Resumo O estudo analisou a distribuição espacial e as desigualdades sociais na cobertura vacinal para COVID-19 entre crianças de 5 a 11 anos no Brasil. As coberturas vacinais foram calculadas para os municípios brasileiros e analisadas por região geográfica e decis com base no Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano (IDH-M) e expectativa de escolaridade aos 18 anos. Modelos multiníveis foram usados para determinar o coeficiente de partição da variância, e a estatística local bivariada de Moran I foi usada para avaliar a associação espacial. Os resultados mostraram diferenças significativas nas taxas de cobertura vacinal entre os municípios, com menor cobertura nas regiões Norte e Centro-Oeste. Municípios com menor IDH e anos de escolaridade esperados apresentaram menores taxas de cobertura vacinal. A análise de agrupamento bivariado identificou extensas concentrações de municípios nas regiões Norte e Nordeste com baixa cobertura vacinal e baixo desenvolvimento humano, enquanto alguns aglomerados de municípios nas regiões Sudeste e Sul com baixa cobertura localizavam-se em áreas com alto IDH-M. Essas descobertas destacam as desigualdades persistentes em nível municipal na cobertura vacinal entre crianças e a necessidade de intervenções para melhorar o acesso e a cobertura vacinal em áreas mais vulneráveis. COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 1 Brasil IDHM M (IDH-M variância CentroOeste. CentroOeste Centro Oeste. Oeste Centro-Oeste humano localizavamse localizavam se IDHM. M. IDH-M vulneráveis COVID1 COVID-

Abstract This study examined the spatial distribution and social inequalities in COVID-19 vaccine coverage among children aged 5-11 in Brazil. First and second dose vaccine coverage was calculated for all Brazilian municipalities and analyzed by geographic region and deciles based on human development index (HDI-M) and expected years of schooling at 18 years of age. Multilevel models were used to determine the variance partition coefficient, and bivariate local Moran’s I statistic was used to assess spatial association. Results showed significant differences in vaccine coverage rates among Brazilian municipalities, with lower coverage in the North and Midwest regions. Municipalities with lower HDI and expected years of schooling had consistently lower vaccine coverage rates. Bivariate clustering analysis identified extensive concentrations of municipalities in the Northern and Northeastern regions with low vaccine coverage and low human development, while some clusters of municipalities in the Southeast and South regions with low coverage were located in areas with high HDI-M. These findings highlight the persistent municipal-level inequalities in vaccine coverage among children in Brazil and the need for targeted interventions to improve vaccine access and coverage in underserved areas. COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 511 5 11 5-1 HDIM M (HDI-M 1 age coefficient Morans Moran s association HDIM. M. HDI-M municipallevel municipal level COVID1 COVID- 51 5-

O presente trabalho trata da família Siparunaceae no estado do Ceará, Brasil. A família compreende 53 espécies distribuídas em dois gêneros, Siparuna Aubl. de distribuição Neotropical e Glossocalyx Benth (monotípico) com ocorrência na África ocidental. No Brasil, Siparunaceae é representada pelo gênero Siparuna em 20 espécies, seu centro de diversidade está na Amazônia com 19 espécies, seguido pela Mata Atlântica com sete espécies e Cerrado com seis. No Ceará são citadas duas espécies na Flora do Brasil 2020, Siparuna guianensis e Siparuna reginae. Este trabalho foi baseado em herbários físicos e virtuais, materiais tipo e bibliografias. Foram registradas duas espécies de Siparuna para o estado do Ceará, S. guianensis e Siparuna brasiliensis, com destaque para a segunda, que trata-se de uma nova ocorrência para o estado. Além disso, é fornecido mapa de distribuição geográfica das espécies, chave de identificação, fotografias, descrições taxonômicas e comentários taxonômicos.

The present work deals with the family Siparunaceae in the state of Ceará, Brazil. The family comprises 53 species in two genera, Siparuna Aubl. of Neotropical distribution and Glossocalyx Benth (monotypic) occurring in Western Africa. In Brazil, Siparunaceae is represented by the genus Siparuna with 20 species, with the Amazon as its center of diversity with 19 species, followed by the Atlantic Forest with seven species, and Cerrado with six. In Ceará, two species are mentioned in the Flora of Brazil 2020, namely, Siparuna guianensis and Siparuna reginae. This work was based on the examination of physical and virtual herbarium material, types and bibliographies. Two species of Siparuna were recorded for the state of Ceará, S. guianensis and S. brasiliensis, the second being a new occurrence for the state. A geographic distribution map of the species, an identification key, photographs, taxonomic descriptions, and taxonomic comments are provided.

Abstract (Introduction): The variability of geographic space, in terms of the horizontal structure of landscapes, influences ecology and suggests an association between landscape heterogeneity indices (LHI) and ecosystem services (ES). This relationship is crucial for conservation and sustainable development in Latin America, given the diversity of landscapes, from tropical forests to snow-capped mountains and deserts, which harbor a unique wealth of biodiversity and ecological functions. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between LHI and ES. (Methodology): Fourteen landscape heterogeneity indices and seven ecosystem services were calculated in Santa María Huatulco, Oaxaca, and related to the estimated ecosystem services for the same area. (Results): The models showed a statistically significant relationship between LHI and ES, suggesting that certain LHI can influence the provision and distribution of ES. (Conclusions): Therefore, understanding how LHI affect ES is essential to promote sustainable development in Latin America.

Resumen (Introducción): La variabilidad del espacio geográfico, en términos de la estructura horizontal de los paisajes, influye en la ecología y sugiere una asociación entre los índices de heterogeneidad paisajística (IHP) y los servicios ecosistémicos (SE). Esta relación es crucial para la conservación y el desarrollo sostenible en América Latina, dada la diversidad de paisajes, desde selvas tropicales hasta montañas nevadas y desiertos, que albergan una riqueza única de biodiversidad y funciones ecológicas. (Objetivo): Se buscó determinar la relación entre los IHP y los SE. (Metodología): Se calcularon catorce índices de heterogeneidad paisajística y siete servicios ecosistémicos en el municipio de Santa María Huatulco, Oaxaca, y se relacionaron con los servicios ecosistémicos estimados para la misma área de estudio. (Resultados): Los modelos demostraron una relación estadísticamente significativa entre los IHP y los SE. (Conclusiones): Investigar y comprender como los IHP afectan la oferta y distribución de los SE es esencial para promover un desarrollo sostenible en América Latina.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho é elucidar a distribuição e o comportamento da mortalidade por câncer de próstata (CaP) na Costa Rica, com base no acesso geográfico aos serviços de saúde por município. Metodologicamente, é apresentada uma análise de tipo ecológico, cuja fonte de informação é a base de dados de óbitos do Instituto Nacional de Estatísticas e Censo. Para estudar a associação entre a mortalidade e o acesso aos serviços de saúde, foi elaborado o Índice de Acesso Geográfico aos Serviços de Saúde (IAGSS) e foram utilizados modelos de regressão de Poisson à Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR). Como principais resultados, foi identificada uma tendência crescente da doença na população. O IAGSS mostra que o acesso aos serviços de saúde não é distribuído de forma uniforme no território e está associado à mortalidade por CaP. Conclui-se que a região norte do país apresenta a maior desvantagem no acesso aos serviços de saúde, e que os territórios com pior IAGSS tendem a aumentar a mortalidade por CaP.

Abstract This paper aims to explain the distribution and behavior of prostate cancer mortality in Costa Rica based on geographic access to health services by municipalities. Methodologically, an ecological analysis is presented; its information source is the death database of the National Institute of Statistics and Census. To study the association between mortality and access to health services, the authors designed the Geographic Access Index to Health Services (GAIHS) and implemented Poisson regression models and the Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR). As a main result, an increasing trend of the disease in the population was found. The GAIHS shows that access to health services is not evenly distributed in the territory and is associated with PCa mortality. It is concluded that the northern zone of the country presents the greatest disadvantage in access to health services and that the territories with the worst GAIHS tend to increase mortality from PCa.

Resumen El presente trabajo tiene como propósito explicar la distribución y comportamiento de la mortalidad de cáncer de próstata en Costa Rica, a partir del acceso geográfico a los servicios de salud por cantón. Metodológicamente, se presenta un análisis de tipo ecológico, cuya fuente de información es la base de datos de defunciones del Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas y Censo. Para estudiar la asociación entre la mortalidad y el acceso a los servicios de salud, se diseñó el Índice de Acceso Geográfico a los Servicios de Salud (IAGSS), y se aplicaron modelos de regresión de Poisson a la Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR). Como principales resultados, se encontró una tendencia creciente de la enfermedad en la población. El IAGSS, muestra que el acceso a los servicios de salud no se distribuye de manera uniforme en el territorio, y se asocia con la mortalidad por CaP. Se concluye que la zona norte del país presenta la mayor desventaja en el acceso a servicios de salud, y que los territorios con peor IAGSS tienden a incrementar la mortalidad por CaP.

Abstract (Introduction): The variability of geographic space, in terms of the horizontal structure of landscapes, influences ecology and suggests an association between landscape heterogeneity indices (LHI) and ecosystem services (ES). This relationship is crucial for conservation and sustainable development in Latin America, given the diversity of landscapes, from tropical forests to snow-capped mountains and deserts, which harbor a unique wealth of biodiversity and ecological functions. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between LHI and ES. (Methodology): Fourteen landscape heterogeneity indices and seven ecosystem services were calculated in Santa María Huatulco, Oaxaca, and related to the estimated ecosystem services for the same area. (Results): The models showed a statistically significant relationship between LHI and ES, suggesting that certain LHI can influence the provision and distribution of ES. (Conclusions): Therefore, understanding how LHI affect ES is essential to promote sustainable development in Latin America.

Resumen (Introducción): La variabilidad del espacio geográfico, en términos de la estructura horizontal de los paisajes, influye en la ecología y sugiere una asociación entre los índices de heterogeneidad paisajística (IHP) y los servicios ecosistémicos (SE). Esta relación es crucial para la conservación y el desarrollo sostenible en América Latina, dada la diversidad de paisajes, desde selvas tropicales hasta montañas nevadas y desiertos, que albergan una riqueza única de biodiversidad y funciones ecológicas. (Objetivo): Se buscó determinar la relación entre los IHP y los SE. (Metodología): Se calcularon catorce índices de heterogeneidad paisajística y siete servicios ecosistémicos en el municipio de Santa María Huatulco, Oaxaca, y se relacionaron con los servicios ecosistémicos estimados para la misma área de estudio. (Resultados): Los modelos demostraron una relación estadísticamente significativa entre los IHP y los SE. (Conclusiones): Investigar y comprender como los IHP afectan la oferta y distribución de los SE es esencial para promover un desarrollo sostenible en América Latina.

Abstract Markets are important to public decision-makers in Côte d'Ivoire, who are constructing communal markets. The commune of Daloa serves as an example: apart from its central market, each district hosts a secondary market. However, despite this infrastructure, the Tazibouho-Université district features individual markets dispersed throughout densely populated areas. This scattered distribution, with limited spheres of influence, contradicts the evolutionary principle of markets. Market fragmentation diminishes the exchange of goods and services, despite its prevalence in Tazibouho-Université. This article analyzes the underlying reasons for this situation, which opposes the natural dynamics of markets. To achieve this, a literature review on markets was conducted, followed by a field survey involving merchants, customers, and suppliers. Additionally, a geographic information system was utilized to establish causal relationships and connections among stakeholders and services. This allowed us to demonstrate that this market arose from the intersection of the district's social structure and spatial organization, leading merchants to cater to local residents as customers and receive supplies from other markets and distant farmers. Furthermore, its expansion is attributed to the socio-professional status of local civil servants, whose purchasing behavior is influenced by the proximity strategies employed by merchants.

Resumen Los mercados son importantes para los responsables públicos de Costa de Marfil, que están construyendo mercados comunales. La comuna de Daloa es un ejemplo de esto, ya que además de su mercado central, cada uno de sus barrios cuenta con un mercado secundario. Sin embargo, a pesar de su presencia, el distrito de Tazibouho-Université cuenta con mercados individuales que se distribuyen en zonas densamente pobladas. Esta dispersión, con zonas de influencia reducidas, es contraria al principio de evolución del mercado. La fragmentación del mercado reduce los bienes y servicios intercambiados, aunque esté de moda en Tazibouho-Université. Este artículo se propone analizar las razones de esta situación, contraria a la dinámica natural de los mercados. Posteriormente, se realizó una revisión bibliográfica sobre los mercados, seguida de una encuesta sobre el terreno a comerciantes, clientes y proveedores. Además, se utilizó un sistema de información geográfica para establecer relaciones causales y vínculos entre agentes y servicios. Esto permitió demostrar que este mercado surgió de la convergencia de la estructura social y el sistema espacial del barrio, lo que llevó a sus comerciantes a tener como clientes a los residentes locales y como proveedores a otros mercados y agricultores de la periferia. Además, la expansión de este mercado se debe al estatus socioprofesional de los funcionarios locales, cuyo comportamiento adquisitivo está determinado por las estrategias de proximidad de los comerciantes.

Resumo Os mercados são importantes para os decisores públicos da Costa do Marfim, que estão a construir mercados comunais. A comuna de Daloa insere-se neste contexto e, para além do seu mercado central, cada um dos seus bairros dispõe de um mercado secundário. No entanto, apesar da sua presença, o bairro de Tazibouho-Université possui mercados individuais que se distribuem em zonas densamente povoadas. Esta dispersão, com áreas de influência reduzidas, é contrária ao princípio da evolução dos mercados. A fragmentação dos mercados reduz os bens e serviços comercializados, embora esteja em voga no bairro de Tazibouho-Université. Este artigo propõe-se analisar as razões desta situação, que é contrária à dinâmica natural dos mercados. Para o efeito, foi efetuada uma revisão da literatura sobre os mercados. Seguiu-se um inquérito no terreno a comerciantes, clientes e fornecedores. Além disso, foi utilizado um sistema de informação geográfica para estabelecer causalidades e ligações entre atores e serviços. Isto permitiu mostrar que este mercado nasceu da convergência da estrutura social e do sistema espacial do bairro, levando os seus comerciantes a ter como clientes os residentes locais e como fornecedores outros mercados e agricultores da periferia. Além disso, a sua expansão deve-se ao estatuto socioprofissional dos funcionários públicos locais, cujo comportamento aquisitivo é moldado pelas estratégias de proximidade dos comerciantes.

RESUMEN La distribución y rango geográfico de Cynomys mexicanus se estudió a través de bases de datos geográficas (BDG) y recorridos a pie en los estados de Coahuila, Nuevo León y San Luis Potosí, donde se ubicaron colonias activas (CA) de la especie. Se realizó una búsqueda de información en el período 1985-2022 para identificar BDG de CA que se proyectaron en Google Earth® para eliminar inconsistencias geográficas. Se comprobaron los registros en campo y se generó otra BDG a la que se le llamó distribución actual (DA), se estimaron índices de fragmentación de: interacción entre CA (li), aislamiento (ri) y conectividad (ai). Fue posible obtener ocho BDG, seis de ellas libres de inconsistencias geográficas, lo común fue carecer del Datum. La superficie de DA de CA estimada fue de 231.20 km2, disminuyó 28.20% con respecto al 2004 (322 km2) y 11.70% comparada con 2012 (284.22 km2). A través de un análisis de componentes principales (ACP) y análisis multivariado discriminante (MANOVA) se evaluaron las relaciones estadísticas de los índices de fragmentación de las CA, las cuales mostraron que el aislamiento (ri) y conectividad (ai) explicaron la relación de las CA en los tres estados donde se distribuyen.

ABSTRACT The distribution and geographic range of Cynomys mexicanus was studied through geographic databases (GDB) and walking tours in the states of Coahuila, Nuevo León and San Luis Potosí, where active colonies (AC) of the species were located. An information search was conducted in the period 1985-2022 to identify AC GDB that were projected in Google Earth® to eliminate geographic inconsistencies. The records were checked in the field and another GDB was generated which was called current distribution (CD), fragmentation index was estimated of: interaction between AC (li), isolation (ri) and connectivity (ai). It was possible to obtain eight GDB, six of them free of geographical inconsistencies, the common thing was to lack the Datum. The CD area of AC was 231.20 km2, decreased 28.20% from 2004 (322 km2) and 11.73% compared to 2012 (284.22 km2). Through a principal components analysis (PCA) and multivariate discriminant analysis (MANOVA), the statistical relationships of the AC fragmentation index were evaluated, which showed that isolation (ri) and connectivity (ai) explained the relationship of AC in the three states where they are distributed.

Abstract Introduction: The biological collections represent the foundation for the knowledge and management of the biodiversity of a region. However, regional collections focused on echinoderms are scarce in Mexico, particularly in the Central Mexican Pacific (CMP). The biological collection of the Laboratorio de Ecología Molecular, Microbiología y Taxonomía (LEMITAX) belongs to the Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias of the Universidad de Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico and it aims to serve as a reference for the region’s marine biodiversity. Objective: To state the richness of echinoderms in the LEMITAX collection. Methods: The organisms deposited at the LEMITAX have been collected by SCUBA, free-diving, and bottom trawls with biological dredges in different areas of the Mexican Pacific. The specimens are wet-preserved (70 % ethanol; Asteroidea, Echinoidea, Holothuroidea, and Ophiuroidea) or dried (Asteroidea and Echinoidea). Results: The specimens are from the states of Sinaloa, Nayarit, Jalisco, and Colima, including two natural protected areas (NPAs), the Isabel Island National Park and the sanctuary of the Islands and Islets of Bahía de Chamela. The collection has 20 761 specimens of echinoderms distributed in 75 species (10 asteroids, 17 ophiuroids, 17 echinoids, and 31 holothuroids). The best-represented state is Jalisco (64 species), followed by Nayarit (31), Colima (20), and Sinaloa (11). Concerning the NPAs, Chamela is the best represented (60), followed by Isabel Island (22). Thirty-four new records are added; the largest contribution is for Chamela, with 14 new records, followed by the state of Jalisco (seven), Nayarit (four), Colima (three), and Isabel Island (three). For the CMP, the presence of Astropecten ornatissimus, Luidia phragma, Cucumaria crax, and Holothuria (Cystipus) casoae, is reported for the first time, updating the echinoderm richness to 197 species. The bathymetric distribution range of Ophiactis simplex, Ophiocomella alexandri, and Holothuria (Cystipus) casoae is extended, as well as the geographic range of Cucumaria crax. Conclusions: The biological collections deposited in the universities contribute substantially to the knowledge of biodiversity, as reflected in the LEMITAX collection, whose revision resulted in the updating of the echinoderm richness in the region.

Resumen Introducción: Las colecciones biológicas representan los cimientos para el conocimiento y manejo de la biodiversidad de una región. No obstante, en México, y en particular en el Pacífico central mexicano (PCM), las colecciones regionales enfocadas en equinodermos, son escasas. La colección biológica del Laboratorio de Ecología Molecular, Microbiología y Taxonomía (LEMITAX) pertenece al Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias de la Universidad de Guadalajara, Jalisco, México y sirve como referencia de la biodiversidad marina de la región. Objetivo: Dar a conocer la riqueza de equinodermos resguardada en la colección del LEMITAX. Métodos: Los organismos depositados en LEMITAX se han recolectado mediante buceo libre, SCUBA, y arrastres de fondo con dragas biológicas en diversas áreas del Pacífico mexicano. Los especímenes están preservados en húmedo (alcohol al 70 %; Asteroidea, Echinoidea, Holothuroidea y Ophiuroidea) o en seco (Asteroidea y Echinoidea). Resultados: Los especímenes provienen de los estados de Sinaloa, Nayarit, Jalisco y Colima, incluyendo dos áreas naturales protegidas, el Parque Nacional Isla Isabel y el Santuario de las islas e islotes de Bahía de Chamela. La colección dispone de 20 761 ejemplares de equinodermos distribuidos en 75 especies (10 asteroideos, 17 ofiuroideos, 17 equinoideos y 31 holoturoideos). El estado mejor representado es Jalisco (64 especies) seguido de Nayarit (31), Colima (20) y Sinaloa (11). Bahía de Chamela es la mejor representada (60), seguido de Isla Isabel (22). Se aportan 34 registros nuevos, la mayor contribución es para Bahía de Chamela con 14 registros nuevos, seguido del estado de Jalisco (siete), Nayarit (cuatro), Colima (tres) e Isla Isabel (tres). Para el PCM, se reporta por primera vez la presencia de Astropecten ornatissimus, Luidia phragma, Cucumaria crax y Holothuria (Cystipus) casoae, lo que actualiza su riqueza de equinodermos a 197 especies. Se amplía el intervalo de distribución batimétrica de Ophiactis simplex, Ophiocomella alexandri y Holothuria (Cystipus) casoae, así como el intervalo de distribución geográfica de Cucumaria crax. Conclusiones: Las colecciones biológicas de las universidades contribuyen de manera sustancial al conocimiento de la biodiversidad, como se refleja en la colección LEMITAX, cuya revisión resultó en la actualización de la riqueza de equinodermos de la región.

Abstract Introduction: The sea cucumber Holothuria (Halodeima) grisea Selenka, 1867 is a common echinoderm in intertidal regions along the Brazilian coast, which recently became the focus of unreported and unregulated fisheries. This study was carried out in sandy-rocky substrates at Armação do Itapocoroy, Penha, Santa Catarina (26o47’ S; 48o36’ W), near its southern limit of geographic distribution. Objective: To determine the densities (individuals*m-2) of Holothuria (H.) grisea within a spatial-temporal perspective as well as to determine biometric and growth characteristics of the population. Methods: Two-meter wide transects perpendicular to the coastline were carried out in winter and spring 2019 and in summer and spring 2020, in periods of spring low-tides. In each sampling occasion the total number of specimens of H. grisea were determined, and a group of 90 organisms was submitted to in situ biometrics (weight, length and width), and immediately returned alive to their habitat. Results: The densities of H. (H.) grisea were significantly higher in the subtidal sector and lower in the upper intertidal sector with no indication of significant differences among sampling campaigns. Depth was the primary factor explaining the observed density patterns and rugosity of the substrate was secondary but also important. The body length ranged from 5.2 to 22.5 cm, whereas the weight varied from 6.0 to 230 g. The mean and modal lengths were 12.54 and 13 cm, respectively. Approximately 75 % of the population sampled was between 10 and 14 cm and the average weight was 60 g. Estimates from von Bertalanffy growth function indicate that the youngest sea cucumber was one year-old, and the oldest had approximately two and a half years. Conclusions: This is the first study to determine biometric parameters for H. (H.) grisea in southern Brazil and the first one to estimate growth and age estimates for a wild population of this species. The densities recorded in the present study were lower than those previously reported for this region, suggesting anthropic influence.

Resumen Introducción: El pepino de mar Holothuria (Halodeima) grisea Selenka, 1867 es un equinodermo común en las regiones intermareales a lo largo de la costa brasileña, que recientemente se convirtió en foco de pesquerías no declaradas y no reguladas. Este estudio se realizó en sustratos arenosos-rocosos en Armação do Itapocoroy, Penha, Santa Catarina (26o47’ S; 48o36’ W), cerca del límite sur de su distribución geográfica. Objetivo: Determinar las densidades (individuos*m-2) de Holothuria (H.) grisea dentro de una perspectiva espacio-temporal así como determinar las características biométricas y de crecimiento de la población. Métodos: Se realizaron transectos de dos metros de ancho perpendiculares a la línea de costa en invierno y primavera de 2019 y en verano y primavera de 2020, en periodos de bajamar sicigia. En cada ocasión de muestreo se determinó el número total de especímenes de H. (H.) grisea, y se sometió un grupo de 90 organismos a biometría in situ (peso, longitud y ancho), e inmediatamente se los devolvieron vivos a su hábitat. Resultados: Las densidades de H. (H.) grisea fueron significativamente más altas en el sector submareal y más bajas en el sector intermareal superior sin indicios de diferencias significativas entre las campañas de muestreo. La profundidad fue el factor principal que explica los patrones de densidad observados y la rugosidad del sustrato fue secundaria pero también importante. La longitud del cuerpo varió de 5.2 a 22.5 cm, mientras que el peso varió de 6.0 a 230 g. Las longitudes media y modal fueron 12.54 y 13 cm, respectivamente. Aproximadamente el 75 % de la población muestreada midió entre 10 y 14 cm y el peso promedio fue de 60 g. Estimados de la función de crecimiento de von Bertalanffy indican que el ejemplar más joven presentaba un año de edad, mientras el más viejo presentaba cerca de dos años y medio. Conclusiones: Este es el primer estudio que determina parámetros biométricos para una población de H. (H.) grisea en el sur de Brasil y el primero en estimar el crecimiento y edades para una población salvaje de esta especie. Las densidades registradas en el presente estudio fueron inferiores a las reportadas previamente para esta región sugiriendo la ocurrencia de influencia antrópica.

Abstract Background: Verbesina molinaria B.L. Rob. & Greenm. and V. oncophora B.L. Rob. & Seaton constitute species with conflicting circumscription; different authors consider them as two different or just one species (V. oncophora). Questions: ¿Are they one or two species of Verbesina? ¿A linear discriminant analysis (LDA) will differentiate them as two species? Species studied/Mathematic model: Verbesina molinaria and V. oncophora / Royston, Shapiro-Wilk, Levene, correlation (Pearson), Variance inflation factor (VIF), and LDA. Study site and years: Mexico; 2022-2023. Methods: Types, protologues, as well as herbarium specimens at ENCB, HUMO, MEXU, and UAMIZ of the two species were analyzed, assigning a preliminary name to each one. A data matrix with the characters and character states was created to carry out the statistical analyses. Box plots were generated to evaluate differences among characters and the statistical tests were done using the software Rstudio. Results: Types and protologs analyses revealed morphological differences between both species. Royston and Shapiro-Wilk tests supported normality among characters evaluated, and the Levene test suggests there are no significant differences among them. Finally, Pearson correlation and the VIF values suggested the absence of correlation or collinearity. The LDA analysis showed 100 % accuracy in the assigning of specimens to the a priori species allocated. Conclusions: The two species represent distinct taxa based on the morphological differences and statistical support, one of them widespread in central Mexico (V. oncophora) and the other (V. molinaria) restricted as far as now to the states of Mexico, Morelos, and Michoacán.

Resumen Antecedentes: Verbesina molinaria B.L. Rob. & Greenm. y V. oncophora B.L. Rob. & Seaton son especies con circunscripción conflictiva; algunos autores las consideran como especies distintas mientras que otros como una sola (V. oncophora). Preguntas: ¿Son dos especies de Verbesina? ¿Un análisis linear discriminante (LDA) ayudará a diferenciarlas? Especies de estudio/Modelo matemático: Verbesina molinaria y V. oncophora / Pruebas de Royston, Shapiro-Wilk, Levene, correlación (Pearson), factor de inflación de la varianza (VIF) y LDA. Sitio y años de estudio: México; 2022-2023. Métodos: Se revisaron tipos, protólogos, así como ejemplares de ambas especies depositados en ENCB, HUMO, MEXU y UAMIZ, asignándoles un nombre preliminar y elaborando una matriz de datos. Se generaron diagramas de cajas para evaluar diferencias entre los caracteres analizados; las pruebas estadísticas se realizaron utilizando el software Rstudio. Resultados: Los tipos y protólogos permitieron identificar diferencias morfológicas entre ellas. Las pruebas de Royston y Shapiro-Wilk respaldaron la normalidad entre los caracteres evaluados. La prueba de Levene sugiere que no hay diferencias significativas entre los caracteres; finalmente, la correlación de Pearson y el VIF indican ausencia de correlación o colinealidad. El análisis LDA mostró una precisión del 100 % en la asignación de los ejemplares con las asignaciones a priori. Conclusiones: Las diferencias morfológicas y las pruebas estadísticas, apoyan el reconocimiento de dos entidades distintas, V. oncophora con amplia distribución en el centro de México y V. molinaria con distribución más restringida, mejor conocida hasta la fecha en los estados de México, Michoacán y Morelos.

Abstract Background: Field trips were carried out to Puebla, where a climbing plant of Gonolobus was found that did not coincide with the morphological description of any other species in the genus. Here a new species is proposed and compared with the species G. cuajayote and G. jaliscensis. Questions: Are the Gonolobus plants collected in the Sierra del Tentzo, Puebla, new to science? How do they differ from other species of the genus? What is its distribution and conservation status? Studied species: Gonolobus sp. nov. Study site and dates: Sierra del Tentzo State Park, Puebla State, México. Methods: A description and morphological analysis was carried out based on the material collected. A comparison with related taxa and an identification key was generated following the cohesive species concept. Conservation status was assessed following IUCN criteria. Results: Gonolobus volcanicus is proposed as a new species for Mexico. The species is recognized from other morphologically similar species by the dense pubescence of the corolla and corona, the shape of the dorsal appendages of the anthers, and its distribution. The morphological description of the new species, images of the taxa treated, a map of geographic distribution, and conservation status are provided. A key to the Gonolobus species registered in Puebla is presented, including similar species. Conclusions: Gonolobus volcanicus is recognized as a new species. This discovery increases to 46 the number of Gonolobus species recorded for Mexico, and represents the first endemic Gonolobus to Puebla.

Resumen Antecedentes: Se realizaron salidas de campo a Puebla y se encontró una planta trepadora perteneciente a Gonolobus que no coincidía morfológicamente con ninguna otra especie del género. Aquí se propone una nueva especie y se compara con las especies de G. cuajayote y G. jaliscensis. Preguntas: ¿Son nuevas para la ciencia las plantas de Gonolobus colectadas en la Sierra de Tentzo, Puebla? ¿Cómo se distinguen de otras especies del género, cuál es su distribución y estado de conservación? Especies de estudio: Gonolobus sp. nov. Sitio y años de estudio: Parque Estatal Sierra del Tentzo, estado de Puebla, México. Métodos: Se realizó la descripción y análisis morfológico de las plantas. Con base en el concepto cohesivo de especie se comparó con taxones afines y se generó la clave de identificación. Se estableció una categoría de vulnerabilidad para la especie. Resultados: Gonolobus volcanicus se propone como una especie nueva para México. La especie se distingue por la densa pubescencia de la corola y anillo faucial, la forma de los apéndices dorsales de las anteras, así como por su distribución. Se proporciona la descripción morfológica de la especie nueva, imágenes, mapa de distribución geográfica y estado de conservación. Se incluye una clave de las especies de Gonolobus presentes en Puebla, junto con las especies similares. Conclusiones: Gonolobus volcanicus se reconoce como una especie nueva para la ciencia. Este descubrimiento incrementa a 46 el número de especies de Gonolobus registradas para el país y representa la primera especie del género endémica de Puebla.

Abstract: Background: Coccoloba is a Neotropical genus of trees, shrubs, and lianas with approximately 150 species. Reviewed Mexican specimens of Coccoloba do not correspond to any recognized species within the genus, so they are proposed as new species. Question: What are the morphological characteristics that differentiate the two new species from other Coccoloba species? What is its distribution and conservation status? Studied species: Species of Coccoloba sect. Coccoloba endemic to Mexico. Study site and dates: Chiapas and Veracruz, Mexico, 2022-2023. Methods: All available information for Coccoloba, including herbarium specimens and online databases, was reviewed. Subsequently, a comparative analysis was carried out including the two new species proposed and the recognized species in the genus. Geographic distribution maps were prepared and the conservation status of the new species was determined, following the IUCN guidelines. Results: Coccoloba burkeae and C. najarroi are described and illustrated as new species. Both are endemic to Mexico. C. burkeae is distributed in the humid forests of the Tuxtlas region in Veracruz and is morphologically similar to C. barbadensis, C. hondurensis and C. spicata; this species is considered in the Endangered (EN) category. C. najarroi is restricted to the humid forests of Chiapas and is similar to C. ascendens and C. ibarrae. This species is considered Critically Endangered (CR). Conclusions: The morphological characteristics of the fruit, the inflorescence and the leaves are important to diagnose the two new species of Coccoloba; both being endemic to Mexico.

Resumen: Antecedentes: Coccoloba es un género Neotropical de árboles, arbustos y lianas con aproximadamente 150 especies. Ejemplares mexicanos de Coccoloba revisados no corresponden a ninguna especie reconocida dentro del género, por lo que se proponen como especies nuevas. Pregunta: ¿Cuáles son las características morfológicas que diferencian a las dos nuevas especies con respecto a otras especies de Coccoloba? ¿Cuál es su distribución y estado de conservación? Especies de estudio: Especies de Coccoloba sect. Coccoloba endémicas de México. Sitio de estudio: Chiapas y Veracruz, México, 2022-2023. Métodos: Se revisó toda la información disponible para Coccoloba, incluyendo especímenes de herbario y bases de datos en línea. Posteriormente se realizó un análisis comparativo incluyendo las dos especies nuevas propuestas y las especies reconocidas. Se elaboraron mapas de distribución geográfica y se determinó el estatus de conservación de las especies nuevas, siguiendo las pautas de IUCN. Resultados: Coccoloba burkeae y C. najarroi son descritas e ilustradas como especies nuevas. Ambas son endémicas de México. C. burkeae se distribuye en las selvas húmedas de la región de los Tuxtlas en Veracruz y es morfológicamente similar a C. barbadensis, C. hondurensis y C. spicata; esta especie es considerada en la categoría de En Peligro (EN). C. najarroi se restringe a las selvas húmedas de Chiapas y es similar a C. ascendens y C. ibarrae; es considerada como En Peligro Crítico (CR). Conclusiones: Las características morfológicas del fruto, la inflorescencia y las hojas son importantes para diagnosticar las dos especies nuevas de Coccoloba; siendo ambas endémicas de México.

ABSTRACT Objective: This study aimed to present a temporal and spatial analysis of the 2018 measles outbreak in Brazil, particularly in the metropolitan city of Manaus in the Amazon region, and further introduce a new tool for spatial analysis. Methods: We analyzed the geographical data of the residences of over 7,000 individuals with measles in Manaus during 2018 and 2019. Spatial and temporal analyses were conducted to characterize various aspects of the outbreak, including the onset and prevalence of symptoms, demographics, and vaccination status. A visualization tool was also constructed to display the geographical and temporal distribution of the reported measles cases. Results: Approximately 95% of the included participants had not received vaccination within the past decade. Heterogeneity was observed across all facets of the outbreak, including variations in the incubation period and symptom presentation. Age distribution exhibited two peaks, occurring at one year and 18 years of age, and the potential implications of this distribution on predictive analysis were discussed. Additionally, spatial analysis revealed that areas with the highest case densities tended to have the lowest standard of living. Conclusion: Understanding the spatial and temporal spread of measles outbreaks provides insights for decision-making regarding measures to mitigate future epidemics. Objective 201 Brazil region Methods 7000 7 000 7,00 2019 symptoms demographics status cases Results 95 decade presentation peaks 1 age discussed Additionally living Conclusion decisionmaking decision making epidemics 20 700 00 7,0 9 2 70 0 7,

Abstract The hematophagous bats are usually the main reservoir of sylvatic rabies, being one of the most important viral zoonoses affecting humans and livestock in Latin America. Despite the most countries have already studied spatio-temporal distribution of bovine rabies, however, in Ecuador, little has been reported about the state of rabies in the country. Aiming to this objective, a descriptive observational study was realized from 2007 to 2020 based on the formal reports by WAHI-OIE and surveillance of bovine rabies retrieved from its official website. During the study period in Ecuador, some 895 cases of rabies were confirmed in cattle. In addition, in the total of bovine rabies cases seen in Andean and Coast regions (185 effected bovines), Loja and Esmeraldas had 95 (6.16% cases per 10,000 animals) and 51 (1.7% cases per 10,000 animals), respectively. Furthermore, the Amazon region indicated higher rabies cases in cattle than to the observed in other regions (710 rabies cases) while it was highly fluctuating with respect to the years (9.74 to 42.82% cases per 10,000 animals). However, Zamora (292 rabies cases), Orellana (115 rabies cases) and Sucumbíos (113 rabies cases) yielded the highest incidence rates than other provinces (9 to 42% cases per 10,000 animals). Based on this evidence, it has been fundamental to assess the current national program for preventing and control of the sylvatic rabies, being also necessary to include concept of the ecology of the vampire bat. Regardless of these results, vaccination is vital for control programs to prevent rabies in livestock and need to be widely increased for limiting their geographic and temporal spread. America spatiotemporal spatio however Ecuador country objective 200 202 WAHIOIE WAHI OIE website 89 addition 185 (18 bovines, bovines , bovines) 9 6.16% 616 6 16 (6.16 10000 10 000 10,00 animals 5 1.7% 17 1 7 (1.7 animals, respectively Furthermore 710 (71 9.74 974 74 (9.7 4282 42 82 42.82 animals. . However 292 (29 cases, 115 (11 113 ( evidence bat results spread 20 8 18 (1 6.16 61 (6.1 1000 00 10,0 1.7 (1. 71 (7 9.7 97 (9. 428 4 42.8 29 (2 11 2 6.1 (6. 100 0 10, 1. 9. 42. 6. (6

Resumo Os morcegos hematófagos são geralmente o principal reservatório da raiva silvestre, sendo uma das mais importantes zoonoses virais que afetam humanos e rebanhos na América Latina. Apesar de a maioria dos países já ter estudado a distribuição espaço-temporal da raiva bovina, no Equador pouco foi relatado sobre o estado da raiva no país. Com o objetivo de abordar essa questão, foi realizado um estudo observacional descritivo de 2007 a 2020 com base nos relatórios formais da WAHI-OIE e vigilância da raiva bovina obtidos em seu site oficial. Durante o período do estudo no Equador, foram confirmados cerca de 895 casos de raiva em bovinos. Além disso, no total de casos de raiva bovina observados nas regiões andina e litorânea (185 bovinos afetados), Loja e Esmeraldas tiveram 95 (6,16% casos por 10.000 animais) e 51 (1,7% casos por 10.000 animais), respectivamente. Além disso, a região Amazônica indicou casos de raiva em bovinos mais elevados do que os observados em outras regiões (710 casos de raiva), embora tenha apresentado grande flutuação em relação aos anos (9,74% a 42,82% de casos por 10.000 animais). No entanto, Zamora (292 casos de raiva), Orellana (115 casos de raiva) e Sucumbíos (113 casos de raiva) produziram as taxas de incidência mais elevadas do que outras províncias (9% a 42% de casos por 10.000 animais). Com base nessas evidências, tem sido fundamental avaliar o atual programa nacional de prevenção e controle da raiva silvestre, sendo também necessário incluir o conceito da ecologia do morcego hematófago. Independentemente desses resultados, a vacinação é vital para os programas de controle para prevenir a raiva no gado e precisa de ser amplamente aumentada para limitar a sua propagação geográfica e temporal. silvestre Latina espaçotemporal espaço temporal país questão 200 202 WAHIOIE WAHI OIE oficial 89 disso 185 (18 afetados, afetados , afetados) 9 6,16% 616 6 16 (6,16 10000 10 000 10.00 animais 5 1,7% 17 1 7 (1,7 animais, respectivamente 710 (71 raiva, 9,74% 974 74 (9,74 4282 42 82 42,82 animais. . entanto 292 (29 115 (11 113 9% (9 evidências hematófago resultados 20 8 18 (1 6,16 61 (6,1 1000 00 10.0 1,7 (1, 71 (7 9,74 97 (9,7 428 4 42,8 29 (2 11 ( 2 6,1 (6, 100 0 10. 1, 9,7 (9, 42, 6, (6 9,

Abstract There are few studies related to the biological and ecological aspects of the glass snake, a limbless lizard and with a wide geographic distribution. The aim of this study was to analyze the locomotion mode of specimens of Ophiodes cf. fragilis in different substrates and to investigate the morphological adaptations associated with this type of behavior. We observed that the analyzed specimens presented slide-push locomotion modes and lateral undulation in different substrates, using their hind limbs to aid locomotion in three of the four substrates analyzed. The bones of the hind limbs (proximal - femur - and distal - tibia and fibula) were present and highly reduced and the femur is connected to a thin pelvic girdle. Our data support that hind limbs observed in species of this genus are reduced rather than vestigial. The costocutaneous musculature was macroscopically absent. This is the first study of locomotor behavior and morphology associated with locomotion in Ophiodes, providing important information for studies on morphological evolution in the genus. snake distribution cf slidepush slide push proximal fibula girdle vestigial absent