Resumo O fator solar é uma propriedade térmica de vidros e elementos transparentes, definida como a razão entre a quantidade de energia solar que atravessa o vidro e a quantidade de energia solar que nele incide. O fator solar pode ser determinado por meio de modelos de cálculo, simulações computacionais ou medições em campo ou laboratório. Este artigo compara métodos de obtenção do fator solar, que incluem medições em laboratório com um calorímetro portátil, simulação computacional no software WINDOW e cálculo conforme procedimentos da norma ISO 9050. Foram selecionados dois vidros de controle solar e um vidro comum como referência. Devido a limitações do simulador solar e do equipamento, os valores de fator solar obtidos nas medições em laboratório foram menores que os calculados pelos outros dois métodos. Apesar disso, houve boa aproximação do comportamento dos vidros quanto ao aumento da velocidade do ar. Os valores calculados por meio da ISO 9050 permaneceram iguais para cada tipo de vidro, independentemente da velocidade do ar, devido ao coeficiente de transferência de calor superficial externo ser fixo. Os valores de fator solar calculados pela norma apresentaram maior proximidade com os valores medidos pelo calorímetro portátil em condições de velocidades do ar mais elevadas. transparentes incide referência equipamento disso 905 fixo elevadas 90 9

Abstract Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC) is a thermal property of glass and transparent elements, defined as the ratio between the amount of solar energy that passes through the glass and the amount of solar energy that reaches it. SHGC can be determined using mathematical models, computer simulations, or field and laboratory measurements. This paper compares the methods for obtaining the SHGC, which include laboratory measurements using a portable calorimeter, computer simulation using the WINDOW software and calculated according to ISO 9050 standard. Two solar control glasses and one clear glass, used as a reference, were selected. The SHGCs obtained using laboratory measurements were lower than those obtained using the other methods due to the solar simulator and equipment limitations. Despite this, there was a good approximation of the behaviour of the glasses regarding the increase in air velocity. The heat transfer coefficient on the exterior surface was fixed, so the SHGC obtained for each glass based on ISO 9050 remains the same, regardless of the air velocity. The SHGC results based on ISO 9050 were similar to those measured by means of a portable calorimeter under conditions of higher air velocities. (SHGC elements it models simulations 905 standard reference selected limitations this velocity fixed same velocities 90 9

Resumo Este estudo tem como objetivo avaliar a resistência à fratura de coroas cerâmicas bilayers fabricadas pela técnica Rapid Layer Technology (RLT) e submetidas à diferentes protocolos de cimentação da cerâmica de cobertura sobre a infraestrutura de zircônia. Sessenta preparos de resina epóxi simulando um dente molar humano foram obtidos e 60 infraestruturas em zircônia e 60 coroas de cerâmica feldspática com 1mm de espessura na face oclusal foram fabricadas pela RLT usando um sistema CAD/CAM. As infraestruturas de zircônia foram divididas em 6 grupos de acordo com o protocolo de cimentação na interface com a cerâmica de cobertura (n=10): Ctr - controle: cimento resinoso convencional; Al - jateamento com Al2O3 50 µm + cimento resinoso convencional; Al/MDP - jateamento com Al2O3 (50 µm) + cimento resinoso com MDP; Sil - silicatização 30 µm + cimento resinoso convencional; Gl/HF - glaze + ácido hidrofluoridrico (5%, 60s) + silano + cimento resinoso convencional; Gl - glaze como agente de união. O tratamento de superfície da superfície interna das cerâmicas feldspáticas foram condicionadas com ácido fluorídrico 5% seguidos da aplicação de silano. As cerâmicas de cobertura foram cimentadas nas infraestruturas de zircônia de acordo com seu respectivo protocolo de cimentação. Após, todas as amostras foram submetidas à ciclagem mecânica (200N e 4.5x105 Pa, 37°C, 2x106 cycles, 3Hz) e ao teste de resistência à compressão axial até a (10kN, 0.5 mm/min). A análise de Weibull e analyses complementares foram também realizadas. Os resultados da carga do valor máximo de resistência à fratura (N) foram submetidos à análise descritiva e estatística com ANOVA 1- fator e teste de Tukey (α = 0.05). ANOVA revelou que houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos testados (p<0.0001). O grupo Al/MDP apresentou o maior valor de resistência à fratura (1972.46A N), comparado com os demais grupos seguidos pelo grupo Ctr (1584.41B N) que foi similar aos demais. A resistência característica (σ0) foi significativa entre os grupos (p = 0.000). A fratura e o chipping foram as falhas predominates. O jateamento da superfície externa da zircônia com Al2O3 seguido da cimentação com o cimento contendo MDP, deve ser o protocolo escolhido para cimentação de cerâmicas feldspáticas de cobertura confeccionadas pela Rapid Layer Technique. (RLT mm CADCAM CAD CAM CAD/CAM n=10 n10 n 10 (n=10) controle convencional AlO Al2O 5 AlMDP MDP (5 3 GlHF HF 5%, (5% 60s s união Após 200N N 45x105 x 4 5x105 4.5x10 Pa 37C C 37 37°C 2x10 cycles 3Hz Hz 10kN, 10kN kN (10kN 05 0 0. mm/min. mmmin mm/min . min mm/min) realizadas (N 1 α 0.05. 005 0.05 0.05) p<0.0001. p00001 p p<0.0001 0001 (p<0.0001) 1972.46A 197246A 1972 46A N, , 1584.41B 158441B B 1584 41B σ0 σ (σ0 0.000. 0000 0.000 000 0.000) predominates Technique n=1 n1 (n=10 ( 45x10 5x10 4.5x1 2x1 00 0.0 p0000 p<0.000 (p<0.0001 197 158 (σ 0.00 n= (n=1 45x1 5x1 4.5x 2x p000 p<0.00 (p<0.000 19 15 (n= 45x 5x p00 p<0.0 (p<0.00 (n p0 p<0. (p<0.0 p<0 (p<0. p< (p<0 (p<

Abstract To evaluate the fracture load of bilayer ceramic crowns manufactured by Rapid Layer Technology (RLT) after different cementation protocols of the veneering ceramic to the zirconia infrastructures. Sixty epoxy resin preparations simulating a molar tooth were obtained and 60 zirconia infrastructures and feldspathic crowns were manufactured by RLT and divided into 6 groups according to the cementation protocol at the interface to veneering ceramic (n=10): Ctr- control: conventional resin cement; Al- Al2O3 sandblasting 50µm + conventional resin cement; Al/MDP- Al2O3 sandblasting (50µm) + resin cement with MDP; Sil- silicatization 30µm + conventional resin cement; Gl/HF- glaze + hydrofluoridric acid (5%,60s) + silane + conventional resin cement; Gl- glazing as bonding agent. The feldspathic ceramic internal surface was etched with fluoridric acid (5%) + silane followed by cementation according to respective protocols. All samples were mechanically cycled (200N and 4.5x105 Pa, 37°C, 2x106 cycles, 3.4Hz) and submitted to axial compressing fracture load test (10kN, 0.5mm/min). The results(N) were submitted to descriptive and analytical statistical analysis with 1-way ANOVA, Weibull, and the Tukey test (α=0.05). ANOVA revealed that there was a significant difference among the tested groups (p<0.0001). The group Al/MDP presented the higher resistance to fracture (1972.46A N), followed by the Ctr group (1584.41B N). The characteristic strength(σ0) was significantly different (p=0.000). The crack and chipping were the predominant failures. The air-abrasion at the external surface of zirconia with Al2O3 followed by cementation with MDP resin cement, should be selected to Rapid Layer Technique when felspathic ceramic is used as veneer ceramic. (RLT n=10 n10 n 10 (n=10) control Al AlO O Al2O µm AlMDP (50µm Sil Gl/HF GlHF Gl HF 5%,60s 560s s 5 60s (5%,60s agent 5% (5% 200N N 45x105 x 4 5x105 4.5x10 Pa 37C C 37 37°C 2x10 cycles 3.4Hz 34Hz Hz 3 4Hz 10kN, 10kN kN (10kN 0.5mm/min. 05mmmin mmmin 0.5mm/min . 0 5mm min mm 0.5mm/min) resultsN results results(N 1way way 1 Weibull α=0.05. α005 α α=0.05 05 (α=0.05) p<0.0001. p00001 p p<0.0001 0001 (p<0.0001) 1972.46A 197246A A 1972 46A N, , N) 1584.41B 158441B B 1584 41B N. strengthσ0 strengthσ strength σ0 σ strength(σ0 p=0.000. p0000 p=0.000 000 (p=0.000) failures airabrasion air abrasion n=1 n1 (n=10 (5 45x10 5x10 4.5x1 2x1 α00 α=0.0 (α=0.05 p<0.000 (p<0.0001 197 158 strength(σ p000 p=0.00 00 (p=0.000 n= (n=1 ( 45x1 5x1 4.5x 2x α0 α=0. (α=0.0 p<0.00 (p<0.000 19 15 p00 p=0.0 (p=0.00 (n= 45x 5x α=0 (α=0. p<0.0 (p<0.00 p0 p=0. (p=0.0 (n α= (α=0 p<0. (p<0.0 p=0 (p=0. (α= p<0 (p<0. p= (p=0 (α p< (p<0 (p= (p< (p

Abstract This study evaluated the effect of different occlusal surface finishes (glaze and silica glass infiltration) on surface characteristics and fatigue behavior of partially stabilized zirconia (PSZ) plates adhesively bonded onto epoxy resin discs. PSZ disc specimens (n = 15; Katana blocks STML, Kuraray Noritake Dental) were produced (Ø = 10 mm; thickness = 1.2 mm) and allocated into 3 groups: As sintered (S), silica glass infiltration (SGI), and glaze application (G). The PSZ intaglio surface was air-abraded with 50-µm alumina powder followed by bonding agent application. All produced PSZ were adhesively cemented onto dentin analogue discs made of epoxy resin material (Ø = 10 mm; thickness = 2 mm). Step stress fatigue test was performed (load ranging from 200 to 1800 N; step size 100 N and 10,000 cycles; 20 Hz). The topographic, microstructural, and fractographic analyses were performed by scanning electron microscopy. Results: No statistically significant difference in fatigue behavior was detected among the groups. All failures started at the bonding surface. Silica glass-infiltration and glaze layer application provided a smoothing effect, while the sintered group had a surface with grooves. The occlusal surface finishing method (silica glass infiltration or glazing) had no deleterious effect on fatigue behavior of adhesively bonded PSZ plates. (PSZ n 15 STML Dental Ø 1 mm 12 1. groups S, S , (S) SGI, SGI (SGI) G. G . (G) airabraded air abraded 50µm µm 50 mm. load 180 10000 000 10,00 cycles Hz. Hz Hz) topographic microstructural microscopy Results glassinfiltration grooves glazing (S (SGI (G 5 18 1000 00 10,0 0 10,

Resumen El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo demostrar cómo las carpinterías inciden considerablemente en la eficiencia energética edilicia. Se exponen dos casos de viviendas, casas country, ubicadas en el gran San Miguel de Tucumán. Ambas se construyen considerando criterios de eficiencia térmico–energética desde las orientaciones y a través del uso del sistema Cassaforma. Este sistema resulta muy eficiente desde el punto de vista térmico–energético, ya que alcanza los más altos estándares de aislación térmica establecidos por IRAM 11605. Sin embargo, estas viviendas poseen una importante superficie de ventanas, con un acristalamiento de bajas prestaciones térmicas y sin protecciones solares en la mayoría de sus orientaciones. Se analiza la performance de ambas a través de la ponderación EPDA (Estrategias Pasivas de Diseño Arquitectónico) y el etiquetado de eficiencia energética en su estado original. A través de estas herramientas, se estudia el comportamiento de las viviendas considerando dos posibles variantes: la reducción de la superficie de ventanas en un 50 % y la utilización de un sistema de vidrio de mejores prestaciones térmicas existente en el mercado local. Se concluye que las carpinterías presentan una elevada incidencia en el comportamiento energético de ambos casos y la reducción de las mismas permite importantes ahorros energéticos.

Abstract The objective of this work is to demonstrate how the glace surface considerably affects building energy efficiency. Two cases of housing are presented, which consist of two private neighborhood houses located in the metropolitan area of San Miguel de Tucumán. Both were built considering recommended criteria on thermal energy efficiency and using Cassaforma system. This system is very efficient from a thermal energy point of view since it reaches the highest IRAM standards for thermal insulation. However, these cases present a significant window surface, with low thermal performance glazing and no solar protection in most orientations. Their performance is analyzed through EPDA (Passive Architectural Design Strategies) and energy efficiency labeling at their original state. Using the same tools, these houses’ behavior is analyzed considering two possible variants: a 50% window surface reduction and the use of a glass system with a better thermal performance that is available in the local market. It is concluded that carpentry has a high impact on energy behavior in both cases and its reduction allows significant energy savings.

Resumo O presente trabalho tem como objetivo demonstrar como as esquadrias incidem consideravelmente na eficiência energética edilícia. Apresentam-se dois casos de residências “casas country” localizadas na grande San Miguel de Tucumán. Ambas as residências foram construídas considerando critérios de eficiência térmico-energética desde as orientações e através da utilização do sistema Cassaforma. Este sistema, resulta muito eficiente desde o ponto de vista térmico energético, ja que atinge os maiores estândares de isolamento térmico estabelecidos por IRAM 11605. Porém, apresentam uma importante superfície de janelas envidraçadas de baixo desempenho térmico e sem proteções solares na maioria de suas orientações. Analisa-se a performance de ambas as casas através da ponderação EPDA (Estratégias Passivas de Design Arquitetônico) e o etiquetado de eficiência energética, em seu estado original. Através das mesmas ferramentas, analisa-se o desempenho das residências considerando duas possíveis variáveis: a redução da superfície de janelas em um 50% e a utilização de um sistema de vidro de melhor desempenho térmico presente no mercado local. Se conclui que as esquadrias apresentam uma elevada incidência no comportamento energético em ambos os casos e a redução das mesmas, permite importantes poupanças energéticas.

Resumo Este estudo avaliou o efeito de diferentes protocolos de queima na rugosidade de superfície e resistência à flexão de uma cerâmica vítrea de dissilicato de lítio (DL) para CAD/CAM, após métodos de envelhecimento. Quarenta e dois barras de DL (IPS e-max CAD, Ivoclar) de 16 x 4 x 2 mm foram separadas aleatoriamente em dois grupos de acordo com os protocolos de queima: Single firing-Pigmentação, glazeamento e cristalização em única etapa. Multiple firings-Cristalização+Primeira camada do pigmento+Queima+Segunda camada do pigmento+Queima+Glazeamento+Queima. Após os protocolos, foram realizadas leituras iniciais de rugosidade de superfície (Surfcorder SE1700, Kosakalab). As amostras foram então separadas aleatoriamente em três grupos (n=7) segundo o método de envelhecimento a que foram submetidas: Ciclagem termomecânica (CTM, Sistema ER, Erios, 1.200.000 ciclos, 0.3 MPa, 2 Hz e 5°C/37°C/55°C, 30 s de imersão), Escovação simulada (ES, Pepsodent, MAVTEC, 73.000 ciclos) e Controle (sem envelhecimento). Leituras finais de rugosidade foram realizadas, e as amostras foram submetidas ao ensaio de resistência à flexão em três pontos (OM100, Odeme Dental Research) e à análise fractográfica por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (EVO-MA10, ZEISS). Os dados foram analisados (ANOVA de dois fatores, (α=.05). Não houve diferença (p>.05) na resistência à flexão entre os protocolos de queima, independente do envelhecimento. ES diminuiu a resistência à flexão das amostras submetidas a multiple firings, diferente do controle (p<.05). Sem envelhecimento (Controle), antes da CTM e após ES, LD apresentou menor rugosidade de superfície quando submetido a multiple firings do que a single firing (p<.05). Os protocolos de queima não afetaram a resistência à flexão nem a rugosidade de superfície da cerâmica vítrea de dissilicato de lítio, mesmo após envelhecimento. No entanto, a escovação afetou negativamente a resistência à flexão e poliu a superfície da cerâmica submetida a multiple firings. (DL CADCAM CAD CAM CAD/CAM IPS emax max Ivoclar 1 firingPigmentação, firingPigmentação Pigmentação, Pigmentação firing-Pigmentação etapa firingsCristalização+Primeira firingsCristalizaçãoPrimeira Cristalização+Primeira Cristalização Primeira pigmentoQueimaSegunda pigmento Queima Segunda pigmentoQueimaGlazeamentoQueima Glazeamento pigmento+Queima+Glazeamento+Queima Surfcorder SE1700 SE Kosakalab. Kosakalab . Kosakalab) n=7 n7 n 7 (n=7 CTM, (CTM ER Erios 1200000 200 000 1.200.00 ciclos 03 0 3 0. MPa 5C37C55C CCC 5 C 37 55 5°C/37°C/55°C imersão, imersão , imersão) (ES Pepsodent MAVTEC 73000 73 73.00 sem envelhecimento) OM100, OM100 OM (OM100 Research EVOMA10, EVOMA10 EVOMA EVO MA10, MA10 MA (EVO-MA10 ZEISS. ZEISS ZEISS) ANOVA fatores α=.05. α05 α α=.05 05 (α=.05) p>.05 p05 p (p>.05 p<.05. p<.05 (p<.05) Controle, (Controle) entanto firingsCristalização CristalizaçãoPrimeira SE170 n= (n= 120000 20 00 1.200.0 7300 73.0 OM10 (OM10 EVOMA1 MA1 (EVO-MA1 α0 α=.0 (α=.05 p>.0 p0 (p>.0 p<.0 (p<.05 (Controle SE17 (n 12000 1.200. 730 73. OM1 (OM1 (EVO-MA α=. (α=.0 p>. (p>. p<. (p<.0 SE1 1200 1.200 (OM α= (α=. p> (p> p< (p<. 120 1.20 (α= (p (p< 12 1.2 (α 1.

Abstract This study evaluated the effect of different firing protocols on the surface roughness and flexural strength of CAD/CAM lithium disilicate glass-ceramic (LD) after aging methods. Forty-two LD bars of 16 x 4 x 2 mm (IPS e-max CAD, Ivoclar) were randomly separated into two groups according to firing protocols: Single firing-Staining, glazing, and crystallization in a single step; Multiple firings-Crystallization+First staining+Firing+Second staining+Firing+Glazing+Firing. After protocols, initial surface roughness readings were taken (Surfcorder SE1700, Kosakalab). Samples were then randomly separated into three groups (n=7) according to the aging methods they were submitted: Thermomechanical cycling (TMC, ER System, Erios, 1,200,000 cycles, 0.3 MPa, 2 Hz and 5°C/37°C/55°C, 30 s swell time); Simulated toothbrushing (STB, Pepsodent, MAVTEC, 73,000 cycles), and Control (no aging). Final surface roughness readings were done, and samples were submitted to a three-point bending test (OM100, Odeme Dental Research) and fractographic analysis by scanning electron microscopy (EVO-MA10, ZEISS). Data were analyzed (2-way ANOVA, (α=.05). There was no difference (p>.05) in the flexural strength between the firing protocols, regardless of the aging method. STB decreased the flexural strength of samples submitted to multiple firings, different from control (p<.05). Without aging (Control), before TMC, and after STB, LD had lower surface roughness when submitted to multiple firings than to single firing (p<.05). The firing protocols did not affect the flexural strength or the surface roughness of the lithium disilicate glass-ceramic, even after aging. However, toothbrushing negatively affected the flexural strength and smoothed the surface of the ceramic submitted to multiple firings. CADCAM CAD CAM glassceramic glass (LD Fortytwo Forty 1 IPS emax e max Ivoclar firingStaining, firingStaining Staining, Staining firing-Staining glazing step firingsCrystallization+First firingsCrystallizationFirst Crystallization+First Crystallization First stainingFiringSecond staining Firing Second stainingFiringGlazingFiring Glazing staining+Firing+Glazing+Firing Surfcorder SE1700 SE Kosakalab. Kosakalab . Kosakalab) n=7 n7 n 7 (n=7 TMC (TMC System Erios 1200000 200 000 1,200,00 cycles 03 0 3 0. MPa 5C37C55C CCC 5 C 37 55 5°C/37°C/55°C time time) (STB Pepsodent MAVTEC 73000 73 73,00 , cycles) aging) done threepoint point OM100, OM100 OM (OM100 Research EVOMA10, EVOMA10 EVOMA EVO MA10, MA10 MA (EVO-MA10 ZEISS. ZEISS ZEISS) 2way way ANOVA α=.05. α05 α α=.05 05 (α=.05) p>.05 p05 p (p>.05 method p<.05. p<.05 (p<.05) Control, (Control) glassceramic, ceramic, However firingsCrystallization CrystallizationFirst SE170 n= (n= 120000 20 00 1,200,0 7300 73,0 OM10 (OM10 EVOMA1 MA1 (EVO-MA1 α0 α=.0 (α=.05 p>.0 p0 (p>.0 p<.0 (p<.05 (Control SE17 (n 12000 1,200, 730 73, OM1 (OM1 (EVO-MA α=. (α=.0 p>. (p>. p<. (p<.0 SE1 1200 1,200 (OM α= (α=. p> (p> p< (p<. 120 1,20 (α= (p (p< 12 1,2 (α 1,

ABSTRACT During the manufacture of ceramic restorations there is an important step of finishing and polishing and the effects of different types of these procedures on the surface characteristics of ceramics are not known for sure. Aim: To evaluate the effects of various surface treatments and immersion in coloring substances on the roughness, microhardness, and color stability of CAD-CAM monolithic ceramics. Materials and Method: The ceramics used were lithium disilicate reinforced with zirconium dioxide (Suprinity), lithium disilicate (E.max) or leucite (Empress). They were subjected to two surface treatments: glazing (group G) (n=20) or mechanical polishing (group P) (n=20). Then they were divided into two subgroups (n=10) to be treated with the staining substance (coffee or water). Roughness, microhardness and color were measured before and after treatment. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and multiple comparisons were performed with Tukey tests at 5% significance level. Results: Roughness was lower in all tested ceramics after polishing than after glazing. Microhardness was the same for polished and glazed E.max, higher in glazed than polished Empress, and higher in polished than glazed Suprinity. Analysis of the effects of glazing and polishing on the individual ceramics showed that the ΔE2000 and ΔWID data of the E.max ceramic subjected to polishing showed greater change. Mechanical polishing is a good option for surface treatment of monolithic ceramics. Conclusion: Glazing was inferior and less satisfactory than polishing. Glazing generates changes that can lead to color instability.

RESUMO Durante a confecção de restaurações cerâmicas existe uma importante etapa dos procedimentos de acabamento e polimento. Os efeitos de diferentes tipos desses procedimentos nas características superficiais das cerâmicas não são conhecidos com certeza. Objetivo: Avaliar os efeitos de vários tratamentos de superfície e imersão em substâncias corantes na rugosidade, microdureza e estabilidade de cor de cerâmicas monolíticas CAD-CAM. Materiais e Métodos: As cerâmicas utilizadas foram dissilicato de lítio reforçado com dióxido de zircônio (Suprinity), dissilicato de lítio (E.max) ou leucita (Empress). Foram submetidos a dois tratamentos de superfície: glazeamento (grupo G) (n=20) ou polimento mecânico (grupo P) (n=20). Em seguida, foram divididos em dois subgrupos (n=10) para serem tratados com a substância corante (café ou água). Rugosidade, microdureza e cor foram medidas antes e após o tratamento. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e as comparações múltiplas foram realizadas com testes de Tukey ao nível de 5% de significância. Resultados: A rugosidade foi menor em todas as cerâmicas testadas após o polimento do que após o glazeamento. A microdureza foi a mesma para o E.max polido e vidrado, maior no Empress vidrado do que no polido, e maior no Suprinity polido do que no vidrado. A análise dos efeitos do esmaltação e polimento nas cerâmicas individuais mostrou que os dados ΔE2000 e ΔWID da cerâmica E.max submetida ao polimento apresentaram maior alteração. O polimento mecânico é uma boa opção para o tratamento superficial de cerâmicas monolíticas. Conclusão: A aplicação do glazing foi inferior e menos satisfatório que o polimento, gerando alterações que podem levar à instabilidade da cor.

Resumen Los colectores solares de aire son empleados en procesos de calentamiento y secado con mucha frecuencia. El modelo más distribuido es el colector solar plano. Este modelo está formado por una placa metálica que recibe directamente la radiación solar que atraviesa una cubierta de vidrio. Cuando el flujo de aire atraviesa dos canales separados, la placa absorbedora se localiza entre ambos canales. La simulación numérica de un colector solar de aire permite estudiar el comportamiento de diferentes configuraciones geométricas, evitándose así la realización de experimentos caros y demorados. La mejor localización de la placa absorbedora es el objetivo de este trabajo. El estudio se desarrolló bajo régimen turbulento de flujo y fueron modeladas once posiciones para la placa. Cuando el comportamiento termohidráulico es considerado, la mejor configuración fue la denominada 35 - 45. La configuración fue la que presentó la mayor eficiencia energética y la mayor eficiencia exergética. Una eficiencia térmica de 85.75 % fue alcanzada por la configuración mencionada bajo una radiación solar de 800 W/m2. Las pérdidas de calor a través de la cubierta y fondo del colector son responsables de los resultados finales obtenidos.

Abstract Air solar collectors are employed frequently in heating and drying process. The most distributed model is probably the flat solar collector. The model consists of a flat plate receiving directly the solar radiation passing through a glazing top surface. When the air flow through two separated channels, the absorber plate is located in between them. Numerical modelling allows to study the performance of multiples geometric configurations, avoiding expensive experiments. The objective of this research is to determine the best location for the plate located inside the channel of an air solar collector. The numerical study is carried on inside the turbulent flow regime and eleven different positions for the plate were modeled. When the thermohydraulic behavior is considered, the configuration with the best performance was the named 35-45. The configuration presented both, the higher effective thermal efficiency and exergetic efficiency. An effective thermal efficiency value about 85.75 % was reached by the 35-45 configuration under a solar energy radiation of 800 W/m2. The heat losses from the cover and from the bottom are responsible by the final outcomes.

Abstract Porcelain is a ceramic tile used worldwide, especially for its technical and aesthetic properties. In this increasingly competitive sector, innovative products are continually developed to meet the market’s demands, such as glazed ceramic tiles with a matte surface, low surface gloss, and silky texture. In this research, a matte glaze for porcelain tiles with low surface brightness (9 to 14 UB) and silky texture was obtained. In particular, 16 formulations of ceramic glaze were studied, which were ground and applied to binil on a laboratory scale and then fired in an industrial kiln at 1192 °C for 45 min. The fired specimens were physically, chemically, thermally, and structurally characterized. The formulation that yielded the best results was tested on an industrial scale and technologically characterized. This formulation met the aesthetic (texture and gloss) and technological (resistance to staining, chemical attack, surface abrasion, and cracking) requirements of the Brazilian technical standard.

Resumo Desde a década de 1980, materiais transparentes e translúcidos inovadores foram desenvolvidos como tentativa de resolver problemas térmicos e luminosos causados pelas superfícies envidraçadas. Neste contexto, o artigo tem como objetivo apresentar um panorama sobre materiais transparentes e translúcidos inovadores empregados em fachadas de edifícios não residenciais, descrevendo quais podem ser promissores em climas brasileiros. Por meio da revisão sistemática de literatura, incluindo artigos em periódicos, relatórios, teses e dissertações, discute-se uma visão relativa aos principais materiais inovadores, que se dividem em duas categorias principais: os sistemas de redirecionamento da luz natural e as janelas inteligentes. Identifica-se que o vidro eletrocrômico se destaca em relação às demais janelas inteligentes pela maior capacidade de controle das propriedades de transmissão luminosa e fator solar. Na categoria de sistemas de redirecionamento da luz natural, os componentes óticos microestruturados são promissores por permitirem maior alcance da luz natural na profundidade dos ambientes em relação a outros sistemas. Conclui-se que ainda há poucos estudos de aplicação desses materiais no Brasil e, por isso, o aprofundamento desta discussão é necessário.

Abstract Since the 1980s, innovative transparent and translucent material technologies have been developed as a solution for issues related to thermal and luminous comfort caused by glazed facades. In this context, this article aims to present an overview of the innovative transparent and translucent materials employed on non-residential building facades, describing those which can be promising in Brazilian climates. Through the literature review, including journal articles, technical reports, theses and dissertations an overview of the main innovative materials is discussed. They can be divided into two categories: smart windows and light redirection systems. The electrochromic glazing stands out from other smart window technologies due its wider range of Solar-Heating Gain Coefficient and Light Transmission control. The micro-structured opticalcomponents are a promising technology because they allow a deeper reach of natural light into the depth of indoor environments. The conclusion of this paper is that there are still only few studies testing the applicability of these innovative materials in Brazil and that further studies are needed

RESUMEN El análisis de las características de un edificio indica que hay algunas incertidumbres que influyen en su rendimiento energético: clima, volumetría o condiciones de funcionamiento. Es importante contar con un sistema asequible que realice este análisis y la gestión energética optimizando el acoplamiento entre producción y consumo. Conocer la relación entre las necesidades térmicas y diferentes parámetros constructivos puede ayudar a definir este sistema, permitiendo comprender el consumo previsto de calefacción y refrigeración en base a información fácilmente disponible. En este trabajo se ha aplicado una metodología numérica para estimar las cargas térmicas de un edificio sin ganancias internas. Para ello se ha desarrollado un entorno de simulación con el que ejecutar un análisis de sensibilidad, acoplando los programas TRNSYS 16.1 y GenOpt, para evaluar diversas variables de análisis del estudio paramétrico: Volumetría, materiales de construcción según normativas españolas y porcentaje de ventanas exteriores. Se han calculado las cargas de calefacción y refrigeración para cuantificar su influencia: Las normativas más antiguas implican cargas anuales más elevadas; mayor altura y superficie del edificio reduce las cargas, y mayores porcentajes de ventanas en las fachadas implican mayores demandas, particularmente en orientaciones Este y Oeste. La variación de la envolvente resulta el factor más influyente. Finalmente se ha realizado un estudio estadístico para evaluar las tendencias anuales. En calefacción muestran mayor estabilidad con dos intervalos definidos, mientras en refrigeración se observa más asimetría.

ABSTRACT The analysis of building characteristics indicates that there are some uncertainties influencing its energy performance: Environment, volumetry or operating conditions. It is important to have a low-cost system that performs this analysis and energy management by optimizing the coupling between production and consumption. Knowing the relationship between the annual thermal needs with different construction parameters can help to define this system and allow understanding the expected heating and cooling consumption based on easily available information. In this work, a numerical methodology has been applied to estimate the thermal loads of a building without internal gains. For this purpose, a simulation environment has been developed to execute a sensitivity analysis through the interconnection between TRNSYS 16.1 and GenOpt programs. Volumetry, building materials according to Spanish regulations and percentage of external windows are evaluated as analysis variables of the parametric study. Heating, and cooling loads have been calculated to quantify their influence: Older regulations imply higher annual loads; the increase in building height and area reduces the annual thermal loads and higher percentages of glazing on the external façades imply higher annual demands, particularly in the east and west orientations; the variation of the envelope results in the most influential factor. Finally, a statistical study has been performed to assess the annual trends: Heating trends point to more stability with two defined intervals, while cooling trends are more asymmetric.

ABSTRACT This article presents the validation procedure of optimization proposals for a compact-typology kindergarten prototype, following passive bioclimatic design guidelines, using dynamic simulation physical models calibrated with onsite measurements. The objective is to verify the parameters for the glazed area (gA), weighted average solar absorptance (α), and total envelope area (envelopeA), using them as input data to obtain correlations of glazing Factors (gF) into a tool to estimate optimal glazed areas, aiming at integrating thermal and visual comfort in the design of educational spaces, in the Very Hot-Humid climate of the Argentine Northeast. As a result, a reduction of up to 72% was obtained in November, the most unfavorable month for school activities, for cooling requirements, by lowering the solar absorptance of exterior surfaces to 0.25, with a glazed area per floor area ratio of 17%, which made noteworthy improvements possible in the spatial daylight distribution, a key resource for the comprehensive development of children from Initial Schooling Levels.

RESUMEN El siguiente artículo presenta el procedimiento de validación de propuestas de optimización de un prototipo de jardín de infantes de tipología compacta, según pautas de diseño bioclimáticas pasivas, mediante modelos físicos de simulación dinámica calibrados con mediciones in situ. El objetivo es verificar los parámetros de área vidriada (Av), absortancia solar promedio ponderada (α) y área de envolvente total (Aenvolvente) utilizados como datos de entrada para la obtención de correlaciones de Factores de vidriado (Fv), en una herramienta de estimación de áreas vidriadas óptimas orientada a integrar el confort térmico y visual en el diseño de espacios educativos, en el clima Muy Cálido Húmedo de la Región Nordeste Argentina. Como resultado, se obtuvo una reducción de los requerimientos de refrigeración de hasta el 72% en el mes de noviembre, más desfavorable para la actividad escolar, al bajar la absortancia solar de las superficies exteriores a 0.25, con una relación de área vidriada por área de piso de 17% que posibilitó notables mejoras en la distribución espacial de la luz natural, recurso fundamental para el desarrollo integral de los niños del Nivel Inicial.

Resumo A conservação de sementes recalcitrantes de seringueira é pouco duradoura, quando comparada com espécies que possuem sementes ortodoxas. Dessa forma, a preservação da espécie ocorre especialmente em campo na forma da planta inteira, o que requer muito espaço físico. A biotecnologia, por meio da técnica da criopreservação pode ser uma ferramenta auxiliadora na manutenção da viabilidade das sementes durante o seu armazenamento. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a viabilidade de embriões zigóticos de seringueira, contendo o tecido de reserva, submetidos a distintas formas de vitrificação, seguido da conservação por meio da criopreservação. Para realização da pesquisa foram utilizadas sementes de seringueira, produzidas no estado de São Paulo. Primeiramente, foram estudadas distintas formas de vitrificação dos embriões zigóticos contendo o tecido de reserva. Os embriões foram avaliados logo após a vitrificação e aos sete dias de conservação em nitrogênio líquido a uma temperatura de -196ºC. As avaliações realizadas foram: determinação do teor de água, viabilidade dos embriões pelo teste de tetrazólio, germinação in vitro e condutividade elétrica. Os resultados foram analisados em delineamento inteiramente casualizados, em esquema fatorial 2 x 5, sendo o primeiro fator época de avaliação (antes e após a criopreservação) e o segundo fator, as formas de vitrificação. Conclui-se que é necessário testar um maior período de exposição dos embriões nas soluções de vitrificação, especialmente nas soluções que apresentaram melhores resultados de viabilidade e germinação (soluções: • 50% de glicerol; • 30% (p/v) glicerol, 15% (p/v) de etilenoglicol, 15% (p/v) dimetilsulfóxido (DMSO) e 0,4 M de sacarose; e • 2 M glicerol seguidos de PVS). Adicionalmente, deve ser analisado um maior nível de desidratação dos embriões, o qual a espécie possa suportar, para que possam ser expostos a criopreservação.

Abstract The conservation of recalcitrant rubber seeds is not very durable when compared to species that have orthodox seeds. Thus, the preservation of the species occurs especially in the field in the form of the entire plant, which requires a lot of physical space. Biotechnology, through the technique of cryopreservation, can be an auxiliary tool in maintaining the viability of seeds during their storage. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the viability of rubber tree zygotic embryos, containing the reserve tissue, submitted to different forms of vitrification, followed by conservation through cryopreservation. To carry out the research, rubber seeds, produced in the state of São Paulo, were used. First, different forms of vitrification of the zygotic embryos containing the reserve tissue were studied. The embryos were evaluated immediately after vitrification and after seven days of storage in liquid nitrogen at a temperature of -196 ºC. The evaluations carried out were: determination of the water content, viability of the embryos by the tetrazolium test, in vitro germination and electrical conductivity. The results were analyzed in a completely randomized design, in a 2x5 factorial scheme, the first factor being the time of assessment (before and after cryopreservation) and the second factor, the forms of vitrification. It is concluded that it is necessary to test a longer period of exposure of embryos in the vitrification solutions, especially in the solutions that presented better results of viability and germination (solutions: • 50% glycerol; • 30% (w/v) glycerol, 15% (w/v) ethylene glycol, 15% (w/v) dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and 0.4 M sucrose; and • 2 M glycerol followed by PVS). In addition, a higher level of dehydration of the embryos, which the species can support, must be analyzed, so that they can be exposed to cryopreservation.

ABSTRACT: Glazing is one of the dominant features of modern and contemporary architecture. This envelope design may have a great impact on operational energy demand of buildings. In this work, glazed façade systems available in Argentina are analyzed, with the purpose of determining the associated thermal transmittance ranges, in terms of the profiles’ design, the type of glazing and the size of glass panes. First, by using bidimensional numerical calculation, the impact of several profile design parameters on thermal transmittance is studied, highlighting the relevance of glazing fixing methods, to then calculate the thermal transmittance of the entire facade. The results indicate that the thermal transmittance value of glazed facades, mainly depends on the transmittance of the glass used, and exceeds this by 24% on average.

RESUMEN: La piel de vidrio es uno de los elementos dominantes de la arquitectura moderna y contemporánea. Este diseño de envolvente puede influir significativamente en la demanda de energía operativa de los edificios. En este trabajo, se analizan los sistemas de fachada de piel de vidrio disponibles en Argentina, con el objetivo de determinar los rangos de transmitancia térmica asociados, en función del diseño de perfiles, del tipo de vidriado y de las dimensiones de los paños vidriados. Inicialmente, se estudia mediante cálculo numérico bidimensional el impacto de varios parámetros de diseño de los perfiles sobre la transmitancia térmica, destacando la relevancia del modo de fijación del vidriado, para luego calcular la transmitancia térmica de las fachadas completas. Los resultados indican que el valor de transmitancia térmica de las fachadas de piel de vidrio depende principalmente de la transmitancia del vidriado empleado, y supera la misma en un 24%, en promedio.

Abstract In this paper, some of the results of an experimental study are presented. Its purpose was to better understand the impact of glazing on thermal comfort of users of indoor spaces (living and working), especially in the areas near glazed walls. Glazed elements, such as windows and glazed doors, allow visual access to the outdoor environment and the entrance of natural light and solar heat gains but they are often the cause of unwanted heat losses and gains and are disturbing elements in obtaining thermal comfort, both in global terms and in what concerns local discomfort due to radiant asymmetries and/or air draughts. Furthermore, solar radiation directly affecting users in the vicinity of glazing can also cause discomfort. These disturbances are recognized by users, both on cold winter days and on hot summer days. To assess thermal comfort or thermal neutrality of a person in a particular indoor space, it is important to know their location within that space. Thus, in order to adequately assess thermal comfort in the areas near the glazing, the indoor thermal environment must be characterized for this specific location. In this study, two indoor spaces (a classroom and an office-room) of a school building were monitored at different periods of the year. The measurements of the environmental parameters were performed both in the center of the rooms and in the areas near the glazing. Five models of thermal comfort assessment were then applied to the results, in order to compare the comfort conditions between the two studied locations and to evaluate the applicability of these models to the areas close to glazed walls. It was observed there was clearly a greater variability of comfort conditions in the vicinity of the glazed walls when compared to the center of the rooms. The application of thermal comfort assessment models to the two studied rooms was able to reveal the differences between the two compared locations within each space. It was also possible to show the effect of incoming solar radiation and the influence of the geometry of the spaces and of the ratio between glazed area and floor area by comparing the results for both spaces. The assessment model proposed by LNEC (Portuguese National Laboratory of Civil Engineering) proved to be the most adapted to Portuguese users’ habits.

Abstract Glaze application on monolithic zirconia (Y-TZP) can be a practical approach to improve the mechanical properties of this material. Objective Our study evaluated the effect of glazing side and mechanical cycling on the biaxial flexure strength (BFS) of a Y-TZP. Methodology Eighty sintered Y-TZP discs (Ø:12 mm; thickness: 1.2 mm - ISO 6872) were produced and randomly assigned into eight groups (n=10), according to the factors “glazing side” (control – no glazing; GT – glaze on tensile side; GC – glaze on compression side; GTC – glaze on both sides) and “mechanical aging” (non-aged and aged, A – mechanical cycling: 1.2×106, 84 N, 3 Hz, under water at 37°C). Specimens were subjected to BFS test (1 mm/min; 1,000 Kgf load cell) and fractured surfaces were analyzed by stereomicroscopy and SEM. Hsueh’s rigorous solutions were used to estimate the stress at failure of glazed specimens. Two-way ANOVA, Tukey’s test (5%), and Weibull analysis were performed. Results The “glazing side”, “mechanical aging” and the interaction of the factors were significant (p<0.05). Groups GC (1157.9±146.9 MPa), GT (1156.1±195.3 MPa), GTC (986.0±187.4 MPa) and GTC-A (1131.9±128.9 MPa) presented higher BFS than control groups (Tukey, 5%). Hsueh’s rigorous solutions showed that the maximum tensile stress was presented in the bottom of zirconia layer, at the zirconia/glaze interface. Weibull characteristic strength (σo) of the GC was higher than all groups (p<0.05), except to GT, GTC-A and GTC, which were similar among them. The fractography showed initiation of failures from zirconia the tensile side regardless of the side of glaze application and fatigue. Conclusion Glazing zirconia applied on both tensile and compression sides improves the flexural strength of Y-TZP, regardless the mechanical aging.