ABSTRACT Exposing seeds to agents that elicit tolerance to abiotic stress, such as phytohormones and organic acids, during hydration and dehydration cycles can determine their response to later stimuli, e.g. exposure to salt stress. The aim of this study was to evaluate the action of priming cycles with different eliciting agents of salt stress tolerance on seeds of the cowpea varieties Sempre Verde and Pingo de Ouro. The seeds were subjected to the following treatments: 0.0 mM NaCl (control); 100 mM NaCl (salt stress); salt stress + three seed-priming cycles (PC) in water; salt stress + PC in gibberellic acid; salt stress + PC in hydrogen peroxide; salt stress + PC in salicylic acid; salt stress + PC in ascorbic acid. The following variables were analysed: germination, growth, dry weight, salt tolerance index, total soluble sugars, total free amino acids and proline. Salt stress (100 mM NaCl) reduced germination, length and biomass accumulation in the Sempre Verde and Pingo de Ouro varieties. These showed the best response to the priming cycles with gibberellic and salicylic acids, which promoted greater germination potential, length and biomass under a salt stress of 100 mM NaCl, affording greater tolerance via osmotic regulation, especially in the Sempre Verde variety. stimuli eg e g e.g treatments 00 0 0. control (control) 10 stress) seedpriming seed (PC water acid peroxide analysed growth weight index sugars proline (10 potential regulation variety (control 1 (1 (

RESUMO: A mangueira apresenta elevado índice de abscisão de frutos, que é potencializado em regiões semiáridas devido ao estresse ambiental. A utilização de bioestimulantes e fitorreguladores tem demonstrado ser uma estratégia promissora para melhorar a fixação de frutos. Assim, o presente estudo foi realizado com objetivo de definir a melhor estratégia para a fixação e desenvolvimento dos frutos, com a aplicação de fitorreguladores e bioestimulante na mangueira ‘Keitt’, cultivada no Vale do São Francisco. Foram realizados dois experimentos. No experimento 1, foi utilizado o delineamento de blocos casualizados, com quatro tratamentos T1: controle, T2: ácido giberélico AG3 + ácido 2,4-diclorofenoxiacético (2,4-D), T3: AG3+2,4-D+Benziladenina, T4: Bioestimulante + CoMo® (fontes de cobalto e molibdênio). No experimento 2, o esquema fatorial (2 ×3 + 1), correspondendo a duas formas de fertilização de potássio (recomendada e ajustada), três concentrações de giberelina (0, 10 e 20 mg L-1) e um tratamento adicional (controle - fertilização de potássio recomendada e sem estratégia de fixação). As variáveis analisadas incluem o número relativo de frutos, o número de frutos para os mercados doméstico e estrangeiro, o potencial produtivo, a produção, a produtividade, o volume de frutos, a massa dos frutos e o rendimento da casca, polpa e semente. A aplicação de 10 mg L-1 AG3 + 10 mg L-1 2,4-D + 10 mg L-1 de Benziladenina em floração plena da mangueira ‘Keitt’, aumentou a fixação e a produção de frutos. Independentemente da fertilização, as aplicações sequenciais de 10 ou 20 mg L-1 de AG3, mostraram ser uma estratégia eficaz para a produção da mangueira ‘Keitt’. A fertilização potássica ajustada e a aplicação de 10 mg L-1 de AG3 favorece a produção de frutos de maior a massa e o volume. RESUMO ambiental Assim ‘Keitt, Keitt ‘Keitt , ‘Keitt’ Francisco experimentos 1 casualizados T1 T controle T2 AG 2,4diclorofenoxiacético 24diclorofenoxiacético diclorofenoxiacético 2,4 2 4 2,4D, 24D D (2,4-D) T3 AG3+2,4D+Benziladenina, AG324DBenziladenina AGDBenziladenina AG3+2,4 D+Benziladenina, AG3+2,4-D+Benziladenina T4 CoMo fontes molibdênio. molibdênio . molibdênio) ( 3 × 1) ajustada, ajustada) 0, 0 (0 L1 L fixação. fixação) estrangeiro produtivo produtividade casca semente L- 2,4D ‘Keitt. 4diclorofenoxiacético 24 4D (2,4-D AG3+2,4D+Benziladenina DBenziladenina AG324 AG3+2, D+Benziladenina AG32 AG3+2 AG3+

ABSTRACT: The mango tree presents a high level of fruit abscission, which is increased in semiarid regions due to environmental stress. The use of biostimulants and phytoregulators has shown to be a promising strategy to improve fruit setting. Thus, the present study defined the best strategy for setting and development of the fruit, with the application of phytoregulators and biostimulants on the ‘Keitt’ mango tree, cultivated in the São Francisco Valley. Two experiments were performed. In experiment 1, a randomized block design was used, with four treatments T1: control, T2: gibberellic acid (AG3) + 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), T3: AG3 + 2,4-D+Benzyladenine, T4: Biostimulant + CoMo® (sources of cobalt and molybdenum). In experiment 2, the factorial scheme (2 ×3 + 1) distributed in randomized blocks was established, corresponding to two forms of potassium fertilization (recommended and adjusted), three gibberellin concentrations (0, 10 and 20 mg L-1) and additional treatment (control - recommended potassium fertilization and no setting strategy). The variables analyzed include the relative number of fruits, the number of fruits for domestic and foreign markets, productive potential, production, productivity, fruit volume, fruit mass, and the yield of peel, pulp and stone. The application of 10 mg L-1 AG3 + 10 mg L-1 2,4-D + 10 mg L-1 Benzyladenine in full flowering of the ‘Keitt’ mango tree, increased the setting and the production of the fruit. Regardless of fertilization, sequential applications at 10 or 20 mg L-1 of AG3 proved to be an effective strategy to produce ‘Keitt’ mango tree. Adjusted potassium fertilization and the application at 10 mg L-1 of AG3 promotes the production of fruits with greater mass and volume. ABSTRACT abscission stress Thus ‘Keitt Keitt Valley performed 1 used T1 T control T2 AG (AG3 2,4dichlorophenoxyacetic 24dichlorophenoxyacetic dichlorophenoxyacetic 2,4 2 4 2,4D, 24D D , (2,4-D) T3 2,4D+Benzyladenine, 24DBenzyladenine DBenzyladenine D+Benzyladenine, 2,4-D+Benzyladenine T4 CoMo sources molybdenum. molybdenum . molybdenum) ( 3 × established adjusted, adjusted adjusted) 0, 0 (0 L1 L strategy. strategy) markets potential productivity volume peel stone L- 2,4D (AG 4dichlorophenoxyacetic 24 4D (2,4-D 2,4D+Benzyladenine D+Benzyladenine

ABSTRACT Safflower is a crop with seeds containing high amounts of oleic and linoleic acids, which have applications in cosmetics, food, feed, and pharmaceutical industries. Safflower seeds are generally reported to undergo after-ripening and to have physiological dormancy. This study comprehensively analyzed the physical changes and the induction of dormancy and germinability in developing seeds to determine whether the safflower population is adequately developed during seed dispersal. From the 80th day after flowering (DAF), seeds were collected separately from plants on a weekly basis until 131 DAF, resulting in seven sampling dates. The changes in length, diameter, thickness, water content, and fresh and dry weight during seed development were measured. Simultaneously, the effects of dark and light, temperature, and gibberellic acid (GA3) (0, 50, and 100 µM) on seed germination, dormancy and germination characteristics of safflower seeds were investigated. The seeds ceased to increase in length, width and thickness, reaching a mature appearance at 131 DAF, with a dry mass per seed of 0.0443 g. The water content decreased between 117 and 124 DAF, indicating an obvious process of desiccation during the final stage of seed maturation. Germination capacity is acquired at 117 DAF, as evidenced by an increase in germination and a reduction in dormant seeds, particularly at low temperatures (10°C) and with GA3 supplementation. At 131 DAF, seeds exhibited 7.9 % water content, and there was an increase in seed germination and a decrease in seed dormancy status, regardless of GA3 supplementation and temperature. acids cosmetics food feed industries afterripening ripening dispersal th DAF , (DAF) 13 dates length diameter thickness measured Simultaneously light temperature GA (GA3 0, 0 (0 50 10 µM investigated 00443 0443 0.044 g 11 12 maturation 10°C 10C C (10°C 79 7 9 7. status (DAF 1 (GA ( 5 0044 044 0.04 004 04 0.0 00 0.

ABSTRACT Plant growth regulators play an essential role in plants’ biochemical processes. In this study, foliar spray was applied using three growth regulators, gibberellic acid (GA3), naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), and 6-benzyl amino purine (BAP), to investigate their effects on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) ‘Giza-171’ yield traits and grain biochemical constituents, including sugars, carbohydrates and protein. The assessed growth regulators (GA3, NAA, and BAP) were applied at 100 and 150 mg L-1 concentrations. The results indicated significant improvements in wheat grain yield and 1000-grain weight, which increased by 15.40% and 24.78%, respectively, using GA3 at 150 and 100 mg L-1. In addition, the highest contents of protein and carbohydrates were observed with samples treated by the foliar application of NAA at 150 mg L-1 and BAP at 100 mg L-1, respectively. The fat content in wheat grains increased by 1.97% and 2.73% with foliar spray with 150 mg L-1 NAA and 100 mg L-1 BAP, respectively. The lipid profile showed cis-linoleic acid was the primary fatty acid, followed by palmitic acid; the content of linoleic acid slightly increased with GA3 treatment to 50.42%, while palmitic acid significantly increased with 100 mg L-1 NAA. The total saturated and unsaturated fatty acids recorded 33.64% and 66.30%, respectively; the 150 mg L-1 NAA treatment had the lowest saturated fatty acid content. The SDS-PAGE profiles showed that growth regulators significantly enhanced the wheat protein where new bands appeared, especially in 100 mg L-1 GA3 and 100 mg L-1 BAP treatments. The applied growth regulators improved wheat yield, contents of some compounds, and nutritional value.

ABSTRACT Forage soybean (Neonotonia wightii) is a legume frequently used as a cover crop in field crops. However, as a species of the Phaseoloideae subfamily, it is characterized by the physical latency of the seed, which makes it difficult to obtain a high, homogeneous, and rapid germination. The aim of the present study was to determine which method of scarification stimulates the germination process to a greater extent. The following immersion times were evaluated: 5 to 20 minutes in 98% sulfuric acid, 24 hours in 5.4% sodium hypochlorite, water, and gibberellic acid [100 ppm], 15 minutes of treatment with sandpaper and the combination of these last two. They were distributed in a completely randomized experimental design, where eight treatments and a control were evaluated, with three replicates each and 200 seeds as experimental units, subjected to controlled conditions (germination chambers at constant temperatures and a relative humidity of 27 °C and 70%, respectively) during the spring of 2022. The results were favorable, a high germination percentage was obtained from seeds subjected to a 20-minute immersion time in sulfuric acid (90% germination and an average of six germinated seeds per day) and this was significantly higher than the rest, making it an effective method to break the physical latency of the seeds, as it removes the impermeable cover allowing inhibition and consequently the activation of the seed's metabolism.

RESUMEN La soja forrajera (Neonotonia wightii) es una leguminosa frecuentemente utilizada como cubierta en cultivos de campo. Sin embargo, al ser una especie de la subfamilia Phaseoloideae, se caracteriza por la latencia física de la semilla, lo que dificulta obtener una germinación alta, homogénea y rápida. El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar cuál método de escarificación estimula en mayor medida el proceso de germinación, se evaluaron tiempos de inmersión desde los 5 hasta los 20 minutos en ácido sulfúrico (98%), 24 horas en inmersión en hipoclorito de sodio (5,4%), agua y ácido giberélico [100 ppm], 15 minutos con lija y el combinado de estas dos últimas, las cuales fueron distribuidas en un diseño experimental completamente al azar, donde se evaluaron ocho tratamientos y un testigo, tres repeticiones cada uno y 200 semillas como unidades experimentales, sometidas en condiciones controladas (cámaras de germinación a temperaturas y humedad relativa constantes de 27 °C y 70%, respectivamente) durante la primavera del 2022. Los resultados fueron favorables, un alto porcentaje de germinación se obtuvo de las semillas sometidas a un tiempo de inmersión de 20 minutos en ácido sulfúrico (90% de germinación y un promedio de germinación de seis semillas germinadas por día) y fue significativamente mayor que el resto. Este método resulta efectivo para romper la latencia física de las semillas, debido a la remoción de la cubierta impermeable, permitiendo la inhibición en agua y consecuentemente la activación del metabolismo de la semilla.

Abstract Phytohormones, also known as plant hormones, are naturally occurring chemical compounds that regulate various physiological processes in plants. In this work, a capillary electrophoretic coupled to a diode array detector (CE-DAD) method was developed and validated for the simultaneous quantification of abscisic acid (ABA), 3-indolacetic acid (IAA), and gibberellic acid (GA3) in commercial plant biostimulants. Sample preparation was carried out by liquid-liquid extraction using ethyl acetate. CE separation was performed in a fused-silica capillary and background electrolyte (BGE) consisting of borate buffer (50 mM, pH 9.3) applying a high voltage of 20 kV, a pressure of 50 mbar, and injection time of 35 s. The ABA, IAA, and GA3 were detected at 254, 220 and 195 nm respectively. The CE-DAD method validation results showed acceptable specificity, linearity, accuracy, and precision in the concentration range of 10-100 µg/mL for all compounds according to the (International Conference Harmonisation) ICH guidelines. The proposed method was satisfactory applied to the analysis of cited plant hormones in biostimulants and suggest that sample preparation is a reliable step for extraction of phytohormones containing carboxyl groups. Therefore, the developed and validated method could be implemented as a low-cost and fast analytical tool for quality control purposes.

ABSTRACT Physiological dormancy of Vitis vinifera seeds jeopardises breeding programs and biodiversity evolution. To increase the knowledge on dormancy breaking, seeds of white and black Sardinian grape cultivars (cvs) were exposed to different pre-germination treatments. To shed light on the physiological and structural factors involved in seed dormancy, the contents of oil, abscisic acid, gibberellic acid, 3-indolacetic acid, condensed tannins, and total polyphenols were determined. In addition, sectioned seeds were observed by SEM to determine the morphological and anatomical characteristics. Dormancy break in white, but not in black grape seeds, occurred under almost all imposed pre-germination treatments. Among red cvs, only seeds from ‘Cagnulari’ germinated when kept at 25 °C. Chilling seeds of the white cvs ‘Malvasia sarda’ and ‘Vernaccia di Oristano’ for 30 d resulted in the most effective treatment. Compared to white cvs, seeds of red ones owned 7 times higher levels of abscisic acid however, gibberellic acid content resulted 4 times less. Concerning the coat characteristics, red cv seeds had a thicker cuticle (6-10 µm) than white (4-6 µm) ones, however the most significant diversities were found for the inner integument, where in addition to size variances, palisade cell wall were structurally different. evolution breaking (cvs pregermination pre germination treatments oil 3indolacetic indolacetic 3 tannins determined characteristics ‘Cagnulari Cagnulari 2 C °C Malvasia sarda Vernaccia Oristano treatment less 610 6 10 (6-1 µm 46 (4- integument variances 61 1 (6- (4 (6 (

Resumo A produção de meloeiro no semiárido brasileiro está sujeita a utilização de águas marginais com salinidade elevada. Entretanto, a utilização de reguladores e bioativadores no tratamento de sementes podem mitigar os efeitos nocivos dos sais na água de irrigação. Nesse sentido, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de tratamentos pré-germinativos com fitorreguladores e bioativador em sementes de melão para a produção de mudas irrigadas com água biossalina de efluente de piscicultura. Para isso, dois ensaios com os híbridos Goldex e Grand Prix foram realizados separadamente. Utilizou-se delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 4 × 3 (tratamentos pré-germinativos × diluições de água). Além do controle, as sementes foram tratadas com os ácidos salicílico e giberélico, e tiametoxam. As águas utilizadas para irrigação foram a de abastecimento local, efluente de piscicultura (água biossalina) e estas diluídas a 50%. Durante quatorze dias foram realizadas as análises fisiológicas e bioquímicas. A água biossalina (5,0 dS m-1) não afetou a emergência de plântulas de meloeiro Goldex, mas prejudicou o estabelecimento da cultivar Grand Prix. Os pré-tratamentos de sementes com os ácidos salicílico e giberélico atenuam os efeitos da salinidade da água e promovem modulações no crescimento, proporcionando mudas de meloeiro mais vigorosas.

Abstract Melon production in the Brazilian semi-arid region is subject to the use of marginal waters with high salinity. However, the use of regulators and bioactivators in seed treatment can mitigate the harmful effects of salts in irrigation water. In this context, the objective was to evaluate the effect of pre-germination treatments with plant regulators and bioactivator in melon seeds for the production of seedlings irrigated with biosaline water from fish farming effluent. For this, two trials with the Goldex and Grand Prix hybrids were carried out separately. A completely randomized design was used in a 4 × 3 factorial scheme (pre-germination treatments × water dilutions). In addition to the control, the seeds were treated with salicylic and gibberellic acids and thiamethoxam. The waters used for irrigation were local-supply water, fish farming effluent (biosaline water) and these diluted to 50%. Physiological and biochemical analyses were performed for fourteen days. Biosaline water (5.0 dS m-1) did not affect the emergence of Goldex melon seedlings, but compromised the establishment of the Grand Prix cultivar. Seed pre-treatments with salicylic and gibberellic acids attenuate the effects of water salinity and promote growth modulations, resulting in more vigorous melon seedlings.

Resumo Com o crescente interesse no seu cultivo, estudos na produção de pitaya ((Selenicereus undatus (Haw.) D.R. Hunt, família Cactaceae) é de fundamental importância quando se busca novas técnicas para o incremento do cultivo e garantia de um pomar homogêneo e produtivo. Objetivou-se avaliar a influência do uso de diferentes concentrações de ácido giberélico e do estágio de maturação de frutos na germinação de sementes e vigor de plântulas de pitaya vermelha da polpa branca, tendo em vista a qualidade fisiológica de mudas produzidas a fim de subsidiar trabalhos de melhoramento genético e conservação da espécie. Foram utilizadas sementes de frutos de pitaya vermelha da polpa branca em dois estágios de maturação (fisiologicamente maduros e conservados à 10°C em BOD por 3 meses), tratadas com diferentes concentrações de ácido giberélico: 0, 50, 100 e 500 mg/L. Foi possível observar que houve influência do armazenamento de frutos na germinação, emergência e crescimento das plântulas em função das concentrações de ácido giberélico. Assim, verifica-se que, no caso de sementes extraídas de frutos maduros de pitaya vermelha da polpa branca, quando semeadas nas condições do presente estudo, é necessário a utilização de GA3 para incrementar a emergência e o vigor das plântulas, com doses ótimas variando entre 150 e 300 mg/L. No caso da necessidade em armazenar os frutos de pitaya para a posterior retirada de sementes, também nas mesmas condições de semeadura do presente estudo, observa-se que, em síntese, é necessária a utilização de GA3, porém em doses maiores do que o observado no primeiro, sendo de, no mínimo, 500 mg/L. O presente estudo mostra que há influência do estágio de maturação dos frutos de pitaya vermelha de polpa branca para retirada de sementes sobre a qualidade das mudas, concluindo que o uso de sementes extraídas de frutos maduros, sem fermentação, é mais adequado para esta finalidade.

Abstract With increased interest in cultivation, the study of white-fleshed pitahaya (Selenicereus undatus (Haw.) D.R. Hunt, Cactaceae family) seedling production is of fundamental importance in the search for novel techniques to increase cultivation and guarantee homogeneous and productive orchards. The present study investigated the influence of various gibberellic acid (GA3) concentrations and fruit maturation stages on seed germination and vigor of white-fleshed pitahaya seedlings, considering the physiological quality of seedlings produced to support genetic breeding and conservation programs of the species. White-fleshed pitahaya seeds at two maturation stages (physiologically ripe and maintained at 10 °C in Biochemical Oxygen Demand incubators for three months) were treated with varying GA3 concentrations of 0, 50, 100, and 500 mg/L. We observed the influence of fruit storage on seedling germination, emergence, and growth as a function of GA3 concentration. According to the results, seeds extracted from ripe white-fleshed pitahaya fruits grown under the conditions tested here required GA3 application to increase seedling emergence and vigor, with optimal doses in the 150–300-mg/L range. In the case of pitahaya fruits intended for storage for future seed removal and maintained under the same sowing conditions, the application of higher doses of GA3 was necessary when compared to the previous condition, with a minimum dose of 500 mg/L GA3. The present study shows that the maturation stage of white-fleshed pitahaya fruits intended for seed removal influences the quality of seedlings; therefore, the use of seeds extracted from ripe pitahaya fruits without fermentation is more appropriate for the purpose.

Abstract Tillandsia takizawae Ehlers & H. Luther is an epiphytic bromeliad microendemic from Mexico with showy inflorescences with pink bracts that contrast with the green flowers. These attributes give it potential as an ornamental plant. The conservation of the species and commercial use requires efficient propagation systems that avoid the extraction of plants from their natural habitat. The objectives of this contribution were to establish the optimal conditions for in vitro seed germination and plant regeneration by organogenesis. Seeds were stablished in Murashige and Skoog medium (MS) with half the concentration of salts added with benciladenine (BA) and naftalen acetic acid (NAA). In the elongation and rooting of shoots, the gibberellic acid (GA3) and the indol butiric acid (IBA) were evaluated, respectively. In all treatments an average germination of 97% was obtained. The combination of BA and NAA promoted the induction of shoots in recently germinated seedlings. The highest number of shoots per explant was 41.4 with 1 mg L-1 of BA and 0.25 mg L-1 of NAA after 12 weeks of culture. Shoots elongation was achieved in the complete MS medium with 1 mg L-1 of GA3 after eight weeks. The best rooting response was with 1 mg L-1 of IBA, which induced the average formation of 7.7 roots in all shoots at four weeks. In the acclimatization of plants the survival was 95 % after four weeks.

Resumen Tillandsia takizawae Ehlers & H. Luther es una bromelia epífita microendémica de México de inflorescencias vistosas con brácteas de color rosa que contrastan con las flores de color verde. Estos atributos le otorgan potencial como planta ornamental. La conservación de la especie y aprovechamiento comercial requiere de sistemas de propagación eficientes que eviten la extracción de plantas de su hábitat natural. Los objetivos de esta contribución fueron establecer las condiciones óptimas para la germinación in vitro de semillas y la regeneración de plantas por organogénesis. Semillas se sembraron en medio de Murashige y Skoog (MS) con la mitad de concentración de sales adicionado con bencil adenina (BA) y ácido naftalenacético (ANA). Para el alargamiento y enraizamiento de brotes se avaluó el ácido giberélico (AG3) y el ácido indolbutírico (AIB), respectivamente. En todos los tratamientos se obtuvo una germinación promedio de 97%. La combinación de BA y ANA favorecieron la inducción de brotes en las plántulas recién germinadas. La mayor cantidad de brotes por explante fue de 41.4 con 1 mg L-1 de BA y 0.25 mg L-1 de ANA a las 12 semanas de cultivo. El alargamiento de los brotes se logró en el medio MS completo con 1 mg L-1 de AG3 después de ocho semanas. La mejor respuesta de enraizamiento fue con 1 mg L-1 de AIB que indujo la formación promedio de 7.7 raíces en todos los brotes a las cuatro semanas. En la aclimatación de plantas la supervivencia fue de 95 % después de cuatro semanas.

Resumo A produção de mudas de maracujazeiro, geralmente, é sexuada, e as sementes não são uniformes na emergência das plântulas, e tratamentos de embebição das sementes podem proporcionar uma germinação mais rápida e uniforme. Objetivou-se estudar a ação de reguladores vegetais e a mobilização de reservas nas etapas de embebição de sementes de maracujá amarelo. As sementes foram embebidas por cinco horas em soluções contendo reguladores vegetais, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 8 X 4, com quatro repetições. O primeiro fator correspondeu a oito reguladores vegetais: T1 - água destilada (testemunha); T2 - 6-benzilaminapurina 500 mg L-1; T3 - ácido 4-(3-indolil)butírico 500 mg L-1; T4 - ácido giberélico 500 mg L-1; T5 - espermina 250 mg L-1; T6 - espermina 750 mg L-1; T7 - espermidina 750 mg L-1; T8 - espermidina 1250 mg L-1; e o segundo fator, aos quatro tempos de embebição: zero, quatro, 72 e 120 horas, correspondendo, respectivamente, à semente seca, e às fases I, II e III da curva de embebição. Foi avaliada a composição bioquímica das sementes (lipídeos, açúcares solúveis e amido). As sementes apresentaram acúmulo de lipídeos na fase III; o teor de açúcares solúveis aumentou na fase I e diminuiu na fase II. O teor de amido aumentou até a fase II e diminuiu na fase III. O amido é a principal reserva nas sementes e a principal fonte de energia utilizada na fase III; a embebição das sementes em poliaminas gera um acúmulo de lipídios nas sementes e a embebição em reguladores de crescimento vegetal aumenta a queima do amido. maracujazeiro geralmente sexuada plântulas uniforme Objetivouse Objetivou se amarelo casualizado 4 repetições T testemunha (testemunha) 6benzilaminapurina benzilaminapurina 6 50 L1 L 1 L-1 43indolilbutírico indolilbutírico 3 indolil butírico 25 75 125 zero 7 12 correspondendo respectivamente seca lipídeos, (lipídeos . amido) (testemunha 5 L- 2

Abstract The production of seedlings of the passion fruit tree, usually, is sexual, and the seeds are not uniform in the seedling emergence, and soaking treatments of seeds can provide faster and more uniform germination. It was aimed to study the action of plant growth regulators and the mobilization of reserves in the stages of soaking of yellow passion fruit seeds. The seeds were soaked for five hours in solutions containing plant growth regulators, in a completely randomized design, in a factorial 8 x 4, with four replications. The first factor corresponds to eight plant growth regulators: T1 - distilled water (control); T2 - 6-benzylaminepurine 500 mg L-1; T3 - 4-(3-indolyl) butyric acid 500 mg L-1; T4 - gibberellic acid 500 mg L-1; T5 - spermine 250 mg L-1; T6 - spermine 750 mg L-1; T7 - spermidine 750 mg L-1; T8 - spermidine 1250 mg L-1; and the second factor, to the four soaking times: zero, four, 72 and 120 hours, corresponding, respectively, to the dry seed, and to phases I, II, and III of the imbibition curve. It was evaluated the biochemical composition of seeds (lipids, soluble sugars and starch). The seeds showed accumulation of lipids in phase III; the content of soluble sugars increased in phase I and decreased in phase II. The starch content increased until the phase II and decreased in phase III. Starch is the main reserve in the seeds and the main source of energy used in phase III; soaking the seeds in polyamines generates an accumulation of lipids in the seeds and soaking in plant growth regulators increases the burning of starch. tree usually sexual emergence germination design 4 replications T control (control) 6benzylaminepurine benzylaminepurine 6 50 L1 L 1 L-1 43indolyl indolyl 3 4-(3-indolyl 25 75 125 times zero 7 12 corresponding respectively seed curve lipids, (lipids . starch) (control 5 L- 2

Abstract Vismia japurensis Reichardt is a plant of ecological and chemical importance from which a variety of bioactive substances have been isolated. The current study aimed to establish in vitro cultures of this species as a source of secondary metabolites. Appropriate decontamination treatments and germination tests were performed and, after in vitro culture establishment, the propagated plants were multiplied in a sterile environment to increase the biomass of available experimental material. Seeds showed low contamination and a high germination percentage on Woody Plant Medium (WPM) supplemented with gibberellic acid (both at concentrations of 5 and 10 mg/L). V. japurensis nodal segments rapidly regenerated when first grown in WPM and then transplanted to Murashige and Skoog medium (MS). After 60 days in MS medium, the propagated plants were removed, lyophilized, and extracted with hexane and methanol. The hexane extract was fractionated via open column chromatography, and the substance isolated was purified by high performance liquid chromatography. Structural determination of the isolated substance was carried out using one and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry. The isolated substance was identified as 1,8,10-trihydroxy-3,10-dimethyl-9(10H)-anthracenone, which, based on the conducted literature search, is reported for the first time. metabolites establishment material (WPM both 1 mg/L. mgL mg/L . mg L mg/L) V MS. (MS) 6 removed lyophilized methanol chromatography twodimensional two dimensional spectrometry 1,8,10trihydroxy3,10dimethyl910Hanthracenone, 1810trihydroxy310dimethyl910Hanthracenone trihydroxydimethylHanthracenone 1,8,10 trihydroxy 3,10 dimethyl 9 10H anthracenone, 8 3 anthracenone H 1,8,10-trihydroxy-3,10-dimethyl-9(10H)-anthracenone search time (MS 10trihydroxy3 10dimethyl910Hanthracenone Hanthracenone 1,8,10trihydroxy3,10dimethyl910Hanthracenone 1810 1,8,1 310 3,1 10trihydroxy dimethylHanthracenone 181 1,8, 31 3, 18 1,8 1,

RESUMO A estenospermocarpia em mangueiras está associada à regulação hormonal e à fertilização com boro. No entanto, o modo de ação de reguladores de crescimento de plantas e boro em mangueiras da cultivar Palmer afetadas por esse distúrbio fisiológico precisa ser elucidado. Nesse contexto, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a associação de reguladores de crescimento de plantas (auxina, citocinina e giberelina) e boro com a incidência de frutos estenospermocárpicos em mangas ‘Palmer’. Dois experimentos foram conduzidos em anos consecutivos (2018 e 2019) em um pomar comercial. O experimento foi organizado em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com seis tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram em: T1 = aplicação de água (controle absoluto); T2 = giberelina (25 ppm, GA3); T3 = auxina (25 ppm, ácido naftalenoacético); T4 = citocininas (25 ppm, 6-BA); T5 = boro (2 ppm); e T6 = boro (2 ppm) + giberelina (25 ppm). A aplicação de ácido giberélico durante a fase de floração resultou em médias mais altas para o número de frutos estenospermocárpicos. As citocininas reduziram a incidência de frutos estenospermocárpicos e levaram às médias mais altas para o número de ramos produtivos. Boro, auxina e a combinação de giberelina e boro não reduziram os índices de estenospermocarpia. O equilíbrio hormonal desempenha papel crucial na manifestação dos frutos estenospermocárpicos, estando a giberelina associada à expressão deste distúrbio, enquanto a citocinina exerce efeito antagônico. A aplicação de boro e auxina não teve efeito preponderante no aumento ou redução da estenocarpia. entanto elucidado contexto auxina, (auxina ‘Palmer. ‘Palmer . ‘Palmer’ 2018 (201 2019 comercial acaso repetições T controle absoluto absoluto) 25 ppm GA3 GA GA3) naftalenoacético naftalenoacético) 6BA BA 6 6-BA) 2 ( ppm. produtivos Boro antagônico estenocarpia 201 (20 6-BA 20

ABSTRACT Stenospermocarpy in mango trees is associated with hormonal regulation and boron fertilization. However, the mode of action of plant growth regulators and boron in mango trees of the Palmer cultivar affected by this physiological disorder needs to be elucidated. In this scenario, this study aimed to evaluate the association of plant growth regulators (auxin, cytokinin, and gibberellin) and boron with the incidence of stenospermocarpic fruits in ‘Palmer’ mango. Two experiments were conducted in two consecutive crop years (2018 and 2019) in a commercial orchard. The experiment was set up in a randomized block design, with six treatments and four replicates. The treatments consisted of: T1 = water application (control); T2 = gibberellin (25 ppm, GA3); T3 = auxin (25 ppm, naphthaleneacetic acid); T4 = cytokinin (25 ppm, 6-BA); T5 = boron (2 ppm); and T6 = boron (2 ppm) + gibberellin (25 ppm). The application of gibberellic acid during the flowering phase resulted in higher mean values for the number of stenospermocarpic fruits. The cytokinin treatment reduced the incidence of stenospermocarpic fruits and led to higher mean values for the number of productive branches. Boron, auxin, and the combination of gibberellin and boron did not reduce the stenospermocarpy indices. Hormonal balance plays a crucial role in the manifestation of stenospermocarpic fruits, with gibberellin being associated with the expression of this disorder, while cytokinin exerts an antagonistic effect. The application of boron and auxin did not have a predominant effect on the increase or reduction of stenospermy. fertilization However elucidated scenario (auxin ‘Palmer 2018 (201 2019 orchard design replicates T control (control) 25 ppm GA3 GA GA3) acid) 6BA BA 6 6-BA) 2 ( ppm. . branches Boron indices stenospermy 201 (20 (control 6-BA 20

Resumo O estabelecimento adequado das plantas é essencial para o uso eficiente de recursos como água e luz. Além disso, mesmo após o armazenamento e semeadura das sementes, o estabelecimento uniforme das plantas é essencial para o seu sucesso. Crotalaria ochroleuca e Crotalaria spectabilis são plantas medicinais importantes com baixa taxa de germinação de sementes, ocasionalmente. Os efeitos do condicionamento fisiológico de sementes em C. ochroleuca e C. spectabilis foram avaliados no desempenho das sementes mesmo após o armazenamento por até 90 dias. Os ensaios experimentais foram realizados em delineamento casualizado com soluções de ácido giberélico (GA3, 100 ppm), polietilenoglicol (PEG 6000, -0,2 MPa) e PEG (-0,2 MPa) + GA3 (100 ppm) durante o condicionamento físiológico das sementes, em quatro repetições. As sementes que não foram submetidas aos tratamentos de condicionamento constituíram o controle. O desempenho fisiológico das sementes foi avaliado imediatamente e após 30, 60 e 90 dias de armazenamento. Os dados obtidos em cada experimento foram submetidos à análise de variância (ANOVA) adotando-se nível de confiança de 95%. Os efeitos do condicionamento de sementes com PEG e GA3 durante o envelhecimento das sementes foram significativos para as medidas de germinação de C. ochroleuca e C. spectabilis. Durante o armazenamento, a viabilidade das sementes de ambas as espécies diminuiu gradualmente e os primeiros sintomas foram o atraso na germinação das sementes, especialmente para C. ochroleuca. Posteriormente, sementes de C. ochroleuca previamente condicionadas com GA3 apresentaram maiores resultados de protrusão radicular (86%), alongamento de hipocótilos (76%) e plântulas normais (75%) do que sementes não condicionadas (controle). Esses achados mostraram um bom potencial do condicionamento fisiológico com fitohormônio para atenuar os danos durante o envelhecimento das sementes de C. ochroleuca. luz disso sucesso ocasionalmente C 9 GA3, GA (GA3 10 ppm, ppm , 6000 0,2 02 0 2 -0, MPa (-0, (10 repetições controle 30 6 ANOVA (ANOVA adotandose adotando se 95 95% Posteriormente 86%, 86 86% (86%) 76% 76 (76% 75% 75 (75% . (controle) (GA 1 600 0, -0 (-0 (1 3 8 (86% 7 (76 (75 (controle - (- ( (86 (7 (8

Abstract The proper establishment of plants is essential for the efficient use of resources such as water and light. Besides, even after seed storage and sowing the uniform establishment of plants is essential for their success. Crotalaria ochroleuca and Crotalaria spectabilis are important medicinal plants with poor seed germination rate, occasionally. The effects of seed priming in both C. ochroleuca and C. spectabilis were evaluated in seed performance even after seeds storage for up 90-days. Experimental assays were performed in a randomized design with gibberellic acid (GA3, 100 ppm), polyethylene glycol (PEG 6000, -0.2 MPa) and PEG (-0.2 MPa) + GA3 (100 ppm) solutions during seed priming in four replicates. Seeds not submitted to priming treatments constituted control. Seeds physiological performance were evaluated immediately and even after 30, 60 and 90-days seed dry-storage. The data obtained in each experiment were submitted to variance analysis (ANOVA) adopting a confidence level of 95%. The effects of seed priming with PEG and GA3 during seed ageing were significant for germination variables of C. ochroleuca and C. spectabilis. During dry storage, seed viability of both species gradually decreased and the first symptoms were delayed seed germination, especially more evident for C. ochroleuca, even in primed or non-primed seeds. Afterwards, C. ochroleuca seeds previously GA3 primed had higher results of root protrusion (86%), hypocotyls elongation (76%) and complete seedlings (75%) than non-primed seeds (control). These findings shown a good potential of hormopriming to attenuate damage during the seed aging of C. ochroleuca. light Besides success rate occasionally C 90days. 90days days 90 days. GA3, GA (GA3 10 ppm, ppm , 6000 0.2 02 0 2 -0. MPa (-0. (10 replicates control 30 6 drystorage. drystorage storage. dry-storage ANOVA (ANOVA 95 95% nonprimed non Afterwards 86%, 86 86% (86%) 76% 76 (76% 75% 75 (75% . (control) 9 (GA 1 600 0. -0 (-0 (1 3 8 (86% 7 (76 (75 (control - (- ( (86 (7 (8

ABSTRACT Hail netting increases natural fruitlet drop. Mixing lower concentrations of Plant Growth Regulators (PGRs) and spraying on more advanced fruitlets could promote adequate crop load management and improve fruit quality. The objective of this study was to evaluate thinning programs with low concentrations of PGRs sprayed at advanced fruitlet size looking for reducing crop load, enhancing fruit quality, and preserving yield. On 2020/21 and 2021/22, in an orchard covered with hail netting in Bom Jesus-RS, eight programs were tested on vigorous ‘Maxi Gala’: Benzyladenine (BA)+Gibberellic acid4+7 (BA-GA) at full bloom (FB) and BA+Ethephon (ETH) at 15mm; BA-GA at FB and Naphthalene acetic acid+Carbaryl (CB) at 7 mm; BA-GA at FB and BA+CB at 15 mm; ETH+CB at 15 mm and Metamitron (MM)+ETH at 20 mm; BA-GA at FB and BA at 7 mm and MM at 20 mm; MM at 7 mm and MM at 20 mm; Manual Thinning Only; Untreated Control. The treatments containing CB reduced fruit set, although diminished yield unsustainably. All PGR programs improved fruit quality. In conclusion, BA-GA at FB and BA+ETH at 15 mm, and MM at 7 mm and MM at 20 mm reduce crop load, preserve yield and improve fruit quality. drop (PGRs quality 202021 2020 21 2020/2 202122 2021 22 2021/22 JesusRS, JesusRS Jesus RS, RS Jesus-RS Maxi Gala Gala’ BA+Gibberellic BAGibberellic +Gibberellic Gibberellic acid47 acid acid4 acid4+ BAGA GA (BA-GA (FB BAEthephon Ethephon ETH (ETH 15mm acidCarbaryl Carbaryl (CB BACB 1 ETHCB MM+ETH MMETH +ETH 2 Only Control set unsustainably conclusion BAETH 20202 202 2020/ 20212 2021/2 2021/