ABSTRACT: This essay examines the role that popular songs played in the cinematographic poetics of Armando Bó and Isabel Sarli. It is argued that the filmmaker's musical conception was fundamental to affectivize and enhance the erotic effects of a mise-en-scène organized on the basis of the diva’s body. It also studies how the pre-existing songs had the function of giving cohesion to stories that, over the years, became more and more digressive, fragmentary and insurrectionary. Finally, we analyze the case of La diosa impura (1963), a film scarcely recovered within the duo's filmography, in which we can verify the way in which Bó and Sarli were able to articulate a complex dialogue with the tradition of Latin American genre cinema.

RESUMEN: El presente ensayo examina el rol que las canciones populares tuvieron en la poética cinematográfica de Armando Bó e Isabel Sarli. Se sostiene que la concepción musical del cineasta fue fundamental para afectivizar y potenciar los efectos eróticos propios de una puesta en escena organizada sobre la base del cuerpo de la diva. Asimismo, se estudia de qué modo las canciones preexistentes tuvieron la función de darle cohesión a relatos que, con el correr de los años, se volvieron cada más digresivos, fragmentarios e insurrectos. Finalmente, se analiza el caso de La diosa impura (1963), una película escasamente recuperada dentro de la filmografía de la dupla, en la que puede comprobarse la forma en que Bó y Sarli supieron articular un diálogo complejo con la tradición del cine de género latinoamericano.

ABSTRACT: This paper analyses the film co-productions carried out by the Bó-Sarli duo in terms of genre and transnational, taking into account the circulation of films in an expanding market. The main hypothesis postulates that through the figure of Sarli, different characters of Latin American women are incarnated, nationalized from some key film genres for the development of the national cinemas in question. In a practiced approach it combines notions from gender studies, transnational film studies and queer theories.

RESUMEN: Este trabajo analiza las coproducciones cinematográficas realizadas por la dupla Bó-Sarli en clave de género y transnacional, atendiendo a la circulación de las películas en un mercado en expansión. La hipótesis principal postula que a través de la figura de Sarli se encarnan diferentes caracteres de mujer latinoamericana, nacionalizados desde géneros cinematográficos clave para el desarrollo de las cinematografías en cuestión. En enfoque practicado combina nociones de los estudios de género, los estudios transnacionales del cine y las teorías queer.

Resumo Este artigo trata dos resultados de um estudo etnográfico sobre as experiências de violência de gênero de migrantes aimarás bolivianas empregadas na agricultura ou no comércio agrícola na periferia dos territórios chilenos da Tríplice Fronteira Andina. Nosso objetivo é analisar as agressões sofridas pelas mulheres em seu ambiente familiar. Analisaremos as narrativas de 30 mulheres para descrever as agressões perpetradas pelas figuras masculinas de suas famílias de origem (pais, irmãos, padrastos), e também pelas suas mães. Observaremos como esses abusos se repetem nas relações que estas migrantes constroem com seus próprios parceiros e com seus filhos. Veremos que há uma diferença potencial da violência nos territórios chilenos e bolivianos da fronteira e que o reconhecimento dessa diferença motiva a mobilidade transfronteiriça feminina. O texto busca contribuir aos debates sobre a violência de gênero em contextos de fronteira. Andina familiar 3 pais, pais (pais irmãos padrastos, padrastos , padrastos) mães filhos feminina

Résumé Cet article aborde les résultats d’une étude ethnographique sur les expériences de violence de genre vécues par les migrantes aymaras boliviennes employées dans l’agriculture ou le commerce agricole en périphérie des territoires chiliens de la Triple-frontière Andine. Notre objectif est d’analyser les agressions subies par les femmes dans leur cadre familial. Nous utiliserons les récits de 30 femmes pour décrire les agressions perpétrées par les figures masculines de leurs familles d’origine (pères, frères, beaux-pères), mais aussi par leurs mères. De plus, nous observerons comment ces abus se répètent dans les relations qu’elles construisent avec leurs propres partenaires et leurs enfants. Nous verrons qu’il existe une différence potentielle dans la violence du côté chilien et bolivien de la frontière, et que la reconnaissance de cette différence motive la mobilité transfrontalière féminine. Le texte vise à contribuer et à discuter des débats sur la violence de genre dans les contextes frontaliers. dune d lagriculture l agriculture Triplefrontière Triple frontière Andine danalyser analyser familial 3 dorigine origine pères, pères (pères frères beauxpères, beauxpères beaux , beaux-pères) mères plus quelles qu elles enfants quil il féminine frontaliers beaux-pères

Abstract This article presents the results of an ethnographic study on the experiences of gender-based violence of Aymara Bolivian women employed in agriculture or agricultural trade in the outskirts of Chilean territories of the Andean tri-border region. Our objective is to analyze the aggressions that women suffer in their family circles. We will analyze the narratives of 30 women to describe the aggressions perpetrated by the male figures in their families of origin (fathers, brothers, stepfathers), and their mothers. In addition, we will observe how these abuses are repeated in the relationships that they build with their partners and children. We will see a potential difference in violence between the Chilean and Bolivian border territories, and recognizing this difference motivates female cross-border mobility. The text seeks to contribute to the discussions on gender-based violence in border contexts. genderbased gender based triborder tri region circles 3 fathers, fathers (fathers brothers stepfathers, stepfathers , stepfathers) mothers addition children crossborder cross mobility contexts

Resumen Este artículo aborda los resultados de un estudio etnográfico sobre las experiencias de violencia de género de migrantes aymara bolivianas empleadas en la agricultura o en el comercio agrícola en la periferia de los territorios chilenos de la Triple-Frontera Andina. Nuestro objetivo es analizar las agresiones que sufren las mujeres en su ámbito familiar. Retomaremos las narrativas de 30 mujeres para describir las agresiones perpetradas por las figuras masculinas de sus familias de origen (padres, hermanos, padrastros), pero también por sus madres. Además, observaremos cómo estos abusos se repiten en las relaciones que construyen con sus propias parejas y con sus hijos. Veremos que existe una diferencia potencial en la violencia del lado chileno y boliviano de la frontera y que el reconocimiento de esta diferencia motiva la movilidad transfronteriza femenina. El texto busca aportar y discutir en torno a los debates sobre violencia de género en contextos fronterizos. TripleFrontera Triple Frontera Andina familiar 3 padres, padres (padres hermanos padrastros, padrastros , padrastros) madres Además hijos femenina fronterizos

ABSTRACT: This article proposes an analysis of bass lines in the milonga genre and similar rhythms, characteristic of the southern region of Brazil, applying them to the contrabass. Not only the practical aspect for obtaining an appropriate sound is considered, but also the conceptual aspect behind these genres, which dialogue with the concepts of clave and additive rhythm. A rhythmic analysis was made of the claffs of those genres, which are exactly the same as those found in other styles, suggesting a possible common African origin. This is a work informed by practice, where one of the authors participated as a guest musician in performances with the group Quarteto Coração de Potro, a group specialized in southern repertoire, based in Lages-SC. An interview was carried out with musician João Gabriel Rosa, who also shared his perceptions . This article includes transcriptions and analyzes of excerpts from works from this repertoire to corroborate the conclusions raised.

RESUMO: Este artigo propõe uma análise das linhas de baixo no gênero da milonga e em ritmos similares, característicos da região sul do Brasil, aplicando-os ao contrabaixo. Considera-se não apenas o aspecto prático para a obtenção de uma sonoridade apropriada, mas também o aspecto conceitual por trás desses gêneros, que dialogam com os conceitos de clave e rítmica aditiva. Foi feita uma análise sobre as claves usadas nesses gêneros, que são exatamente as mesmas encontradas em outros estilos, sugerindo uma possível origem africana comum. Este é um trabalho informado pela prática, onde um dos autores participou como músico convidado em performances com o grupo Quarteto Coração de Potro, grupo especializado no repertório sulino, sediado em Lages-SC. Foi realizada uma entrevista com o músico João Gabriel Rosa, que também compartilhou suas percepções e práticas. Neste artigo estão incluídas transcrições e análises de trechos de obras desse repertório para corroborar as conclusões levantadas.

Résumé: Cet article vise à explorer la danse à travers le prisme du genre, en utilisant l'étude de cas de Mimosa/Twenty Looks or Paris is Burning, une performance collective conçue par quatre des plus importants chorégraphes contemporains : Trajal Harrell, Cecilia Bengolea, François Chaignaud et Marlene Monteiro Freitas. Ce texte interrogera différents éléments mis en évidence par cette performance, tels que la manière dont l'héritage de la danse peut dialoguer avec les perspectives contemporaines concernant les questions de classe, de genre et de race, nous aidant ainsi à mieux comprendre la représentation de l'identité sous-culturelle dans la danse.

Abstract: This article explores dance through the lens of gender, using the case study of Mimosa/Twenty Looks or Paris is Burning, a collective performance conceived by four of the most important contemporary choreographers: Trajal Harrell, Cecilia Bengolea, François Chaignaud, and Marlene Monteiro Freitas. This text interrogates different elements highlighted by this performance, such as how dance heritage may dialogue with contemporary perspectives concerning class, gender, and race issues, to help us better understand the representation of subcultural identity in dance.

Resumo: Este artigo explora a dança por intermédio da lente do gênero, utilizando o estudo de caso de Mimosa / Twenty Looks or Paris is Burning, uma performance coletiva concebida por quatro dos mais importantes coreógrafos contemporâneos: Trajal Harrell, Cecilia Bengolea, François Chaignaud e Marlene Monteiro Freitas. Este texto interroga diferentes elementos destacados por essa performance, como a forma pela qual a herança da dança pode dialogar com as perspectivas contemporâneas referentes a questões de classe, gênero e raça, para nos ajudar a compreender melhor a representação da identidade subcultural na dança.

Résumé L’augmentation de la participation des femmes en tant que représentantes élues à la législature rend plus fréquentes également les interactions entre législateurs - hommes et femmes - imprégnées de questions de genre. Selon certains sondages, même une fois élues, les femmes ont moins de capacité à exercer un pouvoir symbolique, étant limitées dans leur capacité à présenter et à diriger les agendas (setting agenda). De ce point de vue, nous avons observé les désaccords avec près de 70000 discours prononcés par des sénatrices et sénateurs brésiliens entre 1995 et 2018, pour analyser comment - et si - les dynamiques de genre se produisaient dans le cadre des discours, en mettant l’accent sur les interruptions. En fin de compte, nous avons conclu qu’au Sénat, le manterrupting n’avait pas lieu de manière générale. Les femmes, dans une large mesure, contrairement à ce qu’on peut lire dans la littérature, ne sont pas plus interrompues que les hommes. En même temps, nos conclusions montrent que les femmes leaders sont plus perturbées que les hommes leaders. De plus, surtout par des hommes appartenant au même parti. Cette donnée suggère que s’il existe des obstacles quant au pouvoir exercé par les femmes en plénière, elles se trouvent à l’intérieur de leurs partis. Laugmentation L augmentation sondages symbolique setting agenda. agenda . agenda) vue 7000 199 2018 laccent l accent interruptions compte quau qu Sénat navait n avait générale mesure quon on littérature temps parti sil s il plénière lintérieur intérieur partis 700 19 201 70 1 20 7 2

Abstract The increased participation of women as elected representatives in Congress has brought gender issues to the forefront, which resulted in more frequent interactions between male and female legislators. According to some research, women still often face limitations in exerting power and agenda-setting. In order to explore this phenomenon, we analyzed approximately 70,000 speeches that Brazilian senators delivered between 1995 and 2018, with focus on gender dynamics within the speeches, particularly interruptions. Our findings indicate that manterrupting, or the act of men interrupting women, did not prevail in the Senate as a whole. Contrary to the predictions in existing literature, women were not interrupted more often than men in general. However, our research reveals that female leaders experience higher rates of interruption as compared to their male counterparts, mainly from male members within the same political party. These results suggest that barriers that hinder the influence of women in plenary sessions are likely rooted within their own parties. forefront legislators agendasetting. agendasetting agenda setting. setting agenda-setting phenomenon 70000 70 000 70,00 199 2018 interruptions manterrupting whole literature general However counterparts party parties 7000 7 00 70,0 19 201 700 0 70, 1 20 2

Resumo O aumento da participação de mulheres como representantes eleitas para o Legislativo faz com que sejam mais frequentes também as interações entre legisladores – homens e mulheres – permeadas por questões de gênero. De acordo com algumas pesquisas, mesmo uma vez eleitas, mulheres detêm menos capacidade de exercer poder simbólico, sendo limitadas na sua capacidade de apresentar e liderar as agendas (agenda setting). A partir dessa perspectiva, observamos os apartes feitos a quase 70 mil discursos proferidos por senadores e senadoras brasileiros entre 1995 e 2018, para analisar como – e se – dinâmicas de gênero se davam no âmbito dos discursos, com foco nas interrupções. Ao final, concluímos que, no Senado, o manterrupting não acontecia de forma genérica. Mulheres, de forma ampla, diferentemente do que prevê parte da literatura, não são mais interrompidas que homens. Ao mesmo tempo, nossos achados mostram que mulheres líderes são mais interrompidas que homens líderes. Mais que isso: sobretudo por homens integrantes do mesmo partido. Tal dado sugere que, se existem obstáculos quanto ao poder exercido pelas mulheres em plenário, eles se encontram no interior de seus partidos. pesquisas simbólico agenda setting. setting . setting) perspectiva 7 199 2018 interrupções final Senado genérica Mulheres ampla literatura tempo isso partido plenário partidos 19 201 1 20 2

Resumen El aumento de la participación de las mujeres como representantes electas en la asamblea legislativa significa también que las interacciones entre legisladores – hombres y mujeres – impregnadas de cuestiones de género son más frecuentes. Según algunas investigaciones, incluso una vez elegidas, las mujeres están menos capacitadas para ejercer el poder simbólico y se ven limitadas en su capacidad para presentar y dirigir agendas (agenda setting). Desde esta perspectiva, examinamos los comentarios realizados en casi 70.000 discursos pronunciados por senadores brasileños entre 1995 y 2018, con el fin de analizar cómo – y si – se producían dinámicas de género dentro de los discursos, centrándonos en las interrupciones. Al final, llegamos a la conclusión de que, en el Senado, el manterrupting no se producía de forma genérica. Las mujeres en general, en contra de lo que predice parte de la literatura, no se interrumpen más que los hombres. Al mismo tiempo, nuestros resultados muestran que las mujeres líderes sufren más interrupciones que los hombres líderes. Más que eso: principalmente por hombres del mismo partido. Esto sugiere que si existen obstáculos para el poder de las mujeres en el plenario, se encuentran dentro de sus partidos. frecuentes investigaciones elegidas agenda setting. setting . setting) perspectiva 70000 70 000 70.00 199 2018 final Senado genérica general literatura tiempo eso partido plenario partidos 7000 7 00 70.0 19 201 700 0 70. 1 20 2

Résumé Cet article analyse les conséquences politiques des mouvements sociaux en Argentine, à partir de la demande et de l’implémentation de deux lois : la Loi Micaela, qui impose une formation obligatoire sur les questions de genre pour les agents de l’État ; et la Loi sur les Quartiers Populaires, qui oblige l’État à urbaniser les quartiers pauvres du pays. L’approche adoptée est qualitative, reposant sur des techniques de recherche telles que l’analyse de la documentation officielle, les entretiens approfondis et les consultations auprès d’informateurs clés. Les données recueillies montrent que ces deux lois ont eu un impact significatif tant en termes de nombre de personnes touchées que sur les innovations institutionnelles induites par l’État. Les conclusions de cette étude permettent de comprendre l’action des mouvements sociaux en Argentine à travers la perspective des ‘consequences politiques’, un domaine largement exploré dans les milieux académiques aux États-Unis et au Brésil, mais peu étudié pour le cas argentin. limplémentation l implémentation Micaela lÉtat État Populaires pays Lapproche L approche qualitative lanalyse officielle dinformateurs d informateurs clés lÉtat. État. laction action consequences politiques, , politiques’ ÉtatsUnis États Unis Brésil argentin

Abstract This paper analyzes the political consequences of social movements in Argentina, based on the demand for -and the implementation of- two laws: the Micaela Law, which requires mandatory training in gender issues for state agents, and the Law of Popular Slums, which requires the State to urbanize the country’s slums. It follows a qualitative approach, based on research techniques such as the analysis of official documentation, in-depth interviews and consultations with key informants. The evidence gathered shows that both laws had a significant impact both in terms of the number of people reached as well as of the institutional innovations generated in the State. The conclusions of this paper allow us to understand the actions of social movements in Argentina according to the ‘political consequences’ literature, widely used in the academy, both in the United States and in Brazil, but almost unexplored in Argentina. agents Slums countrys country s slums approach documentation indepth depth informants literature academy Brazil

Resumo Este artigo analisa as consequências políticas dos movimentos sociais na Argentina, com base na demanda e na implementação de duas leis: a Lei Micaela, que exige treinamento obrigatório em questões de gênero para agentes do Estado; e a Lei dos Bairros Populares, que obriga o Estado a urbanizar os bairros pobres do país. A abordagem é qualitativa, baseada em técnicas de pesquisa como a análise de documentação oficial, entrevistas aprofundadas e consultas a informantes-chave. As evidências coletadas mostram que ambas as leis tiveram um impacto significativo no que diz respeito ao número de pessoas atingidas e às inovações institucionais geradas no Estado. As conclusões deste artigo nos permitem entender as ações dos movimentos sociais na Argentina a partir da literatura de ‘consequências políticas’, amplamente utilizada na academia nos Estados Unidos e no Brasil, mas praticamente inexplorada no caso argentino. Micaela Populares país qualitativa oficial informanteschave. informanteschave informantes chave. chave informantes-chave políticas, , políticas’ Brasil argentino

Resumen El presente artículo analiza las consecuencias políticas de los movimientos sociales de la Argentina, a partir de la demanda e implementación de dos leyes: la Ley Micaela, de formación obligatoria en temáticas de género para agentes estatales; y la Ley de Barrios Populares, que obliga al Estado a urbanizar a las barriadas pobres del país. Se parte de un abordaje cualitativo, basado en técnicas de investigación como el análisis de documentación oficial, las entrevistas en profundidad y las consultas con informantes clave. La evidencia recopilada muestra que ambas leyes tuvieron un significativo impacto tanto en cuanto a la cantidad de personas alcanzadas, como en las innovaciones institucionales generadas en el Estado. Las conclusiones de este trabajo permiten comprender el accionar de los movimientos sociales de Argentina desde la literatura de las ‘consecuencias políticas’, ampliamente utilizada en la academia de los Estados Unidos y del Brasil, pero casi inexplorada para el caso argentino. Micaela estatales Populares país cualitativo oficial clave alcanzadas políticas, , políticas’ Brasil argentino

In Etienne van Heerden se roman Die wêreld van Charlie Oeng (2017) beeld die outeur verskillende karakters se worsteling met God asook met goed en kwaad uit. Met behulp van Van Heerden se karakterisering van byvoorbeeld Charlie Oeng, die moordpligtige Sjinese man, en die blinde vrou, Ouma Ogies, asook ander karakters, word die vraag na menslike verantwoordelikheid en God se bestiering in die goeie en die kwade op die voorgrond gestel. Hierdie vraagstuk word in dié artikel vanuit 'n teologiese beoordeling benader omdat religieuse elemente en die vraag na goed en kwaad 'n beslissende rol in Van Heerden se roman speel. Die metodologie wat gevolg word is om bepaalde aspekte te oorweeg en met aspekte van goed en kwaad asook God se bestiering in dié roman in gesprek te tree. As 'n magies-realistiese roman, eie aan Van Heerden se oeuvre, word die grense tussen realiteit en die eteriese in hierdie verhaal dikwels vaag; soos in sy ander werke bied Van Heerden die geleentheid om die diep psigologiese aspekte van geweld te herbesoek. Om só 'n roman te analiseer lê nie slegs algemene persepsies rakende goed en kwaad bloot nie, maar stel 'n mens ook in staat om die interaksie/kruising tussen literatuur en teologie, en die belang daarvan, te ondersoek. Alhoewel die roman nie 'n klinkklare oplossing bied nie is die vraagstukke rakende die mens se worsteling met God, met goed en kwaad, met hul eie verantwoordelikheid, en die rol van God se bestiering, altyd relevant.

The question of good and evil and human responsibility is a central theme in the novel Die wêreld van Charlie Oeng (The World of Charlie Oeng) by Etienne van Heerden (2017). The eponymous protagonist in the novel commits various murders, ostensibly due to his circumstances. The author confronts the reader with the question: could Charlie Oeng have done anything to avoid his crimes? To address this question, I firstly engage the genre of the novel itself. The novel is regarded as a magical-realistic novel, a genre within which the line between reality and the magical is often blurred. Many challenging aspects of life in this magical reality are discussed in this novel. Charlie Oeng remains a challenging character who embodies evil. He can be described as a human being who struggles to come to grips with his humanity and is often misled to commit murders. As Charlie Oeng is increasingly led astray and drawn into a life of evil, the theme of being misled becomes more prevalent. As such, the author's question becomes more urgent: could Oeng have rejected this life of his own accord or was he preconditioned to accept it? Are his deeds a result of the eternal struggle between good and evil or his own (lack of) responsibility? Linked to the theme of being misled and choice vs. predestination is the character of Ouma Ogies, the blind woman, who enters into dialogue with God. Due to her unfortunate fate and God's rule, she challenges God during this dialogue and also wants to challenge God in court because of her unfortunate circumstances. She was also, in her opinion, misled by God. Various challenging questions are raised by this character as well as several other characters. The novel recounts the overarching question of God's rule and how humans react to it by investigating the issue through the experiences and narrations of various characters. Tian, the character through whose eyes the story is told, grapples with understanding how evil is possible when his parents are murdered. Cor van Gogh, who carries with him a painting of Vincent van Gogh, is a red headed Dutchman ill-suited to life in South Africa. His anger leads to murder. This novel speaks to commonalities in Van Heerden's oeuvre and his earlier works. Aspects of good and evil and the rule of God play an important role in, for example, his novels Toorberg (1986), Die swye van Mario Salviati (2000), 30 nagte in Amsterdam (2008), and the recent Gebeente (2023). The author also engages Etienne Leroux 's novels, such as Sewe dae by die Silbersteins (1964). In this regard, the deep psychological aspects of violence are revisited. An analysis of novels such as these allows one access to general views on good and evil while also enabling an investigation of the significance of the interaction/intersection between theology and literature. Such interactions/intersections are often significant and can lead to deeper insights into literature and theology. The question of good and evil in reality has been discussed in theology and philosophy. Augustine, Calvin, Paul, and other theologians and philosophers such as Aristotle, Derrida, Hegel, and Kant have written extensively on this matter. The classical Christian view is that God's creation of the world was good, but that human beings fell into sin and needed redemption through Christ. Evil is then the result of sin and human beings should be held accountable in this regard. There are, however, many other views, such as that evil is part of this reality and that it was part and parcel of evolutionary development. The question of human responsibility is crucial and it is clear that the different characters in this particular novel by Etienne van Heerden under consideration struggle with the question of good and evil and human responsibility. Ultimately, this narrative also symbolises a struggle with God. The novel leaves one with many questions regarding good and evil and human responsibility, as well as the theological implications thereof. Although no clear solution is given at the end of the novel, the questions posed by the author remain salient.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Las audiencias locales que se sitúan fuera de las capitales y de las grandes urbes deben conformarse con la información y contenidos televisivos nacionales, perdiendo la conexión con sus territorios debido al marcado centralismo de los medios capitalinos. Este artículo caracteriza las tensiones de las audiencias locales del norte de Chile en relación con su televisión local, también denominada de proximidad. Materiales y métodos: La metodología es cualitativa, realizándose grupos focales con las audiencias de seis comunas de la región de Coquimbo que tuviesen televisoras locales operativas y que declarasen ver periódicamente medios locales. Resultados: Entre los hallazgos se destaca el interés y el requerimiento de la ciudadanía por las noticias locales en un claro sentido de proximidad y cercanía con su territorio, detectando además otras demandas sociales, políticas, culturales y educativas de las audiencias que podrían ser canalizadas por las televisoras locales. Se evidencia un distanciamiento y crítica hacia contenidos sensacionalistas de la televisión nacional, siendo el centralismo informativo una de las razones para la poca empatía hacia estos medios de comunicación. A juicio de los participantes, las tensiones entre lo local y lo capitalino no solo se aprecian a nivel país, sino también entre capitales regionales, provincias y comunas, siguiendo la división político-administrativa de Chile. Conclusiones: Se concluye que existe una marcada preferencia por el contenido de proximidad, lo que se explica en parte por el alejamiento y crítica que se declara hacia los medios de cobertura nacional. Se plantean como tensiones la falta de espacios de comunicación y promoción del diálogo social que les permita a las audiencias ser escuchadas por sus actores políticos locales y regionales, desaprovechando el interés de la televidencia local por contenidos de proximidad que les permitan crecer, desarrollarse y lograr una mayor participación ciudadana en el ecosistema medial chileno.

ABSTRACT Objective: Media centralism and the lack of attention to the preferences and demands of local audiences is an obvious reality that must be faced by those who live outside large cities and capitals, understanding that there are audiences that demand local content, but that must settle for aprogrammingproduced from and for the capital, even more so when it comes to the Chilean television system. This article characterizes the tensions of local audiences in northern Chile in relation to their local television, also called proximity. Materials and methods: The study carried out a qualitative methodology, since it seeks to understand human behavior in a given territory and historical moment. The data collection was carried out using the technique of focus groups in order to explain and deepen the situations of people as local audiences and their feelings and thoughts on various problems. The focus groups discussed their local television and their link with national television considering the informational centralism and political centralism within the Coquimbo Region. The sample corresponds to the audience of cities belonging to urban and rural communes of the Coquimbo Region, in Chile, where there are local television media and that have declared their intention to migrate to digital television. The cities that are part of the study are: Andacollo, La Serena, Los Vilos, Illapel and Salamanca. For recruitment, the snowball method was used, with a total of 52 participants. All the participants were over 18 years of age with a residence of more than 10years in the city. There was gender balance. Six focus groups were held in neighborhood offices in each city. The sessions were recorded and later transcribed, being systematized using the Atlas.tisoftware, version 9. Resulted: The results are described through three categories of analysis, regarding the opinions of the audiences: 1) Local information 2) National television: positive and negative aspects and 3) Information centralism and media demands. 1 ) Local information as a center of interest: Audiences place local news among their preferences. In each focus group, the informative genre of these media was highly valued and required. It represents a fundamental demand when evaluating local television positively. 2) Link with national television coverage: Along with the preference for local news, there is also an unfavorable opinion towards national news and towards the journalistic routines of the capital television stations whose coverage privileges the events that occurred in the Metropolitan Region in the information guidelines, often falling into sensationalism, especially when it comes to police court facts. 3) Information centralism and media demands: in the opinion of the participants, the tensions between the local and the capital are not only appreciated at the country level, but also between regional capitals, provinces and communes, following the political-administrative division of Chile. Conclusions: Regarding the characteristics of local television consumption, a first conclusion was the confirmation of the interest and consumption of local audiences in content that addresses issues related to their environment, an issue that is in line with previous studies on communication and local television. Similar to national television consumption, local news represented the preferred content. If there is a fire or a traffic accident in the city, audiences want to see it on their local television and, hopefully, live or as instantly as possible. This is informative content that does not compete in any case with national television, as it deals with local news events. Unless something out of the ordinary happens, whose connotation is national and in this case -the fewest times- the city, province or region makes news and appears nationally. A very important link was detected between local audiences with their own territories. The link was verified through two factors: a) the expectations of seeing local content not only on themes about their cities, but also from geographically broader places, such as communes, provinces or the Coquimbo Region itself; b) a large part of the social demands that underlie the opinions of the audiences surroundfeelings of belonging, desire for decentralization and local development. The need for representation of local audiences is verified, that is, seeing their territories on the screen, feeling reflected on national TV through their cultural, territorial, geographical, touristic, or other particularities is the cause that is associated Local (non-capital) audiences arepart of a marginalized sector from a political and economic point of view. In this sense, there is a glimpse of a disconnection between the political/public world that promotes actions that should benefit the community, but that fail to reach potential users in a good way. In the same line of discussion, social demands for access to public information that benefits them and brings them closer to local political actors are detected. Know and understand the territorial public policies that result in a better quality of life. These social/political demands are intermingled with the media needs that could be channeled into more spaces to debate, talk and express their opinions to participate in the local public debate.

Resumen En las décadas de 1970 y 1980 el Caribe colombiano se convirtió en el mayor proveedor de marihuana hacia los Estados Unidos. El período conocido como Bonanza Marimbera, traería consigo el surgimiento de un grupo de hombres conocidos como marimberos quienes, surgidos de clases marginales, ganarían amplio renombre por ser los principales actores del tráfico de marihuana como resultado de las amplias sumas de dinero que obtenían. Además de hacerse notar por sus maneras extravagantes de gastar el dinero, se convertirían en mecenas de distintos artistas de vallenato lo que les permitiría ganar mayor prestigio. Este artículo explora la huella de los marimberos en el vallenato utilizando como fuente principal los saludos y animaciones en las canciones. Así, se expone cómo el vallenato se encumbró como el género más importante en Colombia más allá de los apoyos gubernamentales y estatales.

Abstract In the 1970s and 1980s, the Colombian Caribbean became the largest supplier of marijuana to the United States. The business, which became known as the Bonanza Marimbera (Marijuana Boom), wouid bring with it the emergence of a group of men known as marimberos who, coming from the underciass, wouid gain widespread renown as the main piayers in the marijuana trade as a resuit of the iarge sums of money they made. In addition to becoming notorious for their extravagant spending, they wouid become patrons of different vaiienato artists, aiiowing them to gain greater prestige. This paper expiores the mark of the marimberos in vaiienato using the greetings and animations in the songs as a main source. Thus, it shows how vaiienato became the most important genre in Coiombia beyond governmentai and state support.

Resumo As décadas de 1970 e 1980, as Caraíbas colombianas tornaram-se um importante fornecedor de marijuana aos Estados Unidos. O negócio, que ficou conhecido como a Bonança Marimbera, traria consigo o aparecimento de um grupo de homens conhecidos como marimberos que, vindos da classe baixa, ganhariam fama generalizada como os principais actores do comércio da marijuana, devido às grandes somas de dinheiro que ganhavam. Para além de se tornarem notórios pelas suas formas extravagantes de gastar dinheiro, tornar-se-iam mecenas de vários artistas vallenatos, o que lhes permitiria ganhar maior prestígio. Este artigo explora a marca dos marimberos no vallenato usando como fonte principal as saudações e animações nas canções. Assim, mostra como o vallenato se tornou o género mais importante na Colômbia para além do apoio do governo e do Estado.

Resumen Este artículo tiene como objetivo comprender las percepciones de tres adolescentes madres en relación con las causas, efectos y etapas del círculo vicioso relacionado con el embarazo adolescente. El trabajo se ejecuta desde un paradigma cualitativo, mediante el enfoque fenomenológico, donde las vivencias y conocimientos, aportan mayor comprensión, se utiliza la técnica de historia de vida y la entrevista semiestructurada para la recolección de la información, en la investigación participan tres adolescentes madres de la provincia de Heredia, en un rango de edad de 15 a 17 años, escolarizadas y madres por primera vez. El principal hallazgo consiste en identificar los principios, valores, disvalores, impresiones, ideas, conocimientos, creencias, costumbres, tradiciones, experiencias y sentimientos en las tres adolescentes madres, las cuales demuestran una complejidad de causas-efectos en las diversas etapas de la conformación de círculos viciosos con relación al embarazo adolescente. Se concluye que las posibilidades y perspectivas de vida en las adolescentes madres se ven afectadas e influyen en las relaciones de convivencia, sus comportamientos y futuro, el cual invita a cambiar patrones para salir del círculo vicioso a la espiral de crecimiento.

Résumé Cet article a pour objectif de comprendre les perceptions de trois adolescentes mères concernant les causes, les effets et les étapes du cercle vicieux lié à la grossesse chez les adolescentes. Le travail s’inscrit dans un paradigme qualitatif avec une approche phénoménologique, où les expériences et les connaissances des participantes apportent une compréhension plus approfondie. La technique de l’histoire de vie et l’entretien semi-structuré sont utilisés pour la collecte des données. L’enquête inclut trois mères adolescentes de la province de Heredia, âgées de 15 à 17 ans, toutes scolarisées et devenues mères pour la première fois. Le principal résultat de l’étude consiste à identifier les principes, les valeurs, les contre-valeurs, les impressions, les idées, les connaissances, les croyances, coutumes, traditions, expériences et sentiments de ces trois adolescentes mères. Ces éléments révèlent la complexité des relations causes-effets dans les différentes étapes de la formation de cercles vicieux en lien avec la grossesse adolescente. L’étude conclut que les perspectives et les possibilités de vie des adolescentes mères sont affectées, influençant leurs relations de cohabitation, leurs comportements et leur avenir. Cela invite à modifier les schémas pour passer du cercle vicieux à une spirale de croissance.

Abstract This article aims to understand the perceptions of three adolescent mothers regarding the causes, effects, and stages of the vicious circle related to teenage pregnancy. The study follows a qualitative paradigm with a phenomenological approach, where lived experiences and knowledge contribute to a deeper understanding. The life history technique and semi-structured interviews are used for data collection. The research includes three adolescent mothers from Heredia province, aged 15 to 17, all of whom are first-time mothers and enrolled in school. The main finding identifies the principles, values, disvalues, impressions, ideas, knowledge, beliefs, customs, traditions, experiences, and feelings of these three adolescent mothers, revealing a complex chain of causes and effects in the various stages that form vicious circles related to teenage pregnancy. It is concluded that the life possibilities and perspectives of adolescent mothers are affected, influencing their living relationships, behaviors, and futures, which invites a shift in patterns from a vicious circle to a growth spiral.

ABSTRACT: The work Cuadernos de infancia (1937) by the Argentine writer Norah Lange is presented as an exercise in fragmented memory in search of the recovery of the childhood of oneself and others, also evidencing an indeterminate genre that brings it closer to texts such as memoirs, testimonies, novels, autobiography and even autofiction. In this work of memory focused on childhood, it is proposed that objects function as a ‘vehicle of memory’ for the recovery of the past from the present and with a view to the future, which in turn are linked to affection and intimacy. The presence of these objects also makes it possible to establish a relationship with the author's writing project, marked by the Latin American avant-garde, ultraism and the martinfierrista group.

RESUMEN: La obra Cuadernos de infancia (1937) de la escritora argentina Norah Lange se presenta como un ejercicio de memoria fragmentado en búsqueda de la recuperación de la infancia de un yo y de otros, evidenciando además un género indeterminado que lo acerca a textos como las memorias, los testimonios, la novela, la autobiografía e incluso la autoficción. En este trabajo de memoria enfocado en la infancia se propone que los objetos funcionan como un “vehículo de memoria” para la recuperación del pasado desde un presente y con vistas al futuro, los que se vinculan a su vez con los afectos y la intimidad. La presencia de estos objetos permite también establecer relación con el proyecto escritural de la autora, marcado por la vanguardia latinoamericana, el ultraísmo y el grupo martinfierrista.

ABSTRACT: This study addresses the intersubjective construction of the author's voice in relation to the putative or ideal reader, in the introductory sections of three official Chilean documents on truth and reparation for human rights violations committed by the State in the civil-military dictatorship of Augusto Pinochet (1973-1990) and in more than 500 years of conflict with indigenous peoples in Chile. The analysis considers, from a supervenient perspective towards the reports, the strata of context, semiotically stratified in genre and register. This top-down viewpoint, 'from above' of the texts is combined with a view ‘from around’ at the discursive semantic stratum and 'from below' from the lexicogrammatical realization. Specifically, given that the analysis focuses on the dialogic construction of the voices of the Commissions in relation to the putative readers of these reports, the coupling of resources is examined through their realization by resources mapped by the engagement and the graduation subsystems comprising the system of appraisal, developed within the framework of the Systemic Functional Linguistics (LSF). The results show that the construction of a putative reader by the authorial voices of the truth and reconciliation commissions in the macro-genre Introduction of the Official Report on Human Rights Violation Human Rights is carried out in an important way through micro maneuvers that present, by accumulation, patterns of evaluative prosodies of dialogic expansion and contraction, with privilege of the latter and realized in the lexicogrammatical stratum by resources of mode and modality.

RESUMEN: Este estudio aborda la construcción intersubjetiva de la voz autoral en relación con el lector putativo o ideal, en las secciones introductorias de tres documentos oficiales chilenos sobre verdad y reparación de violaciones a los derechos humanos cometidos por parte del Estado en la dictadura civil-militar de Augusto Pinochet (1973-1990) y en más de 500 años de conflicto con los pueblos indígenas en Chile. El análisis considera desde una mirada superviniente de los informes, los estratos del contexto semióticamente estratificados en género y registro. Esta mirada ‘desde arriba’ de los textos se combina con una mirada ‘por alrededor’ en el estrato semántico-discursivo y ‘por abajo’ desde la realización lexicogramatical. En específico, dado que el análisis se centra en la construcción dialógica de las voces de las Comisiones en relación con los lectores putativos de estos informes, se explora el ensamble de los subsistemas de compromiso y de gradación del sistema de valoración desarrollado en el marco de la Lingüística Sistémico Funcional (LSF). Los resultados muestran que la construcción de un lector putativo por parte de las voces autorales de las comisiones de verdad y reconciliación en el macro-género Introducción de Informe Oficial sobre Violación a los Derechos Humanos se realiza a través de micro maniobras que presentan, por acumulación, patrones de prosodias evaluativas de expansión y contracción dialógica, con privilegio de esta última y realizadas en el estrato lexicogramatical a través de recursos de modo y de modalidad.

ABSTRACT The irruption of generative artificial intelligence poses challenges and opportunities for established academic writing practices. In this context, this paper proposes a descriptive study of the differences, in discourse variables, between natural and synthetic texts in undergraduate and doctoral theses in disciplines such as aquaculture, law and linguistics. A corpus linguistics methodology was used to measure paragraph and sentence length, lexical richness, discourse markers, deixis and modality. The main findings indicate that natural texts exhibit characteristic length patterns, greater lexical richness, as well as more frequency and diversity in the use of discourse resources compared to synthetic texts. In particular, natural texts present greater concentration of subjectivity markers, while the synthetic ones show a frequent use of certain structuring markers, less variability of mechanisms, and a more uniform structure.

RESUMEN La irrupción de la inteligencia artificial generativa presenta oportunidades y desafíos para las prácticas establecidas de escritura académica. En este contexto, el presente artículo propone un estudio descriptivo de las diferencias existentes, en cuanto a variables discursivas, entre textos naturales y artificiales en un corpus de tesis de licenciatura y doctorado en las disciplinas de acuicultura, derecho y lingüística. Se utilizó una metodología de lingüística de corpus para medir variables como longitud de párrafos y oraciones, riqueza léxica, marcadores discursivos, deixis y modalizadores. Los principales hallazgos indican que los textos naturales presentan patrones de longitud características, así como mayor riqueza léxica, frecuencia y diversidad en el uso de recursos discursivos en comparación con los textos sintéticos. En particular, los textos naturales muestran mayor cantidad de marcas de subjetividad, mientras que los textos sintéticos muestran un uso frecuente de determinados marcadores estructuradores, menor diversidad de mecanismos y una estructura más uniforme.

Abstract This study undertakes an interpretative exercise regarding works that reshape the European Road Movie genre (road films) with the aim of approaching a cartography of the categories: journey, landscape, and territory. Three European films from the early 21st century serve as the center of gravity for making this journey possible. Distinctive features include a new perspective on the landscape that goes beyond the idea of pre-human nature as an object of contemplation, and an interpretation of the concept of territory that confronts us with spatiality through narrative forms inevitably linked to the context of the road. Finally, the journey is not merely a baseline for the narrative; it becomes a channel for modifying the relationship between the characters and the space, ultimately transforming into a line of flight that undermines, in this case, the causality of classical cinema

Resumen Este estudio hace un ejercicio interpretativo frente a obras que remodelan el género road movie europeo (películas de carretera) con el objetivo de aproximarse a una cartografía de las categorías: viaje, paisaje y territorio. Tres filmes europeos de inicios de este siglo XXI ofician de centro de gravedad para hacer posible esta travesía. Como rasgo distintivo se ofrece una nueva mirada sobre el paisaje que no se termina en la idea de una naturaleza prehumana como objeto de contemplación, y una lectura del concepto de territorio que nos pone de cara con la espacialidad a partir de formas narrativas inevitablemente unidas al contexto de la carretera. Finalmente, el viaje no se agota en una línea de base para el relato. Se convierte en una cuenca para modificar la relación entre los personajes y el espacio hasta convertirse en una línea de fuga que sabotea, en este caso, la causalidad del cine clásico.