Abstract The traditional Mexican mezcal socio-ecosystem has extensive biocultural and economic wealth presence in rural communities. However, in recent years an intense demand has been experienced in global markets generating processes of agro-industrialization of diverse traditional practices and thereby negatively impacting the sustainability of the system. Regarding this matter the research aims to characterize and typify the existing relationships between producers and their socio-environmental contexts, contributing elements to the construction of greater degrees of local sustainability within rural contexts, using the Queréndaro region, in the central north of Michoacán state, as a case study. Our results show that the sustainability of the analysis units varies between and intra diversed categories, while sustainability is not a characteristic of the type of mezcal, but of the producers. It is their traditional cultural relationships, their history and their association with nature the criteria which make this element to be created.

Resumen El socioecosistema mezcalero tradicional mexicano posee amplia riqueza biocultural y económica, presentes en las comunidades rurales. Sin embargo, en los últimos años se está experimentando una atractiva articulación en los mercados globales, generándose procesos de agroindustrialización de las prácticas tradicionales diversas y con ello impactando negativamente a la sustentabilidad del sistema. Así, esta investigación tiene como objetivo caracterizar y tipificar las relaciones existentes entre los productores y sus contextos socioambientales, aportando elementos a la construcción de mayores grados de sustentabilidad local dentro de los contextos rurales, usando como caso de estudio la región Queréndaro, en el estado de Michoacán, México. Detectamos que la sustentabilidad de las unidades de análisis varía entre e intra diversas categorías, en tanto la sustentabilidad no es una característica del tipo de mezcal, sino de los productores, pues son sus relaciones culturales tradicionales, su historia y su relación con la naturaleza los criterios que hacen que este elemento se construya.

Resumo O socio-ecossistema mezcalero tradicional mexicano possui amplia riqueza biocultural e econômica, presentes nas comunidades rurais. Mas nos últimos anos está experimentando-se uma atrativa articulação nos mercados globais, gerando-se processos de agroindustrialização das práticas tradicionais diversas e com isso impactando negativamente à sustentabilidade do sistema. En este sentido, esta investigação tem como objetivo caraterizar e tipificar as relações existentes entre os produtores e seus contextos socioambientais, aportando elementos à construção de graus maiores de sustentabilidade local, dentro dos contextos rurais, usando como caso de estudo a região Queréndaro, no estado de Michoacán, México. Detectamos que a sustentabilidade das unidades de análise varia entre e intra diversas categorias, enquanto a sustentabilidade não é uma característica do tipo de mezcal, mas sim dos productores, pois são suas relações culturais tradicionais, sua história e sua relação com a natureza os critérios que fazem que este elemento seja construido.

Pakhanate-state of state waar pakhanate-tendense voorkom, is histories 'n bekende verskynsel. Klassieke voorbeelde van state waar pakhanate-tendense voorgekom het, was Rusland en Japan. Tans word talle state, waaronder Venezuela, Sirië, Montenegro en Mexiko as pakhanate geïdentifiseer, of prominente tendense word in hierdie verband daar waargeneem. Teen die agtergrond van uitgebreide endemiese korrupsie, staatskaping en gepaardgaande ondersoeke kan met reg gevra word of Suid-Afrika behoort tot die kategorie van state wat losweg as pakhanate beskryf kan word? Hierdie artikel konseptualiseer en kontekstualiseer die konsep en beoordeel die Suid-Afrikaanse konteks daarvan aan die hand van geïdentifiseerde kriteria.

Pakhanate states or states reflecting tendencies of pakhanate, are a historically well-known phenomenon. These states are also referred to as Mafia states. Classic examples of states where tendencies of pakhanate occurred, were Russia and Japan. Currently many states are identified as pakhanate states, examples of which are Venezuela, Columbia, Kosovo, Syria, Bulgaria, Montenegro, Myanmar, Transnistria and Mexico, as prominent pakhanate tendencies are being observed there. Pakhanate states (or related tendencies) can be identified because of a lack of clear differentiation between the political and criminal elite in a particular state and their related decisions. This, according to Naim (2012:1), is referred to as "a fusing of government and criminal groups" in a world that is experiencing "a revolution of crime". Pakhanate tendencies, although unique within their own context, are developing throughout the world against the backdrop of a combination offactors, including a history of crime and the existence of established criminal syndicates; states that experienced fundamental change and where low levels of political institutionalisation and power vacuums occur; existing historical trends of patrimonialism and neo-patrimonial tendencies within states; non-democratic tendencies in general, and sometimes an environment where neo-liberal values and a free trade environment provide the space for criminally orientated organisations to grow and establish their authority. Access to sophisticated technology, for example weapons, communication logistics and infrastructure, seems to be of critical importance in the development and growth of pakhanate tendencies. By making use of theoretical principles emphasising the Weberian "strong state" and "constitutional government" and related underlying principles and norms, this article critically assesses pakhanate states and related tendencies. Criteria related to the so-called Weberian strong state have been identified and qualified with normative criteria (democratic in nature), emphasising aspects such as constitutionalism, the public good, and the notion of responsible government and sound principles related to good governance. In a world that is currently experiencing fundamental change, weakening states, escalating conflicts and war, the prominence of non-state actors operating in an environment of freedom, and limited control, with access to modern and sophisticated technology, pakhanate tendencies seem to be on the increase. Against the background of extensive endemic corruption, state capture and concomitant investigations, it can be asked with good cause if South Africa belongs to this category of states. Several authors and writers such as Africa, Vegter and others have reflected on Mafia tendencies within the South African state and society. These perspectives are related to several recent works discussing endemic corruption and state capture within the South African context. This is related to the investigation of the Zondo Commission and its report linking influential politicians and the ruling ANC to endemic corruption and state capture. To support this perspective, the Global Organised Crime Index (2023) positions South Africa at number 7 within the category referred to as "mafia states". This is just below the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and Nigeria. This article conceptualises and contextualises the concept pakhanate state (or related tendencies) and evaluates the South African context with reference to theoretical criteria identified in the discussion. Focus points of the article include: • characteristics and functions of the traditional nation state; • normative criteria referring to the concept of a strong and constitutional state; • a conceptualisation and operationalisation of the pakhanate phenomenon; • the identification of the pakhanate phenomenon as a worldwide tendency; • application and assessment of the application of the pakhanate phenomenon within the Sout African context; and • concluding perspectives. From a methodological perspective, this study is qualitative and deductive in nature, with an application with reference to identified case studies - particularly South African. An assessment of the South African context will be made by using the criteria associated with pakhanate states and the related phenomena.

Abstract: Within the framework of this “Domain in Care” Seminar we assume part of the research we carry out about the epistemic and theological controversies that arise from nineteenth-century scientific activity about nature, humanity and spirituality of the inhabitants of Land of Fire. To this day, the interpretations and ideas of Fitz Roy and Darwin about the Fuegian peoples have been understood in a quite controversial way and based on stereotypes about what was considered scientific and theological in the Western Christian world, and especially in debates. between creationists and evolutionists in the British debate. Indeed, in the positions of both men there are epistemological and theological issues that have not been sufficiently explained in each and every one of their nuances and that are still present in our time. In their respective points of view linked to the history of science of the 18th and 19th centuries there are assumptions and ideas that have prevailed about science and faith that, reinterpreted, would allow us to overcome the dichotomies linked to naturalism and humanism that show the advances of British science of the time and attempts to advance a global and homogeneous understanding of the set of processes of Life on the planet. Following the perspective of the history of science, we will highlight the main strengths of the assumptions of the controversy between experimental natural science and the Anglican Christianity of English society at the time, to show its interest for current debates on control and care.

Resumen: Hasta el día de hoy las interpretaciones e ideas de Fitz Roy y Darwin acerca de los pueblos fueguinos han sido entendidas de un modo bastante polémico y a partir de estereotipos acerca de lo que se ha considerado científico y teológico en el mundo cristiano occidental, y que se expresa especialmente en los debates entre creacionistas y evolucionista como se conoció luego en el debate británico. En efecto, en las posturas de estos hombres de ciencia se encuentran cuestiones epistemológicas y teológicas que no han sido suficientemente explicitadas en todos y cada uno de sus matices y que prosiguen aún presentes en nuestra época. En sus respectivos puntos de vista ligado a la historia de la ciencia del siglo XVIII y XIX hay supuestos e ideas que han prevalecido acerca de la ciencia y de la fe que reinterpretadas permitirían superar las dicotomías ligadas al naturalismo y humanismo que muestra los avances de la ciencia británica de la época e intenta avanzar en una comprensión global y homogénea del conjunto de procesos de la Vida en el planeta. Siguiendo la perspectiva de la historia de la ciencia destacaremos los principales puntos fuertes de los presupuestos de la polémica entre la ciencia natural experimental, y el cristianismo anglicano de la sociedad inglesa de la época, para mostrar su interés para los debates actuales sobre control y cuidado.

Summary: The article discusses, in a long historical period and prioritizing some Latin American countries, the relationships between the processes of elaboration and diffusion of racism; the processes of exclusion and socio-racial oppression, even in post-independence periods of organization of constitutional governments, as coloniality of power; and the democratizing/(dis)democratizing processes present in these interconnections. Through a global history approach and a decolonial perspective, the main objective is to reflect on the practice of racial division in education and demonstrate how, since its origins, the process of school diffusion was (dis) democratizing. As methodological procedures, documentary research in period works stands out, and conceptual dialogues with authors such as Quijano (2005) and Pacheco (2017), in addition to dialogue with education historians.

Resumen: El artículo analiza, en un largo período histórico y priorizando algunos países latinoamericanos, las relaciones entre los contextos de elaboración y difusión del racismo, los procesos de exclusión y opresión socio-racial, incluso en períodos de organización de gobiernos constitucionales posteriores a la independencia, como colonialidad del poder, y los procesos democratizadores/desdemocratizadores presentes en estas interconexiones. A través de un enfoque de historia global y una perspectiva decolonial, el objetivo principal es reflexionar sobre la práctica de la división racial en la educación y demostrar cómo, desde sus orígenes, el proceso de difusión escolar fue desdemocratizante. Como procedimientos metodológicos destacan la investigación documental en obras de época y los diálogos conceptuales con autores como Quijano (2005) y Pacheco (2017), además del diálogo con historiadores de la educación.

Resumo: O artigo discute, numa longa duração histórica e priorizando-se alguns países da América Latina, as relações entre os contextos de elaboração e difusão do racismo, os processos de exclusões e opressão sociorracial, mesmo nos períodos pós-independências de organização dos governos constitucionais, enquanto colonialidade do poder, e os processos democratizantes/desdemocratizantes presentes nessas interconexões. Por meio da abordagem da história global e da perspectiva decolonial, o objetivo principal é refletir sobre a prática da divisão racial da educação e demonstrar como, desde as suas origens, o processo de difusão da escola foi desdemocratizante. Como procedimentos metodológicos, destaca-se a investigação documental em obras de época, e a realização de diálogos conceituais com autores como Quijano (2005) e Pacheco (2017), além da interlocução com historiadores da educação.

The purpose of the study reported on here was to explore the implementation of learner integration and its challenges in a selected former Model C school. This is an expansion of the findings of a larger study, "Understanding and enhancing of learner integration in a selected ex-model C school" by Theresia Joakim Kanyopa. Based on South Africa's history, the term "former Model C" (also ex Model C) is still commonly used to describe those schools that were formerly Whites-only but are now multiracial schools. Learner integration is a major issue in global contemporary education practice. Contemporary literature on learner integration in former Model C schools reveals complex impediments. Some of the impediments are essentially beyond the capabilities and competencies of learners, teachers and principals. In this article we argue that the lack of an effectively designed practice is central to the impediments to learner integration. This was a qualitative case study grounded within the critical research paradigm, hence the critical emancipatory research (CER) theoretical framework was adopted. We used purposive and convenience sampling to select the research site and participants. Four Grade 11 learners (2 boys and 2 girls) were purposively selected because of their availability and willingness to participate in the study. Their ages were between 16 and 19 years. Data were generated through interviews and reflective writing. Importantly, to achieve successful learner integration in former Model C schools, we affirm that these schools must revise their practices, programmes and policies to create an integrative learning environment that ensures learner safety and an environment that supports, develops end enhances their academic goals. The findings from the study indicate that learner integration in former Model C schools can be successfully done by valuing the learners' diversities regardless of their backgrounds, ethnic groups, status or races.

Abstract This article deals with the classified news that arrived about the Englishman Robert Hodgson from Bluefields Bay, a territory disputed by England, Spain, and the Miskito Indians at the end of the 18th century. In the letters and relationships with which Hodgson was spied on, it is possible to reveal the life and representations of cultural mediators, their conflicts, alliances, and survival strategies. The spies, rumors and fear of these men also allow us to understand the capacity that the English and Spanish governments had to seek to take advantage of alliances that at times were ambivalent. For this, then, it is necessary to follow the "very secretive" news of those who were considered allies and confront them with those who oversaw monitoring and spying on the monarch's new vassals. It was above all a global situation that produced an infinite amount of information that, despite being loaded with contrary meanings about the fidelity and interests of these cultural mediators, allowed us to have accurate news about smuggling, the colonization of new territories and the mechanisms politicians to gain allies, integrate them or expel them.

Resumen Este artículo trata sobre las noticias reservadas que llegaron sobre el inglés Robert Hodgson desde la bahía de Bluefields, territorio disputado por Inglaterra, España y los indios Miskitos a finales del siglo XVIII. En las cartas y relaciones con las que se espiaba a Hodgson es posible desvelar la vida y las representaciones sobre los mediadores culturales, sus conflictos, alianzas y estrategias de supervivencia. Los espías, los rumores y el temor a estos hombres permiten entender la capacidad que tenían los Gobiernos inglés y español para buscar aprovechar alianzas que por momentos eran ambivalentes. Para esto, entonces, es necesario seguir las noticias "reservadísimas" de quien se consideraba aliado y confrontarlas con quienes estaban encargados de vigilar y espiar a los nuevos vasallos del monarca. Se trató ante todo de una situación global que produjo infinidad de información que, a pesar de estar cargada de sentidos contrarios sobre la fidelidad y los intereses de estos mediadores culturales, permitía tener noticias certeras sobre el contrabando, la colonización de nuevos territorios y los mecanismos políticos para ganar aliados, integrarlos o expulsarlos.

Abstract Introduction. Splenunculus has been described with an overall incidence of 10 to 30%. It can be an entity of congenital or acquired origin, it is frequently associated with abdominal trauma or a history of splenectomy for various reasons. Clinical case. Middle-aged woman, with a history of abdominal trauma and splenectomy due to traumatic rupture, who 30 years later presents with abdominal pain. Imaging studies identified a solid intrapancreatic mass. Results. She was taken to OR for distal pancreatectomy. The histological and immunohistochemical findings confirmed that the pancreatic mass corresponded to an acquired intrapancreatic splenunculus, associated with the previous traumatic event. Conclusion. Splenuncles usually constitute an “incidentaloma”. Imaging studies are limited, since computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and ultrasonography present similar imaging characteristics with hypervascularized pancreatic tumors, so histopathological study must be included during their evaluation. This entity should be included in the differential diagnoses, with greater emphasis on those patients with a history of abdominal trauma and associated splenectomy, a scenario in which this lesion can simulate a solid neoplasm of the pancreas, with malignant characteristics.

Resumen Introducción. El esplenúnculo se ha descrito con una incidencia global del 10 al 30 %. Puede ser una entidad de origen congénito o adquirida, frecuentemente está asociada a trauma abdominal o antecedente de esplenectomía por diversas causas. Caso clínico. Mujer en edad media, con antecedente de trauma abdominal y esplenectomía por ruptura traumática, quien 30 años después presenta un cuadro de dolor abdominal. Los estudios imagenológicos identificaron una masa sólida intrapancreática. Resultados. Fue llevada a pancreatectomía distal. Los hallazgos histológicos e inmunohistoquímicos confirmaron que la masa pancreática correspondía a un esplenúnculo intrapancreático adquirido, asociado al evento traumático previo. Conclusión. Los esplenúnculos suelen constituir un “incidentaloma”. Los estudios imagenológicos se encuentran limitados, pues la tomografía computarizada, la resonancia nuclear magnética y la ultrasonografía presentan características imagenológicas similares con los tumores pancreáticos hipervascularizados, por lo que se debe practicar el estudio histopatológico durante su valoración. Esta entidad se debe incluir dentro de los diagnósticos diferenciales, con mayor énfasis en aquellos pacientes con historia de trauma abdominal y esplenectomía asociada, un escenario en el que esta lesión puede simular una neoplasia sólida del páncreas, con características malignas.

Abstract Introduction. Cystic pneumatosis intestinalis is described as the presence of gas within the intestinal wall. It is a rare entity, with an incidence of 0.03% in the global population. It appears with a predilection in the male gender after 45 years of age and is located mainly in the small intestine (42%) and the colon. It can be associated with several conditions that sometimes require surgical management. Clinical case. The case of a 75-year-old man with a history of high blood pressure is presented, who consulted for a 15-day history consisting of abdominal distention, pain and constipation. In the emergency room, a chest x-ray was requested, which showed pneumoperitoneum and several air-fluid levels. The surgeon on call considered a possible rupture of the hollow viscus. Results. The patient was taken to exploratory laparotomy, where intestinal cystic pneumatosis and a greatly enlarged stomach were identified, compatible with gastroparesis. As a result of the treatment provided, the patient had a satisfactory outcome, achieving medical discharge, supported with basic nursing care. Conclusions. Although cases of intestinal cystic pneumatosis have an unusual presentation, it can be found in patients with imaging findings of pneumoperitoneum. Therefore, a thorough analysis of each patient must be carried out and the case individualized for the correct diagnosis.

Resumen Introducción. La neumatosis quística intestinal se describe como la presencia de gas dentro de la pared intestinal. Es una entidad poco frecuente, con una incidencia del 0,03 % en la población global. Aparece con predilección en el género masculino después de los 45 años y se localiza principalmente en el intestino delgado (42 %) y el colon. Se puede asociar a varias condiciones que en ocasiones requieren manejo quirúrgico. Caso clínico. Se presenta el caso de un hombre 75 años, con antecedente de hipertensión arterial, quien consultó por un cuadro de 15 días de evolución consistente en distensión abdominal, dolor y estreñimiento. En urgencias se solicitó una radiografía de tórax que mostró neumoperitoneo y varios niveles hidroaéreos, por lo que el cirujano de turno consideró una posible ruptura de víscera hueca. Resultados. Fue llevado a laparotomía exploratoria, donde se identificó neumatosis quística intestinal y estómago muy aumentado de tamaño, compatible con gastroparesia. Como resultado del tratamiento brindado, el paciente tuvo un desenlace satisfactorio logrando alta médica, apoyado con cuidados básicos de enfermería. Conclusiones. Si bien los casos de neumatosis quística intestinal son de presentación inusual, se puede encontrar en pacientes con hallazgos imagenológicos de neumoperitoneo. Por eso, se debe realizar un análisis concienzudo de cada paciente e individualizar el caso para el correcto diagnóstico.

ABSTRACT Amazonia (defined herein as the Amazon basin) is home to the greatest concentration of biodiversity on Earth, providing unique genetic resources and ecological functions that contribute to ecosystem services globally. The lengthy and complex evolutionary history of this region has produced heterogeneous landscapes and riverscapes at multiple scales, altered the geographic and genetic connections among populations, and impacted rates of adaptation, speciation, and extinction. In turn, ecologically diverse Amazonian biotas promoted further diversification, species coexistence, and coevolution, with biodiversity accumulating over tens of millions of years. Important events in Amazonian history included: (i) late Cretaceous and early Paleogene origin of major rainforest plant and animal groups; (ii) Eocene-Oligocene global cooling with rainforests contracting to tropical latitudes separating Atlantic coastal and Amazonian rainforests; (iii) Miocene uplift of central and northern Andes that separated Pacific coastal and Amazonian rainforests, spurred formation of mega-wetlands in the western Amazon, and contributed to the origin of the modern transcontinental Amazon River; (iv) late Neogene formation of the Panamanian Isthmus that facilitated the Great American Biotic Interchange; (v) Pleistocene climate oscillations followed by late Pleistocene-Holocene human colonization and megafaunal extinctions; and (vi) modern era of widespread anthropogenic deforestation, defaunation, and ecological transformations of regional landscapes and global climates. Amazonian conservation requires decade-scale investments into biodiversity documentation and monitoring to leverage existing scientific capacity, and strategic habitat planning to allow continuity of evolutionary and ecological processes now and into the future. defined basin Earth globally scales populations adaptation speciation extinction turn diversification coexistence coevolution years included i (i groups ii (ii EoceneOligocene Eocene Oligocene iii (iii megawetlands mega wetlands River iv (iv Interchange v (v PleistoceneHolocene Holocene extinctions vi (vi deforestation defaunation climates decadescale decade scale capacity future

RESUMEN La Amazonía (definida como la cuenca amazónica) concentra la mayor biodiversidad de la Tierra, proporcionando recursos genéticos y funciones ecológicas únicas que contribuyen a los servicios ecosistémicos a nivel mundial. La compleja historia evolutiva de esta región produjo paisajes heterogéneos a múltiples escalas geográficas, alteró las conexiones geográficas y genéticas entre las poblaciones e influyó en las tasas de adaptación, especiación y extinción. Las biotas amazónicas, ecológicamente diversas, promovieron una mayor diversificación, coexistencia de especies y coevolución, acumulando biodiversidad a lo largo de decenas de millones de años. Acontecimientos importantes en la historia de la Amazonía incluyeron: (i) orígenes durante el Cretácico tardío y el Paleógeno temprano de los principales grupos de plantas y animales; (ii) enfriamiento global del Eoceno-Oligoceno, contrayendo los bosques a latitudes tropicales y separando los de la costa Atlántica de los amazónicos; (iii) levantamiento de los Andes centrales y del norte en el Mioceno, separando las selvas tropicales de la costa del Pacífico y de la Amazonía, estimulando la formación de megahumedales en la Amazonía occidental y contribuyendo al origen del moderno Río Amazonas transcontinental; (iv) formación del istmo de Panamá durante el Neógeno tardío, facilitando el Gran Intercambio Biótico Americano; (v) oscilaciones climáticas del Pleistoceno seguidas por la colonización humana y las extinciones de megafauna; (vi) era moderna de deforestación antropogénica generalizada, defaunación y transformaciones ecológicas de paisajes regionales y climas globales. La conservación de la Amazonía requiere inversiones por décadas en la documentación y el seguimiento de la biodiversidad para impulsar la capacidad científica existente, así como la planificación estratégica del hábitat para permitir la continuidad de los actuales y futuros procesos evolutivos y ecológicos. definida amazónica Tierra mundial adaptación extinción amazónicas diversas diversificación coevolución años incluyeron i (i animales ii (ii EocenoOligoceno, EocenoOligoceno Eoceno Oligoceno, Oligoceno Eoceno-Oligoceno amazónicos iii (iii Mioceno transcontinental iv (iv Americano v (v megafauna vi (vi generalizada globales existente ecológicos

Abstract From a global history perspective, the article reveals how the Incas were idealized as bearers of esoteric knowledge since the 16th century, focusing on the case of Inca Garcilaso de la Vega (1539-1616) and his appropriation by the French Martinist Henri Girgois (1833-?) in Argentina in the 19th century. The article demonstrates how this contributed to giving an Americanist orientation to Latin American esotericism that persists to this day. It also shows how the concept of “Western esotericism” emerged

Resumen Desde la perspectiva en historia global, el artículo revela cómo los incas fueron idealizados como portadores de conocimientos esotéricos desde el siglo xvi, focalizándose en el caso de Inca Garcilaso de la Vega (1539-1616) y su apropiación por el martinista francés Henri Girgois (1833-?) en la Argentina del siglo xix. El artículo demuestra cómo esto contribuyó a dar una orientación americanista al esoterismo latinoamericano que perdura hasta nuestros días. Además, muestra cómo el concepto de “esoterismo occidental” surgió en Buenos Aires como resultado de las relaciones conflictivas de Girgois con los teósofos argentinos y su posterior adhesión al martinismo.

Abstract The objective of the article is to discuss the methodological perspective of networks and connections that aims to build pluri-regional conceptions capable of strengthening the studies of the local and regional press in a historical-communicational perspective. This methodological movement seeks to break with silencing and macrostructural and hegemonic logics that, in the historical synthesis, privilege the centers of power. This is because, regardless of the scale, whether local, regional or national, journalism vehicles do not need connections in networks and, consequently, historical press research lacks connected methodological perspectives, strengthening the local against the global and positioning the global in relation to the location.

Resumo O objetivo do artigo é debater a perspectiva metodológica das redes e conexões que visa construção de concepções plurirregionais capazes de fortalecer os estudos da imprensa local e regional numa perspectiva histórico-comunicacional. Este movimento metodológico busca romper com silenciamentos e lógicas macroestruturais e hegemônicas que, na síntese histórica, privilegiam os centros de poder. Isso porque, independente da escala, se local, regional ou nacional, os veículos de jornalismo prescindem de conexões em redes e, consequentemente, as pesquisas históricas da imprensa carecem de olhares metodológicos conectados, fortalecedores do local perante o global e localizadores do global em relação ao local.

Résumé L'objectif de l'article est de discuter la perspective méthodologique des réseaux et des connexions qui vise à construire des conceptions plurirégionales capables de renforcer les études de la presse locale et régionale dans une perspective historico-communicationnelle. Ce mouvement méthodologique cherche à rompre avec le silence et les logiques macrostructurales et hégémoniques qui, dans la synthèse historique, privilégient les centres de pouvoir. En effet, quelle que soit l'échelle, qu'elle soit locale, régionale ou nationale, les véhicules du journalisme n'ont pas besoin de connexions dans les réseaux et, par conséquent, la recherche de presse historique manque de perspectives méthodologiques connectées, renforçant le local par rapport au global et situant le global, par rapport à l'emplacement.

Resumen El objetivo del artículo es discutir la perspectiva metodológica de redes y conexiones que pretende construir concepciones plurirregionales capaces de fortalecer los estudios de la prensa local y regional en una perspectiva histórico-comunicacional. Este movimiento metodológico busca romper con silenciadores y lógicas macroestructurales y hegemónicas que, en la síntesis histórica, privilegian los centros de poder. Esto se debe a que, independientemente de la escala, ya sea local, regional o nacional, los vehículos periodísticos no necesitan conexiones en red y, en consecuencia, la investigación de la prensa histórica carece de perspectivas metodológicas conectadas, fortaleciendo lo local frente a lo global y ubicando lo global, en relación a la ubicación.

Abstract The National Institute of Biodiversity of Costa Rica (INBio), the first institution of its kind worldwide, was created in 1989 as a civil society organization, with the mission of promoting greater awareness of the value of biodiversity, to achieve its conservation and promote human development. It operated within the framework of a national biodiversity conservation strategy consisting of three types of actions: “save, know and use”, forming a publicprivate alliance with the National System of Conservation Areas, whose work represented the first step of “saving”. INBio focused on the generation of scientific knowledge of Costa Rican biodiversity (knowing) and the search and promotion of its intelligent use (using). This article describes the genesis of the institution and its main contributions to the knowledge and use of Costa Rican biodiversity between 1989-2015. These include the results of the protected areas biodiversity inventory process and the development of the largest systematic collection of biological specimens in the country’s history, fully systematized; the development of an information management system that integrated all the information from the inventory and the specimens in its collection in digital format, allowing global access to this information or its correlation with that of other sources. The results of promoting and facilitating the use of information through five programs: Natural Sciences and Conservation Biology, for scientific purposes; Bioliteracy and Education, conceptually designed for the teaching and development of awareness about the value of biodiversity; Bioprospecting, the systematic search for economic uses of biodiversity for medicinal, agricultural and industrial purposes; Conservation for Development, the use of the information for wild areas conservation purposes, surrounding communities or nature tourism, among others; Technical Assistance and Training, program in charge of assisting public and private entities, inside and outside the country, in the development of initiatives in which Biodiversity was the central element. The main results of its work and the national and international awards that INBio received for its innovative approaches and contributions are described, as well as the financial and political reasons why INBio discontinued its activities in the period 2015-2016 are summarized. Viewing the work of INBio as a first stage, the importance and need to continue with a state program on the knowledge and use of Costa Rican biodiversity is raised, in addition to its protection, with the goal of creating awareness of its value before the serious threats to life on Earth.

Resumen El Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad de Costa Rica (INBio), la primera institución en su género en el mundo, fue creado en 1989 como una organización de la sociedad civil, con la misión expresa de promover una mayor conciencia del valor de la biodiversidad, para lograr su conservación y fomentar el desarrollo humano. En el marco de una estrategia nacional de conservación de la biodiversidad consistente en tres tipos de acciones: “salvar, conocer y utilizar”, se conformó una alianza público-privada con el Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación, cuya labor representó el primer paso de “salvar”. El INBio se centró en la generación de conocimiento científico de la biodiversidad costarricense (el “conocer”) y en la búsqueda y promoción de su uso inteligente (el “usar”). Este artículo describe la génesis de la institución y sus principales aportes al conocimiento y la utilización de la biodiversidad costarricense en el período 1989-2015. Estos incluyen los resultados del proceso de inventario de la biodiversidad de las áreas protegidas y el desarrollo de la colección sistemática de especímenes biológicos más grande en la historia del país, totalmente sistematizada; el desarrollo de un sistema de manejo de información que integró en formato digital toda la información del inventario y de los especímenes de su colección, permitiendo el acceso global a estos datos o su correlación con la de otras fuentes. Los resultados de la promoción y la facilitación del uso de la información se lograron mediante cinco programas: Ciencias Naturales y Biología de la Conservación, con fines científicos; Bioalfabetización y Educación, conceptualmente diseñados para la enseñanza y el desarrollo de la conciencia del valor de la biodiversidad; Bioprospección, la búsqueda sistemática de usos económicos de la biodiversidad para fines medicinales, agrícolas e industriales; Conservación para el Desarrollo, el empleo de la información para la conservación de áreas silvestres, comunidades circunvecinas o turismo naturalista, entre otros; y Asistencia Técnica y Capacitación, programa encargado de asistir a entidades públicas y privadas, dentro y fuera del país, en el desarrollo de iniciativas en que la biodiversidad fuera el elemento central. Se describen los principales resultados de su labor y los reconocimientos nacionales e internacionales que el INBio recibió por sus novedosos enfoques y aportes, al igual que se resumen las razones de carácter financiero y político por las cuales el INBio descontinuó sus actividades en el período 2015-2016. Vista la labor del INBio como una primera etapa, se plantea la importancia y necesidad de continuar con un programa estatal sobre el conocimiento y uso de la biodiversidad costarricense, en adición a su protección, con el fin último de que exista conciencia de su valor ante las serias amenazas para la vida en el planeta.

Abstract Climate change (CC) is the greatest evidence of the "metamorphosis of the world" and is changing the temperature and rainfall patterns, but also the social, cultural and health systems on planet Earth. The unpredictability of climactic phenomena and their multidimensional impacts on human and environmental health contribute to making our understanding of the world increasingly difficult. Moreover, history has proven that technoscience alone is not enough to deal with these problems. A global appeal is now emerging for the humanities and social sciences to also deal with the human and non-human issues raised by CC, notably through their integration with the areas of health and sustainability. The aim of this article is to present and discuss some of the first results of the Composing Worlds: Humanities, Well-Being and Health transdisciplinary network, which consists of a network of experts in the humanities, social sciences and health who think about issues of well-being and health in contemporary technological societies. The methodology used in the first phase of the project consisted of an interview with open questions, made by the network of 12 researchers. This was an exploratory study that used thematic analysis to identify the original key ideas of each author and corresponding main themes. The themes were then organised into semantic groups or thematic clusters. It is hoped that some of these clusters will contribute to discussing how CC has already altered our ways of being, living and thinking about the world, and will also contribute to dealing with the challenges related to the risks of CC on health and well-being throughout the 21st century.

Resumo As alterações climáticas (AC) são a maior evidência da “metamorfose do mundo” e estão a mudar os regimes de temperatura e de pluviosidade, mas também os sistemas sociais, culturais e de saúde no planeta Terra. A imprevisibilidade dos fenómenos climáticos e os seus impactes multidimensionais na saúde humana e ambiental contribuem para tornar a nossa compreensão do mundo cada vez mais difícil. Além disso, a história provou que a tecnociência, sozinha, não é suficiente para lidar com estes problemas. Um apelo global está agora a despertar para que as humanidades e as ciências sociais também lidem com as questões humanas e não humanas levantadas pelas AC, nomeadamente através da sua integração com as áreas da saúde e da sustentabilidade. Este artigo tem como objetivo apresentar e discutir alguns dos primeiros resultados da rede transdisciplinar Compor Mundos: Humanidades, Bem-Estar e Saúde, que consiste numa rede de especialistas em humanidades, ciências sociais e da saúde que pensam sobre as questões do bem-estar e da saúde nas sociedades tecnológicas contemporâneas. A metodologia usada na primeira fase do projeto consistiu numa entrevista com perguntas abertas, construída de forma participativa pela rede de 12 investigadores. Tratou-se de uma pesquisa exploratória que utilizou a análise temática para identificar as ideias-chave originais de cada autor e a indução dos temas principais correspondentes. Os temas foram então organizados em grupos de correspondência semântica, ou clusters temáticos. Espera-se que alguns destes clusters contribuam para discutir como as AC já alteraram as nossas maneiras de ser, viver e pensar sobre o mundo, e contribuam também para lidar com os desafios relacionados com os riscos das AC na saúde e no bem-estar ao longo do século XXI.

Abstract Objectives: evaluate the surgical effectiveness of endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy (eDCR) and determine predictive factors of clinical and surgical success. Study Design: retrospective descriptive study. Materials and Methods: review of clinical records of patients undergoing eDCR in a tertiary center between 2017 and 2022, and statistical analysis. Results: a total of 90 procedures were performed in 82 patients, including 17 revisions, with an overall clinical success rate of 89%. Exposure of the agger nasi (p=.018) and removal of the mucoperiosteal flap (p=.005) were statistically significant factors associated with higher clinical success. Revision surgery, history of dacryocystitis, silicone tube placement, and wide frontal maxillary apophysis osteotomy hadn’t reach statistical significancy in surgical success (p>.05). Conclusion: the authors emphasize the importance of removing the mucoperiosteal flap and opening the agger nasi, favoring the marsupialization of the lacrimal sac in the lateral wall, for surgical success.

Resumo Objetivos: avaliar a eficácia cirúrgica das dacriocistorrinostomias endoscópicas (DCRe) e determinar fatores preditivos de sucesso clínico e cirúrgico. Desenho do Estudo: estudo retrospetivo, descritivo. Material e Métodos: revisão dos registos clínicos e exames complementares de doentes submetidos a DCRe realizadas num centro hospitalar terciário entre 2017 e 2022, e análise estatística. Resultados: totalizaram-se 90 procedimentos em 82 doentes, incluindo 17 revisões, verificando-se uma taxa global de sucesso clínico de 89%. Associaram-se a maior eficácia clínica, estatisticamente significativa, a exposição da agger nasi (p=0.018) e a remoção do retalho mucoperiósteo (p=0.005). A cirurgia de revisão, antecedentes de dacriocistite, colocação de tubo de silicone e a osteotomia ampla da apófise frontal do maxilar não estiveram associados, de modo estatisticamente significativo, a melhor sucesso cirúrgico (p>0.02). Conclusão: corroborando a literatura, os autores enfatizam a importância da remoção do retalho mucoperiósteo e a abertura da agger nasi, favorecendo a marsupialização do saco lacrimal na parede lateral, no sucesso cirúrgico.

Abstract The demand for cultural tourism gives raise to processes focused on a greater recognition and representation of the geographically spread historical and artistic heritage that shift the boundaries between the local and the global. In Calabria, the sacred places project (Research of the Landscape in Progress Laboratory – UNIRC) seeks to redraw historical maps and plots through new approaches and contemporary itineraries in a territory that, after the departure of the Grand Tour travelers, has experienced the condition of marginality and periphery. Calabria finds its possible salvation in the places of the sacred, i.e., historical-artistic topos. Thus, the inland landscapes -the destination of monks and mystics who fled from the Mediterranean coast in search of places of silence and meditation- are rediscovered. Paths and sanctuaries become the lines and points of a landscape design and a lost sense of inhabitation. The architectural project contributes to an action of "landscape restoration" grounded on the idea that a figurative and landscape identity has not been finished or defined. This encourages a dialogue between the ancient and the contemporary, and especially, between scenarios of the diffuse city and more recognizable places. The text introduces three examples of the project in the Calabrian territory addressing the idea of the sacred and its relationship with the place at three different scales: the itinerary, the project and history, and the project and the new symbols in the diffuse periphery.

Resumen La demanda de turismo cultural desencadena procesos centrados en un mayor reconocimiento y representación del patrimonio histórico y artístico geográficamente disperso, desplazando las fronteras entre lo local y lo global. El proyecto de lugares sagrados en Calabria (Investigación del Laboratorio Landscape_inProgress -UNIRC) pretende restaurar mapas y tramas históricas junto con nuevos enfoques e itinerarios contemporáneos, en un territorio que, tras el paréntesis de los viajeros del Grand Tour, ha experimentado una condición de marginalidad y periferia. Calabria encuentra en los lugares de lo sagrado su posible redención como topos histórico-artísticos, redescubriendo los paisajes del interior, ya destino de monjes y místicos que, desde las costas mediterráneas, huían en busca de lugares de silencio y meditación. Caminos y santuarios constituyen líneas y puntos de un diseño del territorio y de un modo de habitarlo que se ha perdido. El proyecto de arquitectura contribuye a una acción de "restauración del paisaje", en la idea de no considerar acabada y definida una identidad figurativa y paisajística. Esto favorece el diálogo entre lo antiguo y lo contemporáneo, y sobre todo entre los escenarios de la ciudad difusa y los lugares más reconocibles. El texto presenta tres ejemplos en el territorio calabrés que abordan la idea de lo sagrado y su relación con el lugar a tres escalas diferentes: el proyecto y el itinerario, el proyecto y la historia, y el proyecto y los nuevos símbolos en la periferia difusa.