ABSTRACT Tropical cyclones are the most impactful meteorological events in the geographic area of the North Atlantic Ocean, the Caribbean Sea, and the Gulf of Mexico. They occur randomly during the hurricane season, which spans from June 1st to November 30th. While there is abundant literature on the mostly negative impacts of tropical cyclones, there is less focus on the benefits they bring and the rainfall contributions of each tropical cyclone in each season. This study aims to describe the impact of tropical cyclones in the physical-geographic district of La Habana-Matanzas during the period 2000-2020. This involved consulting various sources such as newspapers, journals, scientific reports, documents from Civil Defense, and personal interviews. Additionally, the daily rainfall data from selected meteorological stations were collected to quantify the rainfall contributed by tropical cyclones.

RESUMEN Los ciclones tropicales constituyen los eventos meteorológicos de mayor impacto en toda el área geográfica del océano Atlántico Norte, el mar Caribe y el golfo de México; los mismos se manifiestan de forma aleatoria en la temporada ciclónica, comprendida desde el 1ro de junio al 30 de noviembre. En la actualidad, existen numerosas bibliografías acerca de los impactos que traen consigo los ciclones tropicales, sobre todo los negativos, y están menos tratados los beneficios que causan, así como el aporte de las lluvias de cada ciclón tropical en cada temporada ciclónica. Este trabajo tiene el objetivo de describir el impacto de los ciclones tropicales en el distrito físico-geográfico La Habana-Matanzas, en el período 2000-2020. Para lo cual fue necesario la consulta de diferentes publicaciones, como periódicos, revistas, informes científicos, documentos de la Defensa Civil y entrevistas personales. Además, se recopiló la serie diaria de lluvia de las estaciones meteorológicas seleccionadas, lo que permitió cuantificar la lluvia aportada por los ciclones tropicales.

ABSTRACT The introduction of different technologies such as Geographic Information Systems, images obtained from satellites, airplanes, drones, various types of sensors as well as computer systems and tools have caused a revolution in Agriculture. The use of these technologies has always had the interest of using available resources effectively and efficiently, as well as humanizing agricultural work. This article reviews the benefits obtained with the use of drones internationally and also in Cuba. However, works that propose the use of Precision Agriculture in Cuba have also been cited. It is observed that there are still few published works that describe in detail the results obtained that allow their reproducibility and there are many that describe them qualitatively. It is considered that in the particular case of drones, the extension of their use is still very expensive since in a practical way only the GEOCUBA Enterprise has all the infrastructure and trained staff for their most complete use, so different enterprise, institutions and farmers that wish to use them must make large disbursements.

RESUMEN La introducción de diferentes tecnologías como los Sistemas de Información Geográfica, las imágenes obtenidas a partir de satélites, aviones, drones, los diversos tipos de sensores, así como los Sistemas y herramientas informáticas han provocado una revolución en la Agricultura. La utilización de estas tecnologías siempre ha tenido el interés de emplear de una forma eficaz y eficiente los recursos disponibles, así como humanizar el trabajo agrícola. En este artículo se hace una revisión de los beneficios obtenidos con el empleo de los drones a nivel internacional y también en Cuba. No obstante, se han citado también los trabajos que plantean la utilización de la Agricultura de Precisión en Cuba. Se observa que todavía son pocos los trabajos publicados que describan de forma detallada los resultados obtenidos que permitan su reproducibilidad y abundan los que describen los mismos de forma cualitativa. Se considera que en el caso particular de los drones, resulta muy costosa todavía la extensión de su utilización ya que de forma práctica sólo la Empresa GEOCUBA dispone de toda la infraestructura y el personal capacitado para su utilización más completa por lo que las diferentes empresas, instituciones y campesinos que deseen emplearlos deben realizar grandes desembolsos.

ABSTRACT India and Indonesia propose a bilateral cooperation to develop and operate telemetry, tracking, and control (TCC) ground stations to support satellite missions on geostationary orbits with the use of Geostationary Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV) since 1997, in order to master and commercialize space technology. This cooperation needs to be assessed in order to identify how it will affect Indonesia and India and to establish an improvement strategy for improved business and ways to integrate. The objectives of this paper are to (i) evaluate the benefits and cost of this cooperation, (ii) map the business model of the telemetry, tracking and command ground station in Biak, and (iii) design a new strategy to get competitiveness. Descriptive analysis with canvas mapping and transaction cost perspective is the approach utilized. The article’s results highlight that (i) Indonesia and India have mutual benefits from tangible and intangible side, (ii) Indonesia has a competitive advantage due to its geographic location and commercialization of Biak Ground Station, so its potential to Telemetry, Tracking, and Command (TT&C) commercial businesses in the future, not only to domestic, but also international market, and (iii) Indonesia needs collaborate with commercial entities and making optimum diplomation with G2B schema to get beneficially among parties to maximize TT&C infrastructure in Biak Island. telemetry TCC (TCC GSLV (GSLV 1997 technology integrate i (i ii (ii iii (iii competitiveness utilized articles article s side Station Telemetry Tracking TTC TT C (TT&C future domestic market GB G B Island 199 19 1

ABSTRACT The incidence of thyroid cancer is increasing globally, but mortality rates have remained steady. Many patients with thyroid cancer have low-risk, nonmetastatic intrathyroidal tumors smaller than 2 cm. Active surveillance has shown benefits in these patients, but the adoption of this approach remains below standard in Latin America. The purpose of this article is to identify ways to improve the incorporation of active surveillance into clinical practice for patients with low-risk thyroid carcinoma in Latin America, taking into consideration cultural and geographic factors. Current recommendations include three steps involving patient participation. The first step, which consists of the initial clinical examination, has eight factors requiring special attention. Anxiety must be managed while considering individual, disease-related, cognitive, and environmental aspects. Terms like "overdiagnosis", "incidentaloma," and "overtreatment" must be explained to the patient. Implementing precise terminology contributes to adequate disease perception, substantially reducing stress and anxiety. Clarifying the nonprogressive nature of thyroid cancer helps dispel myths surrounding the disease. The second step includes advice about procedures and guidelines for patients who choose active surveillance. Flexible monitoring techniques should be implemented, with regular check-ins scheduled based on patient needs. Reasons for adjusting treatment must be clearly communicated to the patient, and changes in preference regarding active surveillance should be considered in advance. The third step includes assistance during follow-up. Patients must be educated about ultrasound results and receive surgical indications from specialized physicians. The effectiveness of active surveillance can be reinforced by explaining to the patients the dynamics of changes in nodule size using clear and concise visual aids. globally steady lowrisk, lowrisk low risk, risk cm America participation examination attention individual diseaserelated, diseaserelated related, related disease-related cognitive aspects overdiagnosis, overdiagnosis , "overdiagnosis" incidentaloma, incidentaloma "incidentaloma, overtreatment "overtreatment perception anxiety implemented checkins check ins needs advance followup. followup follow up. up follow-up physicians aids "overdiagnosis "incidentaloma

Abstract Objective: To reflect on the most relevant fundamentals to support strategic management of sustainable land management at landscape level, as well as integrated resource management, sustainable territorial development and food security. Materials and Methods: This descriptive study was based on a literature review of concepts such as sustainable land management, landscape, sustainable development and its implications in mitigating and coping with climate change. Scientific papers related to the topic were consulted in Google Scholar and Researchgate and other generic forms of scientific literature. Results: Different conceptions of the need for sustainable land management to be extended to broader geographic spaces, in this case the landscape, were analyzed. The proven effectiveness of management techniques to ensure the resilience of agroecosystems is well known. However, these areas are very small compared with the magnitude of environmental problems. Achieving the scaling up of sustainable land management to the landscape constitutes a challenge that can generate environmental, economic and social benefits. Conclusions: In this context of climate change it is necessary to achieve the implementation of sustainable land management at landscape scale because of the multiple benefits that it implies in different orders, both natural and economic, which is translated into the improvement of the living conditions of communities and their food sovereignty.

Resumen Objetivo: Reflexionar acerca de los fundamentos más relevantes para el apoyo de la gestión estratégica del manejo sostenible de tierras a nivel de paisajes, así como la gestión integrada de recursos, el desarrollo territorial sostenible y la seguridad alimentaria. Materiales y Métodos Este estudio, de tipo descriptivo, se basó en la revisión bibliográfica de conceptos como el manejo sostenible de tierras, el paisaje, el desarrollo sostenible y sus implicaciones en la mitigación y enfrentamiento al cambio climático. Se consultaron artículos científicos relacionados con el tema en Google Académico y Researchgate y otras formas genéricas de literatura científica. Resultados: Se analizaron distintas concepciones que se presentan en torno a la necesidad de que el manejo sostenible de tierras sea extendido a espacios geográficos más amplios, en este caso el paisaje. Se conoce la demostrada efectividad de las técnicas de manejo para asegurar la resiliencia de agroecosistemas. No obstante, estas áreas resultan muy pequeñas en comparación con la magnitud que alcanzan los problemas ambientales. Lograr el escalado del manejo sostenible de tierras al paisaje constituye un reto que puede generar beneficios ambientales, económicos y sociales. Conclusiones: En este contexto de cambio climático es necesario lograr la implementación del manejo sostenible de tierras a escala de paisaje por los múltiples beneficios que implica en diferentes órdenes, sea en lo natural como en lo económico, lo que se revierte en el mejoramiento de las condiciones de vida de las comunidades y su soberanía alimentaria.

Abstract Objectives This study aims to analyze how physical-sensory elements of the retail environment and self-confidence relate to the perceived vulnerability of visually impaired consumers and their shopping experience. It seeks to demonstrate how factors such as store layout, the need for tactile interaction, and self-confidence influence perceived vulnerability and satisfaction among visually impaired consumers during the shopping experience. Method/approach The study adopts a descriptive quantitative approach, using a questionnaire-based research method to collect data from318 visually impaired individuals in the state of Paraíba, Brazil. The questionnaire includes measurement scales for various constructs related to the retail environment and consumer behavior, as well as demographic questions to characterize the sample. Results The results reveal significant relationships between store layout, tactile need, self-confidence, perceived vulnerability, and satisfaction among visually impaired consumers. Specifically, store layout and self-confidence were found to have negative associations with perceived vulnerability, while tactile need had a positive association. Perceived vulnerability, in turn, had a negative association with satisfaction. Limitations/research implications: The study acknowledges limitations such as sample size and geographic specificity, suggesting the need for further research to validate the results in different contexts and populations. Theoretical implications include the need for a deeper understanding of consumer vulnerability and its impact on retail experiences. Practical implications The study highlights the importance of accessible store design and customer service training to improve the shopping experience of visually impaired consumers. It also underscores the potential benefits of addressing the tactile needs of these consumers. Social implications By promoting social inclusion and accessibility in retail environments, the study contributes to a more equitable shopping experience for individuals with visual impairments, fostering social inclusion and equality. Originality/value: This study contributes to the limited literature on the retail experiences of consumers with visual impairments, offering insights into the factors influencing their perceived vulnerability and satisfaction. It emphasizes the importance of considering the unique needs of this consumer segment in retail design and service provision. physicalsensory physical sensory selfconfidence self confidence interaction Methodapproach Method approach questionnairebased based from from31 Paraíba Brazil behavior selfconfidence, confidence, Specifically turn Limitationsresearch Limitations specificity populations environments impairments equality Originality/value Originalityvalue Originality value provision from3

Resumo Objetivos Este estudo tem como objetivo analisar como elementos físicos-sensoriais do ambiente de varejo e a autoconfiança se relacionam com a vulnerabilidade percebida dos consumidores de deficiência visual e sua experiência de compra. Busca demonstrar como fatores como layout da loja, necessidade de interação tátil e autoconfiança influenciam a vulnerabilidade percebida e a satisfação dos consumidores com deficiência visual durante a experiência de compra. Método/abordagem O estudo adota uma abordagem quantitativa descritiva, utilizando um método de pesquisa por meio de questionário para coletar dados de indivíduos com deficiência visual no estado da Paraíba, Brasil que resultou em 318 respondentes. O questionário inclui escalas de medição para diversos construtos relacionados ao ambiente varejista e ao comportamento do consumidor, além de perguntas demográficas para caracterizar a amostra.Resultados: Os resultados revelam relações significativas entre layout da loja, necessidade tátil, autoconfiança, vulnerabilidade percebida e satisfação entre os consumidores com deficiência visual. Especificamente, o layout da loja e a autoconfiança foram encontrados com associações negativas com a vulnerabilidade percebida, enquanto a necessidade tátil teve uma associação positiva. A vulnerabilidade percebida, por sua vez, teve uma associação negativa com a satisfação. Limitações/implicações da pesquisa O estudo reconhece limitações, como o tamanho da amostra e a especificidade geográfica, sugerindo a necessidade de mais pesquisas para validar os resultados em diferentes contextos e populações. As implicações teóricas incluem a necessidade de um entendimento mais profundo sobre a vulnerabilidade do consumidor e seu impacto nas experiências varejistas. Implicações práticas O estudo destaca a importância do design acessível da loja e do treinamento em atendimento ao cliente para melhorar a experiência de compra dos consumidores com deficiência visual. Também destaca os benefícios potenciais de atender às necessidades táteis desses consumidores. Implicações sociais Ao promover a inclusão social e acessibilidade nos ambientes varejistas, o estudo contribui para uma experiência de compra mais equitativa para indivíduos com deficiência visual, fomentando a inclusão social e a igualdade. Originalidade/valor Este estudo contribui para a limitada literatura sobre as experiências varejistas de consumidores com deficiência visual, oferecendo insights sobre os fatores que influenciam sua vulnerabilidade percebida e satisfação. Ressalta a importância de considerar as necessidades únicas desse segmento de consumidores no design varejista e na prestação de serviços. físicossensoriais físicos sensoriais Métodoabordagem Método descritiva Paraíba 31 respondentes amostra.Resultados amostraResultados Resultados Especificamente positiva vez Limitaçõesimplicações Limitações limitações geográfica populações igualdade Originalidadevalor Originalidade valor serviços 3

Abstract (DL). Ecosystem services are all tangible and intangible processes, goods, values, and services humans extract from ecosystems worldwide. Some ecosystems are peculiar and of local or regional importance, such as cenotes (flooded sinkholes). These are unique to the Yucatan Peninsula and are greatly important for providing various ecosystem services, including tourism and recreation, classified within cultural services, which is the subject of interest in this document. This article analyzes the cultural ecosystem services provided by cenotes, the implications of their use, and the threats facing them. We studied the relationship between man and nature and the socioeconomic importance of cenotes in the territories showing the greatest tourist growth, such as the municipality of Tulum. Here, tourist activities are carried out around natural spaces such as beaches, archaeological sites, cenotes, and caves to promote culture. The present research involved a descriptive and exploratory approach. The methodological process included three phases: 1) literature search and review in specialized search engines, websites, and online pages, as well as consultation of databases on archaeo-paleontological findings of the Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia (National Institute of Anthropology and History; INAH, in Spanish) and the cenote inventory of Amigos de Sian Ka'an (Friends of Sian Ka’an; a civil association); 2) identification of the cenotes with the highest number of visits in the Amigos de Sian Ka'an database and Google Earth data, using the InVEST spatial tool, to focus the research on these cenotes; and 3) classification of cenotes according to their geographic location, dissolution processes, and a proposal based on infrastructure and accessibility. All the cartographic information developed in the work was processed in the QGis3 and ArcGIS 10.8 Geographic Information Systems. The highest number of visits were recorded in Casa Cenote, Gran Cenote, Calavera, Dos Ojos, Yal Ku, and Karwash, which are mainly classified as pristine and coastal cenotes, with private management, tourist infrastructure inside and outside of the facilities, and accessibility due to their proximity to population centers. Two cultural ecosystem services were identified in cenotes: a) tourism-recreation, whose main beneficiaries are tourists, the working population, owners, and local inhabitants. The main tourist activities are snorkeling, diving, free swimming, paddleboarding, wildlife watching, hiking, and zip lining; b) education-research fostered by the archaeological and paleontological findings from the Pleistocene or Ice Age in caves and caverns, as well as the discovery of complex interconnected underground river systems. This ecosystem service has a global impact due to new theories, explanations to address emerging questions, and a deeper knowledge of the past, understanding of the present, and future explorations, together with the growing multidisciplinary and scientific interest in karst ecosystems. Specialized exploration diving by researchers and extreme-sport tourists, mainly foreigners, has grown to the extent of having promoted a specialized industry of training and certification companies, stores for diving equipment rental, and specialized diving guides. A complex organization in the provision of tourist services and chain benefits was analyzed, as well as adverse impacts derived mainly from overcrowding, legal gaps, and poor management. However, Tulum is a tourist destination with a segment of tourists seeking inner harmony, cultural connection, and environmental care. This context can be leveraged to give cenotes a more sustainable use and highlight spirituality, appreciation of nature, landscape, art, identity, and sense of belonging, among other cultural ecosystem services.

Resumen Los servicios ecosistémicos se conceptualizan como todos aquellos procesos, bienes, valores y servicios que el ser humano extrae de forma tangible e intangible de los diferentes ecosistemas distribuidos en el mundo. Algunos ecosistemas son peculiares y de importancia local o regional, como es el caso de los cenotes (dolinas inundadas), característicos de la Península de Yucatán y de gran importancia para la provisión de diversos servicios ecosistémicos, como el turismo y la recreación, clasificados dentro de la categoría de servicios culturales, tema de interés en el presente documento. El objetivo fue analizar los servicios ecosistémicos culturales de los cenotes, las implicaciones de su uso y las amenazas a las que se exponen, se indagó sobre la relación hombre naturaleza y su importancia socioeconómica en los territorios de mayor crecimiento turístico como el municipio de Tulum, en el que las actividades turísticas se desarrollan en torno a espacios naturales y creados para fomento a la cultura, como sus playas, zonas arqueológicas, cenotes y cuevas. La investigación tiene un corte descriptivo y exploratorio con un proceso metodológico dividido en tres fases: 1) búsqueda y revisión de literatura en buscadores especializados, sitios web y páginas de sitio, así como consulta de bases de datos sobre hallazgos arqueo-paleontológicos del Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia (INAH) e inventario de cenotes de la Asociación civil Amigos de Sian Ka’an, 2) identificación de cenotes con mayor visitación por medio de la base de datos amigos Sian Ka’an y datos obtenidos de Google Earth, en esta fase del proceso fue de utilidad la herramienta espacial InVEST para calcular las tasas de visitación y centrar la investigación en los cenotes con mayor número de visitas, y 3) clasificación de cenotes de acuerdo a la ubicación geográfica, procesos de disolución y una propuesta basada en la infraestructura y la accesibilidad. Toda la información cartográfica presentada en el trabajo fue procesada en los Sistemas de Información Geográfica QGis3 y ArcGis 10.8. Entre los resultados obtenidos, es que la mayor visitación se registró en Casa Cenote, Gran Cenote, Calavera, Dos ojos, Yal Ku y Karwash; clasificados como prístinos y costeros principalmente, con administración privada, desarrollo de infraestructura turística dentro y fuera de las instalaciones, accesibilidad y cercanía con centros de población. Se identificaron dos servicios ecosistémicos culturales en los cenotes: a) turismo-recreación, cuyos principales beneficiarios son los turistas, la población trabajadora, los propietarios y los locales. Las actividades turísticas más importantes son snorkel, buceo, nado libre, paddleboard, observación de flora y fauna, senderismo y tirolesa, b) educación-investigación, incentivado por los hallazgos arqueológicos y paleontológicos del pleistoceno o la edad de hielo en cuevas y cavernas, así como el descubrimiento de complejos sistemas de ríos subterráneos interconectados entre sí. Este servicio ecosistémico tiene un impacto a nivel global por las nuevas teorías que se están formulando, explicaciones a interrogantes y un mayor conocimiento del pasado, entendimiento del presente y prospecciones futuras, aunado al creciente interés multidisciplinar y científico de los ecosistemas kársticos. El buceo especializado en la exploración por investigadores y como deporte extremo por turistas, principalmente extranjeros; ha crecido al punto de existir empresas de capacitación y certificación, tiendas especializadas para renta de equipo y guías especializados en buceo. Se analizó una compleja organización en la prestación de servicios turísticos y beneficios en cadena, así como impactos negativos derivados principalmente de la masificación de los cenotes, vacíos legales y una débil gestión, sin embargo, Tulum es un destino turístico con un segmento ligado a la búsqueda de la armonía interior, la conexión con la cultura y el cuidado del medio ambiente, situación que puede ser aprovechada para dar a los cenotes un uso más sostenible y resaltar la espiritualidad, la apreciación de la naturaleza, el paisaje, el arte, la identidad y la pertenencia, entre otros servicios ecosistémicos culturales.

ABSTRACT Objectives: to analyze the risk areas for tuberculosis and the influences of social protection on the development of treatment for the disease in the municipality of São Luís, Maranhão. Methods: this is explanatory sequential mixed method research. In the quantitative phase, the data were obtained from the Notifiable Diseases Information System from 2010 to 2019, with georeferencing being carried out to identify areas vulnerable to tuberculosis. In the qualitative phase, semi-structured interviews were carried out with individuals who received social benefits. Results: 7,381 cases were geocoded, and, from the purely spatial scanning analysis, it was possible to identify 13 spatial clusters of risk. As for the interviews, there was a positive relationship between patient improvement and receiving benefits. Conclusions: geographic space and social determinants are relevant for reorienting monitoring actions for the conditions that generate the health-disease process. Objectives Luís Maranhão Methods research phase 201 2019 semistructured semi structured benefits Results 7381 7 381 7,38 geocoded analysis 1 Conclusions healthdisease health process 20 738 38 7,3 2 73 3 7,

RESUMO Objetivos: analisar as áreas de risco para a tuberculose e as influências da proteção social no desenvolvimento do tratamento para a doença no município de São Luís, Maranhão. Métodos: trata-se de pesquisa de método misto sequencial explanatório. Na fase quantitativa, os dados foram obtidos do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação de 2010 a 2019, sendo realizado georreferenciamento para identificação das áreas vulneráveis à tuberculose. Na fase qualitativa, realizaram-se entrevistas semiestruturadas com indivíduos que recebiam benefício social. Resultados: foram geocodificados 7.381 casos, e, a partir da análise de varredura puramente espacial, foi possível identificar 13 aglomerados espaciais de risco. Quanto às entrevistas, verificou-se uma relação positiva entre a melhora dos pacientes e o recebimento de benefícios. Conclusões: o espaço geográfico e os determinantes sociais são relevantes para reorientação das ações de monitoramento das condições geradoras do processo saúde-doença. Objetivos Luís Maranhão Métodos tratase trata se explanatório quantitativa 201 2019 qualitativa realizaramse realizaram Resultados 7381 7 381 7.38 casos espacial 1 verificouse verificou benefícios Conclusões saúdedoença. saúdedoença saúde doença. saúde-doença 20 738 38 7.3 2 73 3 7.

RESUMEN Objetivos: analizar las áreas de riesgo para la tuberculosis y las influencias de la protección social en el desarrollo del tratamiento de la enfermedad en el municipio de São Luís, Maranhão. Métodos: se trata de una investigación explicativa de método mixto secuencial. En la fase cuantitativa, los datos se obtuvieron del Sistema de Información de Enfermedades de Declaración Obligatoria del 2010 al 2019, realizándose georreferenciación para identificar áreas vulnerables a la tuberculosis. En la fase cualitativa se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas a personas que recibían beneficios sociales. Resultados: se geocodificaron 7.381 casos y, a partir del análisis de escaneo puramente espacial, fue posible identificar 13 grupos espaciales de riesgo. En cuanto a las entrevistas, hubo una relación positiva entre la mejora del paciente y la recepción de beneficios. Conclusiones: el espacio geográfico y los determinantes sociales son relevantes para reorientar las acciones de seguimiento de las condiciones que generan el proceso salud-enfermedad. Objetivos Luís Maranhão Métodos secuencial cuantitativa 201 2019 Resultados 7381 7 381 7.38 espacial 1 Conclusiones saludenfermedad. saludenfermedad salud enfermedad. salud-enfermedad 20 738 38 7.3 2 73 3 7.

Resumen En el centro de las iniciativas globales, se están discutiendo y reorientando varios enfoques para lograr objetivos globales de producción y seguridad de alimentos para las generaciones presentes y futuras. Sin embargo, los sistemas agrícolas, que son la principal fuente biogeofísica para garantizar los beneficios nutricionales y la seguridad alimentaria mundial, han sufrido cambios con el tiempo. En las próximas décadas, estos sistemas enfrentarán desafíos complejos asociados con, por ejemplo, cambios en los patrones de consumo de alimentos, cambio climático, abandono y/o intensificación del uso de la tierra. Su capacidad para apoyar la seguridad alimentaria mundial estará determinada por su eficiencia, sostenibilidad y equidad. Con la integración de enfoques geoespaciales a la investigación geográfica existe una oportunidad práctica para modelar sistemas agrícolas, lo que, a su vez, podría contribuir a la obtención de nuevos datos que ayuden en los procesos de toma de decisiones, anticipación de cambios futuros y proyección de estrategias sólidas a largo plazo. gestionar desafíos inminentes. Este artículo presenta una reflexión sobre los avances en el desarrollo y la integración de análisis espaciales, datos geoespaciales y modelos de simulación en el campo de los sistemas agrícolas, destacando y ejemplificando diferentes técnicas de modelado y tecnologías geoespaciales en apoyo de las necesidades de investigación actuales y futuras. futuras embargo agrícolas tiempo décadas ejemplo climático yo o tierra eficiencia equidad vez decisiones plazo inminentes espaciales

Abstract At the center of global initiatives, various approaches are being discussed and realigned to achieve global objectives for production and food security for the present and future generations. However, agricultural systems, which are the main biogeophysical source for ensuring nutritional benefits and global food security, undergo changes over time. In the coming decades, these systems will face complex challenges, for example, associated with changes in food consumption patterns, climate change, land abandonment and/or intensification of land use. The ability of these systems to support global food security will be determined by their efficiency, sustainability, and equity. The integration of geospatial approaches to geographical research offers a practical opportunity to model agricultural systems, which, in turn, can contribute to obtain new data that assist in decision-making processes, anticipating future changes, and projecting long-term robust strategies to manage imminent challenges. This article presents a reflection on the development and integration of spatial analysis, geospatial data, and simulation models in the field of agricultural systems, highlighting and exemplifying different modeling techniques and geospatial technologies to support current and future research needs. initiatives generations However time decades challenges example patterns change andor or use efficiency sustainability equity turn decisionmaking decision making processes longterm long term analysis needs

Resumo No centro das iniciativas globais, várias abordagens estão a ser discutidas e reorientadas para alcançar os objetivos globais de produção e segurança alimentar para as gerações presentes e futuras. No entanto, os sistemas agrícolas, que são a principal fonte biogeofísica para garantir os benefícios nutricionais e a segurança alimentar global, têm sofrido alterações ao longo do tempo. Nas próximas décadas, estes sistemas enfrentarão desafios complexos associados, por exemplo, à mudança no padrão de consumo alimentar, às alterações climáticas, ao abandono e/ou a intensificação do uso dos solos. A capacidade destes no apoio à segurança alimentar global será determinada pela sua eficiência, sustentabilidade e equidade. Com a integração de abordagens geoespaciais da investigação geográfica existe uma oportunidade prática para modelar os sistemas agrícolas, o que por sua vez, poderá contribuir para obter novos dados que auxiliem nos processos de tomada de decisão, antecipação de mudanças futuras e projeção de estratégias robustas a longo prazo para gerir os desafios iminentes. Este artigo apresenta uma reflexão dos avanços no desenvolvimento e integração de análises espaciais, dados geoespaciais e modelos de simulação no campo dos sistemas agrícolas, destacando e exemplificando diferentes técnicas de modelação e tecnologias geoespaciais no apoio às necessidades de investigação atuais e futuras. entanto agrícolas tempo décadas associados exemplo climáticas eou ou solos eficiência equidade vez decisão iminentes espaciais

Resumen La actividad humana ha disminuido alrededor del 20 % de la diversidad biológica del planeta, así como del 25 % de la abundancia de los vertebrados. Esto ha llevado a mamíferos herbívoros grandes y medianos a extinguirse localmente, desatando una cascada de cambios en los ecosistemas. El tepezcuintle (Cuniculus paca) sufre una importante presión antropogénica debido a la cacería y pérdida de hábitat, por lo que es importante estimar sus efectos sobre su distribución para su conservación y manejo. Modelamos la distribución del tepezcuintle mediante el uso de datos primarios de biodiversidad de acceso libre, variables bioclimáticas, cobertura arbórea y un índice de huella humana que refleja la presión antropogénica sobre los ecosistemas. De 105 modelos candidatos, únicamente uno cumplió con los criterios de selección. Las variables con la mayor contribución fueron la huella humana y la precipitación anual. A partir de las curvas de respuesta del modelo, se observó en la especie una tolerancia a la antropización de baja a media. Estos resultados podrían deberse a que en ambientes antropizados los depredadores del tepezcuintle han disminuido sus tamaños poblacionales. Entender los costos y beneficios de la perturbación antropogénica es esencial para la conservación del tepezcuintle.

Abstract Human activity has caused the decrease of about 20 % of the planet's vertebrate diversity and 25 % in their abundance. Many large and medium-sized herbivore mammals have gone extinct locally, unleashing a cascade of ecosystem changes. The spotted paca (Cuniculus paca) is impacted by hunting and anthropogenic habitat fragmentation and loss. To protect spotted pacas, it is essential to estimate anthropogenic effects on their geographic distribution. Through the use of primary biodiversity data, bioclimatic data, land-cover data, and a human footprint index, we modeled the distribution of C. paca. From 105 candidate models, only one model met our selection criteria. The variables with the highest contribution were the human footprint and annual precipitation. According to the model's performance curves, the spotted paca has low to medium tolerance of anthropogenic pressure. Cuniculus paca tolerates low to medium anthropogenic disturbance, which we hypothesize is related to reduced predator pressure in habitats modified by humans. Accounting for the costs and benefits of anthropogenic disturbance is essential to paca conservation.

Resumo O câncer de mama é a neoplasia mais prevalente nas mulheres, em torno de 30% de todos os tipos de câncer, enquanto no sexo masculino é responsável por apenas 1% dos casos. No mundo, é a primeira causa de morte por câncer em mulheres. A incidência e a mortalidade variam de acordo com a etnia, região territorial e nível socioeconômico. Em virtude da baixa prevalência do câncer de mama em homens e a escassez de literatura, as condutas são baseadas em extrapolações dos estudos no sexo feminino. As evidências científicas sugerem efeitos benéficos dos exercícios físicos na prevenção, durante o tratamento e no pós-tratamento do câncer de mama. Além do combate ao sedentarismo, é importante manter um peso saudável, limitar o consumo de álcool, e seguir dieta balanceada, rica em frutas, vegetais, grãos e fibras e reduzida em carnes vermelhas. As ações dos exercícios não se restringem ao câncer de mama, mas têm impacto importante no controle dos fatores de risco modificáveis, diminuindo a incidência das doenças cardiovasculares e a mortalidade por causas globais e cardíaca.

Abstract Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer among women, accounting for nearly 30% of all cancers, while in men, it represents only 1% of cases. Breast cancer is the main cause of death for cancer, and its incidence and mortality vary according to patients' ethnicity, geographic region, and socioeconomic status. Due to the low prevalence of breast cancer among men and the scarcity of studies in the literature, exercises have been prescribed based on extrapolations from studies on female patients. Scientific evidence has suggested beneficial effects of physical exercises on breast cancer prevention, treatment, and post-treatment. In addition to combatting sedentary behavior, it is essential to maintain a healthy body weight, limit alcohol consumption, and follow a balanced diet, rich in fruit, vegetables, grains and fibers, and limited in red meat. The effects of exercises are not restricted to breast cancer, but extend to controlling modifiable risk factors, and reducing the incidence of cardiovascular diseases, and all-cause and cardiovascular mortality.

Resumen En la periferia urbana de la ciudad de Querétaro, las inundaciones son más frecuentes y peligrosas. El proceso parece acentuarse conforme se altera la estructura y función de las cuencas hidrográficas. El presente trabajo analizó la formación de inundaciones por zonas funcionales en la subcuenca Santa Rosa Jáuregui, Querétaro. Al respecto, se elaboraron zonas funcionales con variables hidrogeológicas en un sistema de información geográfica, se definieron unidades y secciones con análisis hidrogeomorfológico y se recopilaron registros de inundaciones con trabajo hemerográfico. Los resultados señalan que la zona funcional alta tiene una estructura óptima que beneficia cuenca abajo, pero las alteraciones hidrogeomorfológicas en la zona funcional media favorecen la formación de inundaciones en la zona funcional baja, la cual también cuenta con la urbanización de la llanura de inundaciones. A través de zonas funcionales, se determinó que las inundaciones resultan de procesos sistémicos y acumulativos que pueden ser utilizados en la gestión y mitigación de riesgo.

Abstract In the urban periphery of the city of Queretaro, Mexico, floods are becoming increasingly frequent and dangerous. The process seems to be accentuated as the structure and function of hydrographic watersheds are altered. The present work analyzed the occurrence of floods within functional zones in the Santa Rosa Jauregui subwatershed in the state of Queretaro, Mexico. In this regard, functional zones were elaborated with hydrogeological variables in a Geographic Information System, units and sections were defined by employing hydrogeomorphological analysis, and flood records were compiled from hemerographic research. The results indicate that the high functional zone possesses an optimal structure that benefits the watershed downstream, however, hydrogeomorphological alterations in the middle functional zone favor the occurrence of floods in the low functional zone, which finds its floodplain in an urbanized state. Through consideration of functional zones, it was determined that floods result from systemic and cumulative processes whose awareness and consideration can be used for risk management and mitigation purposes.

Small-scale fisheries play a significant role in livelihoods and food and nutrition security for millions of people around the world. However, these benefits are under threat, especially in developing countries such as in Africa, as a result of poor governance. The historical developmentalist and welfarist approach to management of small-scale fisheries in developing countries, dating back from colonial era, has resulted in problems of open-access regimes that usually lead to over-capitalisation, geographic spread of landing sites that makes it difficult to organise fishers for management activities, inadequate management capacity and poor funding of the sector. These lead to over-exploitation and degradation of fish resources, thereby negatively impacting the current and long-term benefits for small-scale fishing communities and society at large. Most countries that start off with such problematic fisheries management regimes and set on this path find it very difficult to reform the regimes. This article argues that South Africa needs to draw lessons from the mistakes of other (developing) countries in terms of the type of fisheries management regime governing small-scale fisheries, as it sets up and creates a new inland small-scale fisheries sector. Such 'path dependence' can set a country on courses of action and decisions that are extremely difficult to reverse and extricate a country from. There is no doubt of the need for more equitable distribution of access rights and benefits to inland fisheries for communities that had been excluded and marginalised under colonialism and apartheid. However, this has to been done without endangering the fish resources and in effect the very sustainable social-economic benefits that such reforms intend to achieve.

Abstract: The oil industry in Ecuador started in 1911 with the drilling of an exploratory well ANC001, located in the Gustavo Galindo Velasco block (known as Ancon Field); becoming the first oil field with more than 100 years of production. The development of this industry has brought economic benefits for the development of the country; however, it is tied to activities that have caused serious impacts on the environment such as oil spills. In this investigation, operations carried out by the operating company are analyzed, areas with a higher probability of the occurrence of spills are determined, causes and effects are analyzed, vulnerable areas are identified and alternatives are proposed to reduce response times. The tool used as methodology is Geographic Information Systems, software that helps to manage the prevention and control of spills, through the generation of maps. As results, 297 spills and 6 areas with high probability of these events were identified. Most of them are due to the lack of preventive and effective maintenance of the equipment and facilities and the use of manually operated crude oil extraction mechanisms. Finally, with the suggested alternative using optimal routes, the response time can be improved by an average of 20 minutes.

Resumen: La industria petrolera en el Ecuador inició en 1911 con la perforación del pozo exploratorio ANC001, ubicado en el bloque Gustavo Galindo Velasco (conocido como Campo Ancón); convirtiéndose en el primer campo petrolero con más de 100 años de producción. Esta industria ha traído beneficios económicos para el país, sin embargo, está atada a actividades que impactan sobre el medio ambiente como los derrames de petróleo. En esta investigación se analizan las operaciones que la empresa operadora efectúa, se determinan zonas con mayor probabilidad a la ocurrencia de derrames, se analizan causas y efectos, se identifican zonas vulnerables y se propone una alternativa para reducir los tiempos de respuesta. La herramienta empleada como metodología es Sistemas de Información Geográfica, software que ayuda al gerenciamiento de la prevención y control de los derrames, mediante mapas. Como resultados, se identificaron 297 derrames y 6 áreas con alta probabilidad a estos eventos. La mayoría de ellos se dan por falta de mantenimiento preventivo y correctivo de los equipos e instalaciones y el uso de mecanismos de extracción de crudo operados manualmente. Finalmente, con la alternativa sugerida usando rutas óptimas, se logra mejorar el tiempo de respuesta en un promedio de 20 minutos.

Resumo Ambientes recifais concentram elevada biodiversidade e são responsáveis por fornecer bens e serviços à humanidade, como por exemplo, os benefícios econômicos associados a atividade turística. O turismo em recifes cresce no mundo, assim como a relação de impactos ambientais causados pela atividade. O objetivo desse trabalho foi sistematizar e analisar os resultados de estudos que avaliaram os impactos do turismo em ambientes recifais tropicais brasileiros, identificando a abrangência geográfica dos estudos, bem como os grupos biológicos e variáveis ecológicas utilizadas para a avaliação ambiental, discriminando aquelas que sofreram alteração em função do uso turístico. Foram identificadas 81 publicações, entre 1996 e 2020, com um crescimento exponencial dos trabalhos ao longo do tempo. Pernambuco e Rio Grande do Norte foram os estados com maior número de estudos com o tema, concentrando 50% das pesquisas. Sete grupos biológicos, entre, peixes, algas e invertebrados, foram avaliados em áreas recifais, considerando variáveis como riqueza, abundância e densidade. A maioria das variáveis analisadas foram alteradas em função da atividade turística nos recifes. A compreensão integrada dos impactos do turismo pode colaborar para o desenvolvimento de estratégias de manejo em áreas recifais, buscando soluções que considerem aspectos sociais, econômicos e ambientais.

Abstract Reef environments concentrate high biodiversity and provide goods and services to humanity, including the economic benefits associated with tourism. Reef tourism grows worldwide, as does the environmental impacts caused by the activity. The aim of this work was to systematize and analyze the results of the researches that evaluated the impacts of tourism in Brazil’s tropical reefs, identifying the geographic scope of the studies, as well as the biological groups and ecological variables used for environmental assessment, distinguishing those that have changed in function of tourist use. 81 publications were identified, between 1996 and 2020, with an exponential increase in researches over time. Pernambuco and Rio Grande do Norte were the states with the largest number of studies on the subject, concentrating 50% of the studies found. Seven biological groups, including fish, algae and invertebrates, were evaluated in reef areas, considering variables such as richness, abundance and density. Most of the investigated variables were altered as a result of tourist activity on the reefs, except for the group of corals. An integrated understanding of the impacts of tourism can contribute to the development of management strategies in reef areas, seeking solutions that consider social, economic and environmental aspects.

Resumen Los arrecifes concentran una alta biodiversidad y son responsables de brindar bienes y servicios a la humanidad, como los beneficios económicos asociados al turismo. El turismo de arrecifes se ha incrementado a nivel mundial, al igual que los impactos ambientales provocados por esta actividad. Este trabajo presenta una sistematización y análisis de los resultados de investigaciones sobre los impactos del turismo en los arrecifes tropicales brasileños, identificando el alcance geográfico de los estudios, así como los grupos biológicos y variables ecológicas utilizadas para la evaluación ambiental, señalando aquellos que han sufrido cambios debido al turismo. Se identificaron 81 publicaciones entre 1996 y 2020, con un crecimiento exponencial de las investigaciones a lo largo del tiempo. Pernambuco y Rio Grande do Norte fueron las provincias con mayor número de estudios, concentrando el 50% de los estudios. Se evaluaron en los arrecifes siete grupos biológicos, entre peces, algas e invertebrados, considerando factores como riqueza, abundancia y densidad. La mayoría de las variables analizadas fueron impactadas por la actividad turística en los arrecifes. Una comprensión integrada de los impactos del turismo puede contribuir al desarrollo de estrategias de manejo en los arrecifes, buscando soluciones que consideren aspectos sociales, económicos y ambientales.