ABSTRACT Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) waste is a residue from industrial factories that has potential for utilization in the production of bio-extract for pest control. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the toxicity of fermented ginger waste extract through contact toxicity and oral toxicity methods in controlling the common cutworm (Spodoptera litura Fabricius) and the beet armyworm (Spodoptera exigua Hübner). The experiment was a completely randomized design (CRD) with 10 replicates. Mortality rates were recorded at 48, 72, and 96 h after treatment under laboratory conditions. Fermented ginger waste extract at concentrations of 0%, 5%, 25%, 50%, and 100% (w/v) was used. The results showed that for the contact toxicity method at 100% concentration after 96 h, the common cutworm had the highest mortality rate of 76.00 ± 1.29% (LC50 = 14.450 μg larva-1), while the beet armyworm had the highest mortality rate of 66.00 ± 0.95% (LC50 = 68.426 μg larva-1). For the oral toxicity method, the common cutworm had the highest mortality rate of 52.00 ± 1.70% at 100% concentration after 96 h (LC50 = 91.275 μg larva-1), and the beet armyworm had the highest mortality rate of 58.00 ± 1.02% at 100% concentration after 96 h (LC50 = 88.400 μg larva-1). Therefore, the results of this study demonstrate the efficacy of fermented ginger waste extract in controlling common cutworm and beet armyworm under laboratory conditions, and it has the potential for further application in field conditions.

Biologically active compounds in most spices possess antimicrobial and other important biomedical properties. There have been huge demands for natural immunity boosters (spices and herbs), considering the recent global pandemic and challenges relating to drug-resistant pathogens. This study was designed to compare the efficacy of ginger, garlic and turmeric spices against some pathogenic microorganisms. Aqueous extraction of spices, antimicrobial sensitivity and minimum inhibitory concentration tests were done using standard microbiological methods. Bioactive compounds were estimated using the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method. Aqueous extracts of ginger inhibited the growth of all test isolates except Streptococcus pneumoniae, with inhibition zones ranging between 0.9 mm and 13.5 mm. Escherichia coli, S. pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae were resistant to turmeric extracts, while the extract of garlic inhibited only four of the test pathogens. Inhibition zones for turmeric ranged between 4.4 mm and 10.9 mm, while those for garlic were between 4.7 mm and 11.5 mm. All the spice extracts did not inhibit microbial growth at 10-40%. An antibiotic spectrum indicated that Bacillus sp. was resistant to all but one, nitrofurantoin, which also inhibited the growth of almost all pathogens, except H. influenzae, with zones ranging between 10.5 mm and 11.6 mm. All test pathogens were resistant to cloxacillin except E. coli (10.6 mm). The major phyto-active compounds present in ginger are 2-Butanone,4-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl), 1,3-Cyclohexadiene and 1-(4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl). SIGNIFICANCE: Conclusively, ginger, turmeric and garlic have varied inhibitory activities against diverse organisms, indicating their antimicrobial properties; however, ginger showed a higher inhibitory effect and more diverse antimicrobial property amongst selected isolates. Furthermore, certain bioactive compounds of biomedical importance were present. We therefore recommend the use of these spices as alternative natural food preservatives against spoilage organisms, as well as potential natural sources for bioactive compounds in drug development against pathogens.

ABSTRACT The characterization of cut flowers plays a significant role in detecting senescence signals, which are essential for establishing quality parameters and guiding the development of postharvest technologies. This study aimed to morphologically characterize Red Torch Ginger inflorescences at three harvest points: fully closed, semi-open, and fully open. The inflorescences were standardized at 60 cm, and their width, length, diameter, and fresh weight were measured. Inflorescences were evaluated for visual senescence, wettability, natural wax content, and fluid behavior. Dominant color, gloss, and texture were analyzed using GroundEye. Morphological differences affected the postharvest durability of Red Torch Ginger, with fully open inflorescences being less durable than semi-open and fully closed ones. Hydrophobicity, high-fluid movement, and natural wax content were crucial for decision-making regarding the application of new postharvest technologies and coatings in cut tropical flowers. These findings provide insights into the characterization of cut flowers and their postharvest behavior, which can help improve quality and extend the shelf life of cut flowers, leading to increased economic benefits for the flower industry. signals points semiopen, semiopen semi open, 6 cm width length diameter measured wettability behavior color gloss GroundEye ones Hydrophobicity highfluid high movement decisionmaking decision making industry

Abstract Introduction The relevance of the studied topic lies in the complexity of the treatment of infection caused by SARS-CoV-2. Objective To discuss the potential advantages and disadvantages of alternative treatments compared to conventional medical approaches, and to highlight the importance of collaborative communication between patients and healthcare providers in making informed decisions about alternative treatments of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Methods The research methodology employed literature analysis methods, including bibliographic and bibliosemantic approaches. The study used theoretical, systematic, and statistical methods, including analysis, synthesis, generalization, interpretation, classification, and meta-analysis to explore alternative treatments for SARS-CoV-2 infections, their interrelationships, and statistical trends in incidence. Results The study identifies diverse alternative therapies for treating SARS-CoV-2 infections, highlighting herbal medicine, acupuncture, reflexology, biohacking, homoeopathy, and magnetotherapy. It underscores the potential benefits of herbal remedies like garlic, ginger, chamomile, and honeysuckle, as well as vitamins (C, D, B12) and minerals (zinc, selenium) in managing COVID-19 symptoms. Conclusion While of-fering holistic benefits, these therapies warrant cautious consideration due to limited scientific backing and potential interactions. Cultural understanding, patient-provider dialogue, and informed choices are key in harnessing the potential of alternative medicine along-side conventional approaches for managing COVID-19 challenges. SARSCoV2. SARSCoV2 SARSCoV SARS CoV 2. 2 SARS-CoV- virus methods theoretical systematic synthesis generalization interpretation classification metaanalysis meta infections interrelationships incidence acupuncture reflexology biohacking homoeopathy magnetotherapy garlic ginger chamomile honeysuckle C, C (C D B12 B zinc, zinc (zinc selenium COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 symptoms offering fering interactions understanding patientprovider patient provider dialogue alongside along side challenges SARS-CoV B1 COVID1 1 COVID-

Resumo Introdução A relevância do tema estudado reside na comple-xidade do tratamento da infeção causada pelo SARS-CoV-2. Objetivo Discutir as potenciais vantagens e desvantagens dos tratamentos alternativos em comparação com as abordagens médicas convencionais e realçar a importância da comunicação colaborativa entre os doentes e os prestadores de cuidados de saúde na tomada de decisões informadas sobre os tratamentos alternativos do vírus SARS-CoV-2. Métodos A metodologia de investigação utilizou métodos de análise da literatura, incluindo abordagens bibliográficas e bibliosemânticas. O estudo utilizou métodos teóricos, sistemáticos e estatísticos, incluindo análise, síntese, generalização, interpretação, classificação e meta-aná-lise para explorar tratamentos alternativos para as infecções por SARS-CoV-2, suas inter-relações e tendências estatísticas da incidência. Resultados O estudo identifica diversas terapias alternativas para o tratamento das infecções por SARS-CoV-2, destacando a fitoterapia, a acupunctura, a reflexologia, o biohacking, a homeopatia e a magnetoterapia. Sublinha os potenciais benefícios dos remédios à base de plantas como o alho, o gengibre, a camomila e a madressilva, bem como das vitaminas (C, D, B12) e dos minerais (zinco, selénio) na gestão dos sintomas da COVID-19. Conclusão Embora ofereçam benefícios holísticos, estas terapias devem ser consideradas com cautela devido ao apoio científico limitado e às potenciais interações. A compreensão cultural, o diálogo paciente-prove-dor e as escolhas informadas são fundamentais para aproveitar o potencial da medicina alternativa juntamente às abordagens convencionais para gerir os desafios da COVID-19. complexidade comple xidade SARSCoV2. SARSCoV2 SARSCoV SARS CoV 2. 2 SARS-CoV-2 literatura bibliosemânticas teóricos estatísticos síntese generalização interpretação metaanálise meta aná lise SARSCoV2, 2, interrelações inter relações incidência fitoterapia acupunctura reflexologia biohacking magnetoterapia alho gengibre madressilva C, C (C D B12 B zinco, zinco (zinco selénio COVID19. COVID19 COVID 19. 19 COVID-19 holísticos interações cultural pacienteprovedor paciente prove dor SARS-CoV- B1 COVID1 1 COVID-1 SARS-CoV COVID-

The present study optimized the extraction process of bioactive compounds present in ginger (Zingiber officinale) dried at 80 °C, using ethanol:water 70:30 (v/v) as solvent. The extracts were evaluated for antioxidant activity by the 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical reduction methods and by the chelating activity of FeII ions. It was found that the extraction condition with a temperature of 60 °C and an extraction time of 12 h showed better responses to the tests. Then, the characterization of the compounds was carried out by mass spectrometry and thermal analysis (thermogravimetric (TG), differential thermal analysis (DTA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)), identifying that the main compounds of ginger were gingerols and shogaols, being confirmed by the intensities and characteristics of the thermal graphs. The inhibition of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was evaluated using the Ellman test, which did not show an inhibitory action. Regarding cytotoxic activity, the free extract and encapsulated in liposomes were tested, showing antiproliferative effect at different concentrations for human kidney tumor cells (786-0), liver cells (HUH7.5), and Macaca mullata normal kidney cells (LLC-MK2). Given the results obtained, ginger presents itself as a renewable source of bioactive compounds and can be indicated for applications in the pharmaceutical industry. Zingiber officinale 8 C ethanolwater ethanol water 7030 70 30 70:3 v/v vv v (v/v solvent 2,2azinobis3ethylbenzothiazoline6sulfonic 22azinobis3ethylbenzothiazoline6sulfonic azinobisethylbenzothiazolinesulfonic 2,2 azino bis 3 ethylbenzothiazoline 6 sulfonic 2 ABTS (ABTS 2,2diphenyl1picrylhydrazyl 22diphenyl1picrylhydrazyl diphenylpicrylhydrazyl diphenyl 1 picrylhydrazyl DPPH (DPPH ions tests Then thermogravimetric TG, TG , (TG) DTA, DTA (DTA) DSC, DSC (DSC)) shogaols graphs AChE (AChE test action tested 7860, 7860 786 0 (786-0) HUH7.5, HUH75 HUH HUH7.5 HUH7 5 (HUH7.5) LLCMK2. LLCMK2 LLCMK LLC MK2 . MK (LLC-MK2) obtained industry 703 7 70: 2azinobis3ethylbenzothiazoline6sulfonic azinobis 22 2, 2diphenyl1picrylhydrazyl (TG (DTA (DSC) 78 (786-0 HUH7. (HUH7.5 (LLC-MK2 (DSC (786- (HUH7. (LLC-MK (786 (HUH7 (78 (HUH (7 (

ABSTRACT Hedychium coronariumJ.Koenig is a rhizomatous herbaceous species native to Asia and invasive in most states of Brazil. We aimed to evaluate the influence of H. coronariumon terrestrial herbaceous communities and natural regeneration of woody plants in a remnant of Alluvial Araucaria Forest in Curitiba - PR. The communities were sampled considering two treatments: (EC) high coverage of H. coronarium(>60%); (BC) low coverage of H. coronarium(<30%). Two communities were recorded: i) herbaceous vascular species (including subshrubs) and ii) seedlings of woody species between 15-130 cm height. In EC H. coronariumhad an average cover of 78.06%, with only five native herbaceous species and 24 native woody species. The average cover of the invasive in BC was 6.29%, with 17 native herbaceous and 37 woody native species. The most representative native herbaceous was Christella dentata(Forssk.) Brownsey & Jermy, while among the woody species Myrcia selloi(Spreng.) N.Silveira stood out for its frequency and abundance. The abundance of woody plants in the EC was approximately four times less than in the BC, showing that the high density of H. coronariumnegatively influences native plant communities. The high cover of the invasive species results in a decrease in species richness and the number of individuals in the communities, both herbaceous and woody regeneration. coronariumJKoenig coronariumJ Koenig Brazil H PR treatments (EC coronarium>60% coronarium60 coronarium >60% 60 coronarium(>60%) (BC coronarium<30%. coronarium30 <30% . 30 coronarium(<30%) recorded i including subshrubs ii 15130 15 130 15-13 height 7806 78 06 78.06% 2 629 6 29 6.29% 1 3 dentataForssk. dentataForssk dentata Forssk. Forssk dentata(Forssk. Jermy selloiSpreng. selloiSpreng selloi Spreng. Spreng selloi(Spreng. NSilveira N Silveira coronarium>60 coronarium6 >60 coronarium(>60% coronarium<30% coronarium3 <30 coronarium(<30% 1513 13 15-1 780 7 0 78.06 62 6.29 dentata(Forssk selloi(Spreng coronarium>6 >6 coronarium(>60 coronarium<30 <3 coronarium(<30 151 15- 78.0 6.2 coronarium> > coronarium(>6 coronarium<3 < coronarium(<3 78. 6. coronarium(> coronarium< coronarium(< coronarium(

RESUMO A espécie herbácea rizomatosa Hedychium coronarium J.Koenig é de origem asiática e ocorre como invasora na maioria dos estados do Brasil. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a influência de H. coronarium sobre as comunidades de herbáceas terrícolas e de regeneração natural de lenhosas em um remanescente de Floresta Ombrófila Mista Aluvial em Curitiba - PR. As comunidades foram amostradas considerando-se dois tratamentos: (EC) elevada cobertura de H. coronarium(>60%); (BC) baixa cobertura de H. coronarium (<30%). Foram avaliadas duas comunidades: i) espécies herbáceas (incluindo subarbustivas) e ii) plântulas de espécies lenhosas entre 15 cm - 130 cm de altura. No EC, H. coronariumapresentou cobertura média de 78,06%, sendo registradas apenas cinco espécies herbáceas nativas e 24 lenhosas nativas. No BC, a cobertura média da invasora foi de 6,29%, com registro de 17 herbáceas nativas e 37 lenhosas nativas. A herbácea nativa mais representativa foi Christella dentata(Forssk.) Brownsey & Jermy, enquanto, dentre as lenhosas, destacou-se Myrcia selloi(Spreng.) N.Silveira por sua frequência e abundância. A abundância das lenhosas no EC foi aproximadamente quatro vezes menor que no BC, mostrando que a elevada densidade de H. coronariumexerce influência negativa nas comunidades vegetais nativas. A elevada cobertura da espécie invasora resulta na redução da riqueza de espécies e do número de indivíduos nas comunidades, tanto de herbáceas quanto da regeneração de lenhosas. JKoenig J Koenig Brasil H PR considerandose considerando se tratamentos (EC coronarium>60% coronarium60 >60% 60 coronarium(>60%) BC (BC <30%. 30 <30% . (<30%) i incluindo subarbustivas ii 1 13 altura 7806 78 06 78,06% 2 629 6 29 6,29% 3 dentataForssk. dentataForssk dentata Forssk. Forssk dentata(Forssk. Jermy enquanto destacouse destacou selloiSpreng. selloiSpreng selloi Spreng. Spreng selloi(Spreng. NSilveira N Silveira coronarium>60 coronarium6 >60 coronarium(>60% <30 (<30% 780 7 0 78,06 62 6,29 dentata(Forssk selloi(Spreng coronarium>6 >6 coronarium(>60 <3 (<30 78,0 6,2 coronarium> > coronarium(>6 < (<3 78, 6, coronarium(> (< coronarium( (

This study aimed to develop a healthy and antioxidant-rich mixed juice. The effect of the vegetables combination on the juice characteristics was evaluated and, to optimize the proportion components of the mixture, chemometric modeling was used. The maximum antioxidant activity was considered as a variable response. The mixed juice was evaluated for technological parameters (content of soluble solids, titratable acidity, density, viscosity, sedimentation, and color parameters). The phenolic compounds present in the vegetables were identified by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectometry (UHPLC-MS) technique. The special cubic model was considered significant (p < 0.05), with low dispersion and homogeneous antioxidant activity data (coefficient of variation (C.V.) = 3.73%) and the most appropriate for statistical data analysis (R2 = 0.9937). The optimal formulation consisted of a blend (m/m) with orange (73.37%), apple (20.45%), kale (5.58%), and ginger (0.59%) with greater desirability, 12534.2 μmol mL-1 of validated antioxidant activity and adequate physicochemical characteristics. The addition of orange juice resulted in a product with better functionality, due to the increased antioxidant capacity. This innovative study resulted in a functional formulation that involves the combination of low-cost vegetables with the maximum possible antioxidant action, capable of helping to protect against damage caused by free radicals. antioxidantrich rich mixture used response content solids acidity density viscosity sedimentation parameters. . parameters) ultrahigh ultra high chromatographymass chromatography mass UHPLCMS UHPLC MS (UHPLC-MS technique p 0.05, 005 0.05 , 0 05 0.05) coefficient C.V. CV C V (C.V. 3.73% 373 3 73 R2 R (R 0.9937. 09937 0.9937 9937 0.9937) m/m mm m (m/m 73.37%, 7337 73.37% 37 (73.37%) 20.45%, 2045 20.45% 20 45 (20.45%) 5.58%, 558 5.58% 5 58 (5.58%) 0.59% 059 59 (0.59% desirability 125342 12534 2 12534. mL1 mL 1 mL- functionality capacity lowcost cost action radicals 00 0.0 C.V (C.V 3.73 7 0993 0.993 993 733 73.37 (73.37% 204 20.45 4 (20.45% 55 5.58 (5.58% 0.59 (0.59 1253 0. 3.7 099 0.99 99 73.3 (73.37 20.4 (20.45 5.5 (5.58 0.5 (0.5 125 3. 09 0.9 9 73. (73.3 20. (20.4 5. (5.5 (0. 12 (73. (20. (5. (0 (73 (20 (5 ( (7 (2

Abstract Sucrose pulsing solutions are employed for hydrating and maintaining the turgor of flower stems by influencing respiratory processes, supplementing natural sugars, and reducing transpiration. Additionally, sucrose pulsing can impact the physiology of flower stems, altering metabolism, postharvest quality, and durability. However, these effects are unknown for many tropical species. The objective was to elucidate the physiological and biochemical effects of pulsing torch ginger inflorescences with varying sucrose concentrations postharvest. To achieve this, floral stems of torch ginger were collected and immersed in sucrose solutions with concentrations of 15%, 20%, and 25% for 24 hours. Following this period, the stems were transferred to water, and every 3 days, assessments were made for visual quality, the percentage of true flowers, absorption rate, water content, fresh and dry mass, and colorimetric parameters. The activation of the antioxidant system and measurement of macromolecule content were also conducted. Pulsing with 20% and 25% sucrose accelerated the emergence of true flowers, in addition to increasing the absorption rate and fresh mass values of the stems. At these concentrations, an increase in lipid peroxidation was also observed. No SOD or CAT expression was noted, but pulsing led to increased reserves of proteins and sugars. Pulsing with 15% sucrose is recommended for torch ginger to maintain higher visual quality up to the 9th day after harvest. processes sugars transpiration Additionally metabolism durability However species 15 20 25 2 hours period days flowers parameters conducted observed noted th harvest 1

Resumo Soluções de pulsing com sacarose são utilizadas para hidratar e manter o turgor de hastes florais, influenciando processos respiratórios, suplementando açúcares naturais e reduzindo a transpiração. Além disso, o pulsing com sacarose pode impactar a fisiologia das hastes florais, alterando o metabolismo, a qualidade pós-colheita e a durabilidade. No entanto, esses efeitos são desconhecidos para muitas espécies tropicais. O objetivo foi elucidar os efeitos fisiológicos e bioquímicos do pulsing de inflorescências de gengibre-tocha com diferentes concentrações de sacarose após a colheita. Para isso, hastes florais de gengibre-tocha foram coletadas e imersas em soluções de sacarose com concentrações de 15%, 20% e 25% por 24 horas. Após esse período, as hastes foram transferidas para água, e a cada 3 dias, avaliações foram feitas para qualidade visual, porcentagem de flores verdadeiras, taxa de absorção, conteúdo de água, massa fresca e seca, e parâmetros colorimétricos. A ativação do sistema antioxidante e a medição do conteúdo de macromoléculas também foram realizadas. O pulsing com 20% e 25% de sacarose acelerou o surgimento de flores verdadeiras, além de aumentar a taxa de absorção e os valores de massa fresca das hastes. Nessas concentrações, também foi observado um aumento na peroxidação lipídica. Não foi notada a expressão de SOD ou CAT, mas o pulsing levou ao aumento das reservas de proteínas e açúcares. Recomenda-se o pulsing com 15% de sacarose para gengibre-tocha, a fim de manter uma maior qualidade visual até o 9º dia após a colheita. respiratórios transpiração disso metabolismo póscolheita pós colheita durabilidade entanto tropicais gengibretocha gengibre tocha isso 15 20 25 2 horas período água dias verdadeiras seca colorimétricos realizadas lipídica CAT Recomendase Recomenda se gengibretocha, tocha, º 1

ABSTRACT Tangerines and their hybrids are affected by economically essential diseases. The Alternaria brown spot (Alternaria alternata f. sp. citri) deserves to be highlighted, as it is present in all tangerine production areas. This study aimed to determine the effect of essential oils on A. alternata f. sp. citri. The experiments were carried out in the Laboratories of Phytopathology and Biology and Technology of Post-Harvest of the Federal University of Paraíba, Areia, PB. Three pathogen isolates were used, and ten essential oils from grape, sunflower, eucalyptus, ginger, copaiba, mint, fennel, citronella, clove, and linseed at a concentration of 1%, diluted in potato dextrose agar for in vitro tests. The oils were diluted in distilled water for the fruit test, and the fruits were immersed in the treatments for 5 min. In addition, the fungicide Thiabendazole (400 mL/100L) and sterile distilled water were used as the control treatments. The fruits were inoculated with a conidia suspension of the pathogen (105 conidia/mL). Mycelial Growth Rate Index, colony diameter, spore production and dimensions, fruit disease severity, and enzymatic activity were evaluated. A completely randomized design was used, with 12 treatments and four replications in vivo. The results indicate that the essential oils of mint, eucalyptus, fennel, and citronella were efficient in the in vitro control of the pathogen, ultimately inhibiting the growth of fungal colonies. Eucalyptus oil efficiently managed A. alternata f. sp. citri on ‘Dancy’ tangerine fruits. Essential oils did not influence the enzymatic activity of the fruits. diseases f sp highlighted areas PostHarvest Post Harvest Paraíba Areia PB grape sunflower eucalyptus ginger copaiba mint fennel clove 1 1% tests test min addition 400 (40 mL/100L mL100L mLL mL 100L L 105 (10 conidia/mL. conidiamL conidia/mL . conidia/mL) Index diameter dimensions severity evaluated vivo colonies ‘Dancy Dancy 40 (4 10 (1 4 (

RESUMO As tangerineiras e seus híbridos são acometidos por doenças economicamente importantes. Merece destaque a mancha marrom de Alternaria (Alternaria alternata f. sp. citri), por estar presente em todas as áreas de produção de tangerinas. Esse trabalho objetivou determinar o efeito de óleos essenciais sobre A. alternata f. sp. citri. Os experimentos foram conduzidos no Laboratório de Fitopatologia, e no laboratório de Biologia e Tecnologia Pós-Colheita da Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Areia, PB. Foram utilizados três isolados do patógeno, e dez óleos essenciais de sementes de uva, girassol, eucalipto, gengibre, copaíba, menta, ervadoce, citronela, cravo e linhaça na concentração de 1%, diluídos em meio de cultura batata-dextrose-ágar, para os testes in vitro. Para o teste nos frutos os óleos foram diluídos em água destilada e os frutos imersos nos tratamentos por 5 min. Além do fungicida Tiabendazol (400 mL/100L) e água destilada estéril consistiram nas testemunhas. Os frutos foram inoculados com suspensão de conídios do patógeno (105 conídios/mL). Avaliou-se o índice de velocidade de crescimento micelial, diâmetro de colônia, produção e dimensões de esporos, severidade da doença em frutos e atividade enzimática. Utilizou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com 12 tratamentos e quatro repetições in vivo. Os resultados indicam que, os óleos essenciais de menta, eucalipto, erva-doce e citronela foram eficientes no controle in vitro do patógeno, inibindo totalmente o crescimento das colônias fúngicas. O óleo de eucalipto foi eficiente no manejo de A. alternata f. sp. citri em frutos de tangerineira ‘Dancy’. Os óleos essenciais não influenciaram na atividade enzimática dos frutos. importantes f sp citri, , citri) tangerinas A Fitopatologia PósColheita Pós Colheita Paraíba Areia PB uva girassol gengibre copaíba menta ervadoce 1 1% batatadextroseágar, batatadextroseágar batata dextrose ágar, ágar batata-dextrose-ágar min 400 (40 mL/100L mL100L mLL mL 100L L testemunhas 105 (10 conídios/mL. conídiosmL conídios/mL . conídios/mL) Avaliouse Avaliou se micelial colônia esporos Utilizouse Utilizou casualizado vivo que erva doce fúngicas ‘Dancy. Dancy ‘Dancy ‘Dancy’ 40 (4 10 (1 4 (

Resumen: El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el efecto del rizoma seco de jengibre (RSJ) sobre la fermentación ruminal in vitro, producción de metano (CH4) y dióxido de carbono (CO2). Los tratamientos fueron dietas con 0, 1, 3, 5, 10, 20 y 40% de RSJ incubados durante 72 horas en fermentación in vitro con líquido ruminal obtenido de dos novillos machos. Se determinó la degradabilidad de materia seca (DMS), producción de gas (PG), CH4 y CO2, volumen máximo de gas (Vmax), fase de retardo (L), tasa de PG (S), energía metabolizable (EM) y factor de partición (FP) en un diseño experimental en bloques completos al azar, con tres bloques y nueve repeticiones. El Vmax y EM disminuyeron significativamente a partir de 10% de RSJ (P ≤ 0.05), mientras que el FP aumentó con 20 y 40%. La PG acumulado disminuyó a partir de las 18 h de incubación con 10, 20 y 40% de RSJ (P ≤ 0.05). La DMS disminuyó a partir de las 24 h con 40% de RSJ (P ≤ 0.05). La producción y concentración de CH4 disminuyeron a partir de 5% de RSJ en la dieta (P ≤ 0.05). El 5% de RSJ en la dieta disminuye la producción y concentración de CH4 sin afectar de forma negativa otras variables de la fermentación ruminal.

Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of dried ginger rhizome (RSJ) on in vitro ruminal fermentation, methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) production. The treatments were diets with 0, 1, 3, 5, 10, 20 and 40% RSJ incubated for 72 h in an in vitro fermentation with ruminal fluid collected from two male steers. Dry matter degradability (DMS), gas production (PG), CH4 and CO2, maximum gas volume (Vmax), lag phase (L), fermentation rate (S), metabolizable energy (ME) and partition factor (FP) were evaluated in an experiment with a randomized block experimental design, with three blocks and nine repetitions. Vmax and EM significantly decreased with 10% or higher RSJ (P ≤ 0.05), while FP increased at 20 and 40%. The accumulated PG decreased at 18 h of incubation and onwards with 10, 20 and 40% RSJ (P ≤ 0.05). The DMS decreased after 24 h with 40% RSJ (P ≤ 0.05). CH4 production and concentration decreased with 5% RSJ in the diet (P ≤ 0.05), without further reduction at higher concentrations of RSJ. Inclusion of 5% RSJ in the diet decreases CH4 production and concentration without negatively affecting other ruminal fermentation variables.

ABSTRACT The prevalence of gastrointestinal diseases has increased substantially in the last few years, bringing consequences not only to quality of life, but also to patients’ emotional/psychological wellbeing. Preliminary data from experimental studies suggest that using nutraceuticals as an adjuvant therapy to improve gastrointestinal symptomology may be a relevant and innovative strategy, since first line pharmacological treatments may pose severe adverse effects, drug resistance and lack of patient compliance. This narrative review aimed to explore the potential of four bioactive compounds at improving gastrointestinal symptomatology and disease management. Additionally, the mechanisms of action and dosages underlying the positive effects of these substances in improving quality of life and risk of disease relapse are also explored. According to the evidence found, peppermint oil and probiotics appear to ameliorate irritable bowel syndrome symptomatology, whereas polyphenols such as curcumin suggest a complementary effect in inducing and maintaining clinical remission among ulcerative colitis patients. Evidence regarding ginger’s effect on gastrointestinal symptoms is lacking and demonstrates little to no expression in irritable bowel syndrome nor functional dyspepsia.In conclusion, the consumption of peppermint oil, polyphenols and probiotics may be a viable adjuvant in the management of gastrointestinal diseases, associated symptomology and quality of life. However, further randomized controlled trials are warranted to elucidate on the optimal dose, safety and long-term efficacy of supplementing with these components, and particularly on the potential relevance of ginger supplementation.

RESUMO A prevalência de doenças do trato gastrointestinal tem aumentado substancialmente nos últimos anos, com consequências tanto sobre a qualidade de vida, como o bem-estar emocional/psicológico dos pacientes. Dados preliminares de estudos experimentais recentes sugerem que a utilização de nutracêuticos como tratamento adjuvante na melhoria da sintomatologia gastrointestinal parece ser uma estratégia pertinente e inovadora, uma vez que os tratamentos farmacológicos de primeira linha poderão despoletar efeitos adversos severos, resistência à medicação e reduzida adesão do paciente ao tratamento. Esta revisão narrativa teve como objetivo explorar os potenciais efeitos de quatro compostos bioativos na melhoria da sintomatologia e gestão das doenças gastrointestinais. Adicionalmente, os mecanismos de ação e dosagens subjacentes aos efeitos positivos destas substâncias na melhoria da qualidade de vida dos doentes e risco de recidiva das doenças também são explorados. De acordo com a evidência encontrada, o óleo de hortelã pimenta e os probióticos parecem melhorar a sintomatologia de pacientes com a síndrome do intestino irritável, enquanto os polifenóis, como a curcumina, sugerem um efeito complementar na indução e manutenção da remissão clínica em pacientes com colite ulcerosa. Falta evidência que corrobore o efeito do gengibre na sintomatologia gastrointestinal, e a que existe tem pouca ou nenhuma expressão em doenças como a síndrome do intestino irritável e a dispepsia funcional. Em suma, o consumo de óleo hortelã pimenta, polifenóis e probióticos poderá ser um adjuvante viável na gestão de doenças gastrointestinais, sintomatologia associada e qualidade de vida dos doentes. Contudo, mais ensaios clínicos randomizados são necessários para esclarecer a dosagem ideal, segurança e eficácia a longo prazo da suplementação com estes compostos e, particularmente, a potencial relevância da suplementação com gengibre.

Resumo O presente estudo teve como objetivo determinar os efeitos de diferentes níveis de Zingiber officinale como aditivo à base de plantas medicinais sobre o desempenho de crescimento, características da carcaça, bioquímica sérica, contagem bacteriana total (CBT), morfologia intestinal e parâmetros imunológicos de frangos de corte. Um total de 1.500 pintos de corte de um dia de idade (Hubbard) foram igualmente credenciados em cinco grupos de tratamento, cada um com seis repetições (50 aves/repetição). Cinco dietas experimentais foram preparadas usando dieta basal, ou seja, com controle positivo de antibióticos (PC), 3 g/kg de gengibre (grupo A), 6 g/kg de gengibre (grupo B), 9 g/kg de gengibre (grupo C) e sem controle negativo de antibióticos (NC). Os grupos A e C apresentaram consumo de ração (FI) significativamente (p < 0,05) maior do que os outros grupos. O grupo C apresentou contagem bacteriana total (CBT) significativamente menor (p < 0,05) seguido pelo grupo B em comparação com o NC. As características da carcaça apresentaram efeitos não significativos entre os diferentes tratamentos. O comprimento e largura médios das vilosidades foram significativamente (p < 0,05) maiores em todos os grupos suplementados com gengibre em comparação com os grupos de controle. Os parâmetros séricos do sangue, incluindo colesterol, triglicerídeos e lipoproteínas de baixa densidade (LDL), foram significativamente (p < 0,05) menores nos grupos B e C em comparação com os grupos controle. Enquanto as lipoproteínas de alta densidade (HDL) foram significativamente maiores no grupo B em comparação com os outros. Em conclusão, a suplementação de gengibre a 0,6% na dieta basal melhorou significativamente o desempenho de crescimento e a morfometria intestinal de frangos de corte. Ele também mostrou um impacto positivo sobre o colesterol, triglicerídeos e micróbios intestinais. Portanto, o gengibre pode ser um substituto melhor para os promotores de crescimento com antibióticos.

Abstract The current study aimed to determine the effects of different levels of Zingiber officinale as a herbal feed additive on growth performance, carcass characteristic, serum biochemistry, total bacterial count (TBC), gut morphology, and immunological parameters of broilers. A total of 1500, day-old broiler chicks (Hubbard) were equally accredited to five treatment groups, each with six replicates (50 birds/replicate). Five experimental diets were prepared using basal diet i.e. with antibiotics positive control (PC), 3 g/kg ginger (group A), 6 g/kg ginger (group B), 9 g/kg ginger (group C) and without antibiotics negative control (NC). Group A and C showed significantly (p<0.05) higher feed intake (FI) as compared to other groups. Group C showed significantly (p<0.05) lower Total bacterial count (TBC) followed by group B as compared to NC. Carcass characteristics showed non-significant effects among different treatments. Mean villi length and width were significantly (p <0.05) higher in all ginger supplemented groups as compared to the control groups. Blood serum parameters including cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoproteins (LDL) were significantly (p<0.05) lower in groups B and C in comparison with the control groups. Whereas high-density lipoproteins (HDL) was significantly higher in group B as compared to the others. In conclusion, ginger supplementation @0.6% in the basal diet significantly improved growth performance and gut morphometry of broilers. It also showed a positive impact on cholesterol, triglycerides and gut microbes. Therefore, ginger could be a better substitute for antibiotic growth promoters.

Abstract Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) meat isn’t preferred by consumers in compared to other fish species meat, thus to enhance the use of catfish meat, ready to eat catfish fingers were prepared with some plants additives (amla and ginger powder). The mean objective of this study was to assess the impact of amla and ginger powder on catfish finger qualities in terms of physical, chemical, microbiological, and sensorial parameters under stored at a low temperature (5 ± 1 °C). The obtained results were compared with those of a control sample (basic formula) and a sample containing the synthetic antioxidant. During the storage period, the levels of pH, thiobarbituric acid, total volatile basic nitrogen, trimethylamine, total bacteria count, psychrophilic bacteria, molds and yeasts counts increased dramatically, although the values remained within acceptable ranges. The findings also revealed, that amla and ginger powder considerably (p < 0.05) reduced the changes in quality parameters, as well as there was a considerable increase in the quality parameter in all treated samples than in the control. Finally, amla and ginger powder can be a substitute for synthetic antioxidants and antimicrobials. These findings suggest that the powder of amla and ginger are suitable for use as a natural antioxidants and antimicrobials to extend the shelf-life of animal products. Clarias gariepinus isnt isn t powder. . powder) physical chemical microbiological 5 ( °C. C °C °C) formula antioxidant period pH acid nitrogen trimethylamine count dramatically ranges revealed p 0.05 005 0 05 Finally shelflife shelf life products 0.0 00 0.

Resumo A carne de bagre-africano (Clarias gariepinus) não é preferida pelos consumidores em comparação à carne de outras espécies de peixes, portanto, para aumentar o uso da carne de bagre, foram preparados palitos de bagre-africano prontos para consumo com alguns aditivos vegetais (amla e gengibre em pó). O objetivo médio deste estudo foi avaliar o impacto da amla e do pó de gengibre nas qualidades dos palitos de bagre-africano em termos de parâmetros físicos, químicos, microbiológicos e sensoriais armazenados em baixa temperatura (5 ± 1 °C). Os resultados obtidos foram comparados com os de uma amostra controle (fórmula básica) e uma amostra contendo o antioxidante sintético. Durante o período de armazenamento, os níveis de pH, ácido tiobarbitúrico, nitrogênio básico volátil total, trimetilamina, contagem de bactérias totais, contagem de bactérias psicrófilas, bolores e leveduras aumentaram drasticamente, embora os valores tenham permanecido dentro dos limites aceitáveis. Os achados também revelaram que amla e gengibre em pó reduziram consideravelmente (p < 0,05) as mudanças nos parâmetros de qualidade, assim como houve um aumento considerável no parâmetro de qualidade em todas as amostras tratadas do que no controle. Por fim, a amla e o pó de gengibre podem substituir os antioxidantes e antimicrobianos sintéticos. Essas descobertas sugerem que o pó de amla e gengibre são adequados para uso como antioxidantes naturais e antimicrobianos para prolongar a vida útil de produtos de origem animal. bagreafricano bagre africano Clarias gariepinus peixes portanto pó. . pó) físicos químicos 5 ( °C. C °C °C) fórmula básica sintético armazenamento pH tiobarbitúrico total trimetilamina totais psicrófilas drasticamente aceitáveis p 0,05 005 0 05 fim sintéticos animal 0,0 00 0,

ABSTRACT Different products have been tested to increase the vase life of cut flowers after harvest such as the biodegradable films. These products have been used in fruits since the application on the surface may provide the modification of the atmosphere around it, although, there is no information for flowers. The objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of cassava starch films as a postharvest product for Red Torch Ginger inflorescences. On the first experiment, different starch concentrations in the solution were tested and in the second experiment starch, concentrations with plasticizers and adjuvants were evaluated. The application of the biodegradable film in Red Torch stems acted as a barrier to the gases, as observed by their water absorption rate and the maintenance of fresh weight, maintaining postharvest quality up to Day 6. The visual quality was better in the inflorescences treated with 6% starch and in the films without additives. The use of 6% starch films led to lower contents of hydrogen peroxide and lipid peroxidation and higher levels of primary-metabolism macromolecules up to Day 6, delaying senescence and increasing postharvest durability. The addition of glycerol plasticizer to the different film concentrations improved the film resistance characteristics. It is recommended the use of films based on cassava starch at a concentration of 6%. The use of the adjuvant is not essential since it changed the film’s characteristics, leaving it less transparent and more viscous, hindering drying. although evaluated gases weight 6 additives primarymetabolism primary metabolism durability characteristics s viscous drying

RESUMO Diferentes produtos foram testados para aumentar a durabilidade de flores de corte após a colheita, como filmes biodegradáveis. Estes produtos têm sido utilizados em frutas desde que a aplicação na superfície proporciona a modificação da atmosfera ao seu redor. Embora, não haja informações sobre o uso desses produtos para flores. O objetivo foi avaliar a eficácia de filmes de amido de mandioca como produto pós-colheita para inflorescências de Red Torch Ginger. No primeiro experimento foram testadas diferentes concentrações de amido na solução e no segundo experimento foram avaliadas concentrações de amido com plastificantes e adjuvantes. A aplicação do filme biodegradável em hastes de bastão-do-imperador atuou como uma barreira aos gases, como observado pela sua taxa de absorção de água e a manutenção do peso fresco, mantendo a qualidade pós-colheita até o Dia 6. A qualidade visual foi melhor nas inflorescências tratadas com 6% de amido e nos filmes sem aditivos. O uso de filmes com 6% de amido levou a menores teores de peróxido de hidrogênio e peroxidação lipídica e maiores teores de macromoléculas de metabolismo primário até o Dia 6, retardando a senescência e aumentando a durabilidade pós-colheita. A adição do plastificante glicerol às diferentes concentrações de filme melhorou as características de resistência do filme. Assim, recomenda-se o uso de filmes à base de amido de mandioca na concentração de 6%. O uso do adjuvante não é essencial, pois alterou as características do filme, deixando-o menos transparente e mais viscoso, dificultando a secagem. colheita biodegradáveis redor Embora póscolheita pós Ginger adjuvantes bastãodoimperador bastão imperador gases fresco 6 aditivos póscolheita. colheita. Assim recomendase recomenda se essencial deixandoo deixando viscoso secagem

Abstract Etlingera is a genus of the family Zingiberaceae that is native to tropical Asia. Many species are economically important as a source of food, spices, medicines, and ornamental plants. This study aims to elucidate the floral morphology of E. elatior and understand the behavior of the set of stamen and style during floral anthesis, seeking to identify the mechanisms that promote xenogamy in the species. Flower morphology, time of anthesis and movement of the stamen and style during this period, pollen viability, nectar volume, floral visitors, and the reproductive system were evaluated. The flowers of E. elatior exhibited synchronous movement of the style and stamen, however, this movement was not considered as flexistyly, since the species does not present dichogamy. The synchronous movement of the stamen and pistil, by itself, was not enough to promote self-pollination. Fruiting depends on pollinators. The stigma fluid is an important means whereby pollen adheres to the mouthpart of the pollinator. Hummingbirds and bees were considered the most effective pollinators of E. elatior in the area studied. Asia food spices medicines plants E period viability volume visitors evaluated however flexistyly dichogamy pistil itself selfpollination. selfpollination self pollination. pollination self-pollination pollinator studied

Resumo Etlingera é um gênero da família Zingiberaceae nativo da Ásia tropical. Muitas espécies são economicamente importantes como fonte de alimentos, especiarias, medicamentos e plantas ornamentais. Este estudo tem como objetivo elucidar a morfologia floral de E. elatior e compreender o comportamento do estame e do estilete durante a antese floral, buscando identificar os mecanismos que promovem a xenogamia na espécie. Foram avaliados morfologia floral, tempo de antese e movimentação do estame e estilete neste período, viabilidade polínica, volume de néctar, visitantes florais e sistema reprodutivo. As flores de E. elatior exibiram movimento sincrônico do estilete e do estame, porém, esse movimento não foi considerado como flexistilia, uma vez que a espécie não apresenta dicogamia. O movimento sincrônico do estame e estilete, por si só, não foi suficiente para promover a autopolinização na espécie. A frutificação depende da ação de polinizadores. O fluido do estigma é um meio importante pelo qual o pólen adere ao aparelho bucal do polinizador. Beija-flores e abelhas foram considerados os polinizadores mais eficazes de E. elatior na área estudada. tropical alimentos especiarias ornamentais E período polínica néctar reprodutivo porém flexistilia dicogamia só polinizador Beijaflores Beija estudada