ABSTRACT The distribution and conservation status of the following four endemic species occurring in Paraguay were analysed; Baccharis illinitoides, Casimirella guaranitica, Neltuma rojasiana and Piptadeniopsis lomentifera. The methodology included the compilation of all available information in national and international herbaria, in the literature, and in the GBIF database; the taxonomic determination of specimens, and; the generation of a database with ecological information and geographical coordinates. Distribution maps were produced and the conservation status of each species was analysed according to IUCN Criterion B using the GeoCAT tool. The results showed that B. illinitoides and C. guaranitica are strictly endemic to Paraguay, meanwhile N. rojasiana and P. lomentifera are endemic to the Dry Chaco Ecoregion, which in turn forms part of the Gran Chaco Americano. These four species face land-use change for agricultural and livestock development as their main threat. It was proposed to classify the four species as threatened; B. illinitoides and C. guaranitica under the EN category, and N. rojasiana and P. lomentifera under VU. The importance of the protected wild areas where these species inhabit was highlighted in order to guarantee their conservation.

RESUMEN Se analizó la distribución y el estado de conservación de cuatro especies endémicas presentes en la flora paraguaya; Baccharis illinitoides, Casimirella guaranitica, Neltuma rojasiana y Piptadeniopsis lomentifera. La metodología incluyó la recopilación de toda la información disponible en herbarios nacionales y extranjeros, en la literatura y en la base de datos GBIF; la determinación taxonómica de ejemplares, y; la generación de una base de datos con información ecológica y coordenadas geográficas. Se elaboraron mapas de distribución y con la aplicación de la herramienta GeoCAT se realizó el análisis del estado de conservación de cada especie según el Criterio B de UICN. Los resultados mostraron que B. illinitoides y C. guaranitica son especies estrictamente endémicas del territorio paraguayo, mientras que N. rojasiana y P. lomentifera constituyen endemismos de la Ecorregión Chaco Seco, perteneciente al Gran Chaco Americano. Las cuatro especies enfrentan, como principal amenaza, el cambio de uso de los suelos con fines de desarrollo agrícola y ganadero. Se propuso clasificar a las cuatro especies analizadas como amenazadas; B. illinitoides y C. guaranitica bajo la categoría EN, y N. rojasiana y P. lomentifera bajo VU. Se destacó la importancia de las áreas silvestres protegidas donde habitan estas especies para garantizar su conservación.

Abstract Background: Previous phylogenetic analyses suggested that Aechmea bracteata is not a monophyletic species, being each variety an individual lineage within the Aechmea bracteata complex. Hypothesis: A phylogenetic analysis based on molecular data and a morphological analysis will provide evidence to support the taxonomic recognition of A. bracteata var. pacifica as a distinct species. Studies species: A. bracteata var. bracteata, A. bracteata var. pacifica and related species. Study site and dates: Mexico to Northern South America; 17 populations from Southeastern and Western Mexico. Analyses were performed between 2021 and 2023. Methods: A linear morphometric analysis was conducted with 85 herbarium specimens testing 28 quantitative and three qualitative variables. Potential diagnostic traits were reviewed in living specimens. A phylogenetic analysis was performed with two nDNA markers (ETS and g3pdh) and one cpDNA marker (trnL-F). A total of 373 records were projected into biogeographical provinces of the Neotropics. Results: The morphometric analysis allowed to separate each variety into a group, also, nine of the evaluated traits resulted statistically significant through a univariate analysis. Five additional diagnostic traits from the inflorescence and leaves were recognized. According to nDNA both taxa present reciprocal monophyly, however, cpDNA groups A. bracteata var. pacifica with Central American species, showcasing a potential hybrid origin. Geographically, the Sierra Madre del Sur acts as a barrier between both taxa. Conclusions: Due to the gathered evidence is possible to recognize A. bracteata var. pacifica as an endemic species to Mexico, reestablishing the basionym A. laxiflora.

Resumen Antecedentes: Análisis filogenéticos previos sugirieron que Aechmea bracteata no es una especie monofilética, siendo cada variedad un linaje individual dentro del complejo Aechmea bracteata. Hipótesis: Un análisis filogenético basado en datos moleculares y un análisis morfológico proporcionarán evidencia para respaldar el reconocimiento taxonómico de A. bracteata var. pacifica como una especie distinta. Especies estudiadas: A. bracteata var. bracteata, A. bracteata var. pacifica y especies relacionadas. Sitio de estudio y fechas: México hasta el norte de Sudamérica; 17 poblaciones del sureste y occidente de México. Los análisis se realizaron entre 2021 y 2023. Métodos: Se realizó un análisis morfométrico lineal con 85 especímenes de herbario evaluando 28 variables cuantitativas y tres cualitativas. Se revisaron potenciales caracteres diagnósticos en especímenes vivos. Se realizó un análisis filogenético con dos marcadores de ADNn (ETS y g3pdh) y uno de ADNcp (trnL-F). Se proyectaron un total de 373 registros en provincias biogeográficas del Neotrópico. Resultados: El análisis morfométrico permitió separar cada taxón en un grupo, además, nueve de los caracteres evaluados resultaron estadísticamente significativos mediante un análisis univariado. Se reconocieron cinco caracteres diagnósticos adicionales de la inflorescencia y las hojas. Según el ADNn ambas variedades presentan monofilia recíproca, sin embargo, el ADNcp agrupa a A. bracteata var. pacifica con especies centroamericanas, mostrando un potencial origen híbrido. Geográficamente, la Sierra Madre del Sur actúa como una barrera entre ambos taxones. Conclusiones: Debido a la evidencia recopilada es posible reconocer a A. bracteata var. pacifica como especie endémica de México, restableciendo el basiónimo A. laxiflora.

Abstract Background: Utricularia jamesoniana, a small epiphytic plant found in wet tropical forests, stands out for its carnivorous habit, intricate trap system, and small but beautiful and complex flowers. This species remains relatively understudied despite its wide geographical distribution and curious adaptations. Questions: Our aim is to elucidate the composition of bacterial and fungal communities inhabiting both the bladders and leaves of Utricularia jamesoniana, facilitating the comprehension of the physiology and ecological dynamics of this carnivorous species. Methods: In this study, we employed 16S rRNA and ITS sequencing to compare the prokaryotic and fungal communities within leaves and traps of U. jamesoniana. Results: The analysis of amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) unveiled notable differences in community composition depending on the plant tissue and type of microorganism. Prokaryotic communities predominantly comprised Proteobacteria and Actinobacteriota, featuring genera such as Acidocella, Bradyrhizobium, Ferritrophicum, and Ferrovum. Fungal communities were dominated by Ascomycota and Basidiomycota, encompassing representatives of Dothideomycetes, Sordariomycetes, Eurotiomycetes, and Agaricomycetes, as well as ASVs related to Mycosphaerellaceae, Colletotrichum, Aspergillus, and Thanatephorus. We determined that the prokaryotic diversity was higher in the bladders with respect to the leaves. Fungal communities, in turn, were more diverse in leaves than in bladders. Conclusions: This study sheds light on the microbial communities associated with this carnivorous epiphyte and provides valuable insights into the intricate relationships between the plant and its microbial inhabitants across different tissues.

Resumen Antecedentes: Utricularia jamesoniana es una pequeña planta epífita que se encuentra en bosques tropicales húmedos. Destaca por su hábito carnívoro, su intrincado sistema de trampas y sus pequeñas pero complejas flores. A pesar de su amplia distribución geográfica y sus curiosas adaptaciones, esta especie sigue estando relativamente poco estudiada. Objetivo: Nuestro objetivo es dilucidar la composición de las comunidades bacterianas y fúngicas asociadas tanto en los utrículos como en las hojas de Utricularia jamesoniana, facilitando la comprensión de la fisiología y la dinámica ecológica de esta especie carnívora. Métodos: Empleamos la secuenciación de los marcadores 16S ARNr e ITS para comparar las comunidades procariotas y fúngicas dentro de hojas y trampas de U. jamesoniana. Resultados: El análisis de las variantes de secuencia de amplicones (ASVs) reveló notables diferencias en la composición de la comunidad dependiendo del tejido vegetal y del tipo de microorganismo. Las comunidades procariotas estaban compuestas predominantemente por Proteobacteria y Actinobacteriota, incluyendo los géneros Acidocella, Bradyrhizobium, Ferritrophicum y Ferrovum. Las comunidades fúngicas estaban dominadas por Ascomycota y Basidiomycota, con representantes de Dothideomycetes, Sordariomycetes, Eurotiomycetes y Agaricomycetes; así como ASVs relacionados con Mycosphaerellaceae, Colletotrichum, Aspergillus y Thanatephorus. La diversidad procariota es más alta en los utrículos con respecto a las hojas, pero las comunidades fúngicas fueron más diversas en las hojas que en los utrículos Conclusiones: Este estudio arroja luz sobre las comunidades microbianas asociadas a esta epífita carnívora y proporciona valiosos conocimientos sobre las intrincadas relaciones entre la planta y los habitantes microbianos asociados a sus diferentes tejidos.

Abstract Background: Hechtia is characterized by its terrestrial, succulent rosettes, dioecy, and unisexual, dimorphic flowers, mainly fragrant. The paucity and fragmentary herbarium material limit the species recognition but living material reveals diagnostic characters to delimitate them. Hypothesis: Hechtia species are circumscribed by a combination of vegetative and floral characters of both sexes. If the new taxon does not share morphological characters with other species, it will be described as new. Taxon: Hechtia. Study site and dates: Chamela-Cuixmala Biosphere Reserve, Jalisco, 1985-2023. Methods: Field collected, cultivated as well as herbarium material of the new taxon were analyzed and compared to other species from the Pacific Lowlands and adjacent areas, particularly flowers of both sexes, fruits, and seeds. Conservation status using IUCN criteria is reported for the new species. Results: Specimens of Hechtia chamelensis have been misidentified as H. laevis and H. reticulata (both described from fruiting, fragmentary specimens) but the fruit and seed features of both taxa do not match those of the new species. H. chamelensis is known from the Chamela-Cuixmala Biosphere Reserve and it is characterized by strict sympodial growth pattern, green leaves with red hues, shiny and glabrous above, white lepidote below, panicles usually simple to (rarely staminate ones) 2-divided, staminate flowers pinkish to pale white, pistillate with pale green to white petals. Conclusions: Vegetative and reproductive features as well as geographical distribution allow the recognition of H. chamelensis as a new species native from Jalisco, Mexico.

Resumen Antecedentes: Hechtia está caracterizado por sus rosetas suculentas, terrestres, dioicismo y flores unisexuales, dimórficas, generalmente fragantes. El escaso y fragmentario material de herbario, dificulta la delimitación de especies, pero el material vivo revela caracteres diagnósticos para delimitarlas. Hipótesis: Especies de Hechtia están circunscritas por una combinación de caracteres vegetativos y florales de ambos sexos. Si un taxón no comparte caracteres morfológicos y vegetativos con otras especies del género será descrito como nuevo. Taxón: Hechtia. Sitio y fechas de estudio: Reserva de la Biósfera Chamela-Cuixmala, Jalisco, 1985-2023. Métodos: Se analizó material recolectado, cultivado y herborizado del nuevo taxón y se comparó con el de otras especies de las Tierras Bajas del Pacífico y de áreas adyacentes, se analizaron y caracterizaron flores de ambos sexos, frutos y semillas. Se reporta el estado de conservación de la nueva especie utilizando los criterios de la UICN. Resultados: Ejemplares de Hechtia chamelensis se han identificado erróneamente como H. laevis y H. reticulata (descritas de especímenes con frutos), pero características de frutos y semillas de ambos taxones no coinciden con los del nuevo taxón. H. chamelensis es conocida hasta ahora de la Reserva de la Biósfera Chamela-Cuixmala, se caracteriza por crecimiento simpodial, hojas verdes con tintes rojizos, glabras y brillantes adaxialmente, blanco lepidotas abaxialmente, panículas simples a (raramente las estaminadas) 2 divididas, flores estaminadas con pétalos rosado a blanco pálido, en pistiladas verde pálido a blanco. Conclusiones: Características vegetativas y reproductivas, y la distribución geográfica, permiten reconocer a H. chamelensis como una nueva especie nativa de Jalisco, México.

Abstract The presence of Eristalis tenax in a dairy farm in the province of Salta is described. Larvae of E. tenax, known as "rat-tailed maggots", were found in large quantities on the premises, specifically in the feeding trough and waste pit. Taxonomic identification revealed distinctive morphological characteristics of the species. This finding expands the known geographical distribution of E. tenax in Argentina. Although the medical significance of these syrphids is relative, their ability to act as mechanical vectors of certain pathogens, such as mycobacteria, suggests the need to control their populations in anthropized environments. The importance of hygiene measures to prevent accidental ingestion of larvae is stressed, and monitoring of water tanks and pits is suggested. In conclusion, the relevance of recognizing the facultative nature of infestations is highlighted, along with the potential contribution of E. tenax control in sanitation measures of affected herds.

Resumen Este trabajo documenta la presencia de Eristalis tenax en un establecimiento lechero de la provincia de Salta. Las larvas de E. tenax, conocidas como "gusanos de cola de rata", se encontraron específicamente en el comedero y la fosa de desechos. La observación de las características morfológicas de la especie permitió su identificación taxonómica. Este hallazgo amplía la distribución geográfica conocida de E. tenax en Argentina. Aunque la importancia médica de estos sírfidos es relativa, se destaca su capacidad de actuar como vectores mecánicos de micobacterias, lo que sugiere la necesidad de controlar sus poblaciones en entornos antropizados. Se enfatiza la importancia de medidas de higiene para prevenir la ingestión accidental de larvas y se sugiere incorporar supervisión en depósitos de agua y piletones de decantación. En conclusión, se subraya la relevancia de reconocer la naturaleza facultativa de esta especie como posible vector y la contribución de su control en las medidas de saneamiento en rodeos afectados.

ABSTRACT The distribution and geographic range of Cynomys mexicanus was studied through geographic databases (GDB) and walking tours in the states of Coahuila, Nuevo León and San Luis Potosí, where active colonies (AC) of the species were located. An information search was conducted in the period 1985-2022 to identify AC GDB that were projected in Google Earth® to eliminate geographic inconsistencies. The records were checked in the field and another GDB was generated which was called current distribution (CD), fragmentation index was estimated of: interaction between AC (li), isolation (ri) and connectivity (ai). It was possible to obtain eight GDB, six of them free of geographical inconsistencies, the common thing was to lack the Datum. The CD area of AC was 231.20 km2, decreased 28.20% from 2004 (322 km2) and 11.73% compared to 2012 (284.22 km2). Through a principal components analysis (PCA) and multivariate discriminant analysis (MANOVA), the statistical relationships of the AC fragmentation index were evaluated, which showed that isolation (ri) and connectivity (ai) explained the relationship of AC in the three states where they are distributed.

RESUMEN La distribución y rango geográfico de Cynomys mexicanus se estudió a través de bases de datos geográficas (BDG) y recorridos a pie en los estados de Coahuila, Nuevo León y San Luis Potosí, donde se ubicaron colonias activas (CA) de la especie. Se realizó una búsqueda de información en el período 1985-2022 para identificar BDG de CA que se proyectaron en Google Earth® para eliminar inconsistencias geográficas. Se comprobaron los registros en campo y se generó otra BDG a la que se le llamó distribución actual (DA), se estimaron índices de fragmentación de: interacción entre CA (li), aislamiento (ri) y conectividad (ai). Fue posible obtener ocho BDG, seis de ellas libres de inconsistencias geográficas, lo común fue carecer del Datum. La superficie de DA de CA estimada fue de 231.20 km2, disminuyó 28.20% con respecto al 2004 (322 km2) y 11.70% comparada con 2012 (284.22 km2). A través de un análisis de componentes principales (ACP) y análisis multivariado discriminante (MANOVA) se evaluaron las relaciones estadísticas de los índices de fragmentación de las CA, las cuales mostraron que el aislamiento (ri) y conectividad (ai) explicaron la relación de las CA en los tres estados donde se distribuyen.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Globally, there is an increase of the keratoconus prevalence and its diagnosis in early ages. A great number of subclinical cases and others with a quick progression are notified, conditioned by the early onset of the disease and the association with risk factors. Objective: To describe the epidemiological, clinical aspects and the result of diagnostic means involved in the early detection of infant keratoconus. Development: There are elements that alert the presence of a keratoconus as a cause of the refractive defect in children with ametropia. From the epidemiologic point of view they are: geographical distribution, heredity role and environmental factors. History of previous diseases are clinically pointed out, such as allergies, myopia or myopic astigmatism with refractive instability and the clinical signs related to cone progression. In risk patients it is necessary to carry out exams by means of different diagnostic means according to their availability, being essential the refractive, keratometric and topographic analysis. Conclusions: In the evaluation of children with ametropia, epidemiological and clinical elements should be taken into account that allow to suspect and early diagnose the keratoconus. In the interpretation of results of the diagnostic means involved in their detection the most frequent findings in the infant population, should be considered according to the ectasia degree of progression.

RESUMEN Introducción: Globalmente, existe un aumento de la prevalencia del queratocono y su diagnóstico en edades tempranas. Se notifican un gran número de casos subclínicos y otros con una rápida progresión, condicionada por el inicio precoz de la enfermedad y la asociación a factores de riesgo. Objetivo: Describir los aspectos epidemiológicos, clínicos y el resultado de los medios de diagnóstico implicados en la detección precoz del queratocono infantil. Desarrollo: En niños con ametropía hay elementos que alertan la presencia de un queratocono como causa del defecto refractivo. Desde el punto de vista epidemiológico se encuentran: distribución geográfica, rol de la herencia y factores ambientales. Clínicamente se señalan los antecedentes de enfermedades, tales como las alergias, la presencia de miopía o astigmatismo miópico con inestabilidad refractiva y los signos clínicos relacionados con la progresión del cono. En los pacientes de riesgo es preciso realizar exámenes mediante diferentes medios de diagnóstico según su disponibilidad, siendo primordial el análisis refractivo, queratométrico y topográfico. Conclusiones: En la evaluación de los niños con ametropía se deben tener en cuenta elementos epidemiológicos y clínicos que permiten sospechar y diagnosticar precozmente el queratocono. En la interpretación de los resultados de los medios de diagnóstico involucrados en su detección, se deben considerar los hallazgos más frecuentes en la población infantil según el grado de progresión de la ectasia.

Abstract Introduction: Echinoderms are dominant in terms of abundance and diversity; particularly asteroids play an important role in Antarctic benthic communities. Objective: The aim of the present work was to review the bathymetric distribution, specific composition, occurrence and species richness of asteroid species inhabiting South Orkney, South Shetland and Palmer Archipelago, located in the Antarctic Peninsula. Aspects of the developmental patterns of the species found are also included. Methods: We used data acquired during the 2012 and 2013 Antarctic Summer Campaigns aboard the Oceanographic Vessel “Puerto Deseado”. Sampling stations were located in three archipelagos located in the Antarctic Peninsula: South Orkney (SO), South Shetland (SS) and Palmer Archipelago (PA). A total of 28 fishing hauls were made and 436 individuals were photographed and processed. The maximum radius (mm) of each individual, the macroscopic characteristics of the gonads and the presence of embryos were registered. A review of the taxonomic status, bathymetric and geographical distribution area of the sampled species was carried out based on bibliographic records and databases. A hierarchical grouping was used to analyze species composition among the different areas. Results: Asteroids were obtained in all sampling stations (occurrence: 100 %) between 52.7 and 987 m depth. 21 species were recorded, the bathymetric distribution was not broadened in any of them, and the geographical distribution area of six species was expanded. Species richness was equal in SS and PA and higher than in SO, coinciding with the presence of two regional groups with a similar faunal composition. Seventy-two percent of the recorded species present pelagic development (planktotrophic larvae = 17 %, and lecithotrophic larvae = 55 %) and 28 % non-pelagic development (retained larvae = 17 %, and direct development = 11 %). Conclusions: In the three archipelagos, the majority development pattern was pelagic with lecithotrophic nutrition. All the species found in this study are shared with the sub-Antarctic region, highlighting the importance of the Malvinas Current in the dispersal of species from Antarctica.

Resumen Introducción: Los equinodermos son dominantes en términos de abundancia y diversidad; particularmente los asteroideos presentan un importante rol en las comunidades bentónicas antárticas. Objetivo: El objetivo del presente trabajo fue revisar la distribución batimétrica, composición específica, ocurrencia y riqueza de especies de asteroideos que habitan en los archipiélagos Orcadas del Sur, Shetland del Sur y Archipiélago de Palmer, ubicados en la Península Antártica. A su vez, detallar aspectos de los patrones de desarrollo de las especies halladas. Métodos: Utilizamos la información adquirida durante Campañas Antárticas de Verano 2012 y 2013, a bordo del Buque Oceanográfico “Puerto Deseado”. Las estaciones de muestreo se ubicaron en tres archipiélagos localizados en la Península Antártica: Orcadas del Sur (OS), Shetland del Sur (SS) y Archipiélago de Palmer (AP). Se realizaron 28 lances de pesca y se fotografiaron y procesaron 436 individuos. Se determinó el radio mayor (mm) de cada individuo, las características macroscópicas de las gónadas y la presencia de embriones. Se realizó una revisión del estatus taxonómico y de la distribución batimétrica y del área de distribución geográfica de las especies muestreadas basándonos en registros bibliográficos y bases de datos. Se utilizó una agrupación jerárquica para analizar la composición de las especies entre las diferentes áreas. Resultados: En todas las estaciones de muestreo se obtuvieron asteroideos (ocurrencia: 100 %) entre 52.7 y 987 metros de profundidad. Se registraron 21 especies, de las cuales no se modificó la distribución batimétrica de ninguna de ellas, pero se amplió el área de distribución geográfica de seis. La riqueza de especies fue igual en SS y AP, y mayor que en OS, coincidiendo con la presencia de dos grupos regionales con una composición faunística similar. El 72 % de las especies registradas presentan desarrollo pelágico (larva planctotrófica = 17 % y larva lecitotrófica = 55 %) y el 28 % desarrollo no pelágico (larva retenida = 17 % y desarrollo directo = 11 %). Conclusiones: En los tres archipiélagos el patrón de desarrollo mayoritario fue el pelágico con nutrición lecitotrófica. La totalidad de las especies halladas en el presente trabajo son compartidas con la región subantártica, destacándose la importancia de la Corriente de Malvinas en la dispersión de las especies desde Antártida.

Resumen Se describe por primera vez el macho de Adesmus murutinga Martins & Galileo, 2004, una clave actualizada de las especies colombianas del género es presentada, además se reportan para Colombia tres especies de escarabajos longicornios. Finalmente se detallan localidades específicas en Colombia de Miriclytusquadrifasciatus (Chevrolat, 1862) y Oedudes spectabilis (Drury, 1782).

Abstract The male of Adesmus murutinga Martins & Galileo, 2004 is described for the first time, an updated key to Colombian species of the genus is presented, and three species of longhorned beetles are reported for the first time for Colombia. The specific localities in Colombia of Miriclytus quadrifasciatus (Chevrolat, 1862) and Oedudes spectabilis (Drury, 1782) are reported.

Abstract The São Francisco River Basin (SFRB) is extremely important for both the local rural and urban population, running through several states and municipalities in Brazil. Thus, the study of the spatial distribution of rainfall in the SFRB, supported by the application of geostatistics, offers valuable insights for water management and planning. In this study, data from 341 rainfall stations were used, corresponding to the period between 1989 and 2018, and monthly accumulated rainfall analyzed. About the trends, positive estimates for latitude, except for April, highlight that the accumulated precipitation decreases from south to north each month. In December, 85.10% of the spatial variability of rainfall was explained by the trend of rainfall concerning geographical coordinates. Concerning spatial dependence, the analyzed data predominantly exhibited the exponential variogram model. The conducted analyses offered a holistic view of rainfall in the region, facilitating the understanding of spatial patterns and shedding light on challenges in the face of climate change. Our research limited on the spatial modeling of rainfall in the SFRB, and future work should include modeling socio-economic and environmental impacts in the region concerning the spatial irregularity of rainfall. SFRB (SFRB population Brazil Thus geostatistics planning 34 used 198 2018 trends latitude April month December 8510 85 10 85.10 coordinates dependence model change socioeconomic socio economic 3 19 201 851 8 1 85.1 20 85. 2

Resumo A Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio São Francisco (SFRB) é de extrema importância tanto para a população rural quanto urbana local, percorrendo diversos estados e municípios do Brasil. O estudo da distribuição espacial das chuvas na SFRB, apoiado na aplicação da geoestatística, oferece insights valiosos para a gestão e planejamento hídrico. Nesse estudo foram utilizados dados de 341 estações pluviométricas, correspondentes ao período entre 1989 e 2018, e analisadas as chuvas acumuladas mensais. Sobre a tendência, estimativas positivas para a latitude, com exceção de abril, ressaltam que a precipitação acumulada em cada mês diminui de sul para norte. No mês de dezembro, 85,10% da variabilidade espacial das chuvas foi explicada pela tendência das chuvas em relação às coordenadas geográficas. Na dependência espacial, os dados analisados mostram predomínio do modelo de variograma exponencial. As análises realizadas proporcionaram uma visão holística das chuvas na região, permitindo a compreensão dos padrões espaciais e lançando luz sobre os desafios apresentados em um cenário de mudanças climáticas. Essa pesquisa limitou-se à modelagem espacial das chuvas na SFRB, e uma modelagem dos impactos socioeconômicos e ambientais na região em relação à irregularidade espacial das chuvas é essencial para trabalhos futuros. SFRB (SFRB local Brasil geoestatística hídrico 34 pluviométricas 198 2018 mensais latitude abril norte dezembro 8510 85 10 85,10 geográficas exponencial climáticas limitouse limitou se futuros 3 19 201 851 8 1 85,1 20 85, 2

ABSTRACT Objective: This study aimed to present a temporal and spatial analysis of the 2018 measles outbreak in Brazil, particularly in the metropolitan city of Manaus in the Amazon region, and further introduce a new tool for spatial analysis. Methods: We analyzed the geographical data of the residences of over 7,000 individuals with measles in Manaus during 2018 and 2019. Spatial and temporal analyses were conducted to characterize various aspects of the outbreak, including the onset and prevalence of symptoms, demographics, and vaccination status. A visualization tool was also constructed to display the geographical and temporal distribution of the reported measles cases. Results: Approximately 95% of the included participants had not received vaccination within the past decade. Heterogeneity was observed across all facets of the outbreak, including variations in the incubation period and symptom presentation. Age distribution exhibited two peaks, occurring at one year and 18 years of age, and the potential implications of this distribution on predictive analysis were discussed. Additionally, spatial analysis revealed that areas with the highest case densities tended to have the lowest standard of living. Conclusion: Understanding the spatial and temporal spread of measles outbreaks provides insights for decision-making regarding measures to mitigate future epidemics. Objective 201 Brazil region Methods 7000 7 000 7,00 2019 symptoms demographics status cases Results 95 decade presentation peaks 1 age discussed Additionally living Conclusion decisionmaking decision making epidemics 20 700 00 7,0 9 2 70 0 7,

Abstract This article aims to describe the geographical distribution of hospital mortality from COVID-19 in children and adolescents during the 2020-2021 pandemic in Brazil. Ecological, census study (SIVEP GRIPE) with individuals up to 19 years of age, hospitalized with SARS due to COVID-19 or SARS not specified in Brazilian municipalities, stratified in two ways: 1) in the five macro-regions and 2) in three urban agglomerations: capital, municipalities of the metropolitan region and non-capital municipalities. There were 44 hospitalizations/100,000 inhabitants due to COVID-19 and 241/100,000 when including unspecified SARS (estimated underreporting of 81.8%). There were 1,888 deaths by COVID-19 and 4,471 deaths if added to unspecified SARS, estimating 57.8% of unreported deaths. Hospital mortality was 2.3 times higher in the macro-regions when considering only the cases of COVID-19, with the exception of the North and Center-West regions. Higher hospital mortality was also recorded in non-capital municipalities. The urban setting was associated with higher SARS hospital mortality during the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil. Living in the North and Northeast macro-regions, and far from the capitals offered a higher risk of mortality for children and adolescents who required hospitalization. COVID19 COVID COVID-1 20202021 2020 2021 2020-202 Brazil Ecological SIVEP GRIPE 1 age ways macroregions macro regions 2 agglomerations capital noncapital non 4 hospitalizations100000 hospitalizations 100 000 hospitalizations/100,00 241100000 241 241/100,00 estimated 81.8%. 818 81.8% . 81 8 81.8%) 1888 888 1,88 4471 471 4,47 578 57 57.8 23 3 2. COVID19, 19, CenterWest Center West macroregions, regions, hospitalization COVID1 COVID- 2020202 202 2020-20 hospitalizations10000 10 00 hospitalizations/100,0 24110000 24 241/100,0 81.8 188 88 1,8 447 47 4,4 5 57. 202020 20 2020-2 hospitalizations1000 0 hospitalizations/100, 2411000 241/100, 81. 18 1, 4, 20202 2020- hospitalizations100 hospitalizations/100 241100 241/100 hospitalizations10 hospitalizations/10 24110 241/10 hospitalizations1 hospitalizations/1 2411 241/1 hospitalizations/ 241/

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é descrever a distribuição geográfica da mortalidade hospitalar por COVID-19 em crianças e adolescentes durante a pandemia de 2020-2021 no Brasil. Estudo ecológico, censitário (SIVEP GRIPE), de indivíduos até 19 anos, internados com SRAG por COVID-19 ou SRAG não especificada, em municípios brasileiros, estratificados de duas formas: 1) nas cinco macrorregiões e 2) em três aglomerados urbanos: capital, municípios da região metropolitana e do interior. Verificou-se 44 internações/100 mil habitantes por COVID-19 e 241/100 mil ao se incluir a SRAG não especificada (subnotificação estimada de 81,8%). Ocorreram1.888 óbitos por COVID-19 e 4.471 óbitos se somados à SRAG não especificada, estimando-se subnotificação de 57,8% dos óbitos. A mortalidade hospitalar foi 2,3 vezes maior nas macrorregiões quando considerados apenas os casos de COVID-19, com exceção das regiões Norte e Centro-Oeste. Registrou-se também maior mortalidade hospitalar em municípios do interior. O contexto urbano esteve associado à maior mortalidade hospitalar por SRAG durante a pandemia de COVID-19 no Brasil. Residir nas macrorregiões Norte e Nordeste, e distante das capitais, ofereceu maior risco de mortalidade para crianças e adolescentes que necessitaram hospitalização. COVID19 COVID COVID-1 20202021 2020 2021 2020-202 Brasil ecológico SIVEP GRIPE, GRIPE , GRIPE) 1 anos brasileiros formas 2 urbanos capital interior Verificouse Verificou 4 internações100 internações 100 internações/10 241100 241 241/10 81,8%. 818 81,8% . 81 8 81,8%) Ocorreram1888 Ocorreram Ocorreram1 888 Ocorreram1.88 4471 471 4.47 estimandose estimando 578 57 57,8 23 3 2, COVID19, 19, CentroOeste. CentroOeste Centro Oeste. Oeste Centro-Oeste Registrouse Registrou Nordeste capitais hospitalização COVID1 COVID- 2020202 202 2020-20 internações10 10 internações/1 24110 24 241/1 81,8 Ocorreram188 88 Ocorreram1.8 447 47 4.4 5 57, 202020 20 2020-2 internações1 internações/ 2411 241/ 81, Ocorreram18 Ocorreram1. 4. 20202 2020-

Abstract Dyckia, belonging to the Bromeliaceae, consists of species that share several morphological similarities. Recently, a proposal has grouped 13 species of the genus into a “D. selloa complex” based on their limited geographical distribution and seed characteristics. However, further investigation is required to gain a better understanding of this grouping. This study aimed to analyze the pollen grain morphology of the grouped species. The analysis was conducted using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), as well as light microscopy equipped with bright field and fluorescence optics. Various structures were measured. The pollen grains are heteropolar, oblate, and range in size from small to medium. They possess a simple sulcus type and exhibit a sexine (composed of tectum and infratectum columellate) and a nexine 1. Different patterns of ornamentation were identified, including reticulate, microreticulate, reticulate with free granules, reticulate with a partially discontinuous reticulum, and reticulate with a discontinuous reticulum. The aperture margin of some species differs from the described characteristics for the genus (Puya type) and is referred to here as the “Other” type. The results align with existing data for the genus Dyckia and contribute to understanding the pollen morphology within the genus and the studied group. The data obtained in this study, along with the observed variations, could facilitate a better understanding of the “D. selloa complex”. Bromeliaceae similarities Recently 1 D. D “D complex However grouping SEM, SEM , (SEM) optics measured heteropolar oblate medium composed columellate identified microreticulate granules reticulum Puya Other “Other group variations complex. . (SEM

Resumo Dyckia (Bromeliaceae) possui espécies com diversas semelhanças morfológicas. O proposto agrupamento de 13 espécies do gênero está baseado em sua restrita distribuição geográfica e características das sementes como um “complexo D. selloa”, porém necessita ainda de um melhor entendimento. O presente trabalho possui como objetivo analisar a morfologia dos grãos de pólen das espécies pertencentes ao agrupamento. Foram realizadas análises por meio de Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV), Microscopia de Luz em Campo Claro e em Fluorescência, com a medição de algumas estruturas. Os grãos de pólen são heteropolares, oblados, com tamanho pequeno ou médio e sulco do tipo simples. Eles possuem uma sexina (com teto e infrateto columelar) e nexina 1. Diferentes padrões de ornamentação foram identificados: reticulado, microrreticulado, reticulado com grânulos livres, reticulado com um retículo parcialmente descontínuo e reticulado com retículo descontínuo. A margem da abertura de algumas espécies difere do descrito para o gênero (tipo Puya) e é aqui indicado como tipo “Outro”. Os resultados são consistentes com os dados existentes para o gênero Dyckia e contribuem para a compreensão da morfologia polínica no gênero e no agrupamento estudado. Os dados obtidos aqui e as variações observadas podem ser úteis para um melhor entendimento do “complexo D. selloa”. Bromeliaceae (Bromeliaceae morfológicas 1 complexo D selloa, selloa , selloa” MEV, MEV (MEV) Fluorescência estruturas heteropolares oblados simples columelar identificados microrreticulado livres Puya Outro. Outro . “Outro” estudado selloa. (MEV “Outro

Abstract Cichlid fishes exhibit rapid adaptive radiations with significant diversification rates in response to ecological variability, i.e., ecological opportunity or geographical isolation. The discovery of a Midas cichlid species in Lake Batur, Indonesia's largest volcanic lake, first reported in 2013, could represent such adaptations. Midas cichlids can now be found in a range of habitats in Lake Batur and dominate the lake's fish population by up to 60%. This study aimed to identify the interaction between habitat, water quality, and Midas cichlid in Lake Batur, facilitating morphometric variances in the fish populations. The fish were captured at five locations in Lake Batur using fishing rods, community nets with mesh sizes of 2–3 inches, experimental gillnets with mesh sizes of 1 inch, and fish scoops in floating net cages during August and November 2022. There were 46 fish samples caught from the five stations, all photographed using a digital camera and later measured using the ZEN 2012 software. The fish measurement employed a truss morphometric method using 21 distinct morphometric body features. Canonical analysis was used to determine the distribution of characteristics, while discriminant analysis was used to examine the closeness of association. The measured water quality parameters included pH, DO, temperature, conductivity, and TDS for in-situ and TSS, TP, TN, and chlorophyll A for ex-situ. The findings revealed morphometric changes among Midas cichlid species in Lake Batur caused by habitat and water quality differences. The distinction can be detected in the anterior and posterior bodies (C1, B1, C3, C6, C5, B3 and B4). Temperature and aquatic plants, Azolla pinnata, may detect the station and shape of fish in Lake Batur. Body shape cannot be identified by chlorophyll A, TN, DO, and TDS. Future genetic research could answer why fish groups with varied body types coexist in the same location. variability ie i e i.e. isolation Indonesias Indonesia s lake 2013 adaptations lakes 60 60% populations rods 23 2 3 2– inches inch 2022 4 stations 201 software features characteristics association pH DO temperature conductivity insitu situ TSS TP TN exsitu. exsitu ex situ. ex-situ differences C1, C1 C (C1 B1 B C3 C6 C5 B4. B4 . B4) plants pinnata location i.e 6 202 20 (C

Resumo Os peixes ciclídeos exibem radiações adaptativas rápidas com taxas de diversificação significativas em resposta à variabilidade ecológica, ou seja, oportunidade ecológica ou isolamento geográfico. A descoberta de uma espécie de ciclídeo Midas em Lago Batur, o maior lago vulcânico da Indonésia, relatada pela primeira vez em 2013, poderia representar tais adaptações. Os ciclídeos Midas agora podem ser encontrados em uma variedade de hábitats no Lago Batur, onde dominam a população de peixes em até 60%. Este estudo teve como objetivo identificar a interação entre hábitat, qualidade da água e ciclídeo Midas no Lago Batur, facilitando variações morfométricas nas populações de peixe. Os peixes foram capturados em cinco locais no Lago Batur usando varas de pesca, redes comunitárias com malhas de 2-3 polegadas, redes de emalhar experimentais com malhas de 1 polegada e colheres de peixe em gaiolas de rede flutuantes, durante agosto e novembro de 2022. Foram capturadas 46 amostras de peixes nas cinco estações, todas fotografadas com câmera digital e posteriormente medidas no software ZEN 2012. A medição dos peixes empregou um método morfométrico de treliça usando 21 características morfométricas distintas do corpo. A análise canônica foi utilizada para determinar a distribuição das características, enquanto a análise discriminante foi empregada para examinar a proximidade da associação. Os parâmetros de qualidade da água medidos incluíram pH, OD, temperatura, condutividade e TDS para in situ, e TSS, TP, TN e clorofila A para ex situ. As descobertas revelaram mudanças morfométricas entre as espécies de ciclídeos Midas no Lago Batur, causadas por diferenças de hábitat e qualidade da água. A distinção pode ser detectada nos corpos anterior e posterior (C1, B1, C3, C6, C5, B3 e B4). A temperatura e as plantas aquáticas, Azolla pinnata, podem detectar a estação e o formato dos peixes no Lago Batur. A forma do corpo não pode ser identificada pela clorofila A, TN, OD e TDS. Futuras pesquisas genéticas poderiam responder por que grupos de peixes com tipos corporais variados coexistem no mesmo local. seja geográfico Indonésia 2013 adaptações 60 60% pesca 23 2 3 2- polegadas flutuantes 2022 4 estações 2012 associação pH situ TSS TP C1, C1 C (C1 B1 B C3 C6 C5 B4. B4 . B4) aquáticas pinnata local 201 6 202 (C 20

Abstract We present a key to identify and an annotated list of lycophytes and ferns of the Immediate Geographical Region of São Luís, Maranhão State, which has ecotonal characteristics of Amazonian Forest, Cerrado, and Coastal Vegetation. Specimens were collected monthly between April 2020 and September 2022 in the 13 municipalities of this region. A total of 64 species were identified, including 61 species of ferns, in 18 families and 38 genera, and three species of lycophytes, in two genera and one family. The most representative families were Pteridaceae (18 species) and Polypodiaceae (nine species). The most recorded substrate of occurrence was terrestrial with 35 species (54.6%), followed by epiphytic with 15 species (23.4%), aquatic with four species (6.2%), rupicolous with three species (4.6%), and hemiepiphytic with two species (3.1%). Five species (7.8%) had more than one life form. This study expands the knowledge about the geographic distribution of fern and lycophyte species in the central region of Northern Maranhão, in Northeastern Brazil, which until now had several sampling gaps. Maranhão has a diversity that is still poorly reported and known compared to other states in South and Southeast Brazil. Therefore, floristic surveys are essential to increase what is known about the flora, especially in areas under anthropic pressure and places with few collections, such as the ecotonal areas in Maranhão. Luís State Forest Cerrado Vegetation 202 1 6 identified 3 family (1 nine species. . 54.6%, 546 54.6% , 54 (54.6%) 23.4%, 234 23.4% 23 4 (23.4%) 6.2%, 62 6.2% 2 (6.2%) 4.6%, 46 4.6% (4.6%) 3.1%. 31 3.1% (3.1%) 7.8% 78 7 8 (7.8% form Brazil gaps Therefore flora collections 20 ( 54.6 5 (54.6% 23.4 (23.4% 6.2 (6.2% 4.6 (4.6% 3.1 (3.1% 7.8 (7.8 54. (54.6 23. (23.4 6. (6.2 4. (4.6 3. (3.1 7. (7. (54. (23. (6. (4. (3. (7 (54 (23 (6 (4 (3 (5 (2

Resumo Apresentamos uma chave para a identificação e uma lista com detalhes das licófitas e samambaias da Região Geográfica Imediata de São Luís, Estado do Maranhão, que possui características ecotonais da Floresta Amazônica, Cerrado e Vegetação Litorânea. Os dados foram coletados mensalmente entre abril de 2020 e setembro de 2022 nos 13 municípios dessa região. Foram identificadas 64 espécies, incluindo 61 espécies de samambaias, em 18 famílias e 38 gêneros, e três espécies de licófitas, em dois gêneros e uma família. As famílias mais representativas foram Pteridaceae (18 espécies) e Polypodiaceae (nove espécies). O substrato de ocorrência mais registrado foi o terrestre com 35 espécies (54,6%), seguido do epifítico com 15 espécies (23,4%), aquático com quatro espécies (6,2%), rupícola com três espécies (4,6%) e hemiepifítico com duas espécies (3,1%). Cinco espécies (7,8%) apresentaram mais de uma forma de vida. Este estudo amplia o conhecimento sobre a distribuição geográfica de espécies de samambaias e licófitas na região central do norte do Maranhão, no Nordeste do Brasil, que até então possuía várias lacunas de amostragem. O Maranhão possui uma diversidade ainda pouco relatada e conhecida em comparação com outros estados das regiões Sul e Sudeste do Brasil. Portanto, levantamentos florísticos são essenciais para aumentar o conhecimento sobre a flora, principalmente em áreas sob pressão antrópica e locais com poucas coletas, como as áreas ecotonais do Maranhão. Luís Amazônica Litorânea 202 1 6 3 família (1 nove espécies. . 54,6%, 546 54,6% , 54 (54,6%) 23,4%, 234 23,4% 23 4 (23,4%) 6,2%, 62 6,2% 2 (6,2%) 4,6% 46 (4,6% 3,1%. 31 3,1% (3,1%) 7,8% 78 7 8 (7,8% vida Brasil amostragem Portanto flora coletas 20 ( 54,6 5 (54,6% 23,4 (23,4% 6,2 (6,2% 4,6 (4,6 3,1 (3,1% 7,8 (7,8 54, (54,6 23, (23,4 6, (6,2 4, (4, 3, (3,1 7, (7, (54, (23, (6, (4 (3, (7 (54 (23 (6 (3 (5 (2