralizar a doença holandesa. industrializar latinoamericanos latino americanos 195 tempo 1980 Norte então 2000 convencional macroeconômicos holandesa 19 198 200 1 20 2

Abstract Background: This was a 30-year retrospective cohort study that approximates closely to the natural history of cardiac tumors diagnosed in the fetus, since there was no case of pregnancy interruption Objective: To assess morbidity and mortality in the perinatal period and at long term in fetuses diagnosed with cardiac tumor. Our secondary objective was to assess the evaluating factors of perinatal and postnatal results. Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study with 74 pregnant women with an echocardiographic diagnosis of fetal cardiac tumor at two referral centers between May 1991 and November 2021. A descriptive analysis was performed, and data were expressed as absolute (n) and relative (%) frequencies, median and interquartile range. Fisher's exact test was used to evaluate the association of echocardiographic characteristics and clinical manifestations with perinatal and postnatal results. Global survival was calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method and the curves were compared by the log-rank test. The time of follow-up, calculated in months, corresponded to the time elapsed from hospital discharge to current status (survived/ censoring or death). The level of significance was set at 5% (p<0.05). Results: Rhabdomyoma is the most common type of cardiac tumor (85%), with a high morbidity (79.3%) and overall mortality of 17.4%. The presence of fetal hydrops was a predictor of death. Conclusion: The presence of fetal hydrops had an impact on mortality, and hence is an important factor in counselling and determining the prognosis. Most deaths occurred before hospital discharge. Background 30year year 30 fetus Objective results Methods 7 199 2021 performed n (n % (% frequencies range Fishers Fisher s KaplanMeier Kaplan Meier logrank log rank followup, followup follow up, up follow-up months survived/ survived (survived death . death) 5 p<0.05. p005 p p<0.05 0 05 (p<0.05) Results 85%, 85 85% , (85%) 79.3% 793 79 3 (79.3% 174 17 4 17.4% Conclusion prognosis 19 202 ( p00 p<0.0 (p<0.05 8 (85% 79.3 (79.3 1 17.4 20 p0 p<0. (p<0.0 (85 79. (79. 17. 2 p<0 (p<0. (8 (79 p< (p<0 (7 (p< (p

Resumo Fundamento: Seguimento de coorte retrospectiva de 30 anos que se aproxima da história natural dos tumores cardíacos diagnosticados no feto uma vez que nenhum caso foi submetido à interrupção da gestação. Objetivo: Avaliar a morbidade e mortalidade perinatal e em longo prazo em fetos com diagnóstico de tumor cardíaco. Como objetivo secundário avaliar os fatores que influenciaram os resultados perinatais e pós-natais. Método: Estudo de coorte retrospectiva envolvendo 74 gestantes com diagnóstico ecocardiográfico fetal de tumor cardíaco acompanhadas em dois serviços de referência no período de maio de 1991 a novembro de 2021. Foi realizada análise descritiva dos dados por meio de frequências absolutas (n) e relativas (%), mediana e intervalos interquartis. Para avaliar a associação entre as características ecocardiográficas e as manifestações clínicas com os resultados perinatais e pós-natais, foi aplicado o teste exato de Fisher. O cálculo da sobrevida global foi realizado pelo método de Kaplan-Meier e a comparação de curvas pelo teste de log-rank. O tempo de seguimento, calculado em meses, foi definido a partir da data de alta do hospital à data do status atual (vivo/censura ou óbito). O nível de significância considerado foi de 5% (p<0,05). Resultados: o rabdomioma é o tipo mais frequente (85%) de tumor cardíaco; apresenta alta morbidade (79,3%) e mortalidade geral de 17,4%; a presença de hidropisia fetal preditiva de óbito. Conclusão: A presença de hidropisia fetal teve impacto na mortalidade, sendo fator importante para aconselhamento e estabelecimento de prognóstico. A maioria dos óbitos ocorrem antes da alta hospitalar. Fundamento 3 gestação Objetivo pósnatais. pósnatais pós natais. natais pós-natais Método 7 199 2021 n (n %, % , (%) interquartis pósnatais, natais, Fisher KaplanMeier Kaplan Meier logrank. logrank log rank. rank log-rank seguimento meses vivo/censura vivocensura vivo censura óbito . óbito) 5 p<0,05. p005 p p<0,05 0 05 (p<0,05) Resultados 85% 85 (85% 79,3% 793 79 (79,3% 17,4% 174 17 4 Conclusão prognóstico hospitalar 19 202 (% p00 p<0,0 (p<0,05 8 (85 79,3 (79,3 17,4 1 20 ( p0 p<0, (p<0,0 (8 79, (79, 17, 2 p<0 (p<0, (79 p< (p<0 (7 (p< (p